Search results

(121 - 140 of 135,647)

Pages

Title: A Black student smiling while showing off her painting, 2018
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Black student smiling while walking to commencement at Augsburg College, 1995
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Black student speaking at Hoversten Chapel, 2018
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Black student speaking at a Pan-Afrikan event, 2018
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Black student speaking at a Pan-Afrikan event, 2018
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Black student walking during commencement, 1995
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Bperson smiling, 2004
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Deejay at an unidentified event, 1990
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Giraffe spotted on a safari trip in Namibia, 1990
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Group doing a dance routine at Pan-Afrikan Pageant, 1990
Collection: Pan-Afrikan Collection

Title: A Half Century of Minneapolis:
Collection: Campus Histories and Special Collections
Search Result: A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS •\Y * "A" • * . ' „; • - " " * • ' -f% ?? 1 THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY IN THE EARLY DAYS OF MINNEAPOLIS AUGSBURG COLLEGE AND SEMINARY LIBRARY . MINNEAPOLIS 4, MINN. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Edited by HORACE B. HUDSON With Numerous Views and ...
Show more A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS •\Y * "A" • * . ' „; • - " " * • ' -f% ?? 1 THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY IN THE EARLY DAYS OF MINNEAPOLIS AUGSBURG COLLEGE AND SEMINARY LIBRARY . MINNEAPOLIS 4, MINN. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Edited by HORACE B. HUDSON With Numerous Views and Portraits .'M' - • MINNEAPOLIS THE HUDSON PUBLISHING COMPANY 1908 \ . ., * 1 * .„ • ". , Copyright 1908 by Horace B. Hudson Gjmijpanj? r ^ , 11*f MS" PREFACE " I N THE rise of Minneapolis is found one of the most remarkable instances of city building in this country. In less than the ordinary span of life Minneapolis has advanced from an obscure position as a frontier village to a conspicuous place among American cities—a city of about three hundred thousand people, with well established social and commercial institutions and worthily noted for its progressive atti tude in many lines of human endeavor. To tell the story of Minneapolis in concise form, making its salient features available for ready reference, has been the purpose in the preparation of this book. The general plan of the book has been that of grouping events of common interest rather than the chronological listing of happenings without regard to their relations and significance. With this design in mind the first seven chapters and the last are devoted to sketching several not definitely limited periods in the city's history, while Chapters VIII to XXVIII, inclusive, take up separate phases of the life and activities of the city, each account being in a measure complete in itself. In this method of treating the history of Minneapolis, much in the way of anecdote and reminiscence of the pioneers —which would find a place in a more extended work—has been, of necessity, omitted. Many side lights, however, are thrown upon the story of the city in the biographical sketches of men who have had a part in its building. These brief sketches will give an insight into the character of the people of Minneapolis which, possibly, could be ob tained in no other way, and will give to outsiders an explanation of many things which may seem to them incredible. Among the sources of information regarding the early history of Minneapolis, Col. John H. Stevens' "Personal Recollections of Minnesota and its People" has been found valuable as have the collections and other records and files of the Minnesota Historical Society's library which have been most courteously placed at the disposal of the writer by Mr. Warren Upham, secretary of the society, who has also contributed the chapter on "Early Explorers." Many suggestions and much information have been received from pioneers and the older people of the community and especially from Mr. George A. Brackett who has preserved many valuable records. Acknowledge ment is here made for all these evidences of kindly interest. It is impracticable to publish a work of this character on other than a subscription plan and the writer appreci ates the cordial cooperation of the men of Minneapolis which has made the publication possible. H. B. H. Minneapolis, October, 1908, 'f. CONTENTS ' I. II. ' III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. THE FOUNDATIONS OF MINNEAPOLIS THE EARLY EXPLORERS 14 FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION 19 THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT THE FORMATIVE PERIOD COURTS AND LAWYERS DENTISTRY XX. 4 XXI. . . . . 38 . 90 113 ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING XIV. XIX. . 69 MEDICINE - XVIII. . CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES XIII. XVII. . 59 MUSIC AND THEATERS ' XVI. . AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT X. XV. 25 50 EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS XTI. . THE FIRST COMMERCIAL ADVANCE IX. XI. 9 . . . ... . . . . . . . 124 . . . . 134 . . . . 181 213 NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING THE GROWTH OF BANKING . . . . . 217 . 236 REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 259 THE LUMBER INDUSTRY 296 FLOUR MILLING 327 GRAIN TRADE AND CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 353 VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES 385 T XXII. WHOLESALE TRADE . * XXIII. RETAIL BUSINESS < XXIV. TRANSPORTATION »• XXV. PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS . ... . 426 448 . . . . 462 . . 478 * XXVI. PUBLIC UTILITIES 518 » XXVII. SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES 527 XXVIII. HOMES AND SUBURBS OF MINNEAPOLIS * XXIX. THE CITY'S RECENT PROGRESSINDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 . . . . . . . 551 363 * LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS NOTE—This list includes only views and maps. Portraits are indexed alphabetically in general index. Page Page The Falls of St. Anthony in the Eirly Days of Minneapolis . . . . Frontispiece The Falls of St. Anthony in a Natural State 10 The Falls of St. Anthony at the Present Time 11 Map Showing the Travels of Groseilliers and Radisson . 15 Hennepin and Accault at the Falls of St. Anthony . 16 Carver's Sketch of the Falls of St. Anthony 20 An Early Idea of Northwestern Geography (Map) 21 Old Fort Snelling 23 The Treaty of Traverse Des Sioux . . 24 The First Map of Minneapolis . . . 25 The Government Mills of 1820-3 . . . 28 Colonel Stevens' House . . . . . 32 Bridge Square, Minneapolis., in 1851 . . 35 St. Anthony in 1851 37 The First Suspension Bridge ; 39 The Business Center in 1857 . . . . 41 Falls of St. Anthony in 1859 . . . . 42 West Side Mills in 1859 44 The Second Suspension Bridge . . . 53 Minneapolis About 1868 . . . . . 54 The Minneapolis Milling District About 1868 55 The Stone Arch Bridge . . . . . 61 First Baptist Church and Public Library . 62 The Campus of the University of Minnesota About 1890 63 The West Hotel 64 Loring Park—The First Large Central Park 66 The Metropolitan Life Building . . . 67 Two Churches of 1860 . : .... 70 Old Gethsemane Church . .... 71 First Baptist Church of 1868 . . . . '72 The Church of the Redeemer . . . . 75 Westminster Presbyterian Church . . 76 Young Men's Christian Association Building . 77 Young Women's Christian Association Building . . , . . . . . . . 77 Pillsbury House . 77 The Old Washington School . . . . 91 Typical Minneapolis School Building of Today . . 92 The First University Building . . . 93 The "Old Main" at the University . . 93 Entrance to University of Minnesota Campus 96 Library Building at the University . . 97 General View of the University Farm Buildings 97 Folwell Hall, University of Minnesota . 98 Pence Opera House . . . . . . 114 The Academy of Music . . . . . 115 The Grand Opera House . . . , . 116 The Handicraft Guild Building . . . 125 Fireplace in the Handicraft Guild . . . 125 In Mr. T. B. Walker's Art Gallery . . 127 Court House and City Hall . . . . 136 Law Building, University of Minnesota . 139 Minnesota College Hospital . . . . 182 Millard Hall . . . . . . . . • 183 St. Barnabas Hospital .< 184 The Minneapolis City Hospital . . .185 The Tribune Building 218 The Journal Building . . . . . . 220 The Northwestern Miller Building . . 222 R. J. Mendenhall's Bank . . .... , . 238 Old First National Bank . . .X . . 238 Old Security Bank . . . . . ... . 239 First Building of the Northwestern National Bank . . . 239 The Northwestern National Bank Building 241 The First National Bank Building . . 243 First Real Estate Office in Minneapolis . 261 Home Office of the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company . . . . 265 Saw Mills of Early Days . . . . . 297 The Old West Side Mills . . . . . 297 The East Side Mills as They Appeared About 1880 . . 299 The Lumber Exchange . . . . . 300 A Modern Minneapolis Saw Mill . . . 301 The Old East Side Flour Mills . . , 328 The First Washburn Mill . . . . . 329 After the Great Explosion of 1878 . . . 330 General View of the Flour Milling District of Today . . 334 First Chamber of Commerce Building^ . 354 Present Chamber of Commerce Building . . 356 Modern Type of Steel Tank Elevator . 359 Type of Brick Elevator . . . . . 360 Modern Tile Tank Elevator . . . . 361 Early Manufacturing Establishments . . 386 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Patre General View of the Minneapolis Threshing Machine Company's Plant . . . View of the Minneapolis Steel and Machinery Company's Works The Kilgore-Peteler Company's Manufacturing Plant Modern Type of Wholesale Building in Minneapolis . A Model Farm Implements Warehouse . A Modern Minneapolis Jobbing Building . The Largest Jobbing Building West of Chicago One of the New Wholesale Warehouse Types Retail District on Washington Avenue in 1869 George W. Hale & Co.'s Store, About 1880 The Old Market House . . . . . Upper Nicollet Avenue in the Retail District The First Department Store in Minneapolis Dog Train—One of the Earliest Means of Transportation Red River Carts Steamer "Minneapolis" at the Minneapolis Landing The "William Crooks"—First Locomotive 388 390 391 428 429 431 432 433 449 450 450 451 452 463 464 465 Page On the Minnetonka Electric Line . . . Express Boat on Minnetonka . . . . Train on the Old Motor Line . . . . Minneapolis General Electric Company Building The Minneapolis Exposition Building . At One of the "King" Fairs . . . . Opening of the First Minneapolis Exposition View at Minnesota State Fair . . . . The Masonic Temple Entrance to Lakewood Cemetery . . . An Old Time Minneapolis Home . . . View in Late Autumn on Park Avenue . A Modern Minneapolis Residence . . . A Residence Street—Groveland Terrace . A Type of Recent Residence Architecture . Lake Minnetonka The Shore at Ferndale, Lake Minnetonka . One of Minnetonka's Charming Residences Minikahda Club House—Lake Calhoun . The Old Round Tower at Fort Snelling— 1861-1908 . . . . . . . . Minnesota Soldiers' Home . . . . The Security Bank Building . . . . The Minneapolis Auditorium . . . . The Lower Dam and Rapid Transit Com- Running into Minneapolis . . . . The Villard Paiade of 1883 . . . . 467 468 pany's Power House . . Plymouth Congregational Church ChiCa ?a°tioIf l w a " k e e 469 St. Mark's Episcopal Church & St' F a t '' PaSSenger . . P r °P° s «> The Old City Hall Volunteer Firemen of 481 483 Campus ' ' P>»sbury Library Building . . . . . 486 488 490 519 519 519 The Minneapolis Gateway—Old City Hall in Foreground . . The Armory Proposed Plan for the Development of Minneapolis' Civic Center . . ... The Catholic Pro-Cathedral . . . . .... Minnehaha Falls . . .. The Mississippi River Gorge . . The Minneapolis Postoffice Building The First Horse Car Type of First Electric Car . . Standard Electric Car, 1908 . . .. .. . . .. .. 521 528 528 529 531 532 533 544 545 546 546 547 547 548 548 549 549 550 552 553 . 5S4 . • 555 Steel Arch"Bridge Over the Mississippi' River 479 1870 Pla"s . . 519 520 520 556 Enlarged University 557 558 558 559 560 / A Half Century of Minneapolis CHAPTER I THE FOUNDATIONS OF MINNEAPOLIS M INNEAPOLIS WAS literally, AS well as figuratively, founded upon a rock. A vast ledge of limestone resting on a stratum of sandstone and extending under the bed of the Mississippi river was the geological cause of the Falls of St. An thony ; and the falls with their potentialities of water power and resultant industries led to the settlement and development of Min neapolis. While, thus, the rocks which dammed the Father of Waters became the figurative basis of the city they also fur nished the actual physical foundation, for many of the structures about the falls rest directly upon this same limestone ledge; and rock, quarried from its numerous outcroppings, has entered into the substructure of practically every business and residence building in the city. Although the practical part which the ledge of Trenton limestone played in the determination of the site of Minneapolis and its earlier development, has been to some extent lost sight of, the figure of speech suggested has become more and more appropriate as the solid foundations of the city's many sided life have become more and more apparent. And these foun dations rest not alone on the great water power. The strategical location of Minne apolis as a commercial city was admirable. The site at the Falls of St. Anthony was peculiarly adapted to the building up of a receiving and distributing market—the mak ing of Minneapolis what it has since become —"the market city of the Northwest." When the city was founded the possibili ties of the northwest were quite unappreci ated but it was obvious to the clear visioned men of the time that some day the prairies would be peopled and that a market for their agricultural products and for the sup ply of their needs for manufactured articles, must arise. None of these pioneers foresaw the nearness of the dimly understood com mercial situation or the wonderful modifica tions in its development which would be wrought by the progress of invention and the change in social conditions. But they saw the fundamental advantages of the site and builded fearlessly and with faith in the outcome. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. Next to the water power, one of the primary elements in the city's earlier suc cess was its proximity to the pine forests of Northern Minnesota. Half a century ago the finest body of white pine on the con tinent was growing along the Mississippi river and its tributaries above Minneapolis, ready to be cut into logs and floated along the greatest natural logging stream in the country to the cheap power at the Falls of St. Anthony. The conditions were ripe for the production of lumber at a low cost— while at the west and southwest lay the treeless prairies, already being invaded by the settler, and ofifering a market for all that the Minneapolis saw mills could pro duce. Here then was a great industry al most ready made which furnished profitable employment while more permanent lines of commercial endeavor were being developed. HEAD OF NAVIGATION. It has been an axiom in commercial ge ography that the head of navigation on a river of considerable proportions is the natural site of a large city. Minneapolis occupied this position on the greatest of 10 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY IN A NATURAL STATE. Reproduced from the original water color made by Capt. S. Eastman probably about 1841, and now In the possession of the Minneapolis Public Library. It is the oldest sketch made by an artist and is regarded as reasonably accurate. American rivers. It is true that for some time navigation to the very doors of the city was uncertain, that for many years it has been interrupted altogether, and that the development of railroads has apparently reduced the proportional importance of riv er transportation; but the principle has re mained undisturbed and the sentimental ef fect (by no means to be disregarded) has been operative in all these years, and now in 1908 a new realization of the importance of water transportation and the near com pletion of river improvements suggests that this factor in the favorable location of the city will once more be extremely active in its development. western end of Lake Superior, Minneapolis has enjoyed the advantages of cheap trans portation to the Atlantic seaboard, to an equal extent with other cities situated on the lakes. That is, goods can be laid down in Minneapolis at practically the same cost as in Chicago, Milwaukee and other points some hundreds of miles further from the consuming districts than this city. In the same way flour and other agricultural prod ucts may be sent to the eastern and foreign markets under relatively advantageous conditions. This fact has been of immense significance and practical result in the com mercial strategy of the northwest. WATER TRANSPORTATION. Many other interesting and important conditions have entered into the solid foun dation building of the city. For instance, the immediate physical conformation of the surface about the Falls of St. Anthony was decidedly well adapted to city building. A shallow basin surrounded by low hills gave But while water transportation by river has been to some extent a dormant influ ence, water transportation through the sys tem of the Great Lakes has been a most potent factor in Minneapolis commercial growth. Located within 150 miles of the PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS- T H E FOUNDATIONS O F MINNEAPOLIS v'; " A •' ; > • V i' Vs.' 4:< 11 "1 THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY AT THE PRESENT TIME. This picturc gives but a partial view of the development of the water power and the mills and industries centered about the falls. It is also impossible in a view of the falls to give any adequate suggestion of the presence of a city of 300,000 inhabitants. ample room for wide streets, commercial and manufacturing sites and charming resi dence districts beyond. The surface was sufficiently rolling to provide natural drain age btit not so rough as to make improve ments expensive. A subsoil of sand and gravel was an element making both for health and convenience in all matters of city improvements both public and private. Broad valleys and easy gradients invited the entry of railroads. All the materials were at hand for the building of mills and homes, warehouses and railroads. An agreeable climate and a most productive soil invited settlement of both city and country. AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS. Of the characteristics of the agricultural conditions in the northwest a word must be said in passing. It is now a well established principle that any vegetable growth reaches its highest development at or near the most northerly limit at which it may be produced at all. This was not understood when Min neapolis was founded. It was, on the con trary, generally believed that the agricul tural possibilities of the northwest were very limited both as to variety and quality. The half century has disproved this theory, and in this refutation has been one of the most potent factors in Minneapolis growth. The instance of wheat alone is sufficient as an illustration. The first wheat for Minne apolis mills was brought from the south. Wheat growing in the northwest progressed slowly. Southern winter wheat was not adapted to northern conditions; the hard spring wheat produced here was regarded as inferior for flour making purposes. In this matter there has been a complete revo lution of belief. Hard northwestern spring wheat is now well understood to contain the most valuable food elements and with improved methods of grinding makes the best flour in the world. Other grains have passed through somewhat similar transi- 12 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS tions in esteem; and in the matter of grasses and forage crops it has been dem onstrated that those grown in the north have greater nutritive value than those produced further south and that animals fed on these products make better progress in Minnesota than when eating the same varieties of feed raised in more southerly regions. And so from a region popularly supposed half a century ago to be a halffrozen and nearly uninhabitable section of the country there now issue forth each year food supplies for many millions of people —products which to a large extent find their primary market at Minneapolis. AN OPPORTUNE HISTORICAL MOMENT. Still another stone in the foundation of Minneapolis may be said to be that of op portuneness. In no other half century of history could such a city as Minneapolis have been built. The city is the product of the age of the greatest inventions known to the world. At the time when the first rude buildings were being erected about the Falls of St. Anthony, the railroad—perhaps the greatest force in modern civilization— was in a state of crudity. The telegraph was but a dream while the telephone, elec tric light and all the other modern electrical inventions were unthought of. Even the application of steam power was in its in fancy. The wonderful inventions of ma chinery—from the sewing machine through all the list of domestic and factory appli ances and out again on to the farms to the modern harvester and thresher—all these were yet to be contributed to the comfort and progress of the race. Practically all of the inventions of machinery, implements and processes which now are so much a part of every day life as to be accepted as necessities without a moment's considera tion, had not then been conceived of even in the brains of the brightest men. Since 1850 these things which we regard as com mon necessities have been poured out to the world in a never ceasing stream and Minneapolis was founded just in time to receive the forward impulse which the in ventive half of the nineteenth century was to bring to the world. And the young city was in a position to receive the full benefit of the movement. Its settlers were the most enterprising members of the com munities which they had left. The new town had 110 traditions to set aside, no customs of long standing to overthrow. Things which were new and good were ac cepted immediately. The spirit of the peo ple was that of adaptability; it was their habit to instantly avail themselves of any thing which might be a stepping stone in progress and there was almost no element among the pioneers which represented the prejudice and unwillingness to change al ways found in older and more conservative communities. So as the city grew it was found in the front in the adaptation of the inventions of the time and frequently—as in the improvements in flour milling processes —itself led the world in splendid inventive achievement. It is possible that Minneapolis, if it had been founded twenty-five years earlier, would have lost the full effect of the wave of progress which so dominated its actual settlement and earlier decades of history. Other towns along the Mississippi river, established some time before Mineapolis, seemed to miss the spirit of the day and for many years lagged behind the pro cession of progress. For some reason they had become "set in their ways" and were unable to adapt themselves to new ideas. If therefore Minneapolis came into being at a particularly auspicious moment in the country's history, the city may have to thank a procrastinating government for de laying its birth. As will be told in a later chapter, the actual settlement of the site of Minneapolis was much delayed by the fail ure of the government to push treaties with the Indians and to open for settlement an unnecessarily large military reservation. CHARACTER OF THE PIONEERS. It has been claimed by some of the older residents of Minnesota that the state bene fited greatly through the fact that its early settlement took place coincidently with the period of the gold excitement in California. It was argued that the wilder and less sta ble elements of western emigration at that THE FOUNDATIONS OF MINNEAPOLIS time naturally gravitated to the coast while Minnesota attracted the more hardheaded and far-seeing - . Further they argued, that the lawless element went where the loose government of the mining camps offered opportunities for license while Minnesota attracted the law-abiding. There is un doubtedly much to uphold this theory. At all events the early history of Minnesota and especially of Minneapolis is peculiarly free from accounts of law breaking and crime. For some years after Minneapolis was founded there was no prison of any kind in the village and the erection of a "lock-up" was regarded as almost an un necessary expenditure of public funds. The 13 city was indeed fortunate in being settled by men of high character who gave a tone to the life of the settlement which was in valuable as time went on in attracting the right kind of people and became another solid stone in its foundation. These, briefly, are a few of the elements of strength which entered into the founda tion of Minneapolis. There have been many other influences on the development of the city's life and physical growth but in those which have been mentioned are found the most conspicuous reasons for the wonderful progress from wilderness to metropolis in less than the span of a human life. CHAPTER II THE EARLY EXPLORERS By Warren Upham, Secretary of the Minnesota Historical Society B EFORE the first white men came to make their homes within the area of Minneapolis, it had an interesting history during nearly two hundred years of the early explorations and fur trade. How long this region had been previously occupied by the aboriginal • Indian tribes, living by their hunting and fishing, their rude agriculture, and the native products of berries and wild rice, cannot be exactly as certained; but they had been here many centuries, apparently ever since the final melting of the continental ice-sheet, at the end of the Glacial period. Fragments of artificially chipped quartz, and occasional finished quartz implements, have been found by Prof. N. H. Winchell, Miss Frances E. Babbitt, Hon T. V. Brower, ana other col lectors, in the Late Glacial sand and gravel of the Mississippi valley plain at Little Falls, about a hundred miles north of Min neapolis, which are regarded as proof that men, probably ancestors of the Indians of today, were living there while the ice-sheet was melting away from the upper Mississ ippi basin and northern Minnesota. From the rate of recession of the Falls of St. An thony and the length of the Mississippi river gorge between the mouth of the Min nesota river and the present position of these falls, Professor Winchell thirty years ago computed that about 7,000 or 8,000 years have been required for the erosion of this gorge, eight miles long, which time, thus approximately determined, measures also the Postglacial period here, since the border of the ice-sheet was melted back past the site of this city. So long, therefore, the red men have probably lived here. Their only historic memorials, however, are the thousands of earth mounds, mostly used for burial, which are found near lakes and rivers through all this region, excepting north of the Great Lakes. The oldest of these mounds may have been made not long after the Ice age; but others were made doubtless during all the long time until the white men came, for Catlin noted that a burial mound was built near the Red Pipe stone Quarry in southwestern Minnesota about two years before his visit there in 1836.' The first white man who came to the mouth of Lake Superior and advanced be yond Lake Michigan into central Wiscon sin, was Jean Nicolet, in the autumn and winter of 1634-35, coming by the canoe route from the French settlements on the River St. Lawrence. FIRST WHITE MEN IN MINNESOTA. Only twenty years later Groseilliers and Radisson, coming also by canoes from Que bec and Montreal, appear to have been the first explorers to cross the area of Wis consin and reach that of Minnesota. The narratives of their far western expeditions, written by Radisson, who called them "voy ages," came into the possession of the Bod leian Library, at Oxford University, but remained practically unknown to historians during more than two hundred years, until in 1885 they were published by the Prince Society of Boston. By that publication these two French fur traders were made known to the world as the first Europeans to reach the upper Mississippi river and to traverse parts of this state, probably cross ing the area of this city. In their first western expedition, leaving the lower St. Lawrence in August, 1654, Groseilliers and Radisson spent the next THE EARLY EXPLORERS iifel. ROUTES OF GHOSIUUERS AND RADISSOU, 1655-S6MD J6S9 MAP SHOWING i 15 1 held 011 Prairie Island. With difficulty' Groseilliers and Radisson persuaded tjiem to undertake a large expedition to Montreal and Quebec, braving the expected attacks of the Iroquois. They left Prairie Island late in June, or about the first of July, and reached Lower Canada late in August, bringing furs of great value. THE TRAVELS OF RADISSON. so. GROSEILLIERS AND From the Minnesota Historical Society Collections. winter among the Indian tribes in the region of Mackinac and Green Bay. The narra tion relates, if I understand it rightly, that in the early spring of 1655, accompanied by about a hundred and fifty Indians, they traveled with snowshoes across southern Wisconsin to the Mississippi river near the site of Prairie du Chien, spent three weeks in building boats, and ascended the Missis sippi river to Prairie Island, between Red Wing and Hastings, arriving there about the first of May. Groseilliers stayed on the island through the summer and autumn, superintending the Indians in raising and storing corn; but Radisson went with a hunting party of the Indians, journeying southward to the Illinois river, and spent four months in going "from river to river." About the middle of June in 1656, a coun cil of more than eight hundred Indians was Three years afterward, in August, 1659, Groseilliers and Radisson, with a company of Ojibways and other Indians, started on their second western expedition, in which they probably passed by the future sit^s of Minneapolis and St. Paul. They spent twenty-two days in canoe travel, by the Ot tawa and Mattawa rivers and Lake Nipissing, to Georgian bay; stopped a few days for rest at the Sault Ste. Marie; and coasted along the south shore of Lake Superior to Chequamegon bay, arriving there probably near the end of September. Thence th^y marched four days southward through the woods to a lake about eight leagues in cir cuit, probably Lac Court Oreille, in north ern Wisconsin, where a council of the Hurons, Menominees, and other Indians, was held, with bestowal of gifts. After the first snowfall, late in October or nearly in No vember, the Indians separated to provide food by hunting. .; Early in January, 1660, the Hurons, and Groseilliers and Radisson, came together at an appointed rendezvous, a small lake, prob ably Knife Lake or some other in its vicini ty, in Kanabec county, Minnesota. A ter rible famine ensued, caused by deep snow fall and consequent difficulty of hunting and killing game. After the famine, twenty-four Sioux came to bring presents for Groseilliers and Radis son, and eight days were occupied with feasting. The Hurons, and delegations from eighteen tribes or bands of the Sioux, then met at a prairie or clearing chosen near the former rendezvous, apparently in the neighborhood of Knife Lake. Ceremonial feasting, athletic trials of strength and skill, singing, dancing, and bestowal of gifts, oc cupied the next three weeks; and a large party of Crees, being specially invited, joined in the later part of this great celebra- 16 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS tion of alliance with the French. This took place in the second half of March and be ginning of April. ON THE SITE OF MINNEAPOLIS. During April and May, Groseilliers and Radisson visited the Prairie Sioux, probably on the Minnesota river, traveling thither probably afoot by way of the Rum river, twenty-six days in coming down from Lake Superior. They brought, as in 1656, a very valuable freight of furs. The governor of Canada, Argenson, reprimanded them for going 011 this expedition without his au thority, and imposed very heavy fines, so that Groseilliers went to France to plead for redress, but in vain. The later history of these adventurous HENNEPIN AND ACCAULT AT THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. COPYRIGHT 1906 BY UOUGLAS VOLK From the painting by Douglas Voik in the Minnesota State Capitol. (By permission.) and down the Mississippi, but passing south to the Minnesota, by way of the series of lakes in the west part of Minneapolis, and returning, with a company of Ojibway trad ers in canoes, by the Minnesota, Mississippi, and St. Croix rivers. They reached Chequamegon bay in the later part of May. Soon after the first of June, they crossed the west end of Lake Superior, apparently about twenty or twenty-five miles east of Duluth, visiting the Crees near the site of Two Harbors. With a great escort, three hundred or more of the Indians in sixty canoes, Groseil liers and Radisson arrived at Montreal on the 19th of August, 1660, having spent brothers-in-law includes their renunciation of allegiance to France, the transfer of their service to English merchants, and leader ship in the grand enterprise of opening and establishing the Hudson Bay Company's fur trade. In the summer of 1673, eighteen years after Groseilliers' corn-raising on Prairie Island, the devoted missionary, Marquette, and his companion, Joliet, who was in com mand of the party, with five other French-' men, in birch bark canoes, voyaged down the Wisconsin river to its mouth, and thence down the Mississippi to the vicinity of the mouth of the Arkansas river. During more than two centuries they were regarded THE EARLY EXPLORERS 17 as the first, excepting De Soto, to explore the Mississippi. They returned along the placid Illinois river, and across the short portage to Lake Michigan near the site of Chicago; and Marquette wrote in the high est praise of the beauty of that region. About a week later, Hennepin was over taken, before reaching the Wisconsin river, by some of the Isanti warriors, who them selves went forward to the mouth of the Wisconsin in hope to meet the French and seize their goods, but found no one there. HENNEPIN'S TRAVELS. DU LUTTI WITH HENNEPIN AT THE FALLS. The two most noteworthy explorers con nected with the history of Minneapolis were Hennepin and Nicolet, separated from each other by a hundred and fifty-six years. La Salle, who in 1682 voyaged from the Illinois river down the Mississippi to its mouth, had two years earlier sent a party of three Frenchmen to explore the upper course of this river. The party consisted of Accault, the leader; Auguelle, who was a native of Picardy; and Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan missionary, who became the his torian of the expedition. Starting from La Salle's Fort Crfvecoeur the 28th day of Feb ruary, 1680, and taking in their canoe about a thousand pounds of goods for presents among the tribes that they would meet, they paddled down the Illinois river to its mouth and thence up the Mississippi. When Hennepin and his companions had spent nearly a month in the upward journey, they were met by a war party of Dakota or Sioux Indians in thirty-three canoes, who made the Frenchmen captives, and, turning back, brought them up the river to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul. There leaving the river, they went by land northward to the villages of this Isanti tribe in the region of Mille Lacs, where they ar rived early in May and were kept in cap tivity until the beginning of July. Afterward they hunted buffalo and start ed again up the Mississippi, when, late in July, they met Du Luth and several French soldiers, who had come from Lake Superior by the canoe route of the Brule and St. Croix rivers. They all then came back to the Isanti villages at Mille Lacs, where Du Luth the previous year had met these sav ages in council and endeavored to inform them of the benefits they must receive in trading with the French. Du Luth sharply reprimanded the savages for their captivity of Hennepin and his companions, and in the autumn, on the pretense of bringing goods to establish' a trading post, Du Luth, Hennepin, and other Frenchmen, were al lowed to depart, voyaging from Mille Lacs down the Rum river' (called the St. Francis by Hennepin) t and the Mississippi to the Wisconsin river, and thence up that stream and over portages to Green bay. - For this journey, which passed St. Anthony Falls and the site of Minneapolis, the chief of the Isanti tribe traced the route on a paper and marked its portages, this being probably the earliest mapping of any part of Minnesota. THE FALLS NAMED. Permission was then given to Hennepin and the Pickard to return in a canoe down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Wiscon sin river, where they hoped to find a rein forcement of Frenchmen, with ammunition and other goods, which La Salle had prom ised to send. Meanwhile Accault was left in captivity. On this return voyage, Hen nepin and his comrade, Auguelle, passed the Falls of St. Anthony, to which Hennepin gave this name in honor of his patron saint. LATER EXPLORERS. At some time about five to ten years after these journeys of Hennepin and Du Luth past this city area, Le Sueur, and probably Charleville with him, made a canoe trip far up the Mississippi river, apparently to Sandy Lake. They learned from the In dians at the limit of their journey that the sources of this great river were still far dis tant, consisting of many small streams and lakes. Later the Mississippi here was a frequent route of fur traders, and explorers came oc casionally to or past the Falls of St. An thony. Prof. N. PI. Winchell, the state ge ologist, in his report on this county, dis cusses in much detail the testimony of these 18 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS explorers concerning the recession of the falls, citing, after Hennepin, the description given by Carver in November, 1766, Pike, coming to the upper Mississippi and return ing in 1805 and 1806, Long in 1817, School craft in 1820, Keating and Beltrami in 1823, Boutwell and Schoolcraft again in 1832, Featherstonhaugh in 1835, a n d Nicolet in T 836- NICOLET'S GREAT WORK. Last and greatest of these, in his service of geographic exploration, was Nicolet, who is forever to be held in remembrance and association with Hennepin, in the names of the two finest business avenues of JEAN N. NICOLET. Reproduced from a photograph of an ivory painting presented to the Minnesota Historical Society by . Maj. Taliaferro in 1867. (1836) this city. His final map of the region that now comprises Minnesota and the eastern parts of North and South Dakota, pub lished in 1843, shortly after his death, is a marvel of accuracy, although prepared at that early time when the area of our state had no village, excepting Grand Portage, the settlement of the fur trading companies on the north shore of Lake Superior, and excepting also the village of the Ojibways at the narrows of Red Lake and a few groups of Dakota tepees on the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. Joseph Nicolas Nicolet was born July 24, 1786, at Cluses, in Savoy; completed his studies in Paris, where, in 1817, he became an officer of the astronomical observatory; in 1819 he became a citizen of France, and in 1825, or earlier, received the Cross of the Legion of Honor. He was financially ruined by results of the Revolution of 1830, and came to the United States in 1832, to travel in unsettled parts of the South and West. Here his talent for geographic work was soon recognized and brought to the knowledge of the United States War De partment and Bureau of Topographical En gineers. Under their aid and direction, he made extensive exploring trips in the North west, including a canoe journey from Fort Snelling up the Mississippi, and by portages beyond Leech Lake, to Itasca Lake, thence returning down the whole course of the Mississippi to the fort, in 1836, and a trip up the Minnesota river and past Lake Shetek to the Red Pipestone Ouarry in 1838. He died in Washington, D. C., September 11, 1843. In the United States government reports and maps of his work, his name appears varyingly as I. N. or J. N. Nicolet; and it is given as Jean N. by Gen. Sibley, Dr. Neill, Prof. N. H. Winchell, and other writers of Minnesota history. Researches by Horace V. Winchell, however, in 1893 (published in the American Geologist for February, 1894) show that his name was Joseph Nicolas, as before noted. On July 26th to the 29th, 1836, Nicolet and his exploring party and Ojibway es cort were in camp at the Falls of St. An thony, which he also doubtless examined at many later times during his visits at Fort Snelling. In March, 1839, he made exact surveys of the falls and their vicinity, be lieving that the rate of recession of the falls would become a question of much interest. As was noted at the beginning of this chap ter, it is indeed found so by geologists, who therefrom, and from the similar recession of Niagara Falls, have computed approxi mately the duration of the present geologic period, since the end of the Ice age. CHAPTER!III FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION D URING the two centuries from the discovery of the Falls of St. An thony to the organization of the state of Minnesota, the lands adjacent to the falls passed through many claims of ownership and governmental jurisdiction. Not counting the original Indian occupants, the ground on which Minneapolis stands has belonged to four great nations and has been a part of nine state or territorial divi sions. France originally claimed the entire Mississippi valley and supported its claim by exploration and partial settlement. The overwhelming preponderance of French names (or corruptions of French names) in the earlier nomenclature of the region tes tifies to the diligence of the French explor ers. The defeat of France in Canada and the British occupation in 1760 brought the country east of the Mississippi river under English control and that west of the river was ceded by France to Spain in 1763. With the success of the United States in the Revolution, the British territory became the property of the new nation while twenty years later the Louisiana Purchase brought the western banks of the Mississippi under ; the same government. As Minneapolis lies |upon both sides of the river it occupies [ ground that has been the property at differ ent times of Spain, France, Great Britian and the United States. At the close of the Revolution the eastern bank of the Mississippi in the northwest was claimed by Virginia but the land was soon relinquished to the United States and shortly afterwards the Northwest Territory was formed from the United States posses sions west of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio river. Subsequent divisions brought the eastern bank of the Mississippi river at St. Anthony Falls under the juris diction of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin territories. In a similar process of political division the west bank of the Falls followed the territorial fortunes of Louisiana, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa. Had ever a city better claims for cosmopolitan origin? THE DAYS OF THE TRADERS. Through all this period, however, the changes had more geographical than gov ernmental significance. There was, in fact, no one to govern except the Indians who remained in undisturbed possession of their lands until the beginning of the last cen tury. Practically no attempts at the exer-s cise of governmental authority were made until the creation of the territory of Minne-| sota in 1849. the earlier days govern-! ment, so far as the aboriginal inhabitants were concerned, was represented by the fur JONATHAN CARVER. From an old portrait, 20 CAKVEli S SKETCH OF THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. Reproduced from the original plate in Carver's Travels published in Dublin in 1779. engraving of the falls. traders and the principal interest of the white men wais in the quantity of furs which might be brought out of the region at the least expenditure of property and human life—the latter frequently the least in con sideration. In the absence of civil authori ty the fur companies and their representa tives exercised a sort of pseudo-governmental control which was, on the whole, prob ably much better than nothing at all. The power obtained by the fur traders, however, was the cause of much difficulty later, the rival claims of British and American com panies being for a time a matter of as much moment, proportionally, as questions of fish eries and sealing rights in later days. CARVER'S TRAVELS. It was the hope of securing valuable trade which led to the first English explorations of this region. Soon after the French ces sion Jonathan Carver of Massachusetts traveled through the upper Mississippi val ley and in 1766 visited the Falls of St. An thony. His sketch of the falls was the first made and the first to be engraved; facts This is the earliest which give it interest notwithstanding its crudity and manifest inaccuracy. In 1783 the famed Northwest Compam* was or ganized and for many years was in almost absolute possession of the trade of the region west of Lake Michigan, though con stantly contesting its ground at the north with the British traders, who, taking advan tage of the uncertainty as to the boundaries and the remoteness of authority, continu ally invaded American territory. In these days of accurate geographical knowledge it is quite difficult to realize the crudity of northwestern chorography in the early days of the republic. At the close of the Revolution there were very indefinite ideas as to the boundaries of the regions which the United States had acquired and as late as 1795, as will be seen by the accom panying map published in Philadelphia, the conception of the arrangement of the phys ical features of the northwest was extreme ly vague. Although the Great Lakes had been fre quented by the French for more than a cen tury, the English and the American Colo- FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION nials had profited little in geographical knowledge by the explorations. The distorted outlines of the lakes in this map sug;"est not only an absence of any recent ex- 21 a more westerly source. The coal mine shown near the mouth of the St. Peters (or Minnesota) was probably inserted in the map on the authority of some trader or voy- c Be i s»A»TKwt» *•»' VJ. f 3 " C- X t c \u OUPoae^oj jmseon~2i- ^V7W.7£imiT0RY L,*.. W. tkeXjuck. Tkil-ul* AN EARLY IDEA OF NORTHWESTERN GEOGRAPHY. Prom Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, by permission of the publishers, Houghton Mifflin & Co., originally published in Scott's Gazetteer, 1795. plorations or surveys but also failure to make use of the data which must have been in the hands of the Frenchmen. As to the vicinity of Minneapolis it will be no ticed that the falls are indicated at the junction of two streams—one the "Lake river," flowing from Red Lake, while the Mississippi proper is shown to come from ageur who wished to embellish his story of adventure with a color of practical dis covery of mineral wealth. MILITARY OCCUPATION. . Interest in the Upper Mississippi became pronounced immediately upon the comple tion of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and 22 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS in 1805 Capt. Zebulon M. Pike of the United States army headed the first American mili tary expedition which reached the Falls of St. Anthony. Pike negotiated a treaty with the Sioux by which the United States ac quired a military reservation between the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers including the sites of Fort Snelling and Minneapolis. The exact extent of the reservation seems to have been quite indefinite and the boun daries were never accurately defined until after the Indian lands east of the Mississ ippi had been ceded in 1837. This led to misunderstandings and contentions and was the cause of much bitter feeling in later years. Had the government followed up Pike's treaty with exact surveys much trouble would have been avoided. The finally established line of the reservation, as far as it affected Minneapolis, was that of the western boundary which crossed from the Minnesota to the Mississippi river west of Lakes Harriet, Calhoun and Lake of the Isles arid reached the river at a point near Bassett's creek. This brought within the reservation- all of what is now the central business and' v residenee section of the city. Pike also visited many of the poaching fur ZEBULON MONTGOMERY PIKE. From Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America by permission of the publishers, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. • MRS. CHARLOTTE O. VAN CLEVE. Identffied with Minneapolis from 1819 when she was brought to Fort Snelling, an infant, by her parents Lieut, and Mrs. Nathan Clark. traders and expelled them or secured prom ises of allegiance. Difficulties among the traders continued, however, for many years. Not long after Pike's expedition the sec ond war with Great Britain broke out and the attention of government and the military department was diverted from the north west and it was not until 1817 that an offi cial representative of the United States visited the Falls. In this year Major Stephen H. Long of the Engineer Corps ascended the river and on his return gave a very complete description of the locality about the Falls of St. Anthony and of the Falls themselves, Avhjch he referred to as "a majestic cataract." In 1819 the government determined to es tablish a military post on the reservation secured by Capt. Pike and during the sum mer of that year an expedition arrived at the mouth of the Minnesota river.' Next year Fort Snelling was commenced. This was an event of much moment to the future FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION Minneapolis. Fort Snelling was within eight miles of St. Anthony Falls and no one who reached the post on military or civic errand failed to visit the falls. In this way the fame of the locality and its possibilities as the site of a future city became widely known; while on the other hand, the pres ence of a garrison insured a certain degree of safety to intending settlers. Occupation by the white men was de ferred, however, on account of the con tinued possession of the lands by the In- 23 being a part of the Fort Snelling military reservation. It thus came about that Min neapolis, though standing on the most ad vantageous site for a city in the whole re gion, was retarded in development until practically the whole state of Minnesota had been opened to the immigrant. WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN. Just what might have been the result of different action on the part of the gov ernment it is now impossible to determine OLD FORT SNELLING. From a Daguerreotype made in early days and believed to be the earliest photographic view in existence. dians. It was not until 1837 that Gov. Dodge's treaty opened the way for settle ment east of the Mississippi; while the country west of the river was not secured until 1851 when the famous treaties of Tra verse Des Sioux and Mendota obtained for the settler all of what is now southern and central Minnesota. The way for the settlement of a great state had now been opened by successive treaties but the site of the larger part of Minneapolis—on the western bank of the Mississippi—still remained unavailable, it but it is obvious that a change in the chronological order of the land openings would have made a vast difference in later urban development in this locality. The es tablishment of the Fort Snelling military reservation at an early date prevented set tlement on the west bank of the Mississippi at the Falls of St. Anthony and Indian rights delayed settlement on the east bank until 1837 and on the west bank outside the military reservation until 1851. This order of events led to the settlement of St. Paul, on the east side of the river, in 1838, where- 24 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS THE TREATY OF TRAVERSE DES SIOUX. Reproduced from the painting by Frank B. Mayer (owned by the Minnesota Historical Society) from his original , sketches made during the councils and treaty in 3851. as the logical location for the new town was at Mendota on the west bank where Gen. H. H. Sibley had built his trading house some years earlier. But Mendota was shut off by lack of a treaty until 1851 by which time St. Paul had made such progress that competition was out of the question. But, had the upper part of the military reserva tion been opened for settlement in 1821 when Fort Snelling was founded neither Mendota nor St. Paul would have been thought of. Settlement would have been made naturally between the Fort and the Falls and by the time the Indian treaties were made in 1837 and 1851 the site of the only city in the vicinity would have been irrevocably determined. Had the reserva tion been opened as thus suggested the early Minneapolis would have stretched along the west river bank from Minnehaha to the Falls of St. Anthony with scant occupation of the "east side." And if a settlement had been made later at the site of St. Paul it would, in all probability, never have at tained much importance. There would have been a great administrative and commercial economy through the concentration of in terests in one city rather than a dissipation of energy and expenditure between two places but opinions will probably differ as to the desirability of such concentration as opposed to the advantages of competition and rivalry. CHAPTER IV THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT T HE exact date of a city's birth is not always easily determined. There is often a choice between the date of the erection of the first temporary dwelling or camp and the first permanent settlement. And these dates are frequently confused by changes and extensions of boundaries which in later days bring within the city limits places or buildings not originally considered. Minneapolis enjoys a full measure of uncer tainty surrounding its birthday. • It has been customary to fix the date of the beginning of this city at the time of the erection of Col. John H. Stevens' dwelling in 1849; but the old government mill of 1820 was undoubtedly the first structure built by white men within the present limits of Minneapolis. This mill was built by the soldiers stationed at Fort Snelling to supply lumber for the post and was in no sense a settlement. It stood upon a government military reservation, and no one had the right to settle in the vicinity. A dwelling was erected, however, in connection with the mill for the use of the soldiers detailed to the care of the place and here a soldier lived with his wife during some of the early years. Near the mill was the. farm where grain was raised and cattle pastured for the use of the post. with the most complete consecration to their difficult work. Obtaining the permis sion of the commandant at Fort Snelling they built their log house on the high bluff overlooking Lake Calhoun from the east on a spot afterwards occupied for years by a summer hotel, and now the site of a beautiful home. The eligibility of the site in the eyes of the Ponds was in the fact that it adjoined an Indian village which occupied the ground lying between Lakes Calhoun and Harriet. At about the time of its erection one of the brothers drew a rough chart of the region about the falls and fort which is probably the earliest map THE PONDS AT LAKE CALHOUN. The second building to be erected on ground now within the limits of Minneapolis was the rude log hut of the Pond brothers at Lake Calhoun. Samuel W. Pond and I Gideon H. Pond arrived at Fort Snelling in [ the spring of 1834 with the purpose of engaging in missionary work among the Indians. They were young men, reared in a Connecticut home and with no experi ence in the hardships of frontier life, but rm<zSe * THE FIRST MAP OP MINNEAPOLIS. Sketch of the vicinity of the Falls of St. Anthony and Fort Snelling, drawn by Rev. S. W. Pond in 1834. Reproduced by permission from "Two Volunteer Missionaries Among the Dakotas," by S. W. Pond, Jr. 26 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS on November 22, 1838. With the removal of the Indians from the reservation in 1840 the mission buildings became useless and they were torn down and the lumber used in the construction of new buildings on the Minnesota river. EARLY SQUATTER CLAIMS. As yet no permanent settlement had been made. The land upon the west bank of the Mississippi still remained a part of the Fort Snelling military reservation and until 1837 that on the east side was unceded by the Indians. In 1836 Major Plympton, an of ficer stationed at Fort Snelling, made a claim on the east side of the falls and put up a log cabin, but as the lands were not open for settlement the claim had no value. A similar claim was made in the following year by Sergeant Carpenter. But during 1837 the Dodge treaty was made, by which the Chippewa lands between the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers were ceded, and squat ter claims at once gave promise of being effective. The news of the treaty did not REV. S. W. POND. of the district now comprised in Minne apolis. About five years later the cabin at Calhoun was pulled down to furnish log:; for an Indian defense against expected enemies. In 1908 a tablet commemorating the Ponds and their work was erected in the vicinity of the original site of the cabin. STEVENS AT LAKE HARRIET. In 1835, one year-after the Ponds' arrival, the Rev. J. D. Stevens came to Minnesota as a missionary to the Indians and selected a location on the northwestern shore of Lake Harriet where two buildings were erected. These structures—a mission house and a school—stood but a short distance from the site of the present amusement pavilion. The school was the first building in Minnesota erected for educational pur poses. At the old mission house occurred the first wedding within the present limits of Minneapolis—that of the Rev. S. W. Pond to Miss Cordelia Eggleston, a sisterin-law of the Rev. Mr. Stevens. This was REV. GIDEON H. POND. THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT reach Fort Snelling until June 18, 1838; and then occurred the first "land rush" in Minnesota. The contestants were few but the outcome was momentous for Minne apolis. Franklin Steele, then sutler at Fort Snelling, outstripped his competitors and making a night march to the falls had a rude cabin erected and a claim staked out when the other would-be town site promoters arrived on the ground. FRANKLIN STEELE'S INFLUENCE. It was extremely fortunate for the coming city that this particular claim fell into the hands of such a man as Mr. Steele. Of much more than ordinary ability, of good family, and with social and business con nections among the prominent people of his native state of Pennsylvania, Mr. Steele came west, at the suggestion of President Jackson, with the purpose of building up his fortunes in what he believed to be a part of the country offering great oppor tunities. His appointment as sutler came from President Van Buren. In those days this position was regarded as one offering excellent opportunities for young men in the new country where army posts were established; and a sutler, if a man of merit, was .on a social equality with the officers with whom he was associated. Mr. Steele, in accepting the position, had a definite purpose. And this he accomplished through the claim at the Falls of St. Anthony and his subsequent remarkable business achieve ments in the development of the water power and manufactures, and in commercial enterprises and real estate investment. Col. John H. Stevens says of him: "At the commencement of my acquaintance with Mr. Steele (1849) he w a s the foremost busi ness man in this part of the northwest. His numerous enterprises were distributed from the head of Lake Superior to the Iowa line and from the Mississippi to the Mis souri. Gentlemanly and generous, every member of the community was his friend." It was a man of this type who had much to do with the destinies of Minneapolis. For the next decade Mr. Steele could make little progress with his claim at the Falls; for the government, although owning 27 the land, delayed in opening it for legal entry. Through this period Mr. Steele's title was only that of a squatter, maintained by actual occupation and defense against claim jumpers. For years he hired a sub stitute to "hold down" his claim and in several instances the owner was obliged to buy off trespassers who had slipped in and taken possession during the absence of the rightful occupant. But Mr. Steele was the kind of man to maintain his position. The year 1847 found him still in possession, and at last he paid the government fees and obtained undisputed title. PIERRE BOTTINEAU. Meanwhile there had been many other claims made and lost in the vicinity. Car penter's claim of 1837 seems to have been recognized by later comers for he sold it in 1838 and it passed through various hands until it was purchased by Pierre Bottineau in 1846. This claim lay immediately north of Mr. Steele's, but like all the early claims, was quite indefinite as to boundaries. Bot tineau, though living in Minneapolis but a comparatively short time, was one of the most interesting characters connected with the early history of the city, and was very widely known throughout the northwest. Born in 1817 at a trading post on the Da kota prairies of a French father and Indian mother, he grew up a hunter and plains man by inheritance and training. At a very early age he became a guide and until the railroads penetrated the northwest con ducted many of the prominent parties of explorers and prospectors. After his mar riage in 1836 he spent more time in the settlements for a while and in 1845 came to the Falls, living in the village until 1854 when he moved to a farm in Hennepin county. A man of sterling character, ener getic, and of rare ability as a plainsman, he made and held many friends, and during the early days was one of the prominent men of the community. In fact, when the east bank of the Mississippi was finally opened for legal entry of land, he, with Mr. Steele, held the entire river frontage in the vicinity of the Falls. Claims had also been made by Joseph Rondo, Petit John, and 28 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS :•• j ' jtaLz* m ' ~ ';3S* THE GOVERNMENT MILLS OF 1820-3. Reproduced from the painting by James Fairman in the Minnesota Historical Society Galleries. others and there 'was more or less trading in the uncertain titles of these squatters, but the transfers were questionable as to legality, the considerations small, and the effects upon the development of the future village inconsequential. The Petit John claim covered the present site of the Uni versity of Minnesota. At one time it was owned by Bottineau but later came into the hands of Calvin A. Tuttle, one of the early pioneers. Immediately below this was a claim made by Pascal and Sauverre St. Martin, two brothers of Canadian French birth. Their land included a part of the present University campus and extended down the river rather indefinitely. This land afterwards became the property of Wil liam A. Cheever and Judge B. B. Meeker. PIONEERS OF '47 AND '48. Previous to 1847 all the claims about the Falls of St. Anthony were occupied only by half-breeds or Canadian French. Even Franklin Steele continued to live at Fort Snelling and employed the woodsmen or voyageurs to hold his claim. Several au thorities credit Charles Wilson with being the first American settler, but Wilson seems to have made his home at Fort Snelling. He was employed as a teamster by Franklin Steele and does not appear to have made any claim of land. In June of 1847 William A. Cheever arrived from Boston and pur chased the claim already mentioned. He was soon followed by others—Calvin A. Tuttle, Sumner W. Farnham, Caleb D. Dorr, Luther Patch and his son Edward, John Rollins, Charles W. Stimpson, Daniel Stanchfield, John McDonald, Samuel Ferrald, Robert W. Cummings, J. M. Marshall, Wm. R. Marshall (who afterwards became governor) and R. P. Russell. The last men tioned had been a trader at Fort Snelling for several years, and he became the first merchant of Minneapolis through the open ing of a small stock of goods at the Falls in 1848. This store was in one of the rooms of the house occupied by Luther Patch and his family, and Mr. Russell shortly after wards married Miss Marian Patch, their wedding being the first to be celebrated on the east side of the river. MANUFACTURING BEGINS. As soon as he secured title to his lands Mr. Steele set about improving the water • . -.;r 30 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS power. He sent to Maine for Ard. God frey to build a dam and sawmill, but with characteristic energy, commenced opera tions before the millwright's arrival. The lower end of Nicollet Island was denuded of a grove of elms and maples, and timber was hewed out by hand to construct the dam and mill frame. Other timber was brought down the river in the spring, and early in the year 1848 the first merchant sawmill at the Falls of St. Anthony was put in operation. This was the signal for a rapid growth of the village. The settlers of the previous year had been obliged to build log houses or haul their lumber over land from the St. Croix river. The govern ment sawmill on the west side had supplied a little lumber, but its capacity was very limited. During this year of 1848 such men as Bradley B. Meeker, Anson Northrup, John W. North, S. W. Farnham, Washing ton Getchell and Dr. John H. Murphy, all later prominent in the young city, arrived at the Falls. Surveys were commenced and PIERRE BOTTINEAU. plans for a city discussed among the prom inent settlers. Investigations of the pine lands north and northwest were made; the agricultural possibilities of the country were looked into and the probabilities of the opening of the region west of the Missis sippi river sifted. Upon such opening depended the future of the village at the Falls. The lands upon the east side of the river were not regarded as of as much agri cultural value as those on the west; and on the east there were already the settle ments at St. Paul and Stillwater—rival mar kets for the coming settlers. It was to the west that a tributary farming country must be developed. COL. STEVENS ARRIVES. The earlier settlers cast longing eyes at the immediate bank of the Mississippi on the west—still a prohibited country, it will be remembered, on account of the arbitrary maintenance of the military reservation by the government. This west shore was the j. most natural site for the city. Beyond it lay the beautiful country, stretching away towards the west—the now famous "park region" of Minnesota—fertile, well watered and offering subsistence for hundreds of thousands. The first successful attempt to obtain a foothold on the west side was made by the Hon. Robert Smith of Alton, 111., who through political influence obtained permission to occupy the old government mill and the house connected with it. Mr. Smith secured possession in May, 1849, but never lived on the property in person. Some time later he sent a representative who acted as miller; and by further exercise of influ ence he was enabled after a few years to secure a claim of land. In the meantime there had arrived at the Falls of St. Anthony a young man of twenty-nine, coming of sturdy New England ancestry, trained in the school of self-reliance in the new West, and seasoned in the Mexican war—a born pioneer and promoter. This was John H. Stevens, known to the older people of Min neapolis as "Colonel Stevens." He was of the type of men who spend their lives in the promotion of the interests of the many— the builders who build for the love of build- THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT ing, not for the hope of gain. Like many others since, Col. Stevens came to the north west in search of health. It was his pur pose to take up land and become a farmer. He reached St. Paul on April 24th, 1849, and came to the Falls of St. Anthony three days later, on his way up the Mississippi river to select lands. His party proceeded some distance up the river, but finding no lands to their liking returned to St. Paul, and some of the members went back to their eastern homes. But Col. Stevens remained and entered the employment of Franklin Steele in his business establishment at Fort Snelling. Within a month a plan for mak ing a claim on the west side at the Falls was arranged, and during that summer the consent of the Secretary of War was ob tained and Col. Stevens formally occupied the land lying immediately north of the Smith claim on the west shore. During the succeeding fall he commenced the erec tion of his house and completed and occu pied it on August 6th, 1850. THE STEVENS HOUSE. This first permanent dwelling in Minne apolis proper was a story-and-a-half frame structure with a wing of one story—a sim ple and unpretentious farm house, built as a home for a young married couple, and without a thought of the varied purposes for which it would be used, or that it would be preserved in a public park in after years, as a relic of the early days of a great city. When it was built its owner had no title to the land on which it stood. He simply had permission from the Secretary of War to occupy the land on condition that he main tained a free ferry across the Mississippi river for government troops and supplies. There was, of course, the understanding that if the lands west of the river were ever thrown open for settlement, Col. Stevens' claim would be recognized; but for six years he had not a line of writing supporting any claim of ownership. But Franklin Steele, Col. Stevens and other leading men in the settlement were in touch with influential men at Washington, and it soon became evident that it would be the policy of congress to reduce the size of the military reservation; while a 31 treaty with the Indians for the cession of their whole country west of the Mississippi river in Minnesota was almost certain of immediate consummation. Pressure was brought to bear from every direction to accomplish these two measures. And, while these negotiations were going on Col. Stev ens set about furnishing an object lesson which should help the cause by enlisting the assistance and approval of every visitor. I11 the summer of 1850 he "grubbed" and broke up about forty acres of land on the west river bank immediately above his house, and the next summer raised crops of wheat, oats and corn which would have done credit, he said, to central Illinois. Every one visiting the falls crossed to the west side to secure the view and was con fronted, immediately upon mounting the river bank, by fields of waving grain. These fields, Col. Stevens claimed, settled the destination of many an immigrant. They demonstrated the possibilities of western Minnesota and removed all doubts as to the fertility and productiveness of the region. Col. Stevens' farm was the first on the west bank of the Mississippi north of the Iowa line. He introduced the first herd of cows west of the Falls, excepting those held for the use of the troops. During the following year William W. Wales demonstrated in his own garden that all kinds of vegetables could be successfully raised in this climate. These things seem trivial at this day, but in the early fifties—when the northwest was still regarded as almost uninhabitable—they were of the utmost importance. It was nec essary to demonstrate by actual production that the crops of the middle states could be grown in Minnesota; otherwise the pros pective settler could not be convinced. PIONEER LIFE AT THE FALLS. Col. Stevens and Miss Frances H. Miller I were married at Rockford, Illinois, on May/ 10, 1850, and as-soon as their house was! completed, moved to the west side of the Falls, where they lived at first entirely with out neighbors, except those across the swiftrunning river. It is difficult to imagine the conditions under which this young married couple went to housekeeping on the site of Minneapolis less than sixty years ago. Their 32 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS house stood on the river bank on the site of the Union passenger station, and q'uite near the water. It was on a shelf or ter race about twenty feet above the water, but considerably below the general level of the ground farther back from the river, so that when approaching the house from the COLONEL STEVENS' HOUSE. Erected in 1S49-50; the first on the west side of the river. (From a drawing by A. Pournier in Stevens' Personal Recollections.) west only its roof and upper portions were visible. And this was the only dwelling inhabited by white people between the Falls of St. Anthony and the Rocky Mountains. Of Indians there was no lack. The illus tration, showing a group of Indian tepees, with Col. Stevens' house in the background, was reproduced from what was undoubtedly the earliest photograph taken on the site of Minneapolis and shows, much more graph ically than words can describe, the abso lutely primitive conditions under which the first family west of the Falls lived. The Indians' camp was about on the spot now known as Bridge Square—the common foot of Nicollet and Hennepin avenues. From this point westward extended the almost unbroken wilderness. In his "Recollec tions" Col. Stevens says of the Indians: The different tribes of Indians were never so numerous in the neighborhood as in 1850. A constant stream of Winnebagoes were coming and going. The different bands of Sioux re mained in camp several months on the high-lands just above the falls. They did not interfere with my stock, but made sad havoc with my garden. As a general rule the Indians respected the pri vate property of the whites residing outside of their own lands, but would occasionally confiscate the property of the missionaries. There can be no question but that the cussedness of these sav ages was frequently annoying to the missionaries. Of a particular visitation from the red men, Col. Stevens writes: The two lake bands of Indians, so called be cause they formerly lived on the shores of lakes Calhoun and Harriet, but then residing at Oak Grove (now Bloomington), encamped on the high land above the Falls for several weeks in July and August. They had considerable money left that they had received at the Traverse des Sioux treaty held a few weeks previous. They had brought their own canoes down the Min nesota river, and then up the Mississippi to the foot of the rapids, at which point they constantly crossed the river to the St. Anthony side for the purpose of trading. The Indians during their encampment were constantly on the alert, fearing an attack from the Chippewas, but they were so fond of trading, and the money they had left burned in their pockets to such an extent, that they were willing to risk their scalps at that time for the pleasure they experienced in ex changing their money for goods. They had previously given me the name of Mi-ni-sni—cold water—and were always friendly, supplying my family, at the proper season of the year, with game in abundance, but expecting, and always receiving pay therefor. To the credit of the traders in St. Anthony, there was never a drop of strong drink sold to the Indians, and as a consequence there was never any of them in toxicated. Col. Stevens' recollections of the early months at the first home in Minneapolis are of special interest; the following are extracts: The only way we could reach the house from St. Anthony was by taking a small boat, with two sets of oars, above Nicollet Island. The volume of water was so great, and the current so strong, we were fortunate if the landing was made any considerable distance above the rapids. Captain John Tapper, with his sinewy arms, required a strong assistant, with a capacious pan for bailing purposes, to make a sure crossing above the cataract. Pioneer housekeeping was not new to me, for I had long kept bachelor's hall in the lead-mines, but it was a novelty to my wife, who had been accustomed to the refining influences and conveniences of a well regulated New York household. Sometimes for weeks we would not see a white person: our only visitors were In dians.—•—Mosquitoes surrounded the house in such swarm's that smoke would not banish them. We usually received our letters and papers once a week. Fortunately I had a pretty good library, and Mrs. Stevens had a piano and other musical ': /.v.V; * -•,:: i--: 34 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS instruments, which had a tendency to banish from the little house most of the lonesomeness naturally incident to pioneer life so far from neighbors. OTHER EARLY SETTLERS. Next in order after Col. Stevens' claim came that of Charles Moseau, who obtained permission from the military authorities in the winter of 1849, and took up his resi dence on the southeast shore of Lake Cal houn. Soon afterwards, the Rev. E. G. Gear, chaplain at Fort Snelling, made a claim on the east shore of Lake Calhoun. John P. Miller, in August, 1851, secured the second claim near the falls—160 acres immediately adjoining Col. Stevens' location. On this claim he built a good house and farm build- 1 ings, although he had no title other than a permit from the war department. Dr. Hezekiah Fletcher, John Jackins, Isaac Brown, Warren Bristol, Allen Harmon, and Dr. A. E. Ames made claims during 1851, and were soon followed by Edward Murphy, Anson Northrup, Charles Hoag, Martin Layman, John G. Lennon, Benj. B. Parker, Sweet W. Case, Edgar Folsom, Hiram Van Nest, Robert Blaisdell and others, all of whom secured permits from the military authori ties. Prominent claim holders just outside the military reservation were Joel B. Bassett, Emanuel Case, Charles W. Christmas, Waterman Stinson, William Byrnes, Ste phen and Rufus Pratt, all of whom took up land in what is now North Minneapolis. During 1851, 1852 and 1853, many claims were occupied, although still without title or immediate prospect of title. It was even necessary to guess at boundaries (in the absence of all surveys by government) but Mr. Christmas, who was a surveyor, ran lines as he believed the government sur veyors would make them. These informal boundaries proved to be substantially cor rect when the final surveys were made in 1854. During three or four , years, the utmost confusion prevailed. Besides those who obtained permits from the army officials were other settlers who had no shadow of authority, and the claim shanties of these "squatters" were frequently destroyed by the officers and their builders ejected from the reservation. The administration of this authority was radical and was claimed to be tyrannical and charges of bribery were frequently made. Although there was prob ably much less corruption of officials than was charged, it seems indubitable that the • -h; • GOVERNOR WILLIAM R. MARSHALL. administration of the army officers was far from just, and that influences of some sort or other were active in securing opportuni ties for favored settlers. So unsettled was the situation that the claimholders finally organized an association with Dr. A. E. Ames, as president and Charles Hoag as secretary, and an executive committee com posed of the leading men of the settlement. Weekly meetings were held in Col. Stevens' house. The association was frankly com mitted to frontier justice; there was no law, and it w r as proposed to assert the rights of bona fide settlers and claimants on the basis of justice and equity as voted by the majority. So thorough was the organi zation, and so completely was it respected, 35 THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT Ei THE SWEET COLLECTION BRIDGE SQUARE, MINNEAPOLIS, IN 1851. Colonel Stevens' house is in the background, partly concealed by the bluff. The Indian tepees stood about where Bridge Square is now located. that only one instance of severe measures is recorded. One claim jumper received a well-merited flogging, and promptly disap peared from the region. However, there were a number of cases of disputed claims which were settled by compromise before possession could be secured. At the close of the year 1852 there were only a dozen houses on the land included in the original town site on the west side and there was as yet no appearance of a vil lage. The buildings were all farm houses or claim shanties and of necessity were located on the land claimed by the inhab itants; and were thus scattered over a wide area. This state of affairs continued for a while longer, for Congress passed a law reducing the Snelling reservation but made no provision for a survey and entry of the land. And it was not until the spring of 1855 that the claimants were enabled to pay their land fees and secure the long expected titles to their property. PROGRESS OF ST. ANTHONY. Meanwhile the village on the east bank of the Mississippi river was growing rapidly although it was conceded even then that the west bank must be the location of the greater part of the future city. As has been noted, the opening of the saw mill in 1848 started a miniature boom in building. Dur ing that year the population reached about three hundred. Wm, R. Marshall, whose arrival has been referred to, surveyed the town site, a post-office was established, the first school was opened (in a log cabin) and religious services were "commenced by the Rev. E. D. Neill, a Presbyterian clergyman who had located in St. Paul. Mr. Neill exer- 36 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS cised a most salutary influence upon the young settlement. He was a man of educa tion and refinement and at the same time quite able to turn his hand or mind to any of the needs of the frontier community— teaching school, lecturing, taking part in politics and serving the community in any capacity where his abilities were needed. Col. Stevens records the following arrivals at St. Anthony in 1849: John W. North, Dr. John H. Murphy, Reuben Bean, Judge Bradley B. Meeker, Dr. Ira Kingsley, Elijah Moulton, Charles Kingsley, James McMullen, Joseph M. Marshall, John Jackins, Wil liam P. Day, Silas and Isaac Lane, Francis Huot, L. Bostwick, Owen McCarty, Moses W. Getchell, Isaac Gilpatrick, J. G. Spe-nce, Lewis Stone, Rufus Farnham, senior, Rufus Farnham, junior, Albert Dorr, William Worthington, Elmer Tyler, L. N. Parker, William Richardson, Eli F. Lewis, Charles A. Brown, A. J. Foster, Charles T. Stearns, Stephen Pratt, William W. Getchell, Isaac Ives Lewis, J. Q. A. Nickerson, Ira Bur roughs, Samuel Fernald, William HB. Welch, F. X. Creapeau, N. Beauteau, John Bean, and Amos Bean. Gradually the young community took on the appearance of an eastern village. From log cabins the style changed to the white painted cottages of New England, where most of the settlers began life. One by one stores and shops were opened until the ordi nary needs of the villagers were supplied by local business enterprise. In 1851 the first newspaper made its appearance—the St. Anthony Express, published by Elmer Tyler and edited by Isaac Atwater, a young lawyer who had reached Minneapolis in the previous year and who was destined to be come a justice of the supreme court, and a prominent citizen of Minneapolis for nearly sixty years. Churches of several denomi nations were organized previous to 1853. The state university, provided for by the first territorial legislature, was organized— on paper—and a board of regents was appointed. The arrivals in 1851 included A. H. Young, afterwards for many years a judge of the district court, George A. Camp, prominent in the lumber business, John T. Blaisdell, Hiram Van Nest, William W. Wales, who had a large part in the affairs of the young city and lived to see it become a metropolis, Joel B. Bassett, a pioneer lumberman and long a well known citizen, Leonard Day and his sons, identified with lumbering for two generations, Dr. A. E. Ames, Emanuel Case, Sweet W. Case, Samuel Thatcher, Win. G. Moffett, David A. Secombe and many others. To enumerate all the arrivals is beyond the scope of this work. LAYING O'UT MINNEAPOLIS. Many of the settlers recorded as coming to St. Anthony only made it a stopping place until they could secure a foothold on the west side of the river. Col. Stevens was the first, and most of these mentioned in the preceding paragraph moved to the west side as soon as they could make claims. Some spent part of their time in St. Anthony and part on their potential farms. There was no opportunity for business on the west side while trade was brisk on the east shore. The situation made Col. Steven's uneasy and he was constantly importuned for permis sion to build upon his farm. At last in the spring of 1854 he employed Chas. W. Christ mas to survey a town site of over 100 acres. This survey covered the larger part of the present business center of Minneapolis of today and determined the general direction of the streets and their width. Col. Stevens had been familiar with New Orleans and patterned the new Minneapolis after the English portion of that city as it was in the early days. NAMING THE CITY. Immediately after the survey Col. Stevens began his liberal policy of giving away lots to people who would build and within a few months there was a village of parts centered about the present Bridge Square—then known as Bridge Street. The transfers of real estate were verbal. Col. Stevens had no title and could give none. Afterwards, when his preemption was completed he gave deeds to each lot owner. But though the people of the young city had no right to the ground on which they were building they had by this time secured a name. From the first there had been much discussion of this interesting matter. For a time All Saints seemed to be in favor, while Col. Stevens at first preferred Hennepin. Winona was THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT considered as were Lowell, Albion, Adasville and other more or less suitable titles. When the Fort Snelling reservation was reduced in 1852 Hennepin County was or ganized with a county seat on the west side of the falls—but there was no name for the county seat. The county commissioners selected the name Albion and it was so re corded but there was a great protest from the people and a few weeks later Charles 37 providing for the incorporation of the town of Minneapolis and it was more than two years afterwards, on July 20, 1858, that a town government was organized under the name. It thus remains a matter of individual choice or opinion whether Minneapolis had its birth with the erection of the old mill of 1820, the cabin of the Pond's in 1834, the Stevens house of 1849, the choice of a name by the inhabitants in 1852, the act providing . .... ST. ANTHONY IN 1851. Hoag invented and proposed the name "Minnehapolis"—a combination of Greek and Sioux. This name met with instant favor and—with the letter "h" eliminated— was formally adopted by the citizens of the village at a meeting held in Col. Stevens' house in December, 1852. But though thus adopted the name was not sanctioned by government until some time later. It was in 1856 that the legislature passed an act for incorporation in 1856 or the actual or ganization of government in 1858. But it is certain that the spirit of Minneapolis, as it has been known in later years, began to be manifest about the middle of the decade of 1850-60 when the settlers obtained actual title to their lands and when improvements of a permanent character began to be made. Then did the town first assert itself and give definite promise of its great future. CHAPTER V . THE FORMATIVE PERIOD W ITHIN the decade of 1855-65 the villages at the Falls of St. An thony received into their popula tion many of the men who were a few years later to make the name of Minneapolis fam ous through their commercial achievements. The foundations of many of the older banks and business houses were laid; definite plans for future commercial enterprises and trans portation routes were made. Of course, plans were crude and incomplete; but, on the whole, the men of this period had a very fair conception of the main lines along which Minneapolis was to develop in later years. It was during this decade that John S. Pillsbury came to Minneapolis and started a business which lives until the present time; that William D. Washburn commenced the improvement of the water power on a scale and with a comprehension which laid the foundations for a great milling industry; that that enthusiastic pioneer, Colonel Stev ens, gave away lots now worth millions, for the good of the town; that such men as H. T. Welles; C. H. Pettit, R. J. Mendenhall, Anthony Kelly, Eugene M. Wilson, George A. Brackett, Daniel R. Barber, Richard and S. H. Chute, John B. Gilfillan, S. C. Gale, C. B. Heffelfinger, T. A. Harrison, Hugh G. Harrison, E. S. Jones, William S. King, William Lochren, Charles M. Loring, Dorilus Morrison, W. W. McNair, J. K. and H. G. Sidle, R. J. Baldwin, E. B. Ames, Paris Gibson, L. M. Stewart, William P. Ankeny, Asa B. Barton, D. M. Clough, W. H. Lauderdale, James W. Lawrence, F. R. E. Cornell, Col. Cyrus Aldrich, Woodbury Fiske, Cyrus Beede, George E. Huey, Dr. P. L. Hatch, S. C. Robinson, O. C. Merriman, J. E. Bell, the Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, C. E. Vanderburgh, Thomas Hale Williams, J. C. Reno, S. P. Snyder, W. W. Eastman, Fred L. Smith, the Rev. J. F. Chaffee and others later to become promi nent in the affairs of the city, cast in their lots with the frontier village and gave their best efforts to building up the place. Those were days when public spirit was rife; when everybody in Minneapolis worked for Min neapolis. It is said of this time that "the families who came here, from 1854 to i860', and laid the foundations of the Minneapolis to be, were in character and culture the choicest product of the east. No new settlement ever showed a larger proportion of college men and cultivated women. Indeed, it may be doubted whether the official and intellec tual status of Minneapolis has ever since averaged as high as during those six earliest years." BRIDGING THE MISSISSIPPI. One of the first ways in which the spirit of Minneapolis was manifested was in the con struction of a bridge across the Mississippi river. The Father of Waters had not, up to this time, been bridged at any point from its source to its mouth. Franklin Steele, Col. Stevens, Judge Atwater and others formed a company for the construction of a suspension bridge and in good time the bridge was completed and opened—January 23, 1855—when the event was celebrated with a parade and banquet at the new St. Charles hotel. This was not only the first bridge to span the Mississippi but one of the first long suspension bridges to be con structed in the country. AS THE CITY APPEARED IN '56. A recent historical sketch by the Rev. Charles L. Morgan has this picture of the village of Minneapolis in 1856: Paying our toll to the genial Capt. Tapper, we crossed the then brand-new suspension bridge, T H E FORMATIVE PERIOD and passing at its western end the home of Col. Stevens, the very first house built in the village, we climbed what was then a veritable hill past a few one-story buildings into the space long known as Bridge Square. Bridge Square was then a rolling prairie, ex tending between what were later Nicollet and Hennepin Avenues, and dotted with oak trees. At Second Street there was a depression which, 39 4. Brothers, but the whole tract from the bridge to Third St. in the center of which the Nicollet House now stands was then an unbroken pasture where a herd of cows and one or two savage bulls held undisturbed possession. The village at this time had three centers, so to speak, which were each struggling for su premacy; the earliest was in "lower town" where was the Land Office and Post Office, the second I V • •A';--. •••[, C .A . \ " r:,- ' ' <*• • -AA va r a ' -i A' •A* A: ' •^ •'AoA •• - , •=• A'rv; V : AA V AvA " A'-V,A-'';/^':A'>: •: ^ A A A ' A A AAA" AAA/fA'A/ AAaAA'A ; i ' A A A A A A A A A .A;,A . ' • -At:A.' - THE FIRST SUSPENSION BRIDGE. Prom a Daguerreotype made soon after the erection of the bridge. usually filled with water, served in spring for the navigation of rafts and in winter for a skat ing pond. Thence there was a gentle up grade to Third St., where began a heavy growth of woods extending over the ridge whose meandering wagon track became later known as Fourth St. Upon Bridge Square there was already one twostory brick building with "Law Office" conspic uous on its upper story and an irregular row of one and two-story stores extending part way be tween First and Second Streets,—or what be came Second street in later years,—for at this time no street was more than a wagon track or path and all the names were long since changed. At a point between Second and Third streets on the south side stood the livery stable of the Goff in the vicinity of Washington St. and Second Ave. South; and the third and more rapidly growing 011 account of the bridge, in Bridge Square. Just behind the cellar on Fourth St. where my father's house was soon to rise, we found the. still smoking embers of an Indian camp of the night before. FOUNDATIONS OF SCHOOL SYSTEM. The public school system of Minneapolis had its real beginning at a meeting held on November 28, 1855, when John H. Stevens, F. R. E. Cornell and J. N. Barber were elected school trustees and the legislature 40 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS was petitioned for power to leavy a tax to raise funds for the erection of a building. This led to the purchase of the site now partly occupied by the court house and city hall and the erection of the first "union school" which was succeeded, after a fire in 1864, by the Washington School, remem bered by many men and women of Minne apolis as the building in which they received their first schooling. At about the same time the promotion of the state university was taken up in earnest and plans were made for the erection of permanent build ings. On May 16, 1859, the first meeting for the formation of a library association was held. From this grew the Minneapolis Athenaeum and the present public library. Coincident with these efforts for educational advancement there was a vigorous growth of the religious life of the community. Many churches were organized and church build ings were erected with much zeal and boundless liberality. Newspapers were es tablished but as yet the older papers at St. Paul, having the advantage of location at the political center of the state and in an older community, overshadowed the jour nals published at the Falls of St. Anthony. COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. Immediately upon the perfection of the title to the town site Minneapolis experi enced its first real estate "boom" accom panied by a period of business activity which almost swept the promoters of the village off their feet. Immigration into Minnesota was just beginning to assume great proportions; the lands ceded by the Sioux in 1851 were now open to settlement and the people would occupy them, for the belief that Minnesota was a frozen and uninhabitable region was passing away. It was evident to the new comers that Minne apolis was to be a commercial center for the new country and they made haste to invest in building lots. The first real estate office was opened by Snyder & McFarlane in a small frame building on Bridge Square near the end of the suspension bridge. C. H. Pettit established a bank and land agency; R. J. Mendenhall entered the banking business as did Rufus J. Baldwin, the Sidles and others of lesser prominence. Mercantile establish ments multiplied by scores and speedily found themselves doing a large business. On the east side the Winslow House was erected in 1857 and the Nicollet House was opened in 1858—these hostelries giving the Falls adequate facilities for the entertain ment of visitors. Building contractors were overburdened with work and the capacity of the saw mills was taxed to supply the lumber demanded for improvements; but, though the actual growth of the village was very rapid, the larger part of the business was still the sale of lands and lots and the supply of necessities to settlers passing through to the farm lands beyond. DEVELOPMENT OF WATER POWER. Quite the most important work for Min neapolis at this period was the practical development of the water power afforded by the Falls of St. Anthony. This potential' resource qf the young city had lain prac tically dormant since the first efforts of Franklin Steele. There had been, it is true, an increase in the lumber sawing capacity and a beginning in flour milling in connec tion with the east side water power; but nothing had been done commensurate with the possibilities of the volume of water or the prospects afforded by the opening of the richest farming land in the country directly tributary to the new town. The develop ment of the lumbering and flour milling in dustries will be told more in detail in the chapters devoted to those subjects but it is proper to emphasize at- this point the im portance to Minneapolis of the work done during the later fifties. William D. Wash burn came to Minneapolis in 1856 and in 1857 w a s appointed secretary and agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company, a reorgan ization of an earlier company formed by Robert Smith who acquired the water power rights on the west side about the time Col. Stevens secured his claim. Gen. Washburn was a young man who had come out to Minneapolis from Maine to practice law. Finding better opportunities for his exec utive talents in the constructive work of the Mill Company he threw himself into the labor of building a dam and canal and, THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. 41 FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION THE BUSINESS CENTER IN 1857. View looking north from about Second avenue south and Fourth street. amid the most discouraging circumstances, pushed the enterprise to completion. His policy of offering liberal terms to persons who would construct flour and lumber mills tended to centralize the industry on the west side of the river and,gave the young city of Minneapolis a decided advantage over its neighbor, while the future of manu facturing as a whole at the Falls of St. Anthony was made more secure and its development hastened. This work for the city was done so long ago that few remain who were witnesses of it and few of the present generation are aware of the fact that Gen. Washburn, still an active citizen of Minneapolis, was the foremost factor in the beginnings of the milling industry at the Falls. It was the first of a series of great constructive enterprises which Gen. Washburn has undertaken which have been in the aggregate of incalculable benefit to Minneapolis. THE PANIC OF 1857-8. The work of constructing the dam and canal had not been more than well com menced before the financial panic of 1857 began to make itself felt in Minneapolis. This not only made this particular enter prise much more difficult but brought to all the business activities of the young city their first great discouragement. In com mon with the rest of the state, and, indeed, with many parts of the country, Minneapolis had overdone the work of promotion. The rush of population to the northwest and the rapid increase in values had turned people's heads. There was speculation of the wildest kind, and projects most chimerical were backed by the popular voice. It wanted only the general panic to cause the bursting of the bubble. Minneapolis suffered with the rest, although, perhaps, not as badly hurt as some other communities. For a time the situation seemed almost hopeless. Banks and business houses failed in num bers, many people were utterly ruined, and hundreds left the city to try their fortunes elsewhere. However, not all the banks or business men were bankrupt; some weath ered the storm in good order and with the improvement of conditions a year or so later, were able to do much for the develop ment of the community. There was a vast recuperative power in the town and in the northwest in those days, as now. No dis aster could be long continued in a district so naturally rich and so earnest in its work for development. All through the civil war, which followed hard upon the panic times, Minneapolis continued to grow, slowly, to be sure, but steadily, and while sending hundreds to the front, she contributed gen erously of men and means for the suppres- 42 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS sion of the Indian outbreak of 1862, which at first threatened to wipe out the entire white population. For a time the uprising injured Minneapolis, in common with the whole northwest, through the check to im migration which was the natural conse quence ; but this effect was to some extent counteracted by the concentration of gen eral attention upon the war which was then absorbing the whole energies of the nation. And after the Indians had been put down and punished and the history of the affair could be viewed from a better perspective, it became evident that the causes of the rising were unusual and not likely to occur again; while the Sioux had been so thor oughly subdued and scattered that any fur ther Indian trouble from any cause what ever, was well nigh impossible within the limits of Minnesota. THE CITY'S WAR RECORD. Out of an average population of about 7,000 during the war years Minneapolis and St. Anthony sent to the Federal army about 1,400 volunteers. This is about the ordinary ratio of adult males in any community and the figures appear extravagant unless it is remembered that the population of Minne apolis in the early days contained an un usual proportion of young men. It is true, however, that in the young cities the prog ress of commercial affairs was noticably re tarded through the absence of so many of the workers. Immediately upon the pres ident's first call for troops public meetings were held and, for the First Regiment of Minnesota Volunteers, Co. D, Capt. Henry R. Putnam, was raised in Minneapolis and Co. E, Capt. George N. Morgan, in St. Anthony. The story of the service of the famous "First Minnesota," culminat ing in its magnificent charge at Gettysburg, —when at the cost of two hundred and fif teen out of two hundred and sixty-two men who started in the charge, the devoted band probably saved the battle for the Union— has been often told. Capt. Morgan became a brigadier general and Capt. Putnam en tered the regular infantry. Other well known names are those of Major Henry D. O'Brien, Capt. James Bryant and Lieut. Wil liam Lochren. No companies for the second FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY IN 1859. View from about the center of the present flour milling district. The partially ruined building at the right is the old government flour mill. The Winslow House may be seen in the distance across the river. THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. regiment were raised here but its colonel, Horatio P. Van Cleve, afterwards a major general, became a citizen of Minneapolis when the regiment was formed and lived here during the remainder of his life. Capt. W. W. Woodbury of this regiment was a Minneapolis pioneer and many young men enlisted from here. In the Third Regiment were numerous volunteers from Minneap olis, including Dr. Levi Butler, the regi mental surgeon, and Hans Mattson who subsequently became its colonel. Minneap olis also sent many volunteers to the Fourth and Fifth regiments though raising no com panies complete. For the Sixth Capt. O. C. Merriman's Co. B and Capt. Joseph C. Whit ney's Co. D were both raised here as were Capt. George A. Camp's Co. A and Capt Richard Strout's Co. B of the Ninth. The city also contributed many other volunteers to the Seventh, Eighth, Tenth and Eleventh Infantry. Maj. George A. Camp was in the Eighth, Capt. Francis Peteler raised Co. S Second U. S. Sharpshooters. Another com pany was raised by Capt. Wm. F. Russell, and Capt. Eugene M. Wilson raised Co. A of the First Regiment of Mounted Rangers and Capt. George C. Whitcomb, Co. B of Hatch's Independent Battalion of cavalry. Maj. Christopher B. Heffelfinger of the First Regiment of Heavy Artillery had been a private in the First Infantry, rising by pro motion to a captaincy before his v transfer to the artillery. But to mention all the men of Minneapolis who served bravely in the war is manifestly impossible in a work of this scope. Many of the volunteers enlisted about the time of the Sioux outbreak of 1862 and saw their first service in the Indian campaign and so did not reach the South until nearly the end of the war. Upon the close of the war the veterans were welcomed warmly 011 their return to Minneapolis, the women of the city (who had been notably active in sending comforts to the soldiers at the front) taking a prominent part in the festivities incident to their return. In the autumn of 1865 General Grant visited the city and was given such a reception as might have been expected from a place which had contributed so generously to the rank and file of his'armies. 43 IMPORTANT LEGISLATION. • At about this time some very important national and state legislation served to' counteract the effects of the Indian troubles as well as to exercise other very pronounced influences on the future of Minneapolis. Up to the war period the hindrances to the rapid development of Minneapolis were the lack of a sustaining agricultural population and the impossibility, under existing condi tions, of establishing such a producing com munity in the region tributary to the city. One difficulty was the presence of the In dians who, while not regarded by the older Minnesotans as constituting an actual men ace to settlers, were still present in large numbers and were viewed with more or less suspicion by easterners who had not grown familiar with the savages by actual contact. The events following the massacre removed the Indians from the consideration. At the same time the new homestead law passed by congress in 1862 began to have effect. With the prospect of free government lands in view settlers were willing to brave In dian dangers both imaginary and real. Next to the absence of producing popu lation as a hindrance to development was lack of transportation facilities. Railroads had been planned in the later fifties but the panic had wrecked the companies leaving trails of unfinished grades and scandal in all directions. But with the promise of bet ter times railroad promotion was revived, and, fostered by wiser laws, gave hope, even during the height of the war, of an adequate transportation system within a few years. Besides roads fostered by state legislation there was 110W hope of a transcontinental line through the congressional charter of the Northern Pacific railway. At the same session of congress at which the homestead law was passed the grant of lands was made to the states for assistance in the establishment of agricultural colleges. This grant came to Minnesota at a time of almost utter hopelessness as to the future of the state university. •- Encumbered with debt and with the public finances in a crit ical condition there seemed no chance to save the institution. At this juncture John S. Pillsbury of Minneapolis was called to 44 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS what proved to be his life work—aside from his business and political services. Ap pointed a regent in 1863 he set to work almost single handed to save the university property and to make available the federal grant—an achievement which is recounted more at length in the sketch of his life which of the war. In spite of all backsets the two towns at the falls had grown steadily and in 1865 had a combined population of about 8,000—an advance of 2,000 since i860. The "Town of Minneapolis" (including the en tire township) had 4,607 people and the "City of St. Anthony" 3,499. The west side WEST SIDE MILLS IN 1859. From an old lithograph pronounced by pioneers to be accurate in location of buildings. The small building at the top of the bank near the center of the picture is the office of W. D. Washburn, then agent and manager for the Minneapolis Mill Company. appears elsewhere. In this undertaking Gov. Pillsbury was completely successful. It is telling but a small part of the story to say that he saved the university to Minne sota and Minneapolis, saved the United States grant which led to the building up in connection with the University of the fore most school of agriculture in the country— accomplishments which have had a profound effect directly and indirectly upon the his tory of Minneapolis. The state legislation in collection with this work was largely formulated by Gov. Pillsbury. MINNEAPOLIS I N 1865. Minneapolis, therefore, had every reason to be hopeful of the future in the last year of the river was already leading the east. In its physical aspects the dual village had changed little for several years. The center of business on the west side was still at Bridge Square and 011 the east shore Main street was the chief thoroughfare. There was little business west of Washington avenue. Most of the buildings were still of frame and presented the heterogenous appearance of the average small town where hasty construction without much regard to architectural appearance is the order of the day. The most important building in the town was the Central Block, just completed, and occupied by A. T. Hale & Co., clothiers, Laraway & Mills, grocers, and Wakefield & THE FORMATIVE PERIOD Plant, dry goods. At the corner of Nicollet and Washington avenues was the new Har rison "block" while the older half of the Nicollet house was the chief building in view looking westward. A dwelling house occupied the site of Temple Court and the principal residence sections were on north Washington avenue and on the streets and avenues southwest to Ninth or Tenth streets. At the milling district there was a small group of saw mills on either side of the river and several small flour mills. The Falls of St. Anthony still poured in un broken flow over the original ledge of rocks, scarcely changed in appearance since their discovery, except for the constant recession which a little later caused great anxiety and led to the entire reconstruction of the river bed. In September the Minnesota Central Railroad was completed to Minneapolis and gave the city its first rail connection with the territory south. In the first two months of operation this road carried from Minne apolis 2,625,000 feet of lumber and 10,950 barrels of flour. HORACE GREELEY'S OPINIONS IN '65. At the Minnesota State Fair of 1865, held in Minneapolis, the principal address was by Horace Greeley, then at the height of his fame as editor of the New York Tribune and known the country over as a patron of agri culture. Writing to the Tribune shortly after his visit to Minneapolis, Mr. Greeley spoke enthusiastically of the prospects of the place. The following are extracts from this letter: St. Paul has some 13,000 inhabitants, while this place, including St. Anthony Falls, across the river, has some 8,000; and there seems to be quite a jealous rivalry between them, which is absurd. The growth of railroads will soon ren der the difference unimportant save to the landspeculators of one or the other locality, and Min neapolis has advantage enough in her enormous yet most facile water .power, which may be made to give employment to a population of 100,000 souls. It has no superior but Niagara, and sur passes that inasmuch as the pineries above and the wheat lands all around are calculated to sup ply it with profitable employment. And these are but the rude beginnings. Already, beside a paper-mill and other such, a woolen factory is in full operation. Another such is nearly ready, and there is room and profitable business for a dozen more; and for cotton factories also. Nowhere on 45 earth are the beneficent influences of our Pro tective Tariff destined to be more signally, more promptly realized than throughout the Great West. And this city, as one consequence, ought to quadruple its population within the next ten years. This prediction was substantially fulfilled; for in 1875 ^e city had reached about 32,000 population, or four times that of the year of Mr. Greeley's visit. From the close of the Civil War to the present time the history of Minneapolis di vides itself quite naturally into three per iods ; the first was of about fifteen years during which the great industries of the city made their initial forward strides; which saw the construction of the framework of the transportation system of the northwest; which included the consolidation of Minne apolis with St. Anthony; and which brought the city through its second time of stress and discouragement ready for the most re markable chapter in its story. The second period extended from about 1880 to 1894 or '95 and was that in which the city made its most rapid growth both in population, busi ness and civic development. The first half of this period was almost meteoric in its brilliancy; the last half showed another ces sation of progress culminating in the busi ness depression of 1893 when Minneapolis, in common with the entire country, paid for mistakes made. Again there was a rest time and then opened the last period ex tending from the revival after 1894 to the present and including the most solid growth in every line of commercial, social and municipal activity. The division points be tween these periods were, of course, not clearly defined, the transition ordinarily covering several years. WASHBURN, William D., is a native of Maine but came to Minneapolis in 1857 and has thus been identified with the city for fifty years. During that time he has unquestionably exercised a wider influence upon the affairs of the city than any other man, has taken a most active part in the commercial, social and political life of the place, and has, in fact, been a powerful factor in the wonderful progress and development of the city of his choice* At the same time he has been conspicuous in state and national affairs, and has been peculiarly fortunate in supplement ing services of particular value to the nation, by giving to the northwest some of its most im- 46 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS portant public works. Gen. Washburn is descended from one of the oldest families in America—that of John Washburn who was secretary of the Plymouth colony in England ai.d who, sailing to the new world, afterwards married Patience, the daughter of Francis Cook, one of the Mayflower company. From these Puritan ancestors, Israel Washburn, born in 1784, was directly descended. His father served in the war of the Revolution, as did the father of his wife, Martha Benjamin, whom he married in 1812. They made their home on a farm in Livermore, Maine, and it was there that their sons were born and reared—a group of men who constituted, perhaps, the most distinguished family contemporaneously in public life in the United States. Of the eleven children there were seven sons all of whom have achieved prominence in public life. Israel Washburn, Jr., was elected to congress in 1850 when William, who was born in 1831, was but nineteen years of age. The young men had already become prominent in Maine state politics and Israel after serving five terms in congress was elected war governor of his native state in i860. Elihu B. Washburn served as congressman from Illinois from 1853 to 1869 when he was appointed secretary of state by President Grant. : During the Franco-Prussian war he was minister plenipotentiary to France. Cadwallader C. Washburn was in congress both before and after the . war, was a general in the union army and in 1871was elected governor of Wisconsin. Charles A. Washburn was minister to Paraguay; Samuel B. Washburn was a distinguished officer in the navy. The boyhood of Gen... Washburn was passed upon the farm home and at the schools of the vicinity—the ordinary experiences of the farmer's boy of the period. He fitted for college at Farmington Academy and in 1850 entered Bowdoin College, the alma mater of many distinguished Americans. He completed the four years course and graduated with the bachelor's degree and at once commenced th«e study of law. During this period he spent part of his time at Washington performing the duties of a clerk in the house of representatives, where he obtained his ; first acquaintance with the affairs of congress and with the public men of the time. Two of Mr. Washburn's brothers had already made their homes in the west and upon completing his law studies he determined to follow their example. It was not difficult to decide upon a location. Livermore had already sent men to the Falls of St. Anthony and his brothers Elihu and Cadwallader had acquired interests there and in Minnesota. He himself had great confidence in the future of the west and especially of Minnesota of which he had heard much. Upon his arrival in Minneapolis, on May 1, 1857, he opened an office for the practice of law but very shortly afterwards accepted the position of secretary and agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company—the corporation controling the west side power at the Falls of St. Anthony—and for some years devoted himself to the management of the business. His selection for this post was peculiarly fortunate. To the young man it gave immediate employment at a time when law business was scarce and unremunerative; and it brought him into close relations'with the leading men of the town and state and familiarized him with the possibilities of manufacturing at the Falls which became largely the basis of his future business success. To the young Minneapolis it gave the benefit, in the direction most needed, of the exercise of a remarkable executive ability. For the coming city needed most of all the development of the water power—then one of the largest powers known to exist. To this work Mr. Washburn applied himself with the utmost energy and despite many discouragements, including the financial depression of that year, he completed the west side dam before the close of 1858. Pursuing a policy of liberality towards manufacturing enterprises the young manager succeeded within a few years in building up the heart of the flour and lumber manufacturing district around this west side power dam. This was the nucleus of the greatest group of flour mills in the world— the corner stone of Minneapolis' future prosperity. Few of the people of Minneapolis of the present generation are aware of the debt the city owes to General Washburn for this, his first work in the city. President Lincoln appointed Mr. Washburn Surveyor General of Public lands in 1861 and it was while holding this office that the title "General" became so associated with his name that it has continued through all the various offices which he has held; and he is better known today as "General Washburn" than as "Senator Washburn." During his incumbency of the office Gen. Washburn became familiar with the wonderful timber resources of the state and after retiring from the position formed the firm of W. D. Washburn & Co., built a saw mill at the Falls and later one at Anoka, and until 1889 carried on a very extensive lumber business. In 1873 he entered flour milling and speedily became an important factor in the production of that Minneapolis staple. His interests in flour manufacturing were through the original firm of W. D. Washburn & Co. and Washburn, Crosby & Co. Subsequently in 1884, the firm of W. D. Washburn & Co. was merged in the Washburn Mill Company and in 1889 the flour milling division of this business was consolidated with the Pillsbury interests in the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company, forming the largest flour milling corporation in the world. At this time there were large accessions of English capital but Mr. Washburn retained, as he still does, a large interest and has been continuously one of the board of American directors of the properties, The Minneapolis Mill Company and the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. were also con- &J. 43 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS solidated with the new corporation which after wards completed the work of harnessing the power of St. Anthony Falls by the construction of a new dam and power a short distance below the main falls. But while Gen. Washburn has been a leader in the development of the water power and the two greatest manufacturing industries of the city, this has been but a small part of the activities of his life. With a genius for production he still had time and thought for the whole range of dis tribution, transportation, finance and the broad questions of political economy and statesmanship. During most of his life in Minneapolis he has had considerable interests in the financial insti tutions of the city, the wholesale business and in real estate. But as a railroad builder he is best known to the general public—aside, of course, from his political life. His first important rail road project was the outgrowth of the conviction, developed during the early seventies, that a rail road controlled by Minneapolis interests and leading into the southern part of the state and to northern Iowa, was essential to the control of trade. The Minneapolis & St. Louis railroad was the outcome of this situation. Gen. Washburn was the president of the company for some years and its promoter and executive during the build ing period. His next project was even greater— to build a Minneapolis railroad to a connection with tidewater ports, but entirely independent of the Minneapolis-Chicago lines, and the roads east of Chicago dominated by Chicago interests. Gen. Washburn retired from the presidency of the Minneapolis & St. Louis and, early in the eighties, commenced to agitate the greater project. The project was accepted with favor, for the city had felt very seriously the detrimental influences of the Chicago domination of freight rates; but at first the plan seemed impracticable. The idea was to build to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and there connect with the Canadian Pacific railway, but this involved construction of 500 miles of railroad through the unbroken forests of northern Wisconsin and upper Michigan—through, a terri tory which would supply practically no local business. It appeared that for years it would be necessary to depend for revenues almost wholly on the Minneapolis flour trade. But in this as in his other business projects, Gen. Washburn's con ceptions of the situation proved sound, and with indomitable energy he organized, financied and built the railroad—now the well-known "Soo Line." The line had hardly been opened to the Soo before a western line was planned and pro moted. This traversed Minnesota and North Da kota to a junction with the Canadian Pacific in the northwest and gave to Minneapolis another route to the Pacific. The development of this system was one of the most important commer cial events in the life of Minneapolis. Mr. Wash burn was president of the Soo Line during its five years of construction and until his election to the United States Senate. Notwithstanding the enormous demands of these great enterprises upon his time, strength and energy, Gen. Washburn almost from his first arrival in the state gave much time to the service of the public. In 1858 he was chosen a member of the first state legislature. I11 1866 he was elected to the Minneapolis school board and as sisted in the early development of the school sys tem which has become the pride of the city. Again in 1871 he was in the legislature and the year 1873 found him, at the urgent request of his friends, a candidate for the republican nomination for governor of Minnesota. After the close of the decisive vote in the convention it was claimed by his friends that two ballots had not been counted and these would have given him the nomination; but Mr. Washburn refused to con-, test the result. Six years of service in congress commenced in 1878 and only concluded when the Soo railway project claimed his entire attention. But on the completion of the road in 1888 he withdrew from the presidency and became a can didate for the United States senate and served for the following six years. In 1895 he was a candi date for re-election upon the assurances of those who afterwards opposed him, that there would be no opposition to his candidacy. This unex pected opposition took a form which it was im possible to oppose successfully with honor and Senator Washburn frankly admitted his defeat and great disappointment. As in all similar cases, however he quietly accepted the situation; he is not the type of man to pose as a disgruntled politician. To his work in congress Gen. Washburn brought a, thorough knowledge of his district, his state and the entire northwest. And not only a political knowledge, but a wide conception of its commercial needs, its undeveloped re sources and its possibilities. He had been promi nent in the rise of the two great manufacturing industries of the state and was familiar with all their details and their requirements in the way of supply of raw materials, transportation and ac cess to markets. He was master of the agricul tural conditions of the northwest. He had many ideas for the advantage of Minnesota which he set to work to develop as soon as he entered congress. Only a few of his undertakings can be mentioned. One of the most interesting was that of impounding the flood waters of the Mis sissippi river in reservoirs at the headwaters, to be gradually released during low water periods, thus maintaining an equal flow of water the year round. So certain was Gen. Washburn of the success of the plan and of its ultimate accom plishment that he had already, ten years before, personally entered the forty acres of land at Pokegama which he considered the key to the reservoir system. His personal endeavors in congress secured the first appropriations for this THE FORMATIVE PERIOD great river improvement which has been of incal culable benefit to navigation on the Upper Missis sippi and has facilitated the transportation of logs from the pine forests to the mills and inci dentally maintained an equal flow of water for the use of power. He also started the legislation which has improved the lower reaches of the upper Mississippi and with the completion of locks and dams now building, will open river navigation from Minneapolis to the Gulf. Of even more importance to Minneapolis and the northwest, perhaps, was his work in securing the first appropriation for the improvement of Hay Lake channel in the Sault Ste. Marie river—-the beginnings of the famous "twenty-foot" channel project which has revolutionized the carrying trade of the great lakes and wonderfully cheap ened the cost of handling freight to and from the northwest. Such great undertakings did not, however, engross his attention in congress to the ex clusion of national questions. Gen. Washburn took a very prominent part in the general affairs of the country and though never an orator or even a frequent speaker, was one of the clear-cut debaters of congress whose speeches were always regarded with attention and whose arguments had much weight. His habit of independent thought and action occasionally brought him into opposition to his party but events have usually demonstrated that it was the man and not the party which was in the right. For instance, in the consideration of the famous Lodge bill, gen erally known as the "force bill," Senator Wash burn stood alone on the republican side as an opponent of the measure, as wrong in principle and not calculated to accomplish the expected re sults. Although freely criticised at the time, Gen. Washburn's position is now that of the ma jority of clear thinkers in the country. He was in another case impelled to conflict with many party leaders when he championed the "anti-op tion" bill. For this measure Senator Washburn made a speech which received world-wide atten tion and it was this speech and his remarkable fight for the law that carried it through the sen ate. But perhaps the greatest speech of his life was that on reciprocity delivered in the senate in 1894 which stands, so fully did it cover the whole ground, as the best authority extant on the subject. 49 Since leaving the senate in 1895, Gen. Wash burn, although frequently mentioned in connec tion with the highest political honors, has not sought office. In 1900 he was the choice of his state delegation for vice-president. But he has steadfastly devoted himself to his business inter ests and has with characteristic energy built an other railroad and exploited a tract of 115,000 acres of agricultural and coal bearing lands in North Dakota. Gen. Washburn has travelled extensively dur ing his life and, with his long sojourns at Wash ington, has been absent from Minneapolis for long periods. But this has not prevented him and his family from filling a large place in the social life of the city. Within two years after settling in Minneapolis he returned to Maine and on April 19, 1859, was married to Miss Lizzie Muzzy, daughter of the Hon. Franklin Muzzy of Bangor. They have had six children, four sons and two daughters. Gen. Washburn's beautiful home, "Fair Oaks," has been for many years a center of social life and the place of entertain ment of many a distinguished guest. One of the founders of the Church of the Redeemer— one of the leading Universalist churches of the country—Gen. Washburn has always been one of its most prominent members and supporters. As president of the board of trustees of the Wash burn Memorial Orphan Asylum (founded by his brother, C. C. Washburn) Gen. Washburn has been prominent in the philanthropic and charit able work of the city, by 110 means confining himself to the duties and responsibilities of the institution named. When municipal undertakings were proposed he has always been ready to take a hand, as in the Minneapolis-exposition project, to which he was a large subscriber, and of which he was for several years president, and in the public library building movement, when he was one of a small group to contribute $5,000 each to the fund. The municipal campaign of 1906 found him as alert and active as ever, presiding at a great mass meeting on the eve of election and speaking repeatedly during the evening for good government and advanced municipal standards. Although past the age when many men lay down the cares of business life he still attends to his affairs with regularity and bears himself with the air of a man much his junior. CHAPTER VI. THE FIRST COMMERCIAL ADVANCE A S WAS shown in the preceding chap "B" mill then the largest west of Buffaloter, Minneapolis, after a period of considered at first an extravagant undertak • depression and quiet, was ready, at ing, but soon superceded by much larger the close of the Civil war, to take advantage mills. Gov. W T ashburn was a man of clear to the utmost of the season of general pros ideas and during his continuance in Min per.'iy which followed the cessation of hos neapolis milling set the pace for a group of tilities. It was stated that the special needs great millers. And they came to promin of Minneapolis were a tributary farming ence rapidly—Crocker, Barber, Dunwoody, population and transportation to and from Crosby, the Pillsburys, the Christians, and the east and into the outlying agricultural other men whose names went 'round the regions. Both these needs were supplied world on Minneapolis flour barrels. The in large measure within five years succeed story of milling is told in another chapter; ing the war. The disbanding of the armies only its influence upon the development of threw a great number of unemployed men Minneapolis can be mentioned here. And into every community and while many were what this influence was and what it ac immediately absorbed in the varied indus complished in the decade after the war, tries which they had laid down in '6i, many the: present generation of Minneapolitans turned to farming, charmed by the pros can scarcely realize. Previous to this time pects of free government land. Possibly the future of the northwest had been some many soldiers after four years of life in the what in doubt. Men who knew it well had open shrunk from the confinement of office, unbounded confidence in its resources and store or shop. At all events there was a future development but it remained to be tremendous immigration into Minnesota— proved to the world that what had been estimated at about 180,000 in the five years very generally regarded as almost a part ending in 1870—and the waiting prairie of the frigid zone could produce crops of farms were peopled and the golden wheat, • v r alue year in and year out; and that it could for which the water power at the Falls of produce them in sufficient variety to make St. Anthony had been looking, poured into it prosperous. It also remained to be dem onstrated that the spring wheat of the north the city. west could compete with the other wheats THE RISE OF FLOUR MILLING. At the close of the last war year there of the world as a food; and, further, that were eight small mills at the Falls of St. it could be ground into flour and transported Anthony and they produced in 1866 172,000 to distant markets in competition with barrels of flour. In the following year thir other flour, at a living profit. At the open teen mills ground 220,000 barrels. At this ing of the period the almost unknown spring point in the history of milling a new influ wheat flour was looked upon with distrust ence entered. For ten years Gov. C. C. in many markets of this country, and was Washburn of Wisconsin had owned an in quite unknown abroad. To the clear minded men of the time terest in the water power and he now saw that the time was ripe to enter manufactur wheat seemed the hope of the northwest. ing. His first venture was the Washburn They knew that good spring wheat could THE FIRST COMMERCIAL ADVANCE be grown here; but even the most advanced of them could not believe that corn, other coarse grains, fruits and stock raising would ever be generally a part of the farm program of the northwest. On wheat, therefore, they must depend; and they set about prov ing to the world that northwestern wheat and flour were unequalled. MILLING REVOLUTIONIZED. To a group of Minneapolis millers be longs much of the credit for the foundation laying of the seventies which established most solidly the great dual industry of the northwest and of Minneapolis—-wheat rais ing and flour milling. These men set about improving in every way possible the pro cesses of flour grinding. In 1870 every mill in Minneapolis was equipped with old-fash ioned mill stones and primitive purifying processes. Five years later the roller mill had come in; the middlings purifier had been adopted, and other valuable improvements and inventions brought into use. At the same time the self-binding harvester had cheapened the cost of production on the farm, and the extension of railroads and the opening of lake commerce had lowered the cost of marketing. The Minneapolis mill ers had revolutionized their business—and incidentally the milling business of the country; and this during a period of "hard times." And in 1878 they went abroad and found a foreign market for the first time in the history of the Minneapolis flour indus try. By that time they had proven con clusively that Minneapolis spring wheat flour was the equal if not the best of any in the world. Much stress is laid upon this development of the flour industry because it became then, and has ever since remained, the center of the industrial life of the city and the north west. Time is reducing its relative im ( portance; diversification of production in city and on farm is bound to still further lessen its position of leadership. But it will remain true that it was the. development of this dual industry in the seventies which made Minneapolis. Had it fallen behind and failed to make its point in the world, the northwest and with it the city, would have been much slower in its progress. 51 RAILROAD BUILDING. Coincident with the development of the flour milling business and in fact a necessary part of that growth, was the building of the early railroads of Minnesota. The Minne sota Central, opened to Faribault in 1865, was extended to Austin in 1867 and con nected with the "Milwaukee" for Chicago. The St. Paul & Pacific (now the Great Northern) built w r est, reaching the Red River valley in 1870 and about the same time the Lake Superior & Mississippi reached Duluth and gave the needed lake connection. Other lines reached out down the Minnesota valley and into southern Min nesota and in 1872 the short line to Chicago, via La Crosse, was completed. Seven years saw the essential eastern connections made and feeder lines for the city built into the principal farming communities then exist ing 1 . OTHER COMMERCIAL PROGRESS. Although the development of its trans portation facilities and the means of absorb ing the agricultural product of the outlying country was the first and most important work for Minneapolis, the town was by no means idle in other directions. The lum bering industry made enormous progress in this period, the output reaching 118,000,000 feet in 1870 and 195,000,000 feet in 1880. Other manufactures were not neglected and the wholesaling of merchandise first became a recognized factor in the com mercial life of the city. Retailing was still on a country town basis; the city had no great retail marts until after 1880. In bank ing the city made progress commensurate with its other development and most of the prominent financial institutions of today were founded, or took form, in this period of the city's history. CIVIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS. In matters pertaining to civic, social and religious affairs this part of the city's story is not as interesting as is its commercial progress. In fact commercialism seems to have dominated during this period more than at any other time in the city's history. The beginning of the period found Minne apolis lapsed from a town government to a simple township organization—quite suf- 52 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ficient, perhaps, during the war time quiet, period there was good cause for lack of but inadequate to the needs of the city of enterprise. a few years later. This was speedily OBSTACLES AND DISCOURAGEMENTS. realized and Minneapolis was incorporated For the period was one of curiously as a city in 1867. St. Anthony, which had been under a city government for a decade, blended progress and detention for Minne still maintained something of a position of apolis. In 1869 came the threatened destruc rivalry although the two places were prac tion of the water power through the under tically one, except in name, and it was evi mining of the limestone ledge forming the dent to all impartial observers that they Falls. Prompt action saved the situation, must of necessity unite within a short time. but the millers did not feel perfectly secure This necessity was reluctantly conceded in of the permanence of the power until the 1872 and the united city started on new completion of the government retaining municipal life under a new charter granted work in 1878. The decade of the seventies by the legislature. In 1874 the old city hall opened with much promise, but the panic at the junction of Nicollet and Hennepin of 1873 seriously crippled many north avenues and Second street was built. Pub western enterprises. Railroad building—the lic improvements and municipal depart hope of the city and of the state—was set ments remained in a very crude condition back, and most of the railroad corporations for some time although earnestly promoted were forced into reorganization or down by a few zealous and public spirited men. right bankruptcy. Business of all kinds The first waterworks consisted of a small was affected. The tide of immigration was pump and wooden mains. A good fire in part held back. And, as if financial dif department was organized but remained ficulties were not enough, the years 1875 until 1879 a volunteer organization. The to 1878 brought to the northwest the sooriginal suspension bridge—the main traffic called "grasshopper plague," which for a connection between the two sides of the time threatened to paralyze the agricultural river was replaced in 1875. Parks had been interests of three states. In 1875 this pest proposed from time to time but the most of locusts had reached such proportions as promising plans had been voted down by to destroy the entire crops in some parts a majority which seemed to be fearful of of the northwest; and no one knew where public expenditure. For some time after it would stop. Five years of total or partial the consolidation of the two cities the school destruction of crops reduced whole coun systems remained separate with consequent ties to. penury and led many farmers to lack of uniformity and co-operation. The abandon their lands; while immigration, university was making slow progress, fos under such conditions, of course, almost tered as best might be by Gov. Pillsbury mpletely stopped. and President Folwell, whose interest was Just at the close of this plague, early in constant, but for many years receiving 1878, a great disaster assailed the foodsmall support from the country districts of producing industry at the other end. This the state. In religious matters the people was the flour mill explosion in Minneapolis, at this time showed no lack of devotion but, attended with great loss of life and the as in public affairs, there was not the prog destruction of millions in property. The ress in organization and building which the five years had indeed been bad ones for the rapid growth of the city would naturally great wheat and flour industry of the north seem to have warranted. It should be west; and Minneapolis felt the effects in remembered too that with the increase of Vf'ull pleasure. population the older churches found them j ^ B u t , i f t h e b l o w h a d b e e n a s e v e r e o n e , selves charged with the duty of sustaining recovery from its effects was remarkably many missions, which, at first great bur rapid. The leveled mill walls rose again, dens, later became large self-supporting higher and stronger than before and the churches. And in the later years of the opportunity was embraced to equip the r T H E FIRST COMMERCIAL ADVANCE 53 SWEET COLLECTIOH THE SECOND SUSPENSION BRIDGE. Erected in 1875 to replace the bridge of 1855. It was torn down in 1889 when the present steel arch bridge was built. mills with even later and better machinery than that destroyed. The rebound from all other causes of depression was equally rapid; by the end of the decade of 1870-80 Minneapolis was physically and financially recuperated and alive with the spirit which 1 was to manifest itself so wonderfully dur\ing the coming years. PILLSBURY, John Sargent, for more than two score of years one of the leading and most valued of the citizens of Minneapolis, was born at Sutton, Merrimac county, N. H., on July 29, 1828, and died at Minneapolis, October 18, 1901. He was descended from Wm. Pillsbury who came from England in 1640 and settled at Newburyport, Mass., where he received a grant of land. One of Wm. Pillsbury's descendants went to Sutton in 1790 and established the New Hamp shire branch of the family. Mr. Pillsbury's father was John Pillsbury, a manufacturer, and long prominent in state and local affairs. His mother was Susan Wadleigh Pillsbury, who, like her husband, traced her ancestry back to early Puri tan stock. The son of these parents had so spe cial advantages. He grew up amid the ordinary conditions of a New England town in the early part of the last century. His education was lim ited to the village school which was not of the best. While still a boy he commenced to learn the printers trade but preferred merchandising and left the case to become a clerk in the general store of his older brother, George A. Pillsbury, who afterwards became prominent in Minneap olis. A somewhat .varied experience in mercan tile life brought the young man at the age of twenty-five to a belief that he was not only fitted for a mercantile career but that he would find better opportunities in the west. Accordingly in 1853 he traveled for some months and deter mined, after a visit to St. Anthony, to make the place his home. He engaged in the hardware business and was from the first successful. He was just becoming well established, however, when he experienced a catastrophe which would have broken most men. Scarcely two years after commencing business at St. Anthony, and in the midst of the financial panic of 1857, he lost about thirty-eight thousand dollars by fire. This not only wiped out all his accumulations, but left him under a heavy indebtedness. In the critical finan cial condition of the country, it would have seemed impossible to avoid hopeless bankruptcy; but Mr. Pillsbury had already so well established his credit that he was enabled to secure an ex tension from his creditors and at once resumed business. For five years Mr. Pillsbury had not p i! I I il! !ff ill l!i! I ill! II !F ~ - VI jS8 Si" \i !] fl IIfs i •o I "jfe 56 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS a single new suit of clothes—but in five years every debt was paid. Business success was cer tain to such a man. Building on this foundation he developed a commercial structure which had a prominent part in the industrial activities of the city and state for four decades. His retail hardware business was merged into a wholesale business which still exists as the largest in the northwest;., he became one of the first millers and later a member of the greatest flour manufac turing concern in the world; he dealt extensively in pine lands and was one of the largest manu facturers of lumber; he had a part in many of Jjjie-financial institutions established in Minneap olis during- his- active business life. But success ful as was Gov. Pillsbury's business career it is overshadowed, in an estimate of his life, by the other great work which he took up even before he had established himself on a firm commercial footing. Possibly on account of his own lack of early educational privileges, Mr. Pillsbury watched with keen interest the affairs of the University of Minnesota—an institution which was not more than a name at the time of his ar rival in the territory. Endowed by a congres sional land grant, the university existed on paper until 1856, when a building was commenced. Illadvised plans, followed by the financial crash of 1857, so involved the institution that the early sixties found it apparently hopelessly in debt, with an unfinished building and no prospect of ever establishing a faculty or offering education to the* youth of Minnesota. It seemed that the building and campus would be lost on a mortgage of nearly $100,000 and that the land grant would be diverted from its purpose. In 1863 Mr. Pillsbury was appointed a regent, of the university and shortly afterwards became state senator, and through his exertions a new law was passed placing the affairs of the institu tion in. the hands of three regents, with full powers to adjust its obligations on such terms as they might deem best, and as if they were their own. Such unlimited authority has seldom been, given a public board. But the situation was critical, and called for unusual measures. Every one predicted failure. But with iron will and a persistency which knew no defeat, Mr. Pillsbury entered on a campaign of adjustment of the claims. He sold lands, and with the cash com promised claims at such figures as might be ar ranged. The difficulties of such a task at such a time cannot be realized in these days. The lands offered were inaccessible; the creditors were widely scattered, and of many minds as to the value of their securities. The vexations and disappointments were almost unnumbered. Mr. Pillsbury rode thousands of miles through a new country, hunting up lands or showing them to creditors or buyers. He traveled to the East; he wrote letters innumerable. He brought into play all the resources of a skillful man of business. Notwithstanding the difficulties of the under taking, in four years he was able to report that the debt of the university had been cleared away, leaving intact thirty-two thousand acres out of the grant of forty-six thousand, and with the campus and building free of incumbrance. Gov. Pillsbury afterward made great successes in busi ness, and proved himself a clever and adept finan cier; but, considering the circumstances, nothing which he did in later years equaled this financier ing of the affairs of the bankrupt University of Minnesota. And it is no discredit to his asso ciates to attribute the success to him; it was well known at the time that his energy, his enthusi asm, his business sagacity, were the moving forces of the work. Following his achievement in relieving the uni versity of its financial burden, the institution was reorganized, a faculty was engaged, and the real work commenced. Governor Pillsbury remained a regent, and watched over every step of its progress during the remainder of his life. With out a liberal education himself, he had a very keen appreciation of the needs of an institution of higher learning. And here it should be said that, through reading and association, Governor Pillsbury finally became a man of education and high cultivation. Largely through his sagacity, the university has been fortunate in its presidents and faculty. Early in its career, the question of co-education came up. Mr. Pillsbury threw his influence to the side of equal educational advan tages to young men and young women. From the beginning, Governor Pillsbury was the finan cial guide of the institution. In the legislature he was able to accomplish much in influencing appropriations, and he was also the means of con solidating the land grant made directly to the university and that for the aid of agricultural education and experiment work. Meanwhile, there was often a scarcity of dollars for current expenses and other needs. But by this time Mr. Pillsbury was becoming a man of means; and these means were often at the disposal of the institution. When the experimental farm was needed in connection with the university and funds were lacking Mr. Pillsbury advanced the $8,500 needed. The land was afterwards sold for $150,000 and the proceeds used in buying the present university farm. In 1889 Gov. Pillsbury quietly handed the regents $150,000 to build a much needed science hall—perhaps the largest gift ever made to a state institution of learning. However, munificent as was the gift of Pills bury Hall, it sank into insignificance beside the gift of his own time and strength, which Gov. Pillsbury spent so freely during the thirty-eight years of his service as regent. A very conserva tive estimate made by his friends, is that he de voted one-fourth of his time to the affairs of the institution. This would mean ten years of actual time taken from business and other pursuits. His life long services to the University were recog- ,' . . . . 58 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS nized in 1900 through the erection on the campus of a statue of life size. In his earlier career, Mr. Pillsbury, in addi tion to his work for the university, was in al most constant political service. Within a year after reaching St. Anthony, he began a six years' term in the city council. From local service he went to the state senate, in which body he sat almost continuously for thirteen years. So con spicuous were his services and his fitness for re sponsibility that in 1875 he was nominated and elected governor, without any of the usual accom paniments of candidacy and canvass. This was the beginning of six years in the gubernatorial chair, for he was accorded three terms and might have had a fourth had he not positively refused to serve again. It has never fallen to the lot of a governor of Minnesota to be obliged to consider and handle so many diverse questions as arose during the incumbency of Governor Pillsbury. When he assumed office the so-called "grasshop per plague" was becoming a serious matter. It was characteristic of Governor Pillsbury that he went personally to the scene, investigated the ex tent of the calamity and the condition of the suf fering people and from his own means furnished relief in many cases. Returning to the state capi tal, he had facts of his own, which he laid before the legislature with such force as to secure prac tical legislation looking to the aid of the people and the destruction of the pests. During his term as governor, Mr. Pillsbury recommended and secured the passage of some of the best laws on the statutes of Minnesota. Among these were acts providing for a public ex aminer, a state high school board, and for estab lishing biennial sessions of the legislature. He had an unusual number of appointments to make •—in the supreme and district courts, and to other important offices; he was obliged to face the destruction of the state capitol by fire, as well as a similar loss of the principal insane hospital of the state; he was called upon to organize relief for the town of New Ulm, which was destroyed by a tornado near the close of his term. But the great work of his official life was his labor of removing from the name of Minnesota the stain of repudiation. Ill-advised legislation in the late fifties had led to the issue of over two million dollars' worth of bonds for the encour agement of railroad-building in the state. The panic of 1857 prevented the completion of the railroads contemplated, and, exasperated by the situation, the people of the state voted to refuse payment of the obligations. For twenty years the reproach of repudiation had rested upon the state. In his first message, Governor Pillsbury urged the payment of these bonds; and though met with indifference and violent opposition from political leaders, he continued to demand that the honor of the state be preserved. After overcoming the most tremendous obstacles in legislation and legal entanglement, Governor Pillsbury had the satisfaction, just before his term ended, of seeing the bonds matter adjusted and the word "repudia tion" removed from association with the state which he had served so long. The extent of Gov ernor Pillsbury's charity and benefactions will never be known. I11 the greater portion of cases, the fact of assistance rendered was known only to the giver and the recipient. To only a few, even, is it "known that a large number of young men have been helped through the University of Minnesota by the financial assistance of Gover nor Pillsbury. Among his conspicuous gifts in Minneapolis were an endowment of $100,000 for the Home for Aged Women and Children, and the erection, at a cost of $25,000, of a home for .young women working for small salaries, which was named for his wife, the Mahala Fisk Pills* toi^iIo_me. At the time of his death he had well under way a plan for a beautiful library building to cost $75,000, which was to be a gift to the city of Minneapolis, and especially intended for the use of the people of the "East Side." This build ing was completed and turned over to the city by Governor Pillsbury's heirs, and is known as ' "Pillsbury Library." Governor Pillsbury was married on November 3, 1856, to Miss Mahala Fisk, daughter of Captain John Fisk who came from England in 1837 and settled at Windon, Mass. Their children were four: Addie who became the wife of Charles M. Webster, and Susan M. who was the wife of Fred B. Snyder, Sarah Belle, the wife of Edward C. Gale, and Alfred Fisk Pillsbury. Both Mrs. Webster and Mrs. Snyder died some years ago. Alfred F. Pillsbury has succeeded to many of the business interests and responsibilities of his father, is president of the Minneapolis Union Elell vator Company, of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company and is a director in the Pillsjmry-Washburn Flour Mills Company. CHAPTER VII. AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT F OUNDATION laying for the time of Minneapolis' most rapid develop ment had been going on for years previous to 1880. Even disasters had been disguised blessings, for with recovery from each had come the feeling of security based on better methods and confidence that noth ing which might happen could permanently injure the progress of the city. And amid ail the discouragements of the middle seventies there had been continual growth in popu lation—a growth which was followed in the last two years of the decade by a rush of people which brought the total number of inhabitants up to 46,887 in 1880. This was a gain of 28,808 during the decade or more than 150 per cent, advance. In the same period the state had gained 341,000 people and settlers were following the railroads beyond the borders of Minnesota out over the Dakota plains and opening farms which should also pour their products into the Minneapolis market. Railroad construc tion had taken a new life with the late years of the seventies. Villard succeeded Cooke as the moving spirit of the Northern Pacific, and Hill secured control of the St. Paul & Pacific, converting it into the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad. From bankrupt and lethargic properties, these roads became at once virile elements in the development of the northwest. The forward movement in city and country was simultaneous and irresistible. COMMERCIAL RECOGNITION. The intimate connection between the country and that city which absorbs its products and exchanges them for the neces sities not raised at home, brings again to the front, as most significant and important in the new period of Minneapolis history, the events in the flour and grain business. It has been told that with the adoption of improvements in milling machinery, and the reconstruction of the flour mills after the explosion of 1878, the capacity of the Minneapolis mills was greatly increased while the product was demonstrated to be unequalled in quality. Still much re mained to be proved to the world. It was one thing to make the best flour and quite another to be certain that people, habitu ated to the use of another product, would adopt the new foodstuff. It also became evident that Minneapolis, to retain its place as the market for the products of the northwest, must be something besides a milling center. In other words, Minne apolis must be known throughout the world as a grain market as well as a flourmaking city, and it must be known that both the unground wheat, and its finished product were the best that could be pro duced. One of the most important events look ing towards the realization of these things was the organization of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce; a step which also had a forceful influence on the commercial development of the city in general as well as upon the establishment of Minneapolis as one of the great markets of the world. Previous to 1881 there had been no recog nized grain market in the city. The flour mills used much wheat and absorbed prac tically all the receipts. Through their Mil lers' Association they controlled prices and handling facilities. This was an excellent thing for the city at the beginning, but, as the northwest developed, and it became evident that there was to be a grain pro duction in excess of the capacity of the mills, the necessity of a public market at Minneapolis was recognized. The effects 60 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of the organization of the Chamber of Com merce were to put the grain business on a basis similar to that of other cities; to establish grades, to create a shipping busi ness, to secure, as time went on, state grad ing and weighing and inspection; to de velop terminal facilities; to bring, through country elevator lines, a large part of the northwestern farming district into close relations with the Minneapolis market; and, eventually, to make Minneapolis the greatest wheat market of the world. With in a few years Minneapolis received world wide recognition as a leading wheat market and flour-making point, and was thus ad vertised more effectively than could have been accomplished by any other means. RAILROAD SYSTEM COMPLETED. The reorganization of the Northern Pa cific and the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Mani toba railroads, referred to at the beginning of this chapter, was followed by their rapid extension to the' termini suggested by their names—the first to the Pacific at Puget Sound and the second to the Canadian bor der where connection was made for Winni peg. On the completion of the Northern Pacific in 1883 a jubilee was held in Min neapolis which had special significance. It was no mere ebullition of unintelligent enthusiasm. For the . Northern Pacific meant much more to (the city than the simple completion of a long line of rail road. With one exception, no railroad has been built in the northwest which had the strategic importance of the Northern Pa cific. It meant to Minneapolis the opening of the rich mountain states and of the Puget sound country to commercial rela tions, and, beyond that, gave a vision of the oriental traffic which later developed. It made possible the enormous extension of the grazing interests of North Dakota and Montana, which must find an outlet, as must the other industries of the far northwest, through the Minneapolis gate way. Other roads followed rapidly, and the "Manitoba" (later to be known as the Great Northern) commeflced a system of branches which brought the entire north western part of Minnesota, and the whole of North Dakota into intimate touch with Minneapolis. At this time there was also a great de velopment of the terminals at Minneapolis. The Union passenger station was built, and the stone arch bridge to furnish access to it. The "short lines" to St. Paul were opened and freight handling facilities were much increased in the city terminal yards. BUILDING THE SOO LINE. Even before the Northern Pacific was completed another equally important step was taken in the railway development of the northwest. This was the planning of the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & At lantic Railroad—now known as the Soo line. The organizing company was com posed of Minneapolis men, with General William D. Washburn, the promoter of the project, at the head. The significance of the undertaking was that it was a Min neapolis road, built to relieve Minneapolis from the influences of other cities upon eastern connections, and to establish an independent all-rail route to the Atlantic seaboard. Incidentally, a new "lake and rail" route was opened and a vast new country in northern Wisconsin and Michi gan was brought into direct connection with Minneapolis. This project grew on the promoters' hands, and within a few years after the Soo was opened, in 1887, a western line was built to connect with the Canadian Pacific and open a competitive route to the Pacific northwest. The construction of the Soo line was a very good example of the "Minneapolis idea," as it came to be known in the eight ies. The Minneapolis idea was briefly "all together for the city's good." At that time any project which was regarded as of ad vantage to Minneapolis was taken up with the utmost enthusiasm. Minneapolis men worked together in every emergency and to gain any purpose which seemed to be of public value. Their purses were always open for the city's welfare. THE EXPOSITION. One of the most remarkable instances of the working of the Minneapolis idea was the founding of the exposition. In 1885 AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT many of the large cities of the country were conducting annual expositions. It was believed that such an institution would be of great benefit in advertising Minneapolis and drawing visitors who would thus come into closer relations with the city. On Oc tober i i , 1885, a public meeting was held, at which $100,000 was subscribed towards the project. Incorporation followed imme diately, and the public was asked to sub scribe to the capital stock of $300,000. 61 period there was no federal building in the city, although the need was great, and the subject was being agitated. With the characteristic delay incident to government projects, it was 1882 before the site was purchased, and 1889 before the present building was occupied. Before the federal building was completed, the old courthouse —a patchwork of additions—had become quite inadequate, and in 1887 legislative authority was secured for the erection of THE STONE ARC H HHJDOE. The principal railroad entrance to the Union Passenger station. Every dollar needed was secured in Minne apolis. By the following August, a build ing costing $325,000 was completed, and in September an exposition was held, which was attended by 338,000 people. To ac complish this undertaking, obstacles of all kinds were overcome by sheer force of will and energy. Eor a number of years annual expositions were held with success; they served their purpose for the period. GREAT-PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS. The building of the exposition was but one of a great number of public enterprises to which a large part of the energy of the people of the city was devoted during the decade of 1880-90. At the opening of the a joint courthouse and city hall. Com menced in 1889, this building has been only recently completed, although occupied in part for years. Its cost is over $3,000,000. Other buildings of a public or semi-public character received cordial support. The Public Library building, Masonic Temple, Young Men's Christian Association build ing and numerous homes and asylums are examples of this spirit of providing the necessary institutions of a great city with suitable accommodations. MUNICIPAL IMPROVEMENTS. During this period, general municipal improvements were for the first time un dertaken in a broad way. Until the be- » 62 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ginning of this period there was not a mile of any kind of pavement on the streets of the city, while most of the sidewalks, even in the business center, were of wood. After the original dirt streets came the era of wooden blocks. From early in the eighties until after the business depression of 1893 not much else was laid down in Minne apolis, except a considerable amount of granite in the lower part of the city arouml the wholesale houses and railroad depots. Cedar blocks, laid on pine boards which rested on sand, went down by the mile. It was cheap, quick and perhaps the best that could be done under the circumstances. A good sewer system; a complete water works system (except a purification plant) ; a modern fire department—these were brought into existence within a few years. T H E PARK SYSTEM. Another and most creditable evidence of the progressive spirit of the period was the formation of a board of park commis sioners and the acquisition of the larger part of the area of the park system as it is today. For this Minneapolis has to thank two elements—the refined, intelligent taste which conceived the park plan, and the en thusiastic public spirit which eagerly seized upon the idea and helped it along because it was a good thing for the city. The board of park commissioners was established by law in 1883, and at once began to secure valuable property which it was desirable fo preserve for the public use. The earliest work included the acquisition and improve ment of the shores of the lakes in the south western part of the city, and of a connect ing drive to Minnehaha Falls.- Extensions of this work have brought into the system the banks of the Mississippi river for some miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and many small tracts of land in various parts of the city. The park system has been one of the strongest influences in building up municipal pride, and is generally regarded as one of the best public investments Mir neapolis has made. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH AND PUBLIC LIBRARY. Two buildings marking the progress of the city in the eighties. AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL MATTERS. It was characteristic of a population largely of New England origin that the first forward movement of this period was in connection with the public schools After the consolidation of Minneapolis and St. Anthony in 1872, the two divisions d the city retained their separate school 01 ganizations for six years—this also prob ably the outgrowth of the New England idea of local control of the schools. But a continuation of this plan was, of course 63 main building and a small agricultural building, no structural equipment had been added to the institution. In 1880, Presi dent Folwell recommended a plan of ap propriations, but nothing was done until 1883 when the University farm was pur chased. This was followed in 1886 by the Mechanics Arts building, and in 1889 by the Law building, and by Gov. Pillsbury's great gift of Pillsbury Hall. In 1884, Presi dent Cyrus Northrop was called to the presidency and commenced an administra- THE CAMPUS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ABOUT 1890. Pillsbury Hall is the prominent building at the left. not feasible in a large city, and in 1878 legislation was sought consolidating the schools under a general school board. From this time forward the progress of the school system was rapid. To 110 branch of the city's affairs has the public given such close attention or such willing expenditure, and there has been a particular pride in main taining the schools—buildings, equipment and teaching force at a high standard. Shortly after the reorganization of the school system the development of the uni versity was taken up in earnest. Although a state institution, the university had been largely fostered by Minneapolis people. But since the completion of the original tion of unequalled success. What the uni versity has meant to Minneapolis as a con stant influence for culture and the higher things of life is well understood by those who have watched its growth and the city's development. One phase of this influence was the or ganization in 1883 of the Minneapolis Soci ety of Fine Arts, headed by Dr. Folwell of the University. Annual art exhibitions and the maintenance of an art school have been the contributions of this organization to the higher development of the city. Dur ing the decade of the eighties, architecture first began to be seriously considered in its effects upon the life and affairs of the city. « 64 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Public buildings began to take on some architectural beauty and dwellings showed the evidence of a cultivated taste. Minne apolis was finding time to turn from the struggle for existence and the accumulation of wealth to the consideration of the refine ments of life. The art society found its home in the Public Library building—another great achievement of this aggressive period. A library was needed, and it was decided to connection that the period of the middle and later eighties was perhaps the most prolific in church building that the city has seen. With few exceptions the larger and older churches of the leading denomina tions occupied new structures at some time in this period. During this time the mem bership of Minneapolis churches was in creased enormously through the coming of thousands of communicants from other cities. Religious and charitable work THE WE§T HOTEL. Erected in 1883-4. have the best possible. To supplement a public issue of bonds, $50,000 was sub scribed by citizens and a building costing $270,000 was completed in 1889. An older private library, the Athenaeum, was made the basis for a general public library, and the institution was organized under the direction of Herbert Putnam, now librarian of congress. It has been characterized as one of the best of the libraries of its class in the United States. made great progress. The Young Men's Christian Association, originally organized in 1866, made rapid growth and before the close of the period was housed in its hand some building at Tenth street and Mary Place. St. Barnabas, the Northwestern, St. Mary's and other hospitals were built at this time. The Associated Charities was organized and the first steps towards sys tematizing and making more effective the city's benevolences were taken. CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES. MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS. The history of the churches is found in another place; it is sufficient to say in this The city entered the eighties working under the old charter of 1872, granted ;;-V" U. .Vv;. 66 LORING PARK—THE FIRST LARGE CENTRAL PARK. It was acquired and Improved immediately after the organization of the Minneapolis park board in 1883-4. when the two towns were consolidated. Already this document was loaded with amendments and was found to be com pletely outgrown. A new charter was granted in 1881—a .consolidation of various amendments and special acts with the old charter—but so changed as to be prac tically a new organic act. But in a short time it was also amended almost beyond recognition and proved to be quite inade quate to the needs of a large city. The demands upon municipal officers in those days of abnormal growth were heavy and it is a matter of wonder that there was no serious municipal scandal during the en tire period. This was the more strange in that the rapid influx of population brought to the polls at each succeeding election a sufficient number of voters quite unac quainted with the municipal affairs of the city, to hold the balance of power. It is not surprising, therefore, that the adminis tration of affairs swung from one party to another and from "wide open" to "law en forcement" with startling frequency, and no apparent cause. The city council, con fronted by problems of finance and con struction seldom equaled under such circumstances, as a general thing performed its duties with business sagacity. Many men of fine business ability were members of "the body. Others of lesser talents or perverted talents, are better forgotten. Es pecially towards the end of the period un der consideration, when the city was be coming large and its business attractive to the predatory, were men of uncertain tra ditions beginning to find their way into the council. The appointive and elective of fices included some of the best who have served the city. A CITY I N VILLAGE GARB. If any criticism can be passed upon the attitude of the people of the city in munici pal matters during this time, it may be said to be due to their failure, still, to re gard their city as more than a village. And if this was true of the administration of public affairs it was equally true of the physical aspects of Minneapolis at that time—a fact frequently remarked by visi tors. "Minneapolis is a beautiful place, but looks like an overgrown village," was a not infrequent comment. This criticism was not ill-founded. Since Col. Stevens first laid out the original town site, no one, apparently, had taken pains to consider the AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT question of guiding the further physical de velopment of the city. Additions were laid out and joined to the city much as it hap pened, and generally, it would appear, with particular regard to the promoters' ideas, and with no consideration of the public in terest or the future of the city. This was, perhaps, inevitable at a time when every one was struggling for foothold and each man was busy with his private affairs, or with promoting the general success of the city. It was a struggle to "get there"—to use the phraseology of the time—the meth od was not of so much consequence. But the acceptance of addi tions arranged so as to produce irregularity and confusion of streets, was not as serious as the absence of plan for the ar rangement of public grounds and buildings. Minneapolis missed its first great opportun ity in 1865 when it voted down the acquisition of Nicollet Is land for a park at a nominal cost. Other good park propo sitions were defeated later, but the second great opportunity lost was in the eighties, when a large number of public build ings being under consideration, the city failed to group them around a common civic center, or, at the very least, to provide some suitable setting for each. And if this inattention to the ; aspect of things prevailed in public matters it could not be expected to be absent in private undertakings where m o n e y considerations usually predom inated. Business buildings were put up without any re gard to the fitness of things and dwellings were apparently dropped into building lots much as it happened. It was also the custom, as the busi ness structures encroached on the residence portions, to move One of the disturbed dwelling house to more distant parts of the 67 city. In the eighties the streets were not infrequently obstructed with these travel ing homes—many of them in a condition which would warrant instant demolition. But since it was a problem to house the people who wanted to live in Minneapolis, can the Minneapolitans be blamed for sav ing everything that offered a roof for the protection of more "population?" The gibes of visitors were met cheerfully and Minneapolis w£nt on her way content for the time to be called an "overgrown village." I 1:1 n i u THE METROPOLITAN LIFE BUILDING. the first of the large ofllce buildings which were built during the middle eighties. Known until re cently as the Guaranty Building. 68 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS . At the beginning of this era in the his tory of Minneapolis the city knew nothing of the many public, services which now are regarded as absolute necessities. There were, it is true, a few miles of narrow guage street railway, on which one-horse "bob tail" cars were operated. The first great development was the construction of many miles of additional lines to meet the needs of the rapidly growing city, but about 1890 the entire system was replaced by a modern electric system. In the same way the sys tem of gas supply grew from a small plantin 1880 to a very large system before the close of the period. CHANGES IN BUSINESS METHODS. The modern electrical inventions and public utilities came just in time to meet and assist certain tendencies which had not developed at the beginning of the period in question. The office building came in— made possible by the telephone, the mod ern elevator, and the system of rapid tran sit to suburban manufacturing plants. And thus the city in a few years found its busi ness methods revolutionized. The lumber and flour industries were centralized in the great office buildings, as were, to a large extent, the other manufacturing lines of the city, while the actual manufacturing plants were gradually being pushed out towards the suburbs, forced by the requirements of more room, better light, trackage facilities and lower valued real estate. Business was finding itself. Banks and financial institu tions began to draw together into a com mon center; wholesale trade, instead of being scattered along the retail streets, took definite quarters, while the retail dis tricts became more accurately defined and decidedly more exclusive. After 1885 the great retail stores of the present day began to come to the front—the department store idea had reached Minneapolis. This period was notable for great cele brations, festivals and conventions. The celebration of the completion of the North ern Pacific railroad in 1883 has already been mentioned. In 1884 the national encamp ment of the G. A. R. was held in Minne apolis—the first great gathering of the kind in the city. In connection with the exposi tion there were carnival events, and in 1891 the bountiful crops and general prosperity of the northwest was celebrated with a Harvest Festival, unique in its extent, com pleteness and appropriate features. A mon ster parade depicted the industries and re sources of the city in a way which attracted wide attention. The auditorium afforded by the exposition building made possible some great conventions, notable among them being the national Christian Endeav or convention of 1891 and the republican national convention of 1892. In these af fairs Minneapolis won a reputation for hos pitality which has made the place a favorite convention city ever since. PHENOMENAL POPULATION GAINS. In the decade ending with 1890 Minne apolis advanced from a population of 46,887 to 164,738. This was a gain of 117,851 or 251 per cent., something quite unpar alleled in the history of municipal growth up to that time. The average gain of about 12,000 people a year would not have been excessive for a city starting with a large population; but it must be remembered that Minneapolis commenced the decade with only 47,000. As the heavier growth, proportionally, was in the first part of the decade, it is probable that Minneapolis ac tually gained 25 to 30 per cent, in popula tion in some of those earlier years. Before considering the last period in the history of Minneapolis—the period opening with the recovery, from the general depres sion of 1893—some special phases of Min neapolis life and activities will be taken up under appropriate headings. CHAPTER VIII. CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES T HE first religious organization in this vicinity was a Sunday school estab lished in 1823 at Fort Snelling. The first religious work undertaken within the present limits of Minneapolis was that of S. W. and Gideon H. Pond who settled upon the shores of Lake Calhoun in 1834 and com menced work among the Indians. A year later the Rev. J. D. Stevens came to Lake Harriet where the first building ever used for religious services within the present city limits was erected. The work at Lake Har riet was distinctly missionary and never advanced to any form of organization. It was connected, however, with the pres ent church history of Minneapolis in an in teresting way. A Presbyterian church was organized at Fort Snelling in 1835 a i l d a s Mr. Stevens acted as its pastor, its services were frequently held at Lake Harriet. In 1840 the Rev. S. W. Pond became pastor and in 1849 it was reorganized and took the name of Oak Grove Presbyterian church with the Rev. Gideon H. Pond as pastor. In this period the church has been described as "migratory" and for thirty years "had no permanent place of worship." In 1862 the name was again changed to the "First Presbyterian Church of Minnesota at Min nehaha." In the meantime Mr. Pond began to hold services at Colonel Stevens' house at the Falls and in 1853 the First Presby terian church of Minneapolis grew out of this work. It did not flourish in the early days and in 1865 was reorganized, consoli dated with what was left of the Minnehaha church, and has since been an active organ ization. Through the absorption of the older society it can claim to be the oldest church in the state and city. MEN OF THE PIONEER PERIOD. The Ponds did much for the early re ligious life of the community. They were on the ground more than a decade before St. Anthony was settled and they welcomed the newcomers and assisted in religious work. Equally useful were the pastors al ready settled in St. Paul. In 1849 the Rev. E. D. Neill of St. Paul, who has been de scribed as- "a Presbyterian with Episcopal tendencies," came every fortnight to St. Anthony and held services which devel oped into the organization of Andrew Pres byterian Church. The Rev. Matthew Sorin organized the first Methodist class in 1849 and soon afterwards the First Methodist church was formed with the Rev. Enos Stevens as missionary in charge. Congre gationalism found a beginning with the work of the Rev. Charles Secombe who commenced home missionary effort in 1850. The First Congregational church was or ganized in 1851 with twelve members. The Rev. E. G. Gear, chaplain at Fort Snelling, held Episcopal services at the Falls as early at 1849 but the first regular services looking to the founding of a church were held by the Rev. Timothy Wilcoxson who came as a missionary in 1850. The first parish was organized in 1852—the beginning of Holy Trinity Episcopal church. The Rev. J. S. Chamberlain assumed charge of the parish and local missionary work in 1852 and in 1856 organized Ascension parish on the west side of the river; and on August 5th the corner stone of a church was laid by Dr. Gear at the corner of Fifth street and Seventh avenue south. At this moment there was on the way to Minneapolis a young deacon who had just graduated and was sent west to assist Mr. Chamberlain in missionary work. This was David Buel Knickerbacker—a man destined to take a most prominent and useful place in the re ligious life of Minneapolis and the north west. Upon his arrival he was given entire A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS as missionaries on salaries which would not now be regarded as compensation for day labor. ORIGIN OF THE LARGER CHURCHES. TWO CIIURCIIES OF 1830. Old Westminster and Plymouth churches as they were first erected 011 Fourth street. View taken l'rom Hennepin Av. charge of Ascension parish and in a few weeks the name was changed to Gethsemane. For many years it was the center of Episcopalianism in Minneapolis and most of the other churches of the denomination grew out of mission work undertaken by Bishop Knickerbacker. Catholic activities began with the work of Father Ravoux in 1849 when a building was commenced in northeast Minneapolis on the land now oc cupied by the Church of St. Anthony of Padua. The Baptist denomination began organized church life in 1850 when the First Baptist church of St. Anthony was formed. It is now Olivet Baptist church. The Rev. W. C. Brown was the first pastor. In 1851 the Rev. C. G. Ames organized the First Free Baptist church on the east side. It later moved across the river and is still an active organization. The Rev. J. C. Whit ney became pastor of the lyrst Presbyterian church of Minneapolis in 1853. These men of the pioneer days were a devoted, self-sac rificing band. Many of them were sent out Few of the churches first founded have become the larger churches of the present time. For the most part the great churches of the several denominations grew out of later beginnings. For instance Westmin ster Presbyterian church was not organ ized until 1857 and its first church building was not erected until i860. This building stood on Fourth street between Nicollet and Hennepin where the Hotel Vendome now stands. Plymouth Congregational church, organized only a few months before West minster, built at the corner of Fourth street and Nicollet avenue. A11 illustration shows the old Plymouth and Westminster build ings as they appeared when Fourth street was in the residence part of the city. In 1857 St. Marks mission chapel was estab lished in North Minneapolis but was re moved in 1861 to the corner of Fourth street and Hennepin avenue where the first serv ice of St. Marks Episcopal parish was held upon its formation in 1868. The First Bap tist church was organized in 1853 but had no house of worship until 1858, when it built at Third street and Nicollet avenue what was at that time the largest church in the town. Ten years later this church erected a new building at the corner of Fifth and Hennepin where the Lumber Ex change now stands. The Church of the Redeemer (Universalist) grew out of an organization effected, at a meeting held in 1859 when W. D. Washburn, still a prominent member, presided. The Rev. Dr. James H. Tuttle became its pastor in 1866, remaining for many years. Augustana Swedish Lutheran church was organized in 1866 and Trinity Norwegian and Danish in 1867. The Church of the Immaculate Conception was the first Catholic church built on the west side of the river. The present structure, erected in 1872, succeed ed a small frame building put up three years before. For twenty years Father James McGolrick was pastor of this church, mak ing it a power in the denomination and 7A CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES RT. REV. DAVII) IJ. KNICKERBACKER. Bishop Kniekerbacker was the first rector of Gethsemane Episcopal clim-ch and prominent in the early church history of Minneapolis. himself taking an active part in the affairs of the city. In 1889 he was appointed Bishop of Duluth. The Christian church, or Church of the Disciples, had 110 organiza tion in the city until 1877 when the Port land Avenue Church of Christ was formed. It has become one of the leading churches of the denomi nation in the West. 71 ling organizations to positions of promi nence and erected permanent and frequently very costly structures. Plain old-fashioned church buildings, very simply furnished, gave place to handsome modern buildings, luxurious in every appointment. It is told of the bishop then in charge that he hesi tated to dedicate the old Centenary Method ist church upon its completion in 1866, be cause of what he regarded as its extrava gance in fittings and furnishings. To those who can remember what seems, at this day, the extreme simplicity of the old church the evolution in ideas as to church building: is manifest. Somewhat anticipating the general move ment Plymouth Congregational church and the Church of the Redeemer occupied new buildings in the middle seventies—the for mer building the familiar landmark at Eighth and Nicollet (only removed in 1907) and the latter erecting the first of its build ings at Eighth street and Second avenue south. Westminster Presbyterian church built at Seventh and Nicollet in 1882; Gethsemane Episcopal church built at Ninth street and Fourth avenue south in 1883; the Central Baptist built in 1883; Immanuel Baptist in 1884; the Swedish Mission Tab ernacle in 1885; the first Baptist and First Unitarian in 1887 ; the First Congregational and Holy Rosary Catholic in 1888; the First Presbyterian, Park Avenue Congregational, Oliver Presbyterian and the Church of KELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES OF THE EIGHTIES. After the foundation laying of the early days there was a period of moderate growth a n d progress, followed, during the later seventies and the decade 1880-90, by a time of most r a p i d growth in all denomina tions. In this period churches grew from strug- . tmt OLD GETHSEMANE CHURCH. Fifth street and Seventh avenue south. 72 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the Redeemer (rebuilding) in 1889; An drew Presbyterian, Wesley Methodist, and St. Stephens Catholic in 1891 ; the Portland Avenue Church of Christ in 1893. These are some of the prominent church buildings of the period. They are mentioned in a group to show the rapid growth of the time, when every denomination in Minneapolis was making great strides in membership, wealth and aggressive church and mission work. An important phase of the development of church matters at this time was the estab lishment of many churches of the Scandi navian denominations. Previous to 1880, the Scandinavian population, though rap idly increasing in numbers, had made no very marked impression on the church life of the city. It is quite impossible to mention all the names associated with Minneapolis pulpits at this period. At its opening Bishop Knickerbacker was finishing his long rec torship at Gethsemane Episcopal church. In 1883 he was elected bishop of Indiana. Bishop McGolrick was still pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception. The Rev. Dr. Robert F. Sample completed an eighteen years' pastorate at Westminster Presbyterian church in 1886; the Rev. Dr. Charles F. Thwing, now president of West- FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH OP 1868. This building stood at Fifth and Ilennepin on the site of the Lumber Exchange. REV. ROIIHRT I". SAMPLE, D. I). ern Reserve University, Cleveland, received 652 members into Plymouth Congregational church in a four years' pastorate ending in 1890; the Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt began his notable pastorate of the First Baptist church; Bishop Cyrus D. Foss was resident bishop of the Methodist church until 1888; the Rev. Dr. J. F. Chaffee, who had first been stationed in St. Anthony in 1857, became pastor of the new Hennepin avenue M. E. Church in 1879 a n d three years later was made presiding elder; the Rev. Dr. David J. Burrell occupied Westminster Presbyterian pulpit for four years; in 1888 Rev. Dr. C. J. Petri began a long pastorate at Augustana Swedish Lutheran church; the Rev. Edwin Sydney Williams completed in 1883 an eight years' pastorate at the Park Avenue Congre gational Church (then the "Second") and for some years thereafter devoted himself to city mission work with great success; the Rev. Dr. T. B. Wells for a decade was the notable rector of St. Mark's Episcopal church; the Rev. Father Tissot in 1888 ended a long service at St. Anthony of CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 73 Padua; the Rev. Lars J. Jerdee has filled the pulpit of the Immanuel Norwegian Lutheran church ever since 1889; the Rev. G. H. Trabert began in 1883 a pastorate at the St. Johns English Lutheran church which has continued to the present; the Rev. E. A. Skogsbergh was pastor of the Swedish Mission Tabernacle and is still at the head of this great church; the Rev. Dr. -Tuttle was still in the pulpit of the Church of the Redeemer—and so this list might be prolonged to great length. It was a time of brilliant service and masterly labors and accomplishments. The city grew so rapidly at this period of its history that the responsibilities of the church people were felt very heavily. The obligation to furnish religious teaching and church services to the newcomers caused an activity in establishing Sunday schools, missions and chapels never equalled before or since. Each denomination had its church extension organization. The spirit of the REV. REV. JAMES F. CIIAFFEE, D. D. EDWIN SIDNEY WILLIAMS. times entered into this work; the word "hustle," so well understood on the streets of Minneapolis in the eighties, became a part of the churchman's terminology. Some one has said that the phrase "Churches built while you wait" would also have been appropriate at that time. One instance is vouched for. The committee of one denom ination, deciding at a certain meeting that a church was needed in a particular locality, within fifteen days had a lot purchased, a church building erected, a congregation in stalled therein and a minister in charge. The growing importance of the city as a religious center naturally led to its selec tion as the meeting place of many im portant conventions and gatherings. J In the middle eighties the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church met here; in 1892 the National Council of the Congregational churches; in 1895 the general Convention of the Episcopal Church. The Christian En- 74 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS REV.. JAMES II. .TUTTLE, D. D. deavor convention of 1891 was one of the largest religious gatherings of the time. The more prominent denominations have from time to time entertained their great national associations of a missionary char acter. These meetings have brought to the city the leaders in the religious life of the country. THE CHURCHES OF TODAY. After the financial troubles of '93 the churches of Minneapolis were for a time obliged to retrench as severely as the busi ness houses. Some temporarily lost mem bership and building projects were largely held in abeyance. These conditions rapidly passed away and during the decade past the religious affairs of the city have been in a most prosperous condition. The building activity of the eighties has been duplicated with a more pronounced tendency to per manence and advanced ideas in church architecture. Westminster Presbyterian church lost its beautiful building at Seventh and Nicollet by fire and in 1898 occupied its present structure at Twelfth and Nicollet— one of the largest and finest churches in the West. Plymouth Congregational church and St. Marks Episcopal church sold their down town property to build most beautiful spec imens of church architecture further out. The Second Church of Christ, Scientist, erected a handsome church at Second av enue south and Eleventh street—the largest of a group of churches testifying to the rapid growth and importance of this de nomination in the past decade. In 1908 the corner stone of a Pro-Cathedral was laid by the Catholics of the city. This will succeed the present Church of the Immaculate Con ception. It will be a magnificent structure of solid granite. The main nave will exceed in size those of the cathedrals of Europe, except that of St. Peter's at Rome which is exactly the same width, and there will be seats for 2,500 people. The people of Fowl er Methodist church completed their hand some building in 1907 and many lesser structures all over the city have testified in late years to the devotion, prosperity and enterprise of the church people of Minne apolis. There are now about two hundred church buildings, including missions and chapels, in the city and the membership approximates 75,000. With the rounding of the half century of Minneapolis the early churches have begun to celebrate their golden anniversaries. These occasions have been of great inter est. Notable among them have been the celebrations of Gethsemane Episcopal church in 1906 and Plymouth Congrega tional and Westminster Presbyterian in 1907. ALLIED ORGANIZATIONS. The building of churches, the maintenance of services and the internal life of the churches generally, has been but a part of the activities of the church people of the city. Outside of regular church organiza tion every class of religious, charitable and philanthropic organization which would tend to give practical force to the principles of Christianity, has been heartily supported. The Young Men's Christian Association of the city of Minneapolis was organized in 1866. For many years it occupied rented CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 75 and is the second largest Y. W. C. A. in the United States. It owns at 87 South Seventh street a building and lot valued at over $125,000, equipped with all that is nec essary for the maintenance of a lunch room, reading room, gymnasium, rest rooms, class rooms and a hall for entertainments and lec tures. A branch lunch room is maintained in the wholesale district and at the two places about 750 young women lunch daily. Almost as many are enrolled in the edu cational and Bible classes. With the Wom an's Christian Association the Y. W. C. A. sustains a Travelers Aid work and a Tran sient Home for Girls and Women is main tained—the two forming one of the most practical philanthropic undertakings- in the city. The general secretary is Miss M. Belle Jeffery. The Woman's Christian Association was founded in 1866 as the Ladies' Aid Society and took its present name in 1868. For forty years it has been an active charitable and philanthropic force, doing a wide range of work, including personal visitation and relief of the poor, and the maintenance of the Woman's Boarding Home at 52 South Tenth street and the Pillsbury Home at 819 Second avenue south. The association also manages the Jones-Harrison Home for the care of aged women and aged ministers and their wives and joins with the Y. W. C. A. in the Travelers Aid work. The president is Mrs. E. M. La Penotiere. 3,400 A J*Av A THE CHURCH OP THE REDEEMER. quarters which gave place about 1892 to the handsome building at Tenth street and Mary place, now free of debt and valued at $175,000. The building is fully equipped for the religious, social, educational and phys ical culture work of the organization. Its night school is attended by from 700 to 800 young men and boys. Its officers in 1908 are, president, J. S. P'orteous; vice presi dents, E. W. Decker and E. L. Carpenter; recording secretary, G. A. Gruman; treasur er, T. M. Martin, and general secretary, S. Wirt Wiley. Not less interesting and successful is the Young Women's Christian Association, founded in 1891 and growing more and more rapidly until it has a membership of HOMES AND ASYLUMS. The Washburn Memorial Orphan Asylum was founded in 1886 under a bequest of $375>°°° from the late Governor C. C. Wash burn of Wisconsin as a memorial to his mother. Gen. W. D. Washburn of Minne apolis, brother to Governor Washburn, who has always been at the head of the board of trustees, gave twenty-five acres of land at Nicollet avenue and Forty-ninth street on which was erected a building costing $75,000, the remainder of the bequest constitut ing a permanent endowment. C. E. Faulk ner is superintendent. The Catholic Orphan Asylum at Chicago avenue and Forty-sixth street was erected some twenty years ago to care for the or- A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 76 phans of the denomination. It is an effi cient institution and well supported. The Home for Children and Aged Wom en was founded in 1881, and installed in its present building in 1886. It has been the special care of some of the benevolent ladies of the city and has received generous financial support as well as personal service. Bethany Home, the Home for the Aged, and as a memorial to their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Pillsbury, and is admirably equipped for social settlement work. Henry F. Burt is head resident. Unity House, 1616 North Washington avenue, developed from work undertaken by members of the Church of the Redeemer, but is now a co-operative settlement devoting itself largely to reach ing the children with helpful agencies. Miss ! WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Chas. S. Sedgwick, Architect. the Sheltering Arms are all well established and effective. The Minnesota Soldiers Home, while not maintained by the people of the city, is one of the institutions in which much interest is felt. Its grounds are upon the Mississippi river bluffs adjoin ing Minnehaha park—one of the most beau tiful spots in Minnesota. Settlement work has been undertaken in the city at three centers. Pillsbury House, 320 Sixteenth avenue south, grew out of the work of Bethel mission, established by Plymouth Congregational church in the early eighties. The beautiful building was the gift of Charles S. and John S. Pillsbury Caroline M. Crosby is head resident. In the autumn of 1908 Wells Memorial House at 116 North Eleventh street was opened under the auspices of St. Marks Episcopal church. The Associated Charities of Minneapolis was organized in 1884, largely through the instrumentality of George A. Brackett, who remained its president for many years. The plan of work is similar to that of such asso ciations everywhere—the principles of en couragement to thrift and self support and intelligent co-operation among the charit able being prominent. Frank L. McVey is president and Eugene T. Lies secretary. CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 77 sion work is beyond individual treatment. The first large work was that undertaken by the City Mission of 1883 on South Wash ington avenue, of which the Rev. Edwin S. Williams, was superintendent. In 1895 the Union City Mission was organized as an undenominational institution. In 1902 it occupied its present quarters in the St. James Hotel building at Washington and Second avenues south, where are maintained a hotel, lodging house, mission hall, employ ment bureau, baths and laundry. T. E. Hughes has been for years the president and C. M. Stocking, superintendent. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. Clias. S. Sedgwick, Architect. The Board of Charities and Corrections of the City of Minneapolis is composed of five commissioners, of whom the mayor is one and is charged with the care of the poor department, the workhouse and the city hospital. Richard Tattersfield is sec retary of the board. . In a city so well organized for charitable and philanthropic work it is of course, quite impossible to mention every organization, In fact each church has its society; each lodge its committee. In the same way misYOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. Win. Channing Whitney, Architect Many^ of the hospitals of the city are of a charitable character, but as their wojrk is largely professional they are mentioned in the chapter on the Medical Profession. PILLSBURY HOUSE. Bertrand & Chamberlin, Architects. BUSHNELL, Rev. John Edward, pastor of Westminster Presbyterian Church, Minneapolis, and a leading- exponent of Presbyterianism in Min nesota, was born in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, October 21, 1858, son of John F. Bushnell of that place. He attended the village schools and pre pared for college at the Morgan School of Clin ton, Connecticut, and graduated at Yale College in 1880. After taking his theological course at Yale Theological Seminary, he took a post grad- 78 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS nell was married to Florence A. Ellsworth, of Brooklyn, New York, and to them have been born three sons,—Ellsworth, John Horace and Paul Palmer. CLEARY, Rev. James M., for many years in charge of St. Charles Catholic Church, Minneap olis, was born in Boston, September 8, 1849, the son of Thomas and Julia Cleary. He came to the Northwest with his parents while a child and was educated in the public schools of Walworth county, Wisconsin, St. Francis Seminary and Col lege, Milwaukee, and at St. Lawrence College, Calvary, Wisconsin. He entered the priesthood July 8, 1872. He has been widely known as a public lecturer and has taken a prominent part in temperance work, being for many years president of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of Amer ica and vice-president of the Anti-Saloon League of America. He has been the president of the Minneapolis Home Protection League, and is a member of the Catholic Knights of Wisconsin, Catholic Order of Foresters, and the Knights of Columbus. While in Minneapolis he has taken a prominent part in the discussion of all civic questions and is always to be found on the side of temperance, saloon restriction and all prac tical good government movements. He is a member of the Commercial and Six O'Clock Clubs. REV. JOHN E. BUSHNELL, D. D. uate course in critical studies. He received his first call to a pastorate from the Congregational church of Fairfield, Connecticut, where he re mained four years, going in 1888 to the Presby terian Church at Rye, New York, of which he was pastor for six years. This was followed by a pastorate of six years at the Phillips Presbyterian Church, of New York City, when he was called to the Westminster Church, of Minneapolis, the largest and most important church of that de nomination in the city. Under Dr. Bushnell, Westminster is organized for effective work and its influence is both dynamic and pervasive. It is a church which does things and the great structure which the congregation erected in place of the one destroyed by fire about ten years ago, is strongly suggestive of enduring strength and achievement. During Dr. Bushnell's pastorate the church has greatly increased in membership and holds a position as one of the leading or ganizations of the denomination in the country. Dr. Bushnell received the degree of "D. D." from New York University in 1898. He is a member of various collegiate and clerical societies and literary organizations. In June, 1887, Dr. Bush FAULKNER, Charles Edward, superinten dent of the Washburn Memorial Orphan Asylum at Minneapolis, is descended from a long line of ancestors among whom were men prominent in the colonial period. Patrick Falconer of Edin burgh who came to America late in the seven teenth century was born in 1859 and the records show that he was married October 2, 1689, at New Haven to Hannah, daughter of Deputy Governor William Jones of New Haven and granddaughter of Governor Theophilus Eaton of New Haven Colony. Patrick Falconer was a citizen of Newark, New Jersey, member of First Presbyterian Church of Newark, New Jersey, and the records of his will showed that when he died, in 1692, he left extensive properties in New York and New Jersey. In course of time the orthog raphy of the family name was changed. Ed ward Faulkner, father of Charles E., was a mer chant at Earlville, Madison county, New York, at the time of his son's birth, July 12, 1844. His wife was Abigail Doolittle Beach. She was de scended from John Beach who lived in New Haven, Connecticut, as early as 1643, and who signed the Wallingford Covenant and received allotment of land under this document. Mr. Faulkner's grandfather was the Rev. Lyman Beach who served in the war of 1812. During his early boyhood the family moved to Mansfield, Pennsylvania, where Charles attended school at Mansfield Classical Seminary until the breaking out of the Civil war, when he at once enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in April, CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 1861. While serving on the Peninsula he was taken prisoner, June 30, 1862, and confined in Pemberton Warehouse and on Belle Island. Af ter the expiration of his enlistment two years later, he served in the commissary department until the close of the war. On June 27, 1867, he was appointed a registration officer under the reconstruction acts and served in Virginia during the most interesting portion of the reconstruction period. Mr. Faulkner next went to Kansas, es tablishing himself at Saliny in April, 1869. He at once entered actively into public affairs, served as deputy county treasurer three years and as county treasurer four years, was a mem ber of the legislature for two terms, and from 1876 to 1887 was a member of the board of trus tees of the Kansas Senate Charitable Institutions. His interest in charitable and philanthropic in stitutional work brought him the appointment in 1887 of superintendent of the Soldier's Orphan Home at Atchison. After filling this post for ten years he was called to the superintendency of the Washburn Home which he has managed with ability for the past decade. He was pres ident of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections at Topeka in 1900 and in 1902 president at the Minnesota State Conference of Charities and Corrections at Rochester. Mr. Faulkner 011 September 6, 1871, married Clemen tina A. Coryell, daughter of Rev. Vincent M. Coryell, at Waverly, New York. Like her hus band, Mrs. Faulkner is descended from a long line of forebears. Her grandfather, Emanuel Coryell, served in the Revolution and her great grandfather of the same name was the owner of Coryell's ferry across the Delaware under a patent from George II. Mr. and Mrs. Faulkner have two sons, Dr. Coryell Faulkner and Charles E. Faulkner, both living in Minneapolis. Mr. Faulkner is a republican in political affiliation. HALLOCK, Leavitt H., the pastor of Ply mouth Congregational church, Minneapolis, from 1898 to 1907, was descended from the best early New England ancestry on both sides, and was born at Plainfield, Massachusetts, August 15, 1842. He was the youngest son of Elizabeth Porter Snell Hallock, lineal descendent of John Alden and cousin to William Cullen Bryant. His earliest paternal ancestor in America was Peter Hallock who landed at Hallock's Neck, Long Island, in 1640, the source of all the Hallocks in this coun try. Dr. Hallock's grandfather was Moses Hal lock, for forty-five years the pastor of the only church in Plainfield, Massachusetts, where he edu cated more than three hundred students for col lege, many of whom became noted men in the land, fifty of them ministers of the gospel and seven foreign missionaries. Dr. Hallock's father, Leavitt Hallock, served his town and state in several capacities of public trust, with honor and fidelity, and Dr. Hallock 79 has justified his honorable ancestry by his own record. Graduated from Williston Seminary, and from Amherst college in 1863, at the age of twenty-one, he took his theological course at East Windsor Hill and at Hartford, closing his fourth year in 1867. From his graduation until 1892 he held successive pastorates in Connecticut and in Maine, preaching for sixteen years in the. former state and ten years as pastor of Williston Church, Portland, Maine, and in Waterville. Thence he was called to the First Church of Tacoma, Wash ington, which he served for more than three years, and then became preacher and instructor at Mills College, California, until called to Ply mouth church, Minneapolis. Politically, Dr. Hallock belongs to the con servative branch of the republican party. He has always been active in moral reform and to his efficient work for tcmperance western Con necticut was greatly indebted during his ten years successful pastorate -in West Winsted. Dr. Hallock has been honored by the degree of "Doctor of Divinity," conferred by* Whitman College, Washington, in 1893: .election as cor porate member of the American Board of Com missioners for Foreign Missions in the same year, which position he still holds: membership in both international councils of the Congrega- CHARLES E. FAULKNER. 80 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS •* • iii 3I S" 5 ' - ''«rv •>, • ,< • LEAVITT H. HALl.OCK tional body, held respectively in London, Eng land, in 1891, and in Boston, in 1899. Dr. Hallock was married in June, 1867, to Martha B. Butler, of Brooklyn, New York, who died in October, 1873, and was the mother of his two children, Harry Butler Hallock, a business man of Cincinnati, and Lillian Huntington, wife of Geo. R. Campbell, M. D., of Augusta, Maine. On the 3d of October, 1888, Dr. Hallock mar ried Miss Ellen M. Webster, of Portland, Maine, who was associated with, him in the work of Plymouth church. JERDEE, Rev. Lars J., pastor of Immanuel Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Min neapolis, was born in Lekanger, Norway, on January 2, 1859. His father, who was a farmer, migrated to America in 1861 and the family lived in Dane county, Wisconsin, for some years, Lars attending the public schools and a Norweg ian church school in the vicinity. When seven- Decorah, Iowa, and graduated in 1882 with the degree of B. A. He had determined to become a teen years of age he entered Luther College at clergyman and entering Luther Seminary at Madi son, Wisconsin, to pursue his theological studies, completed the course and graduated in 1885. In the same year he was ordained and entered upon his ministerial work in Polk county, Minnesota, where he organized ten Lutheran congregations and did mission work in general. Mr. Jerdee remained in Polk county until 1889 when he was called to Immanuel Norwegian Lutheran Church in Minneapolis, where he has remained as pastor ever since, taking a leading part in the affairs of his denomination of the Northwest. Since 1891 he has been one of the directors for home missions and for about the same length of time has been one of the board of visitors for Luther Seminary. From 1890 to 1898 he was treasurer of the Minnesota district of the Norwegian Evangelical Church of America. He has been president since 1896 of the board of Enclist mis sions. Mr. Jerdee was a member of the com mittee editing a new explanation of Luther's catechism, published in 1904, and for the trans lation of Luther's catechism into English, pub lished in 1906. During his pastorate in Minne apolis he has also had charge of Santiago and South Santiago in Sherburne county, Gethsemane Church, Minneapolis, Brooklyn Church in Hen nepin county, and Bergen Church in McLeod county and was prime mover in organizing St. Johannes Evangelical Church in Minneapolis. He belongs to the Synod of the Norwegian Evan gelical Lutheran Church of America. Mr. Jerdee was married in 1886 to Miss Turine Husevold of Cyrus, Minnesota. They have had five children —three sons, Joseph C., now studying at Luther College, at Decorah, Iowa, and Theodor Ruben, who died, and a third son also named Theodor Ruben, a student at Minnesota College; and two daughters, Thina and Laila Tonette, the first of whom died while a child. KNICKERBACKER, David Buel, was one of the pioneers of religious work in Minneapolis and the Northwest and one of the most con spicuously useful and successful clergymen which the Episcopal church sent into the Northwest in the early days. Bishop Knickerbacker was born at Schaghticoke, New York, February 24, 1833. His father, Herman Knickerbacker, inherited a large fortune from his father Johannes Knickerbacker, and for his lavish hospitality was called the "Prince of Schaghticoke." He was a lawyer of ability, occupied a seat on the bench of the county and represented his district in congress. The son was given a liberal education and graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, in 1853. He then took a theological course and graduated from the General Theological Seminary in 1856. The young deacon was at once appointed by the Board of Missions in New York as a missionary assistant in Minnesota and with his young bride CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES he arrived in Minneapolis in July of the same year. He was placed in charge of the Ascension parish—a name shortly afterwards changed to Gethsemane, under which the strong church of that name developed. The future bishop's salary was at first $500. The church had but five com municants at the beginning; it had no church building—although the original structure at Fifth street and Seventh avenue south was completed during the year. Bishop Knickerbacker's work was for a time of missionary character, serv ing a number of points in association with Rev. Mr. Chamberlain. By the following spring, how ever, his work in Gethsemane had so strength ened as to require his constant services, his out side missionary work, for which he afterwards became so famous, becoming from that time in cidental to his work in Gethsemane. By this time the communicants had increased from five to fifty-three in one year. On July 12th, 1857, Bishop Kemper made a visitation of the parish, and Mr. Knickerbacker was ordained to the priesthood. Under Mr. Knickerbacker's rector ship Gethsemane church grew very rapidly. At the end of five years the number of communi cants had increased to 102 and the church was in a very flourishing condition. In i860 Rev. Mr. Knickerbacker commenced his outside mis sionary work, holding services more or less reg ularly at Crystal Lake, Anoka, Hassan, Water- REV. LARS J. JERDEE. 81 ville, Mahnomin, Monticello, Clear Water, Big Lake, Rockford, Eden Prairie, Fort Snelling and Bloomington. In 1863 he says, "There is no limit to church extension in this vicinity save the ability and strength of one clergyman to do the work." In 1869 he organized the "Brother hood of Gethsemane" to assist him in this field of church work. Harvest Home Festivals were inaugurated and a Free Church Reading Room opened and maintained on Washington avenue, corner of Nicollet, afterward removed to Geth semane Parish House. In 1870 Rev. Mr. Knick erbacker, having accepted his election as Dean of "Seabury Divinity School," resigned his rec torship but, on the urgent protests of the vestry and congregation to himself and the Bishop, was induced to remain. After the chaplain at Fort Snelling left in 1866, Mr. Knickerbacker and his helpers maintained services at the Fort and occasional services at the Indian village of Mendota. This was continued for more than ten years. On the first Sunday of the month a goodly number of Sioux Indians from Men dota generally appeared at Gethsemane and re ceived the Holy Communion. After service they received a feast of baker's bread furnished by the rector. This custom continued all through the remaining rectorship of Mr. Knickerbacker and for many years after. In 1873 Mr. Knickerbacker received the degree of D. D. and four years later was elected missionary bishop of Arizona and New Mexico. He did not sever his connection with Gethsemane church, however, until 1883 when he was elected Bishop of Indiana. He had then served as rector of Gethsemane for twentyseven years and had seen the church grow from five to 274 communicants and with 1,000 souls in the parish. Meanwhile numerous missions established through his efforts had developed into independent churches. In the same year the corner stone of the new Gethsemane church building at Fourth avenue south and Ninth street was laid. Bishop Knickerbacker was consecrated Bishop of Indiana on October 4, 1883, and died December 31, 1894, at Indianapolis. His life and work in Minneapolis endeared him to a very large number of people, as his influence and service extended much beyond the boundaries of his own parish and of denominational lines. He was a man of great personal magnetism, warm sympathies and broad views and was loved by people of all classes. JOYCE, Isaac Wilson, (Bishop Isaac Wilson Joyce, D. D. LL. D., one of the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church) was one of -the most conspicuous figures of the denomination to which he belonged. He was born October 11, 1836, in Colerain township, Hamilton county, Ohio; the son of James W. and Mary Ann Joyce, and the grandson of William and Hannah Joyce, of Dublin, Ireland. To this inheritance of Irish blood was doubtless due something of his unusual charm in public address, and his genial spirit 82 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS which made him everywhere a favorite. As a into many sections of the country never before youth many obstacles were in the way of his invisited by a bishop. His administration in China tellectual training; his poverty, the opposition of resulted in a spiritual quickening unsurpassed his family, the ridicule of his associates; but he anywhere in the world in modern times. The loved books, he was an enthusiastic student and church in that far away quarter of the globe has persistently availed himself of every opportunity felt the impress of this visit to the present day, to secure coveted knowledge. He taught school and it is the judgment of many on the field that to pay his way at Hartsville, Indiana, the dethe gigantic strides made in China in recent years, nominational school of the United Brethren are largely due to his administration and influChurch. He alternately taught school and went ence. Returning he visited Malaysia, making a to college for several years; finally winning his zigzag journey across India, meeting the Central A. M. degree at Asbury (now De Pauw) UniConference at Lucknow, preaching everywhere versity. Later Dickinson College gave him his a stop was made. In 1903-4 he was in charge of Doctorate - while the University of the Pacific the missions in South America, giving them honored itself and him by the LL. D. He was unusually painstaking attention and administralicensed to preach by the United Brethren tion. Church, but in 1857 united with the Methodist During his residence in Minneapolis his broad Episcopal Church, and in 1859 was admitted into catholicity was peculiarly manifest. He devoted the Northwest Indiana Conference. As a very himself without reserve to the interests of his young preacher he became pastor of some of the own denomination, yet, at the same time exhibitleading churches in this conference, and during ed a spirit of deep sympathy with all forms of the ten years following promotions and honors Christian work. He was particularly solicitous came rapidly. At thirty-three he was presiding for the weaker churches, and it is a matter of Elder of the East Lafayette district, then pastor official record that he visited and ministered unto of Trinity Church, La Fayette. His health besomething like one hundred of the smaller comcame somewhat impaired, and he was prevailed munities throughout the northwest where no upon to fill the pulpit of Bethany Independent Bishop before him had penetrated. In these genChurch, Baltimore, for one year. In that cliuinely missionary visits, he frequently paid his mate he rapidly regained his health, but, though own expenses, and never received compensation that church earnestly solicited him to become its for services rendered. On Sunday morning, July settled pastor, he returned to Indiana, and in 1877 2nd, 1905, while preaching at Red Rock Camp was appointed to old Robert's Chapel, GreenMeeting, he suffered a partial paralytic stroke, castle. Here he was enabled to erect a commodiHe evidently felt a premonition of the approachous church which today is a monument to his ing end for he abruptly changed the thread of untiring zeal and energy. In 1880, at the close of his discourse, as he grasped a piller for support, his term in Greencastle, he was elected to Genhe said, "I have preached this gospel around the eral Conference, meeting in Cincinnati, out of world and it has always met the needs of men." which grew his transfer to the Cincinnati ConThe Bishop was married in 1861 to Caroline ference, and his first appointment to St. Paul's Walker Bosserman of La Porte, Indiana, who church in that city. After serving this important died in 1907. Their only son, Colonel Frank M. church for a full term, he was sent to Trinity Joyce, is a resident of Minneapolis. Church, which he also served for a full term, and , was then reappointed to St. Paul's. In 1886 he . MERRILL, Rev. George Robert, was born was the official representative to the General ~ and educated in the East, though a great part of Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada, his work has been in the West. The family from held in Toronto. In 1888 he was elected to the which Mr. Merrill is descended has been estabEpiscopacy by one of the largest votes, up to lished in America from the time of its early that time, ever given to an incumbent of that . colonization,—his ancestors emigrating to this office. For two quadrenniums, from 1888 to 1896, country with the Puritans and settling at Newhis Episcopal residence was Chattanooga, Tennesbury, Massachusetts. His parents were Robert see, where he greatly impressed the church by his Merrill, a ship joiner and builder and Ann (Babpower as a preacher and his skill as a leader. son) Merrill, who lived at the time of their son's During this time he was Chancellor of Grant birth at Newburyport, Massachusetts. The son University for five years, and for four years was born on December 26, 1845. He was brought president of the Epworth League, and also held up at Newburyport and there began his educathe conferences in Europe and Mexico. The tion, attending the public schools and graduating General Conference of 1896 transferred him to in 1861 from Brown high school. In April, 1862, Minneapolis, which was his Episcopal home until he entered Amherst College, and owing to his • the time of his death. The first two years of careful elementary work was able to join the class this time he was under appointment to visit and which had entered the College in the fall presupervise the churches in the Orient. He visited ceding his matriculation. In addition to his coland carefully examined the work of the denomlege work Mr. Merrill taught school at East inat'on in Japan, Korea and China, penetrating Corinth, Maine, at Beemerville, New Jersey and 4 ftAC. 84 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS liEV. UEOltftE U. MERRILL, D. D. in the high school at Amherst. He graduated in 1865 with the degree of B. A. The additional honorary degree of M. A. ad eundem was later awarded him by Amherst. Following his gradua tion in 1865 he was offered a position as in structor in the Academy at Blue Hill, Maine, and taught in that school for two semesters. He then began his theological studies, entering Ban gor Seminary at Bangor, Maine. The course in that college was supplemented by further study along theological lines at the Seminary at Rochester, New York, and under President E. G. Robinson, D. D. During the time devoted to acquiring his education, Mr. Merrill filled, in the interval of his study, various positions with busi ness houses, as a grocer's clerk, a supply-teacher in the grade school at Newburyport and an as sistant mail carrier. For some time he was lo cated at Fortress Monroe and Hampton, Vir ginia, where he carried on the work of the American Missionary Association among the Freedmen after the close of the Civil War. He completed his theological studies and was ordained at Henrietta, New York, for the Congregational ministry on January 2, 1867, after short pastorates in New York, Michigan and Maine, he received a call from the First Congregational Church of Painesville, Ohio, where he remained for eight years. In 1886 he resigned and moved to Min neapolis to become the pastor of the First Con gregational Church, of which he continued in charge for more than twelve years, resigning in 1898 to accept a call from the Levitt Street Church of Chicago. Since 1900 he has been the Superintendent of Home Missions, for the Con gregational Denomination of this city and has devoted his whole time and energy to the ad vancement of this work. In addition to his work as a clergyman Mr. Merrill has always been in terested in educational work, and has served as a trustee of various schools and colleges at dif ferent times, among them Hallowell Classical School in Maine; Lake Erie College, Ohio; Chi cago Theological Seminary and Carleton College at Northfield; and in 1893 received from Ripon College, Wisconsin, the degree of D. D. His work has also included his connection for several years with the International Sunday School ex ecutive committee as a member and the secre tary. In political faith Mr. Merrill is a republi can. He was married on May 1, 1867, to Eunice Thurston Plumer of Newburyport, Massachu setts, after whose death he was again married on June 19, 1885, to Miss Mary Morse House of Paynesville, Ohio. By his first wife he had three children: John Ernest Merrill, president of the Central Turkey College at Aintab, Turkey, Asia; George Plumer Merrill, pastor of Prospect Street Church in Newburyport, Massachusetts, and Mary Merrill, now the wife of Dr. W. L. Burnap of Pelican Rapids, Minnesota. From his later mar riage there are four children, Eunice House Mer rill, now the wife of Rev. Harold B. Hunting of Rochester, Wisconsin, Robert Charles, Laura Alice and Marjorie Annie Merrill. MORRILL, Rev. Gulian Lansing, pastor of the People's Church of Minneapolis, was born on December 1, 1857, at Newark, New Jersey, the son of Rev. D. T. Morrill and Alida L. Morrill. The father was a Baptist clergyman for fortyfour years, a native of Vermont and a cousin of Senator Lot Morrill; the mother was of the Lan sing family, of Holland Dutch descent. A clergy man's family is very likely to be brought up in many towns but it happened that a considerable part of Mr. Morrill's youth was spent in St. Louis, where he studied in the public schools and graduated from the high school, and where he first developed the marked talent for music, which, but for parental training and his own later inclination, would have made of him a profes sional musician rather than a minister. While still almost a boy he studied the organ with the best masters available, receiving the highest com mendation from Prof. E. M. Bowman. In later years he has by no means abandoned the organ and has many times combined the offices of preacher and organist. He has played on some of the most noted organs in this country and during his wanderings abroad has been privileged to perform upon famous instruments in old Eu ropean cities. Mr. Morrill began his study of theology at Shurtleff College and afterwards graduated from the Baptist Theological Seminary CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 83 at Chicago. He took post-graduate work in He brew and philosophy under Dr. Wm. R. Harper and Dr. G. W. Northrup. Coming to Minneap olis he became pastor of the Calvary Baptist Church and remained during ten years, during which time the new church edifice was erected. Later he was pastor of the Chicago Avenue Bap tist Church for three years. He has filled pastorates at Anamosa, Iowa, Denver, and Owensboro, Ken tucky. During his early pastorate in Minneapolis. Mr. Morrill took a practical interest in the affairs of the city and particularly in the amelioration of the condition of the masses—the unchurched and unchurchable. He had an active part in the work which ended in the removal of the Washington avenue dives and made possible the establishment of the Union City mission. He has always stood for temperance reform and the restriction of the liquor traffic. In 1903 Mr. Morrill established the People's church as "a place for all creeds, classes and conditions of non-church-going peo ple." Services have been held in the Masonic Temple, Unique theater and Auditorium and the pastor has brought to his aid the orchestra, organ, soloist and chorus as well as art in the form of lantern pictures illustrating the subjects of his discourses. His methods have been original, unique and sometimes sensational, (not what would be required in the ordinary church work) but they have been concededly effective in his REV. CARL J. PETRI, D. D. field. Mr. Morrill has made his work a clearing house for the churches of the city, sending those persons wishing permanent membership to one or another of the denominational churches. In J 881, on December 14, Mr. Morrill was married to Miss Ada B. Wilkinson at Chicago. They have two sons, David W. Morrill and Lowell Lansing Morrill. It has been Mr. Morrill's constant habit to write and speak outside his clerical labors. He has lectured extensively on many subjects and has written several books on subjects growing directly out of his experiences in pastoral work, in music and in travel abroad. An extensive tour in Africa, Palestine, Asia and Europe a few years ago provided material for "Tracks of a Tender foot," a humorous and graphic account of per sonal experiences and observations. : REV. GULIAN L. MORRILL. PETRI, Carl Johan, one of the most distin guished clergymen of the Lutheran Church in this country, was born at Rockford, Illinois, June 16, 1856. His father was a tailor of that town and the son received his early education at the Rockford public schools, later attending the Augustana College at Paxton, Illinois, with the class of 1877. In the latter year he graduated with the degree of A. B., being a member of the first class sent out from that institution, and in 1884 received the degree of A. M. from the same college. During his college work he made es- §6 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS pecial study of the modern and classical lan guages and history, devoting particular attention to classical English and at the completion of his course was particularly proficient in these branch es. One year after leaving Augustana he moved to Minneapolis. At that time it was his inten tion to continue his English studies for the pur pose of becoming, at the request of the board of directors, an instructor in that subject at Augus tana College. He entered the University of Min nesota and for a year put his energies to the study of English and Anglo-Saxon; following which he returned to the East, locating at Phila delphia, from which place he had received a call to take charge of a Swedish Lutheran congrega tion. This position he held for several years. In the University of Pennsylvania he again re sumed his studies in English and history shortly after his location in Philadelphia, at the same time attending Dr. Krauth's lectures on philoso phy. He was ordained to the Swedish Lutheran ministry in 1880 1 . He returned to the West four years later and became one of the faculty of Gustavus Adolphus College, at St. Peter, Minnesota, as an instructor of history. In 1888 Dr. Petri was called to Minneapolis to assume the re sponsibilities of the largest congregation of his denomination in the city—the Augustana Swedish Lutheran Church. This was the beginning of a long and successful pastorate. During his resi dence in Minneapolis, Dr. Petri has been active in educational and public work as well as in his religious connections. He has served as a member of the board of directors of Gustavus Adolphus College and was a member of the first board of directors of the Minnesota College, Minneapolis, and still serves on that body, being the vice president. For a number of years he has been the vice president of the Minnesota Conference of the Swedish Augustana Synod and is now secretary of the Board of Missions of the Conference. In 1881 he was one of the founders of the "Augustana Observer," a Luth eran religious p>per—the first of its kind to be published in the English language by the Swedes in this country. At a later period he was also associated with the editorial department of an English Sunday school paper issued under the direction of the church and is now a member of the Board of Publication of the Synod at Rock Island. He was the originator and a prin cipal promoter of the celebration in 1888, at Min neapolis, of the two hundred and fiftieth anni versary of the landing of the Swedes in America during the seventeenth century. Likewise he was active in arranging the celebration, in 1893, of the three hundredth anniversary of the Upsala Decree, being also the first scholar to translate this decree into the English language. In the same year he was a member of the advisory council of the religious congress at the World's .Fair. He is a member of the Institute of Civics; and was one of the most influential organizers of the Swedish hospital in 1898 and the first pres ident of the board and of the hospital associa tion. Dr. Petri was married in 1880 to Miss Christine Anderson, of Rattvik, Delarne, Sweden, the ceremony being performed in the historical Old Swedes' Church, or Gloria Dei Church, in Philadelphia. They have six children. The The ological Seminary of Rock Island, Illinois, con ferred upon him, in 1899, the degree of D. D. Dr. Petri has always been conspicuous in the counsels of his church. He is fluent and con vincing in debate and courteous and engaging in manner and his influence is commanding; and he is frequently called uipon to lecture throughout the Northwest in connection with various lecture courses. POPE, Rev. Edward Ritchie, was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, June 25, 1855. Here his parents, W. G. E. and Anna F. Pope, were born and here his ancestors lived from the earliest settlement of the place. His paternal ancestor in this country came to Plymouth in 163O', and on his mother's side the first ancestor in this country was John Coggeshall, the first governor of Rhode Island. His great grandfather was a Major in the Revolutionary War and his grand father an officer in the war of 1812. Mr. Pope's early life was spent in New Bedford, where he was prepared for college in the Friend's Acad emy; in 1872 he entered Harvard College but left in the middle of his junior year, going to San Francisco, where he studied law and was ad mitted to practice. In 1882 he entered the Bap tist Theological Seminary at Morgan Park, Illi nois, (now connected with the Chicago Univer sity) and graduated in 1885. From there he went to Carbondale, Illinois, and in 1887 came to Roch ester, Minnesota, serving the Baptist Church as its pastor for rftore than six years. In January, 1894, he came to Minneapolis, having been elected superintendent of Baptist State Missions under the appointment of the Minnesota Baptist State Convention and the American Baptist Home Mission Society and this position he has filled ever since. In' December, 1885, Mr. Pope was married to Ella Krysher of Carbondale, Illinois. Five daughters have been born to them, four of whom are living. PURVES, Rev. Stuart Ballantyne, the rector of Holy Trinity Church of this city since 1894, is of English parentage and birth, though he received his theological education for the most part in this country and has, since his ordination, been engaged in clerical work in Minnesota. His father was Richard Purves, a civil and mining engineer, who practiced his profession with good success in England, and who at the time of his son's birth was located at Maryport. Stuart Ballantyne Purves was born at Maryport on July 3, 1862. The early part of his life was de voted to his education in England, and he ob tained his preparatory and classical training un- A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS S7 is associated with several of the fraternal orders, being a Blue Lodge Mason, a Royal Arch Mason, a Knight Templar and a member of the Mystic Shrine. In 1893 Mr. Purves was married to Miss Mary Wilson, daughter of the Rev. E. Stuart Wilson, D. D. They have three living children— Stuart St. Claire, Marjorie Elizabeth and Audrey Katherine Ballantyne—one, Dorothy Marion, having died in infancy. . RI5V. STUAKT B. PUItVES. der the instruction of private tutors and a taste for study was developed which afterwards re sulted in his preparation for the ministry. He came to the United States and became a resident of the state which has for nearly twenty years been the field of his endeavor. Mr. Purves con tinued his education here and following his in tention to take up the work of a clergyman, he entered the Seabury Divinity School at Faribault, which had been founded by the pioneer Episcopal missionary and bishop, the Rt. Rev. Henry B. Whipple. Mr. Purves completed his theological studies at Seabury and graduated in 1889 with the degree of B. D. During the same year he was ordained to the ministry by Bishop Gilbert of Minnesota and immediately began his clerical services as the missionary at Redwood Falls, Minnesota. He continued the work there for some time, and then received a call to the St. Peter's Church of St. Paul, and was the rector of that parish until 1894. At that time he was called to the rectorship of the Holy Trinity Episcopal Church of Minneapolis and has since been its pastor. During the years of his service in the Twin Cities Mr. Purves has been not only successful in the work of his own parishes but has been the head of several movements of in terest to the clergy and public to which he has lent an energy and enthusiasm which show him to possess the necessary qualities to fill the re quirements of the position he holds. Mr. Purves ROBERTS, Rev. Stanley Burroughs, for a quarter of a century a Presbyterian minister of New York and Minnesota, is descended from old New England families. Both his paternal and maternal grandparents came from the New Eng land states and settled in western New York among the earliest pioneers of that region and there were born the parents of Stanley Burroughs. These were William M. Roberts and Betsey B. Roberts. His father was a farmer at Phelps, On tario county, New York, and Stanley B. was born on the farm on August 12, 1855. He grew up at the place of his birth and began his education in the neighboring district school and then en tered the Phelps Union & Classical School there completing his preparatory training. It was his intention to study for the ministry and he began his college work at Center College, now Central University, at Danville, Kentucky. He took up theological studies and after completing the work at the Danville institution, where he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, he entered upon an other course of study at the Presbyterian Theo logical Seminary at Auburn, New York. He graduated from that school in 1882. Shortly fol lowing his graduation he was ordained to the gospel ministry in the Presbyterian Church by the Presbytery of Utica, New York, and since that time has been engaged in fulfilling the duties of a constant and pleasant service in his profes sional life. Before his graduation from the Au burn Seminary he received an appointment as pastor of a parish at Vernon Center, New York, and remained there after his ordination until 1887. In the latter year he resigned and accepted a call to Dundee, New York. For four years he carried on the work at Dundee and then moved his home and church associations to Utica, New York, and there held a pastorate from 1891 until 1899. After having preached for eighteen years in New York he received a call from Minneap olis to fill the position of pastor of the Bethlehem Presbyterian Church of this city, which was ac cepted and Minneapolis has since been his home and the scene of his religious endeavors. In 1904 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity at McAllister College. Mr. Roberts has been continuously connected with the Bethlehem Church and has not only built up a strong and influential parish but has taken great interest and done much active work in the general church work of the city. Since beginning his profession al life Mr. Roberts has been constantly in charge of some parish and aside from his vacations has 88 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS occupied his pulpit, with but one exception, every Sabbath for more than twenty-five years. He is also a promoter and supporter of all movements for improvement and progress; has often spoken from the lecture platform in the cause of good citizenship and temperance; and is active in the Department of Missions in the Northwestern Bible and Training School. Mr. Roberts was married on December 27, 1882, to Miss Mary Louise Hall of Waterville, New York. Four sons and one daughter have been born, Stanley Hall, Gladys Isabel, Harold Percy, Edward Carleton and Theodore McQueen. SATTERLEE, Rev. William W., one of the most prominent clergymen in the Methodist Epis copal Church of Minneapolis, was born at La Porte, Indiana, on April 11, 1837, and died on May 27, 1893, at Athens, Tennessee. His father was Ossian Satterlee and his mother Susan Curtis Satterlee. The family is descended from the Satterlees of Suffolk, England, and direct descent is traced from Rev. William Satterlee of St. Ides, Devonshire, England. The Satterlees who came to America were among the settlers of the dis trict of Wyoming, New York, historically famous in Revolutionary tim<;s. Mr. Satterlee's ances tors were participant;! in the Revolutionary and Indian wars. Although born in Indiana, Mr. Sat terlee's boyhood was largely spent in Wisconsin where lie attended the pioneer country schools and, as was customary, devoted most of his time to farm work. While still a very young man he was converted at meetings of the Wesleyan Methodists and acted as an exhorter among the churches of that denomination. He had, how ever, determined to study medicine and the ear lier part of his life was spent in practice which was later combined with work as a preacher. He moved to Minnesota and practiced medicine and occupied frontier pulpits for three or four years while living in Le Sueur county and at the end of this period in 1867 joined the Methodist Episco pal conference and became regular pastor of a church in Waseca. He served this church for two years, one in St. Cloud and the First Metho dist Church at St. Anthony for two years each, and at various times supplied, as pastor, the churches at Delano, Sauk Rapids, Anoka, Rich field and Seventh Street, Minneapolis. In 1873 Mr. Satterlee became deeply interested in the temperance movement and from that time until his death devoted much of his time to temper ance work. He was secretary of the state prohi bition organization for years and was an active leader in the party, standing at various times as party candidate for mayor of Minneapolis, for congress and for governor. In 1886 he was elect ed to the chair of Political Economy and Scien tific Temperance in the Grant University in Athens, Tennessee, a position which he occupied during the remainder of his life. In his earlier life Mr. Satterlee was an ardent abolitionist and member of the Whig party and later a republican. An injury to his left arm prevented military serv ice during the war although he twice offered his services. Later he was drafted but in all three instances was rejected. He was married on De cember 25, 1856, at Woodstock, Wisconsin, to Miss Sarah Stout, who survives him. Their living children are, a daughter, Mrs. L. H. Everts, and three sons, M. P., W. E. and F. E. Satterlee, all living in Minneapolis. Two other children, Mrs. James Pye and Harry R. Satterlee, died some years ago. SHUTTER, Rev. Marion D., D. D., the pas tor of the Church of the Redeemer, was born at New Philadelphia, Ohio. His father, the- Rev. Peter K. Shutter, a minister of the Baptist church, has held various charges in Ohio and Michigan. His pastorates were always successful, for he was a man of great natural ability and a very ef fective speaker. His father was of English ex traction, while his mother was of French descent, a combination well adapted to produce a success ful orator. His wife, Dr. Shutter's mother, was of early Dutch descent. Her name was Alethia M. Haag. Her father was a fine scholar and had charge of his grandson's early education. He was twelve years of age before he was allowed to go rl •A .4 A .4 :% REV. WILLIAM W. SATTERLEE. CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES to the public schools. In the meantime he had learned, in the village printing office, to set type, and with this craft he had in a practical way a knowledge of spelling, punctuation, grammar and the use of capital letters. When sixteen years of age he entered the preparatory department of the Denison University at Granville, Ohio, and attended the institution until the close of the sophomore year. As he was thrown largely 011 his own resources he was frequently obliged to teach school to earn money to go on with his studies. Mr. Shutter's junior and senior years of 4he college course were taken at the University of Wooster, Ohio, where he graduated in 1876. Without funds to go further, the young divine began to preach at a cross-roads in Western Reserve, Ohio, at the rate of $200 a year. Soon he added another preaching station, twelve miles distant, and each Sunday used to drive twentyfour miles, preach three times, attend a Sunday School, teach a class and eat his lunch as he drove across the country. Although it was hard work he enjoyed it. At the end of two years he left two flourishing churches, each supplied with a pastor, and went to Oberlin to take his theo logical course. He remained there nearly two years and then completed his studies at the Baptist Seminary at Morgan Park, Chicago. On the day of his graduation in 1881 he was called to supply the Olivet Baptist church of Minne apolis which led to a successful five years' pas torate during which the church erected and paid for the finest church building on the east side of the river up to that time. In the mean time Dr. Shutter's theological views had been changing. The church was in a flourishing con dition and practically out of debt. But he felt that he could no longer occupy a Baptist pulpit. He notified his church of the fact, and withdrew from the church and the denomination, having nothing in view as to his future course. Immediately after the publication of his letter of resignation, the young pastor received a kind note from Dr. James H. Tuttle, pastor of the Church of the Redeemer, whom he knew only by reputa tion, inviting him to call and confer. Dr. Shutter did so and set forth fully and frankly the con clusions at which he had arrived. Dr. Tuttle ex pressed a belief that Mr. Shutter could work with the Universalists, and asked him to preach in the pulpit of the Church of the Redeemer. Hs spoke several times, with the result that he became Dr. Tuttle's assistant with the understanding that either party might, at the end of six months, with draw from the arrangement. The six months have now lengthened to a score of years. For five years Dr. Shutter was Dr. Tuttle's assistant. On the completion of the old pastor's twenty-fifth year of service, in 1891, he was made pastor emeritus for life and Dr. Shutter was made pas tor, a position which he still holds with great acceptance to the people and with distinguished 89 REV. MARION D. SHUTTER, D. D. success, not only as a pastor, but as a publicspirited citizen who is in the forefront of every movement promising the betterment of the peo ple individually, or as a body politic. The Min neapolis Kindergarten Association was organ ized in his study. Dr. Shutter drafted its con stitution. In 1897 he founded the Unity House Social Settlement and is at present chairman of the board managing the work. He was one of a committee with Dr. C. M. Jordan and ex-Mayor Gray to establish public play grounds in the city. He is a director of the Board of Associated Charities. He believes that it is better to be with the constructive forces in a city than to indulge in denunciation of evil from the pulpit. In addition to his large and increasing church work, he is the author of six books which sell well and steadily. Their titles are: "Wit and Humor of the Bible," "Justice and Mercy," "A Child of Nature," "Applied Evolution," "How the Preachers Pray," and a "Life of Dr. Tuttle," his predecessor. His work on "Applied Evolu tion" attempts to interpret modern thought in terms of religion, and has won the praises of such scientific authorities as John Fiske and David Starr Jordan. CHAPTER IX. EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS A S WAS mentioned in the chapter on Early Settlement, the first school • of any kind in the territory now oc cupied by Minneapolis was'the Sioux Indian school established on the shores of Lake 'Harriet in 1836. Soon after the settlement of St. Anthony Miss Electa Backus taught a private school in a frame shanty on Second street, and about 1850 the first public school of the village was built near by and was taught for a time by a Mr. Lee. In 1851 the preparatory school of the University of Minnesota was erected and was opened in November by the Rev. E. W. Merrill. A school census taken soon afterwards showed that the village even then had one hundred and eighty-five children of school .age. On the west side the first public scbool was opened on December 3, 1852, in a small house erected by Anson Northrup near the corner of Third avenue south and Second street. The teacher was Miss Mary E. Mil ler and about twenty pupils attended during the winter. This *w'as a district school. The first district had been organized to in clude the whole of Hennepin county on No vember 29. Edw. Murphy, Dr. A. E. Ames and Col. Stevens were the first school trus tees. The summer term of 1853 was taught by Miss Mary A. Scofield. by the courthouse and city hall) and here was erected a school house which was said to be "the best building of the kind north of St. Louis." After some delays this school, the original Union school, was opened in the spring of 1858 with a full corps of instruc tors of whom George B. Stone was superin tendent and principal, and the following were teachers: Miss S. S. Garfield, Mrs. Julia A. Titus, Miss H. E. Harris and Miss Adeline Jefferson. At this time there were three hundred and twenty pupils. Prof. Stone was regarded as an excellent teacher and is given credit for establishing the early school system on a high plane. In 1864 the old Union School building was burned and was replaced by the Washington School which occupied the same site until torn down to make way for the courthouse in 1889. The other buildings were added dur ing the 6o's and early 70's, the average for some time being about two buildings per year. In 1871 the system made a decided gain when O. V. Tousley was secured as superintendent. He served for fifteen years and did much to establish the school system on a sound basis. Until 1878 the schools of St. Anthony and Minneapolis remained en tirely distinct as separate systems. FOUNDATIONS OF A SYSTEM. In 1878, six years after the consolidation of the two cities, it was decided that the welfare of the schools demanded a single Central organization and by legislative act the Board of Education of the City of Min neapolis was created and given the entire control of all the public schools of both places. This was the true beginning of the public school system of today for it made possible the development of a modern sys tem which had been impossible while the The real foundation of the public school system of the city was laid in a town meet ing held on November 28, 1855, at which nearly every resident of the village was present, and when it was determined to organize a properly graded school and erect a school building. After securing legisla tive authority a site was secured on Third avenue south between Fourth and Fifth streets (one-half of the block now occupied THE MODERN SCHOOL SYSTEM. EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS THE OLD WASHINGTON SCHOOL. This building was erected in 1865 on Third avenue south < where the court house and city hall now stands. 91 educational matters and have long enjoyed a reputation for a high standard of school work. The buildings of 1878 have nearly all disappeared and most of the sixty-five structures of to-day represent advanced ideas in school construction. During this time the problems of finance and superin tendence have been very difficult, and the city has been fortunate in being served on the board of education by some of the strongest business and professional men resident here. With the rapid increase in population it has, at times, seemed almost impossible to provide sufficient school rooms, for while the people have warmly supported the school system, the impossi bility of raising enough money by taxation and bond issue to keep pace with the build ing necessities has been manifest. During the thirty years the schools have had but three superintendents. Prof. Tousley re signed in 1886 and was succeeded by Prof. John E. Bradley, who served until 1892, when he resigned to accept a college presi dency. He was succeeded by Prof. C. M. Jordan, who had been for a number of years principal .of the Adams school. Dr. Jordan has been repeatedly re-elected to this post, which has added responsibilities and re quires greater skill and ability from year to year. The city now has five high schools. The oldest is the Central, erected in the early 8o's, of which John N. Greer is principal. The other high schools are the South, North, East and West, of which J. O. Jorgens, Waldo W. Hobbs, Wm. F. Web ster, and A. N. Ozias are respectively the principals. two comparatively small districts remained independent. The first board of education under the new law was composed of Dorilus Morrison, Winthrop Young, S. C. Gale, George Huhn, Sven'Oftedal, Chas. Simpson and A. C. Austin. Mr. Morrison was elected president and Sven Oftedal, secretary. Prof. Tousley continued as superintendent, and was largely responsible for the reorganiza tion of the system. The buildings in ex istence at that time were the Washing ton, Jackson, Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Franklin, Adams, Sumner, Humboldt, Win THE UNIVERSITY. throp, Everett and Marcy. There was no Before Minnesota had been organized as high school building. The total enrollment of pupils was 5,215 of which one hundred a territory the people had determined that and ninety were in the high school division. one of the institutions of the coming state There were ninety-eight teachers. should be a university. It was even settled From this has developed in thirty years the that Minneapolis (or St. Anthony) should present Minneapolis school system with an be the home of the future school. This un equipment of sixty-five buildings, a teaching derstanding was ratified in 1851 by the first force of over one thousand, a total enroll territorial legislature which passed a bill ment of about forty-five thousand pupils drawn by John W. North of St. Anthony, with four thousand of these in the high creating the university, locating it at St. schools. In these three decades the schools Anthony and naming Isaac Atwater, J. W. have kept abreast of modern progress in Furber, Wm. R. Marshall, B. B. Meeker, 92 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS A 4- : , t ,* I:--' S I r<Jk. S TYPICAL MINNEAPOLIS SCHOOL BUILDING OF TODAY. Douglas school, corner of West Franklin and South Dupont avenues. Socrates Nelson, Henry M. Rice, Alexander Ramsey, Henry H. Sibley, C. K. Smith, Franklin Steele, N. C. D. Taylor and Abram Van Vorhees as the first board of regents. The board organized by the choice of Mr. Steele as president, Mr. North, treasurer and Mr. Atwater, secretary. The board was without funds but the act provided for the creation of a permanent fund from the pro ceeds of an expected land grant from con gress. The grant proved to be only about 46,000 acres and there was little prospect of immediate realization of cash from the lands. In this emergency the people of St. Anthony set about building the university themselves. Franklin Steele gave a site and $2,500 was subscribed with which a twostory frame building was erected in which a school was opened on December 1, 1851. This school was designated as a "prepara tory school" for the university, the people being confident, evidently, that by the time any students were "prepared" the higher institution would be ready to give them instruction. The Rev. E. W. Merrill was in charge of this school. After three years it was discontinued and a similar experi ment in 1858 proved equally unsuccessful. Meanwhile, in 1854, the older portion of the present campus was secured and in 1856 the first building was commenced, the re gents discounting a future bright with ex pectations of income with which to pay for the structure. But the panic of '57 found the building in course of erection, and though it was finally finished, it stood for eight years encumbered with debt while the regents strove to solve the problem of sav ing the institution for the state. Gov. John S. Pillsbury's work for the Uni versity began at this time. Called to the regency in 1863 he proposed a special board of regents clothed with extraordinary pow ers to sell lands and liquidate indebtedness. With John Nicols and O. C. Merriman, Gov. Pillsbury was intrusted with this work. EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS THE FIRST UNIVERSITY BUILDING. Tliis shows the original section of the "Old Main" building as it was about 1869. For four years Gov. Pillsbury strove against countless discouragements. It is no dis credit to the other members of the board to say that he was the life of the body and that his counsel, persistence, sagacity and constant courage brought through what would in other hands have proved a hope less undertaking. In 1867 he reported the university out of debt. Creditors had been induced to accept lands, or cash as might be, claims had been compromised in various ways, patriotism had been appealed to, in fact every resource of an unusually re sourceful man had been used to bring about settlements. The university was at once reorganized and consolidated with the new agricultural college started under the Morrill grant, and plans for beginning college work were formulated. In 1867 the long vacant build ing was repaired and furnished and a pre paratory school was opened with W. W. Washburn as principal. Prof. Washburn opposed co-education but he was overruled by the regents and the question has never been raised again. In 1869 the regents felt that they were ready for further organi zation and Col. William W. Folwell was called to the presidency. The college opened that year with thirteen freshmen students, two of whom completed the four years course and made the first graduating class in 1873. 93 The administration of President Folwell continued fifteen years and constituted the first natural period of the history of the university as a working institution. The university was most fortunate in securing the services of such a man as Dr. Folwell for the time of organization. Born on a New York farm, a graduate of Hobart Col lege, class of '57; his education supplement ed by study and travel abroad and profes sorships at Hobart and Kenyon; with four years' service in the war, during which he rose to the highest official grade in the en gineer corps—with all these broadening in fluences, he came to Minneapolis at the age of thirty-six, young enough to be full of energy and initiative, not old enough to have lost any youthful enthusiasms and sympathies. To him the university is in debted for its organization. In 1869 the American university as it is today was un known. Dr. Folwell looked into the future and determined to make the Minnesota in stitution a university in fact. He also planned to make the university a part of a complete system of public instruction; how well this idea has been carried out is now a matter of general information. It is impossible within the limits of this sketch to trace in detail the work of the THE "OLD MAIN" AT THE UNIVERSITY. This view shows the newer part of the original building erected in 1875. It was subsequently partly destroyed by fire and later views do not show the cupola. 94 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS first fifteen years. Much was experimental; in the nature of things there was difference of opinion and more or less faculty dissen sion. During most of President Folwell's incumbency, the preparatory department was the larger part of the institution; but at its close this department was giving way to the state system of high schools (carry ing out Dr. Folwell's idea of a homogeneous and interdependent state school system) and the policy which opened the way for a broad university development had obtained general acceptance. In all Dr. Folwell's ad ministration the university was housed, practically, in one building. The front sec tion of the "Old Main" building, as it was known for years-, was built in 1875 an d soon afterwards an agricultural building was put up. President Folwell urged the adoption of a liberal policy of building and extension and in 1880 formulated a plan for new buildings, based on an appropriation of $30,000 a year for ten years. Although de ferred on account of other demands upon the state treasury, the plan was finally car ried out substantially as recommended. In 1883 Dr. Folwell determined to satisfy his individual taste for student and teaching work, rather than executive details, and re signed, immediately accepting the chair of political science, which he filled until 1906, when he resigned to devote himself to lit erary work. With 1.884 opened the administration of President Cyrus Northrop which has con tinued until the present time. Again the regents had been most fortunate in the choice of an executive. Dr. Northrop was a Yale graduate of '57, and of the law de partment in '59, and had been admitted to the bar in i860. After brief experiences in politics and journalism (editing the New Haven Palladium in 1863) he accepted a chair at Yale and was professor of English Literature in 1884 when he was called to Minnesota. A man of the highest ideals—• educational, civic and religious—a speaker of exceptional eloquence and ability, pos sessed of a rare sense of humor, and a mas ter of diplomacy in his relations with men, he seemed to have most of the qualifica tions for the difficult post. When he ac cepted the work and straightway gave evi dence of unusual executive ability the re gents were more than satisfied with their choice. President Northrop found the university with one building and three hundred and ten students, about half of them doing pre paratory work, only three departments, and 16 professors. Income was still small but the appropriations called for in 1880 began to come in. The organization of depart ments and the erection of buildings was the large work in hand. Only the outlines of the colleges and de partments can be traced here. In 1870 the college of engineering, metallurgy and mechanic arts was created and at first in cluded the agricultural college. The latter was separated in 1874 but remained a very unimportant part of the university, even after the purchase of the university farm in 1881, until 1888 when the school of agricul ture was added to the department. Since that time the success of the department has been wonderful and the school and college have become models in the field of agricul tural education. A group of buildings valued at about $700,000 has been developed and the capacity of the equipment is constantly taxed. Dean W. M. Liggett was at the head of this department from 1896 to 1907, at the same time being director of the experiment station—a work entrusted to the university by the state. After the agricultural college was set off the college of engineering and mechanics arts developed very slowly un til it secured its first building in 1886. The school of mining was subsequently added, but afterwards made a separate department. The ore testing works were built in 1895 and the school of mines building in 1903. These departments had developed direct ly out of the original organization. The new departments came in as follows: Medi cine in 1884, growing out of the Minnesota Hospital College established in 1881 as a private school; Law in 1888, organized by Dean W. S. Pattee, who has continued for a score of years its head; Pharmacy in 1892; Dentistry in 1893; Chemistry in 1904. The professional schools are described more at length in the chapters on the several sub- • ^ " •V : • / • , ' • ' ' ';::i- 'v/- 96 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS jects of Courts and Lawyers, Medicine and Dentistry. At first building appropriations were grudgingly made by the state legislature; in fact so scarce was money in the univer sity treasury that Governor Pillsbury from his own resources erected Pillsbury hall in 1889. The Law building was added in the same year, the Chemical Laboratory in 1891, the Main Medical building in 1893, the Li- ment as regent for life. For nearly forty years he gave time and thought, counsel and action, probably fully one-third of his time being devoted to the institution he loved so well. He was honored just pre vious to his death by the erection by the alumni of a bronze statue upon the campus. From the thirteen students of 1869 the university has grown to an enrollment of above four thousand; from a single building -.ten# .?> • ENTRANCE TO UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA CAMPUS. This gateway was erected as a memorial to Gov. John S. Pillsbury by his heirs. brary in 1895, the Armory in 1896, the Physics building in 1901, the Mining build ing in 1903; and Folwell Hall in 1907. Many other lesser buildings have been erected. Of the gifts, next to Pillsbury Hall, Alice Shevlin Hall (the women's building), presented by Thomas H. Shevlin, is the most conspicuous. But the best gift ever received by the uni versity was the free life-long service of Gov. John S. Pillsbury. After his first great work for the institution in the sixties, Gov. Pillsbury continued until his death in 1901 a regent, much of the time president and in 1895 honored by the legislature by appoint- and campus of uncertain value, the property has increased to about $3,000,000 value and the permanent invested fund amounts to $1,400,000. The library contains 85,000 vol umes ; the buildings are equipped with mod ern apparatus. The standards of scholar ship have advanced until the institution ranks with the leading universities of the country. On the other hand, the university has become the head of the educational sys tem of the state, the courses in grammar and high schools being arranged so that a student may pass from one to the other and into and through the university with out break or special preparation outside the EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS 97 The present board of re gents is composed of: Cy rus Northrop, LL. D., exofficio; Hon. John Lind, Minneapolis, president; Hon. John A. Johnson, St. Peter; Hon. John W. Olsen, Albert Lea; Hon. Chas. A. Smith; Hon. Thos. Wilson; Hon. B. F. Nelson, Minneapolis. Hon. A. E. Rice, Will„: mar; Hon. Pierce Butler, St. Paul; Hon. Henry B. Hovland, Duluth; Hon. S. M. Owen, Minneap olis; Hon. W. J. Mayo. LIBRARY BUILDING AT TIIE UNIVERSITY. Rochester; C. D. Decker, regular courses. In recent years the atti Austin, secretary of the board. tude of the state has been much broader The executive officers of the university and with a general understanding of the ad are: Cyrus Northrop, LL. D., president; vantages of the university it has received Ernest B. Pierce, B. A., registrar; Jas. T. a most liberal support. Gerould, B. A., librarian; John F. Downey, Realizing the almost unlimited possibili M. A., C. E., dean of the College of Science, ties of growth before the university, the Literature, and the Arts; Frederick S. regents, in 1907, determined to secure more Jones, M. A., dean of the College of Engin land for the campus before the cost became eering and Mechanic Arts; Eugene W. Ran prohibitive. A legislative appropriation was dall, dean and director of the Department of obtained and some ten blocks of land were Agriculture; Wm. S. P'attee, LL. D., dean purchased. Following this acquisition a of the College of Law; Frank F. Wesbrook, competition was held which produced many M. A., M. D., C. M., dean of the College of excellent plans for the future development Medicine and Surgery; Eugene L. Mann, of the enlarged campus. While no immedi B. A., M. D., dean of the College of Homeo ate work is to be done all future improve pathic Medicine and Surgery; Alfred Owre, ments will be made in harmony with some D. M. D., M. D., dean of the College of Den plan for the general treatment of the whole tistry; Frederick J. Wulling, Phm. D., LL. great campus tract. M., dean of the College of Pharmacy; Wm. v GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNIVERSITY FARM BUILDINGS. The work of the department of agriculture of the university as well as that of the experiment station is carried on at this farm about two miles from the university campus. 98 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS R. Appleby, M. A., dean of the School of Mines; Geo. B. Frankforter, Ph. D., dean of the School of Chemistry; Geo. F. James, Ph. D., dean of the School of Education; Henry T. Eddy, C. E., Ph. D., LL. D., dean of the Graduate School; Ada L. Comstock, M. A., dean of Women. PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. During the fifties a number of private schools were opened, including St. Mary's School for Young Ladies, under the care of the Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain, and an academy conducted by Prof. D. S. B. grown up, fostered and assisted by the church people of this city. Many of the prominent citizens of the decades following the war were interested in the founding and maintaining of Bennet Seminary, at which many of the young ladies of that period received their education. Such men as Dorilus Morrison, C. E. Van derburgh, Chas. A. Bovey, W. D. Wash burn, C. H. Pettit, and W. H. Dunwoody were identified with its work as trustees. Another school which made a successful record from 1879 to 1890 was Judson Female Seminary, founded by Miss Abby A. Jud FOLWELL HALL, UNIVERSITY OP MINNESOTA. From the architect's sketch. The last building added to the group on the campus, named in honor of Dr. W. W. Folwell, the first president and long a professor. Johnson. About the same time Miss Lucy D. Holman conducted a private school and only a little later Prof. F. H. Folsom maintained a select school in St. Anthony. Most of these earlier schools had no per manence, but they served to show the willingness of the community to encour age the best things in education. It was not long before this tendency manifested itself in certain denominational undertak ings which have developed into institutions for higher education either in the city or vicinity. In this way Carleton College, at Northfield, Hamline University and Macalester College, midway between Minneapo lis and St. Paul, Augsburg Seminary, and other denominational institutions have son. E. D. Holmes became principal of the Minneapolis Academy in 1884 and devel oped it into a preparatory school which has been maintained to the present time. After the discontinuance of the older schools for girls and young ladies which have been mentioned, Stanley Hall, an English and classical school, was opened in 1890 by Ol ive Adele Evers and Elizabeth Wallace. After a time Miss Wallace withdrew and the school has since, been conducted by Miss Evers. Graham Hall, a school for girls, was established about ten years ago and is now conducted by the Misses Bartlett and Ruble. The city has been especially fortunate in the character of its professional schools and EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS these are mentioned in the appropriate chap ters. Among the denominational schools, those of the Catholic church have taken a prominent place. In addition to the ordin ary parish schools conducted in connection with the several churches a high school for boys is maintained and excellent girls' schools are well sustained. AUGSBURG SEMINARY was organized at Marshall, Wisconsin, but was moved to Minne apolis in 1872. It was originally a theological school only, but after coming to Minneapolis its scope was broadened to include preparatory, collegiate and theological departments. Very soon after its removal to Minneapolis Sven Oftedal became a member of the faculty and was made president of the board of trustees. The success of the institution has been due largely to his energetic efforts and intelligent leadership. It has developed from a weak and struggling school to one of strength and great influence in the denomination and among the educational institutions of the northwest. The late professor George Sverdrup was president for many years and was considered one of the best school men among the Scandinavians in the United States. The Seminary is located at Seventh street and Twenty-first avenue south where it owns a block of ground and where it has several buildings in cluding a modern structure completed in 1902 at the cost of $45,000.00. There are at present about 175 student enrolled. The faculty is com posed of the following members in order of their appointment, S. Oftedal, Prof. Emeritus, J. H. Blegen, W. M. Pettersen, J. L. Nydahl, H. A. Urseth, H. N. Hendrickson, A. Helland, S. O. Severson, George Sverdrup, Jr., and Wm. Mills. ST. MARGARET'S ACADEMY. Almost thirty years ago the Sisters of St. Joseph, a Catholic order of women, founded in Minneapolis the Holy Angels' Academy, a young ladies' boarding and day school. ' It is situated at Seventh avenue north and Fourth street, where it has a fine tract of ground and two large build ings, one of which is occupied by the recitation, class and study rooms, the other, the convent proper, being the home of the Sisters and the dormitories of the boarding scholars. The work and plans of the school advanced so rapidly that they outgrew the capacity of these quarters and in 1907 the academy under the name of St. Mar garet's, and as a day school only, occupied build ings more fitted to the growing needs of the school, on North Thirteenth street between Hawthorn and Linden avenues. The property which has been acquired by the order, consists of three buildings in which are maintained a high school department, a music department, and a commercial and grades department. The pur pose of the academy is the higher education and training of girls and their preparation for college '99 work; and the curriculum includes every branch of study necessary to the complete accomplish ment of these ends. Each department is super vised by efficient and experienced instructors and covers most thoroughly the work which comes within its provinces. The music department in cludes both vocal and instrumental instruction and the methods of study pursued in the famous conservatories both of this country and Europe are used in the daily work. The scope of the are used in the daily work. The scope of the pupil in the art department is almost unlimited, as the course includes studies in water color, oil, crayon and china decoration, carried on under the direc tion of instructors whose talent and knowledge assure the pupil the most careful training. In the academic course of study are taken up all the subjects usually handled by the intermediate or preparatory school and the preparation for college work is complete. The graduate of St. Margaret's is not required to take the customary examinations to obtain admission to the colleges of the country but is admitted on the record of her studies in the academy. Not only is this done by the exclusive girls' colleges of both east and west but by a number of the co-educational institutions, including the University of Minne sota. The endeavors of the school have been most successful since it establishment and it has drawn its pupils not only from the two cities but the entire Northwest and for many years has justly been regarded as one of the important sources of education and culture of this locality, many of the best families being desirous of plac ing their daughters within its influences. The Sisters, by their earnest efforts, have done much to give the academy the standing it now holds among the best schools of its class. BENSON, Arthur Fleming, was born near London, Canada, February 2, 1871. His parents, William and Maria Benson, came of a family that settled early in the province of Ontario. Mr. Benson's father is a Methodist minister. The early years of Mr. Benson's life were spent in Canada and in the Canadian -public schools he received his elementary education. When he was. twelve years old the family moved to Michi gan. After completing a grammar and high school course Mr. Benson entered the Michigan state normal college, from which he graduated in 1896 as president of the largest class which the college had ever sent out. In addition to holding the chief executive office of his class, Mr. Benson was during the four years of his college life a most active member of the several literary soci eties of the college. In this school, Mr. Benson received his training for the various positions as instructor which he has successively filled, and was especially fortunate in being, for a time, a pupil of Dr. Putnam, one of Michigan's most noted educators. After completing his normal studies, Mr. Benson entered upon the duties of principal in the schools at Pontiac, Michigan, and 100 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS later acted in like capacity at Owosso and Grand Rapids in the same state. In 1903 he came to Minneapolis to accept the principalship of the Seward school, one of the largest in the city, and holds that position at the present time. During the summer months, however, Mr. Benson re turns to Michigan to instruct in the summer in stitutes of that state. Mr. Benson has always been prominently identified with measures of pro fessional advancement in the towns where he has resided. In connection with the Seward school he has organized the "Young Citizens' League" —a club of pupils for instruction in civic govern ment and improvement. Mr. Benson is a mem ber of the Minneapolis Teachers' Club, the Schoolmasters' Club and the Minneapolis Prin cipals' Club, and holds in each organization the chairmanship of a prominent and active commit tee. He also holds membership in the Hennepin County Juvenile Protection League. Mr. Ben son belongs to the Fowler Methodist Church, of which he is an officer and the superintendent of the Sunday School. BOSS, Andrew, was born June 3, 1867, in Gilford township, Wabasha county, Minnesota, son of Andrew and Janet Boss, who came from Scotland. He was brought up on his father's farm, attending the common schools and doing farm work until he was twenty-two. He then entered the Agricultural high school of the University of Minnesota, from which he gradu ated and in which he was a teacher for twelve years. He has been for several years active in the' management of the university farm and in experimental work. Mr. Boss is professor of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, in the Uni versity of Minnesota and is well known as an earnest promoter of liberal education in the sci ence and practice of modern agriculture and in the organization of farmers' clubs and institutes. He is a member of the State Agricultural Soci ety; of the State Horticultural Society; Farmers Club; Secretary of the Live Stock Breeders' As sociation and member of the American Breeders' Association. 'Mr. Boss is a Congregationalist in his church affiliations. He was married in 1891 to Evalena La Mont, of Wabasha county,- Minnesota, They have five children—Hazel V., Elna V., Mabel E., Kenneth A., and Wallace L. M. EDDY, Henry Turner, dean of the graduate school, University of Minnesota, was born at Stoughton, Massachusetts, June 9, 1844, the son of Rev. Henry and Sarah Hayward (Torrey) Eddy. He graduated from Yale University with the degree of A. B. in 1867 and from Sheffield Scientific School with the degree of Ph. B. in 1868 and later received the degrees of A. M., Yale, 1870; C. E., 1870; Ph. D,, 1872, Cornell; LL. D., Center College, 1892. Professor Eddy studied at Berlin in 1879 and at Paris in 1880. His educational work has extended over forty years. After graduating from Yale he was in structor in field work at Sheffield Scientific School, 1867-68; was instructor in Latin and mathematics at the University of Tennessee, 1868-69; was assistant professor in mathematics and civil engineering at Cornell University, 186973; was adjunct professor of mathematics at Princeton, 1873-74; was professor of mathemat ics, astronomy and civil enginering at the University of Cincinnati, 1874-90; was dean of the academic faculty, 1874-77 and 1884-89; and was acting president and president elect of the same university in 1890; and was president of Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Indi ana, 1891-94. In 1894 Dr. Eddy came to Min nesota as professor of engineering and mechan ics at the university and was made head profes sor of mathematics and mechanics in the college of engineering, 1907. Since 1905 he has been dean of the graduate school. Dr. Eddy is a member of many learned societies, including the American Philosophical Society, American Asso ciation for the Advancement of Science (vice president of mathematics and physics, 1884), American Mathematical Society, American Phys ical Society, Society for Promotion of Engineer ing Education (president, 1896), Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi college fraternities. He is the author of Analytical Geometry; Researches in Graphical Statics; Thermodynamics; Maximum Stresses and Concentrated Loads, and many other scientific and technical papers in the trans actions of the various enginering societies. Professor Eddy was married at New Haven, Connecticut, on January 4, 1870, to Miss Sebella E. Taylor. They have five children. GEROULD, James Thayer, librarian of the University of Minnesota, was born on October 3, 1872, at Gofifstown, New Hampshire. He is the son of Samuel L. Gerould, D. D., who had a pastorate in Gofifstown, and of Laura E. (Thayer) Gerould. The family is of Huguenot origin, the first ancestors of James Thayer in this country having left France to come to America in 1685. Mr. Gerould received his train ing for college at Cushing Academy at Ashburnbam, Massachusetts. He attended Dartmouth College, taking the classical course and graduat ing in 1895 with the degree of A. B.; and followed this with a year's post-graduate study in the same institution. He then went to New York city, to take charge of the Library of the Gen eral Theological Seminary. This position he re tained but a year, however, resigning in 1897 when a position as assistant in the library of Columbia University was tendered to him. This he accepted, taking charge of one department. He remained at- Columbia for three years as the head of this department and then in 1900 was appointed chief librarian of the University of Missouri, at Columbia, Missouri, a position which he filled for six years. He came to Minneapolis in 1906 to become the li brarian of the University of Minnesota. Mr. 102 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Gerould is a member of the American LibraryAssociation; the American Historical Associa tion. the Bibliographical Society of America. Among the local organizations with which he is associated are the Bryn Mawr Golf Club and the Six O'Clock Club; On September 18, 1900, he was married to Miss Mary Aims Chamberlain, daughter of Roswell H. Chamberlain of Chester, New York. GREEN, Samuel B., since 1888 the professor of horticulture and forestry at the University of Minnesota, is a native of Massachusetts, having been born at Chelsea in that state. On the ma ternal side of the family he is of Dutch descent, his mother's ancestors coming from Holland to settle in this country, and his father's lineage was traceable through a long line of English forebears. He is the son of Thomas Green and Anna E. Green; his father for fifty years was a merchant in Boston. Samuel B. spent his boy hood in Chelsea and acquired a good elementary training in the local schools, and having finished his preparatory courses determined to continue his education in the Massachusetts Agricultural College. With the class of 1879 he entered that institution, and there received his first training in the lines of horticulture and forestry in con nection with which he has since become so wellknown. Completing his studies he graduated JOHN N. GREER. from his college in 1879 and was awarded a de gree of B. S. He worked nine years in horti cultural lines before coming to Minnesota, in 1888, where he was appointed professor of Horticulture and soon afterwards professor of Horticulture and Forestry in the University of Minnesota. Since that time he has carried on the work of his de partment with characteristic energy and ability and beyond his duties as instructor has found time for much general work in connection with the forestry movements and progress of the country, being as well, a frequent contributor to the journalistic field. Among his more important commissions was an appointment to take the sole charge and management iof the department de voted to the horticultural and forestry exhibit of all the state experiment stations and agricultural colleges of the country at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904. At that time the specimens and exhibits under Professor Green's care attracted much notice and were awarded one grand prize and in addition a gold medal. Professor Green has been for many years one of the most active supporters of the Min nesota State Horticultural Society. In 1890 he was the secretary of that organization and in 1907 was elected the president. He has been also the chief executive officer of the St. Anthony Park North Improvement League for many years and is the vice-president of the Citizens' League of St. Paul, an organization which has accomplished much in that city for municipal bet terment and advancement. Professor Green has written extensively on forestry and kindred top ics; Amateur Fruit Growing, Vegetable Grow ing, Forestry in Minnesota, Principles of Ameri can Forestry, Farm Windbreaks and Shelter Belts, Outlines of Greenhouse Laboratory Work and the various bulletins of the Minnesota Ex periment Station being among the best known of the books and sketches of which he is author. Professor Green is a member of the Congrega tional Church of St. Anthony Park. In 1887 he was married to Miss Alice C. Hazelton of Wellesly, Massachusetts, and they have one adopted child. GREER, John N., son of Nathan and Rebecca Logan McGrew Greer, was born on his father's farm in Scott county, Iowa, April 17, 1859. At the age of twelve years, by the death of his father, he was obliged to take charge of the farm —a responsibility which he met with eminent success, continuing his studies in preparation for the higher education which was the object of his ambition in the period of his district school ex perience. Later, he attended the public schools of Davenport, Iowa, and graduated at the high school, valedictorian of his class, after which he taught school in Scott county until 1879, when he entered Iowa College. He received, when he graduated in 1882, the degrees of A. B. and B. S. for extraordinarily good work in his classic and scientific course during the three years he was EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS at the college. In 1885 he received from the col lege the degree of M. A., and when he entered the law office of Cook & Dodge in Davenport, he had made a record of devotion to study and kindly good fellowship and manly recognition of the value of athletics as an offset to close ap plication to study, which students can profitably follow elsewhere. After studying law with Cook & Dodge for a year, preparing himself for the practice of law, he took a position with a tele phone company at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and a year later he began the work to which he seems to have been instinctively called, that of an in structor and director of students. After serving as principal of a public school in Davenport, Pro fessor Greer was called to the North Side High School of Minneapolis as principal in 1888, and, in 1892, he accepted the corresponding position in the Central High School of Minneapolis, suc ceeding Prof. Crombie, a notably fine educator, and soon getting in real sympathy with teachers and students and showing his natural adaptation to discharge the difficult obligations of the im portant position. If the legal profession lost a brilliant advocate when Prof. Greer entered the ranks of educators of youth, the educational in terests of the public have certainly been well and wholesomely served by such a man as he. Prof. Greer was married in 1884 to Sarah Elizabeth Russell, daughter of Hon. Edward Russell, of Davenport, Iowa. They have three children— Edward Russell, Margaret R., and Abby E. GULLETTE, Albert Martin, principal of the Prescott school, Minneapolis, is a native of In diana, but he is of French Huguenot ancestry. The family originally came to this country from Germany, where they had fled from persecution in France. They settled first in the Shenandoah Valley and later in the southeastern part of In diana. Albert's father was a Methodist minister —John Columbia Gullette; his mother a de scendant of a prominent English family. The first ten years of his life were spent in his native town of Brownston, Indiana (where he was born on June 2, 1873) amid such surrounding as Ed ward Eggleston has described in his writings, and he was of the stock and training which have produced a "Hoosier Schoolmaster." His edu cation, however, was obtained in Minnesota. He attended the high schools at Moorhead and Crookston, the Moorhead state normal school, Hamline University, the Northwestern Universi ty, and graduated at the University of Minnesota. Since 1889, when he first came to Minneapolis, he has been more or less identified with the life of the city. His educational training brought him into contact with specialists in the science of edu cation, and gave him perhaps a broader view and a better grasp of its problems than could have been secured in any other way. In the course of his school and college work he acquired business experience as for much of the time he made his 103 ALBERT GULLETTE. own way, earning his living "arid paying his own college expenses. During this period he was for a time a member of the teachers' agency firm of E. O. Fisk & Co. Since graduation he has fol lowed his profession and for the past two years has been principal of the Prescott school. Mr. Gullette is married and has two children. His wife was Miss Kate E. McKnight Of St. Paul. Though not in any sense a politician, Mr. Gul lette has taken a good citizen's interest in poli tics and has served for two years as, a council man in the village of Robbinsdale as well as tak ing part in party caucuses and conventions. He was the first president of the Robbinsdale. Com mercial Club and a member of the North Side Commercial Club of Minneapolis. He belongs to the Masonic order. " ' HALL, Christopher. Webber, son' of Lewis and Louisa Wilder Hall, was born February 28, 1845* 3t Wardsboro, Windham county, Vermont. Like a good many other American boys, who are born on farms with limited- family resources to full back upon, and who have ambitions reaching beyond the farm's, horizon, young Hall absorbed all that the district school of his neighborhood could bestow upon him and continuing to reach further in the region of knowledge in the neigh boring academies at Townsend and Chester, he succeeded in matriculating at Middlebury College, 104 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS eiiuisToniKK w. HALL. Hall meantime served as Assistant Geologist on the Geological Survey of Minnesota, and as Assistant United States Geologist since 1884. He served for thirteen years as the valuable secretary of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, and more recently for several years as its presi dent. For many years he has edited the Academy's Bulletins, and in every way has large ly had direction of its work. Professor Hall has written much on scientific and educational subjects, more than 100 articles standing over his name in the scientific literature of the country. He has especially distinguished himself in his revelations of the geological fea tures of the state. His latest work in this direc tion has been exerted in the preparation of an extended work in a series of volumes on the geography and geology of Minnesota, the first volume of which, The Geography of Minnesota, has already appeared and received a most flatter ing reception. He has also for several years been engaged on the U. S. Geological Survey in the preparation of reports on the underground water resources of the state, one of which is now in press. He married again in 1883. His wife, who was Mrs. Sophia Haight, daughter of Eli Seely, of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, died in 1891, leaving an infant daughter. The professor is a member of the lead ing scientific societies of this country. He is an independent republican, and has never sought nor held political office. He is a member of the Con gregational church. Vermont, where lie graduated in 1871. His sci entific tendencies had developed so conspicuously that he won the botanical prize and two Waldo scholarships, and was assigned the scientific ora tion at the commencement and was honored by election to membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society. After graduation, Mr. Hall was called to the principalship of the Glenn's Falls (New York) Academy and, after a year there, he went West and became principal of the Mankato, Minnesota, high school and, in 1873-75, filled the responsible position of superintendent of the Owatonna city schools. In 1875 his ardent interest in scien tific studies led him to devote himself more en tirely to them and he went to Leipsic, Germany, with his bride, who was Miss Ellen Dunnell, daughter of Hon. Mark H. Dunnell of Owatonna. His wife died in a few months, but Mr. Hall continued his studies until the close of 1877, when he returned to the United States. His first work after returning was the delivery of a course of lectures on zoology at Middlebury College. Re ceiving an invitation to become a member of the faculty of the University of Minnesota, he ac cepted it and, in the spring of 1878, he took the chair of geology, mineralogy and biology. Reor ganization of the departments on account of the great development of the work, promoted him to the Deanship of the College of Engineering, Metallurgy and the Mechanic Arts in 1892. Dean JONES, Frederick Scheetz, dean of the col lege of engineering of the University of Minne sota, was born at Palmyra, Missouri, April 7, 1862. His parents were Dr. George C. Jones (who served as a surgeon in the Union army) and Caroline Ash Scheetz. The family is of French descent, Prof. Jones' great grandfather coming to America with Lafayette, as his staff surgeon. Prof. Jones early boyhood was spent in Chicago and Missouri but he prepared for col lege at Shattuck School, Faribault, Minn., and graduated from that institution as valedictorian of his class. At Yale he took the classical course graduating A. B. in 1884 with honors. From Yale he came directly to the University of Min nesota with President Northrop and has been in the University ever since, except when abroad. He held the chair of Physics for twenty years. During this long service he has had leave of absence which has given him opportunity for study at the University of Berlin and for courses in electrical engineering at the Royal Polytechnic, Berlin and the Swiss Polytechnic, Zurich. In 1890 he received his A. M. degree at Yale. His work at the University of Minnesota has been marked with unusual success. As a teacher he has been exceptionally efficient and as an organ izer and executive he has displayed much ability. The new physical laboratory was built under his direction and he was instrumental in securing the EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS gift of Northrop Field to the University. He is very fond of sports and has been active for years in the management of student athletics. Dean Jones is a member of the American Physi cal Society, the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of many scientific and literary socie ties. In 1906 he was elected president of the University of South Dakota but did not accept the position. In 1908 he was elected dean of Yale University and will go to that institution in 1909. Professor Jones is a member of the Episcopal Church. He was married in 1890 to Mary Weston Gill of Kirkwood, Missouri. They have two children—George Gill Jones and Ellen Bodley Jones. JORDAN, Charles Morison, superintendent of the public schools of Minneapolis, was born at Bangor, Maine, November 12, 1851. His father, Nelson Jordan, was a teacher in Western Maine for several years and afterward was a merchant at Bangor and was engaged later in farming, lumbering and manufacturing in that state until 1874. He then went to Massachusetts and came in 1877 to Minnesota where he operated a large farm in the southern part of the state and spent his last days in Minneapolis, where he died in 1895. The family forebears in America came from England in 1639 settling on Richmond's Is land, Maine. On the maternal side the ancestors were Scottish, the American descent being from Wiliam Morison who came from Scotland in 1740, settling in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Dr. Jor dan's mother was a sister of Dorilus and H. G. O. Morison, early settlers in Minneapolis. Dr. Jor dan received his early educational training in the public schools of Maine and prepared for college at Westbrook Seminary later entering Tufts Col lege from which he graduated in 1877, valedic torian of his class. Upon graduation he secured the principalship of the Bangor high school at a competitive examination, and two years latei he was made superintendent of the lower grade schools of Bangor. In 1883 he resigned his posi tions at Bangor and accepted the principalship of the Winthrop school of Minneapolis. The same year he started the East high school, con ducting it in the Winthrop school building. In 1884, having been transferred to the Adams school, he initiated the work of the South high school, conducting it in the Adams building. Dr. Jordan's working capacity was further tested by the devolution upon him of the supervision of the evening schools of the city. In 1892 he was elected to the responsible office of superintendent of the public schools of Minneapolis for three years and to this position he has since been five times reelected for the triennial period. In 1892 Dr. Jordan received from Tufts College the Ph. D. degree. He is a member of the Zeta Psi college fraternity and has received the honor of mem 105 bership in the Phi Beta Kappa. He has been president of the National Council of Education and president of the National Association of Superintendents; is a member of the Sons of the Revolution and is a Mason of the Thirty-second Degree. He has also been president of the Citi zens Staff of John A. Rawlins Post, G. A. R. Dr. Jordan was married on May 7, 1895, to Miss Maud Grimshaw, daughter of Robert E. Grimshaw, of Minneapolis. To them two children have been born; Helen Dorcas (February 9, 1896) and Mildred Salome (August 17, 1899). LIGGETT, William M., prominently identi fied with the educational affairs of the state, was born in Union county, Ohio, in 1846. He at tended the common schools but at the age of seventeen enlisted in the 96th Ohio Volunteers and served during the remainder of the war.. Re turning to Ohio he became connected with the Bank of Mairysville and was twice elected county treasurer of Union county. He took an active part in the National Guard service and was colonel of the 14th Ohio National Guard and in command of the battalion that cleared the streets of Cincinnati during the great riot of 1884, when he was severely wounded. In the same year he came to Minnesota and in the past twenty-five years has given most of his time to the service of the state, including eighteen years as regent of the state university, twenty years a director of WILLIAM M. LIGGETT. 106 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the state agricultural society, two terms as chair man of the state railroad commission and eleven years as dean of the state agricultural school and director of the experiment station. During Dean Liggett's incumbency the agricultural department of the university developed into the foremost work of its kind in this country. Col. Liggett was married on July 3, 1876, to Miss Mathilda R. Brown. They have four children. NACHTRIEB, Henry Francis, son of Chris tian and Friedericka Diether Nachtrieb, was born near Galion, Ohio, May 11, 1857. His parents came from Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1848, sev eral of Christian's brothers having preceded him. One of the brothers fought in the war for the Union and gave his life for his adopted country. Christian engaged in the tanner's business a few years and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church after surviving shipwreck on Lake Erie, and, after some years of successful work, he engaged in the flour milling business in Galion, Ohio, relinquishing it, after some years of success, on account of a disastrous explosion, and returned to the ministry. Coming to Min nesota in 1878 he became a member of the Min nesota Conference and now lives in Minneap olis in honorable retirement. Prof. Nachtrieb's mother was the daughter of an honored citizen of Heilbron am Neckar, near Heidelberg, Ger many, and has, during her long life as a min ister's wife, shown the most admirable qualities which have made her to be loved and honored wherever she has lived. Prof. Nachtrieb's boy hood was spent in Galion and other places in Ohio and in Allegheny City and Pittsburgh. He was trained in a private German elementary school and in the public schools, conscientious in his school work, while passionately fond of nature and all outdoor enjoyments and showed himself manly and courageous, withal not being free from an element of prankishness, as a little offset to his severe Teutonic training. He re ceived the higher education at German Wallace College and Baldwin University and took his degree of B. S. at the University of Minnesota, class of 1882; became assistant in the Biological Laboratory of John Hopkins University in 188384 and Fellow in 1884-85, when he was called to the University of Minnesota as instructor under Professor C. W. Hall. In 1886 he was made professor of Animal Biology, a new department, subsequently having charge of the zoological work of the Geological and Natural History Sur vey of Minnesota, and was appointed curator of the zoological museum. Since his connection with the university, Prof. Nachtrieb has been a strong factor in the promotion of the organ ization and work of the institution. He was prime mover and organizer of the General Alum ni Association of the university, and advisor on the organization of various Scientific institu tions and societies and is a member of the American Society of Naturalists; of the Central Branch of the American Society of Zoologists; of the American Breeders' Association; Ameri can Association of Anatomists; American As sociations of Museums; the Washington Academy of Sciences; fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the IJsi Upsilon fraternity and the honor societies of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. Prof. Nachtrieb is president of the General Alumni Association of the state university and a member of the St. Anthony Commercial Club. He is a member of the Hennepin Avenue Metho dist Episcopal Church. He was married June 21, 1887, to Anna Eisele, of Buffalo, New York. To them three children have been born, of whom one survives, a daughter, Margaret. OFTEDAL, Sven, president of the board of trustees and professor of theology of the Augs burg Seminary in Minneapolis, is a native of Nor way, born at Stavanger, on March 22, 1844. He studied at the best schools of the country and re ceived the most complete education which his broad-minded Christian parents could procure for him. He attended the College at Stavanger, where he received his academic training, and after this preparatory course entered the Univer sity of Norway at Christiania in 1862. He re mained in that institution a year, taking up philo sophical studies, and passing, at the completion of his course, what is known as the "examen philosophicum." For several years he made a special study of languages, ancient and modern, both at home and abroad, but suddenly changed his plans and began the study of theology. In 1871 he took and passed his theological examina tions. Professor Oftedal was not in sympathy with the organization and practice of the estab lished church of Norway, so did not care to take a place among its clergy, but when a call came to occupy a newly created chair of theology in the Augsburg Seminary he realized that it offered a splendid field for his endeavors and accepted the position. Augsburg Seminary had been founded in! 1869 at Marshall, Wisconsin, for the training of ministers for free Lutheran churches, and had moved in 1872 to Minneapolis. Professor Oftedal came to this city in 1873, and now for thirty-one years has held the position of theologi cal professor at that institution. He was elected president of the board of trustees soon after his connection with the school began and has been the most active and sincere supporter and promoter of the seminary at all times, , and by his earnest work and straightforward character. has gained the esteem of his faculty, students and friends. For ten years he was a member of the school board of Minneapolis, being for four years its president and on account of his active work in establishing high schools throughout the city, has been called "the father" of the present high school system of Minneapolis. He was also for ten years a member of the library board, during that time being chairman of the library commit- EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS 107 tee, and the hardest worker for the organization and establishment of the system of branch libraries. OZIAS, Albert Newton, principal of the West high school, was born in Preble county, Ohio, July 2, 1849, the son of George and Elizabeth Ozias. His ancestors came from Alsace Loraine before the revolution and took part in that struggle on the side of the colonists. Mr. Ozias' father was a farmer and his boyhood was spent on the farm with the usual schooling during the winter months. He prepared for the work of a teacher at the National Normal School at Lebanon, Ohio. Some years later he attended the state university of Ohio and received a Bach elor's degree in 1889 and a Master's degree two years later. Mr. Ozias began teaching at the age of twenty-three when he was appointed prin cipal of the West Des Moines high school. After six years of . service there he resigned to accept the department of science in the Central high school of Columbus, Ohio, following the distinguished teacher of science, Dr. T. C. Mendenhall. He remained in this position for six teen years. He then resigned and in 1897 ac cepted the principalship of the Racine high school and three years later was appointed to the South high school of Minneapolis. Mr. Ozias remained at the head of the South High for nine years and his successful work in that DAVID II. PAINTEIt. school was recognized in May, 1908, by his ap pointment to the new West high school, des tined to be one of the largest schools of the city. Mr. Ozias is a member of the Commercial Club and of the Fraternal Mystic Circle in which order he has held for twenty years the office of supreme trustee. He is a member of Hennepin Avenue M. E. Church. In 1877 Mr. Ozias was married to Marie Louise McKenzie and they have three daughters—Helen, Alice and Mildred. ALBERT NEWTON OZIAS PAINTER, David H., principal of the Adams school, is a native of Ohio. He is of ScotchIrish descent, although the family has lived in America for many years and the preceding gen erations came from Virginia. His father is a prominent and successful farmer. He was a teacher in his early life and has always been active in promoting the educational interests of his community. During the Civil War he served in the 135th Ohio infantry. Mrs. Painter was a teacher, also, in her early life and it is worthy of remark that of a family of six boys and four girls all were teachers except one daughter. The subject of this sketch was born on a farm near Newark, Ohio, November 11, i860. He attended country school, village high school, and com pleted his schooling at the Normal University, Ada, Ohio. He taught country schools, and was for six years principal of the village high school at Martinsburg, Ohio. In 1895 he came to Min- 108 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS W1LIIELM M. I'KTTERSEN. neapolis, having been appointed principal of Adams school, which position he still holds. Mr. Painter's sphere of activity has not been limited to public school work. In addition to his spe cial work as principal he has had a prominent part in organizing and supervising the city vaca tion school for a term of years; and is active in several organizations which have for their object the civic betterment of the community. Mr. Painter was married in the early nineties to Miss Carrie J. Young of Mt. Vernon, Ohio, now de ceased. Two children were born to them, Carl W. and M. Louise, the latter deceased. He was again married in June, 1907, to Mrs. Vida Shore Smith of Minneapolis. In political faith he is a republican. The family attends the Baptist church. PETTERSEN, Wilhelm Mauritz, since 1886 a professor at Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, was born at Mandal, Norway, on December 16. i860, the son of Thorn Pettersen and Athalia Pettersen. After graduation from the high school the son spent some time at sea, receiv ing a mate's navigation certificate at the age of eighteen. He early developed a fondness for books, nature and out door pursuits and while a very young man traveled extensively, visiting nearly all the European countries, Africa, South America and Mexico before coming to the United States in 1882. Mr. Pettersen came to Minneapolis in the fall of 1882 and entered Augs burg Seminary, from which he graduated in 1884, supplementing this course with one year of the ology and one year at the University of Minne sota where he studied philology and international law. In 1886 he became a member of the faculty at Augsburg and has been successively professbr of languages, mathematics, history and Nor wegian literature. In connection with his col lege work he has found pleasure in extensive reading, study and writing. A special aptitude for learning foreign languages was recognized in his early youth and this has developed into a talent for the study of languages and Profes sor Pettersen is versed in the Germanic and Romance languages, and has written much in. eluding a volume of poems and a poetic drama in Norwegian and from time to time a fugitive verse in English. He is recognized as one of the foremost Norwegian poets in the United States. He is now especially interested in historical studies. Professor Pettersen was affiliated with the democratic party from 1886 to 1908, but recently frankly stated that his views on the larger political questions had so changed that he would hereafter be a member of the republican party. His attitude toward public affairs is that of a citizen rather than a party man and in 1905 he was induced to become alderman from the eleventh ward, Minneapolis, on the platform of good municipal government, and has given the city intelligent and devoted service. Professor Pettersen is a member of the Norwegian Luth eran Free Church and has been its vice president for two years although not an ordained minister. He was one of the founders and for several years president of the Scandinavian Young Men's Christian Association in South Minneapolis and is a strong advocate of temperance. He is a member of the Odin Club and other local organ izations. Professor Pettersen was married in 1885 to Gunda Marie Nygaard and they have had six children. Mrs. Pettersen died in 1908. RANDALL, Eugene Wilson, dean of the agri cultural department of the University of Minne sota, was born at Winona, Minnesota, January 1, 1859, the son of Albert B. and Maria (Jayne) Randall. He graduated from the Winona State Normal School in 1879 and in the following year became principal of the Morris (Minnesota) high school, which he organized under the then new state high school law. After two years he re signed to become publisher and editor of the Morris Tribune and in 1888 disposed of his paper and devoted himself to agricultural and mercan tile interests at .Morris, also serving as post master from 1891 to 1895. In the latter year he was appointed secretary of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society and served for twelve years, during which the Minnesota State Fair grew from an insignificant position to be the first in the country. In 1904 Mr. Randall was appointed re- EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS gent of the University of Minnesota and served on the board until 1907 when he was appointed dean of the agricultural department. He has throughout his life been deeply interested in agriculture and in the development of agricul tural education and has brought to his present work a large acquaintance with practical agricul ture as well as an unusual executive ability. Mr. Randall is a member of the Minneapolis Com mercial Club, of the Six O'Clock Club, of the Masonic fraternity, of the A. O. U. W. and other orders. On March 16, 1882, he was married to Eudora A. Stone at Morris. They have three sons and one daughter. The family attend the Methodist church. Mr. Randall is a republican in political faith. REYNOLDS, Myron Herbert, a leading American veterinarian, was born November 5, 1865, at Wheaton, Illinois, son of Gardner W. Reynolds, a well-known nurseryman and botanist originally from New York state, and Mary Budd, of the same state. M. H. Reynolds received his early education in Iowa, whither his parents had removed, and entered the Iowa State Agricultural College at Ames. He graduated when under twenty years and took the B. S. A. degree, sup plementing it by the veterinary course, graduat ing D. V. M. He then took a medical course at the Iowa College of Physicians and Surgeons, EUGENE W. RANDALL. 109 graduating M. D., and concluded his studies with a course of Pharmacy, receiving the degree of Ph. G. On the recommendation of the Dean of the Veterinary Department of the Iowa State College, Dr. Reynolds was offered the lecture ship of the Minnesota State Farmers' Institute, which position he filled until 1893, when he was elected to the chair of Veterinary Science in the University of Minnesota, and was given charge of the Veterinary Division of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at St. Anthony Park. He was appointed a member of the State Board of Health in 1897, and was the first veterinary sur geon appointed on that board. He was made chairman of a committee on infectious diseases of animals, and, shortly, was made Director of the Veterinary Department of the State Board of Health, the veterinary sanitary work of which soon became a standard. He took an active part in the creation of the present State Live Stock Sanitary Board in 1903 and has since retained an active relation with this board, which is now recognized as one of the two best supported and efficient state live stock sanitary organizations in America. In 1900 Dr. Reynolds was elected to the Deanship of the Division of Veterinary Science of the Iowa State College, but declined the honor. Dr. Reynolds has written many im portant station bulletins and has made important contributions to veterinary literature, as "Hypo dermic Cathartics," "State Control of Hog Chol era," "State Control of Glanders," "Hog Cholera and Swine Plague," "Azoturia," "Bovine Tuber culosis," "Haemorrhagic Septicaemia." His text book, "Veterinary Studies," has been adopted by many state agricultural colleges. He edited for many years the annual reports of the American Veterinarian Association. He is a member of The American Veterinary Medical Association, The American Medical Association, The Ameri can Public Health Association, The Minnesota State Veterinary Association, The Minnesota State Medical Association, The Ramsey County Medical Association, and other scientific bodies. Dr. Reynolds is a member of the republican par ty; a member of the Congregational church; and a Mason, including the Shriner's degree. He has been twice married; in 1893 to Miss Eva M. Kuhn of Iowa, who died within a few months. In 1897 he was married to Miss May I. Shaw, daughter of Professor Thomas Shaw of the Uni versity of Minnesota. To them have been born four children. ' SNYDER, Harry, professor in the University of Minnesota, was born in Cherry Valley, New York, on January 26, 1867, the son of David W. Snyder and Mary Ann (Harter) Snyder. His father was a man of unusual mechanical skill and natural ability and, though a farmer much of his life, was in later years a railroad superintendent and constructor of bridges and woodwork. On both sides of the family the ancestors were Eng lish and early Dutch settlers of the Mohawk 110 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Valley and participants in French and Indian war, the war of the Revolution and the war of 1812. Professor Snyder received his education at the country schools, the graded school at Her kimer, the Clinton Liberal Institution at Fort Plain and at Cornell University which he entered in 1885. At Cornell he took the scientific course paying particular attention to chemistry and at the end of his sophomore year was made assist ant to Dr. Caldwell, the head of the chemistry department, a position which had always been held by a graduate student. During the next two years Professor Snyder became thoroughly fa miliar with laboratory methods, particularly along the line of agricultural chemistry which was a subject not then generally taught in Ameri can colleges. When he was graduated in 1889 he received honors for chemistry and his gradua tion thesis received honorable mention. He was at once appointed instructor at Cornell and in 1890 assistant chemist at the Cornell University Experiment Station. His work brought him into prominence and during the next year he was called to the position of chemist of the Minne sota Experiment Station and in 1892 was also appointed professor of agricultural chemistry in the University of Minnesota. Professor Snyder's work at the Minnesota Station during the past sixteen years has been notable. He has issued numerous bulletins of a very practical character dealing with soils, farm and dairy products and human foods. His work in soil analysis has been carried farther than in many other experiment stations. He has been a frequent contributor to technical journals and agricultural papers. He has published three text books which have passed through several editions—Soils and Ferti lizers, The Chemistry of Plant and Animal Life, and Dairy Chemistry—all issued by the press of the MacMillan Co. Some of Professor Snyder's works have been translated into other languages. He has been president of the Association of Of ficial .Agricultural Chemists and other scientific organizations. He has carried on extensive nu trition investigations with wheat and flour in co-operation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Professor Snyder was married in 1890 to Miss Adelaide Churchill Craig, daugh ter of Rev. Dr. Austin Craig, formerly president of Antioch College, Ohio. Professor Snyder is a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, I. O. O. F., R. A., member of the American Chemical Society, Society for the Promotion of Agricul ture, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Sigma Xi. WASHBURN, Frederick Leonard, was born at Brookline, Massachusetts, April 12, i860, son of Nehemiah and Martha Parmelee Washburn. His father was a native of Livermore, Maine, and a business man. Mr. Washburn's early life was spent in Brookline and he prepared for college at the Roxbury Latin School, from which he en tered Harvard University, graduating B. A., in 1882, receiving the M. A. degree in 1895 (Thay er Scholarship). He devoted his attention at Harvard to the important studies, biology and entomology, and further pursued his studies at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, as a gradu ate student. In 1887-88 he was appointed in structor in Zoology at the University of Michi gan; was Entomologist at the Oregon Experi ment Station 1889-95, and was Professor of Bi ology in the University of Oregon 1895-1902. He was appointed State Biologist of Oregon in 1899. In 1885 and 1886, under the direction of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, he made a collection, with data, of Minnesota birds. The results of this work appear in the Report of Dr. Hatch, published in 1882. In 1902, he was ap pointed Professor of Entomology in the Uni versity of Minnesota; Entomologist of the Min nesota Experiment Station and State Entomolo gist of Minnesota. Mr. Washburn is a member of the American Society of Naturalists, Fellow of the American Association for the Advance ment of Science, and other scientific bodies. He was married on December 27, 1887, to Frances L. Wilcox of Minneapolis, and two daughters, Mar tha and Alice, have been born to them. WEBSTER, William Franklin, son of William Wallace and Malvina Woodworth Webster, was born May 23, 1862, at Clearwater, Minnesota. His father was a merchant of that town, and the boy attended the village schools until the age of fourteen, when he became a cle;rk in the store. In 1880-81 he attended the Minneapolis Academy; and the next year he entered the University of Minnesota, from which he was graduated in 1886, with membership in Phi Beta Kappa. After graduating, Mr. Webster taught school at Buffalo, Minnesota, for a year, in 1887-8 he taught in the Minneapolis night schools, at the same time at tending the Minneapolis Medical College. He was superintendent of public schools for two years at Rushford, Minnesota, and in 1890-93 held a similar position at Moorhead, Minnesota. In 1893 he became principal of the East high school of Minneapolis where he still remains. He is the author of several works on the English lan guage and allied topics. Mr. Webster is a mem ber of the Congregational church. On August 7, 1890, he was married to Mary Alden Powell. They have three children, Ruth, Juliet and Marian. WESBROOK, Frank Fairchild, pathologist and bacteriologist; born in Brandt county, On tario, July 12, 1868. Oldest son of H. S. Wesbrook, formerly mayor of Winnipeg, and Helen Marr (Fairchild) Wesbrook, both of United Em pire loyalist lineage. Educated public schools of London, Ontario and Winnipeg, Manitoba; de gree B. A., medallist University of Manitoba, 1887,, M. A., M. D., C. M. 1900; studied at Mc- EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS Gill University, 1889; interne, Winnipeg General Hospital, 1890, and railway surgeon, C. P. Ry, Banff, Alberta; worked in pathology and bacteri ology King's College, London; Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, 1891, and University of Cambridge, Eng land, 1892 to 1895, where he held the appointment of John Lucas Walker, student in Pathology; worked in Hygienisches and Pathologisches In stitutes University of Marburg, Germany, 1894; held the chair of Pathology, University of Mani toba, 1892-1894, returning from Europe to give short courses; worked in Pathological Labora tory, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, Eng land, 1895. October, 1895, called to University of Minnesota as Professor of Bacteriology; 1896, was made Professor of Pathology and Bac teriology, University of Minnesota, which posi tion he still holds and was appointed Dean of the College of Medicine and Surgery of the Uni versity in 1906. He was appointed a member of the Minnesota State Board of Health in 1896, and served until 1900, and has beeh direc tor of the Laboratories of that Board since 1896. He is also a member of the ad visory board of the Hygienic Laboratory of the U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service; an honorary member of the Massachu setts Association of Boards of Health and be longs to the following associations and societies: Association of American Physicians; Association of American Pathologists and Bacteriologists; London Pathological Society; Pathological So ciety of Great Britain and Ireland; American Medical Association; Society of American Bacteriologists; American Public Health Associa WILLIAMS, Henry Lane, son of Job and Kate Stone Williams, was born at Hartford, Con necticut, July 26, 1869. His father is principal of the School for the Deaf at Hartford. His direct ancestors came to New England from Eng land and one of them, Richard Williams, founded the town of Taunton in Massachusetts in 1642. The descendants of this branch took part in the Colonial wars and in the War of the Revolution and in the War of 1812. Henry L. is the first member of the direct descendants to locate per manently out of New England. He attended the Hartford grade schools and prepared for college in the Hartford high school where he received the prize for his graduating oration on the theme "The Prospects of China." He was fond of all outdoor exercise and was instinctively athletic in his tendencies and had a passion for canoeing, a favorite trip with his sailing canoe being down the Connecticut River to Long Island Sound and along the Sound from New Haven to Watch Hill. He graduated from Yale in 1891. During his career at the university, while distinguishing him self as an all-around athlete and a record-breaker in various specialties, he maintained an excellent rank in scholarship and at graduation received a place on the appointment list. He was one of 111 HENRY L. WILLIAMS, M. D. the editors of the Yale Daily News during his last two years. He taught school after leaving college for a year at the Siglars Preparatory School at Newburgh on the Hudson and, while there athletically diverted himself by coaching the first West Point football team that' beat An napolis. Later, when studying medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, he had charge of the athletic sports at the William Penn Charter School, the largest private day school in Phila delphia. In 1893 he wrote a book jointly with the Medical School he was a member of the A. A. Stagg, now of Chicago, entitled "Treatise on the American Game of Football." While in Alpha Mu Pi Omega medical fraternity and of the D. Hays Agnew Surgical Society, and, on graduation, received the prize for dissection. He entered the Howard Hospital of Philadelphia in 1895 and served as resident physician there for one year. The next year he began the practice of medicine in Philadelphia and for the next four years was quiz master in the Medical Institute at the University of Pennsylvania on physical diagnosis and pathology, and on gynaecology and obstetrics. He was also an instructor in gynae cology at the University and a member of the staff of the Philadelphia Maternity Hospital, pathologist to the Howard Hospital and patholo gist to the Gynaecological Department of the Philadelphia Polycliriical Hospital. Since Dr. 112 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Williams came to Minneapolis, in 1900, he has been Director of Athletics at the state university holding one of the foremost positions as coach in Western football; and is an instructor in the Medical School, and actively engaged in the prac tice of medicine. Dr. Williams was appointed in 1907 to a position on the staff of the City Hos pital, taking charge of the gynaecological depart ment. He is now clinical instructor in gynae cology at the University medical school. He has, since he graduated in medicine, made four trips to Europe for post graduate study and investi gation, spending considerable time at Berlin and Vienna in the specialties of gynaecology and sur gery. He is a member of the Pennsylvania So ciety of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America. He is a member of the Commercial Club, of the St. Anthony Commercial Club, of the Roosevelt Club, of the Hennepin County Medical Society and of the American Medical As sociation. Dr. Williams is a republican in poli tics. He was married on November 24, 1897, to Miss Nina Meadows Boyd, of Maryland, and they have one son, Henry L. Williams, Jr., born Au gust 31, 1898. WULLING, Frederick John, dean of the Col lege of Pharmacy of the University of Minnesota, was born on December 24, 1866, at Brooklyn, New York. In 1870 his father's family moved per manently to their summer home at Carlstadt, New Jersey, a suburb of New York City. Here' Frederick graduated from grammar and high' school and business college. In 1884 Frederick took a position with college privileges with Dr. C. W. Braeutigam, of Brooklyn, devoting part of his time to work in Columbia University and to technical translations from French, German, Spanish and Italian Journals. He duly passed the senior examinations in pharmacy and allied branches before the boards of New York and Brooklyn, and of New Jersey, before he gradu ated from New York College of Pharmacy in 1887 at the head of his class, taking the gold medal and a hundred dollars in gold. During these years he also attended lectures at the Col lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia. In 1886 he was appointed lecture assistant to Professor Bedford, the foremost pharmacist of the profession, a year later to an instructorship, and in 1890 he was made assistant professor ol pharmacy in the New York College of Pharmacy. In 1887 he made a European tour, visiting the principal universities of the continent and taking up post-graduate work in Munich, Berlin, Goettingen and Paris and after his return, in the Hoagland Laboratory of Bacteriology. In 1889 he made another trip to Europe, taking advanced work in chemistry at Munich. In 1891 he was called to the chair of Inorganic Pharmaco-Diagnosis at the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy, which he held until he was called to the Uni versity of Minnesota in 1892, to organize a de partment of pharmacy. Professor Wulling was made the dean of the pharmacy faculty and an executive officer of the university and has given his whole time to the work. In 1894 he made a tour of Scotland, England, France and Belgium, coming in touch with the prominent scientists and educators of those countries. Between 1893 and 1898 he continued his studies at the state uni versity and received the degrees Ph. D., LL. B. and LL. M. In addition he has taken during his extensive college work the degrees of Ph. G., Ph. C., and F. S. Sc., and has done considerable original research work. Dr. Wulling is a fre quent contributor to scientific journals and has published several larger works—in 1891, the Evo lution of Botany; in 1892, Medical and Pharma ceutical Chemistry; Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds, published in Merck's Report from 1899-1900; a Course in Law for Pharmacists; and upwards of four hundred papers and essays on kindred subjects. He is a member of numerous professional societies; president of the North western Branch of the American Pharmaceutical Association; chairman of the Scientific Section, Minnesota State Pharmaceutical Association; ex ecutive officer of the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, and numerous other organizations. Dr. Wulling was married on Sep tember 15, 1897, to Miss Lucile Truth Gissel of Brooklyn, New York. CHAPTER X. MUSIC A DECIDED musical taste devel oped itself in the villages at the Falls - of St. Anthony within a few years of their settlement. As early as 1852 there were three singing schools in St. Anthony and in 1853 the first singing school in Hen nepin county was organized at Minneapolis under the direction of B. E. Messer and was supported by a public subscription headed by Colonel Stevens. It is not to be sup posed that the work of this pioneer singing society was of an advanced class but the movement showed the desire for music and a willingness to support musical endeavors As the years passed many cultivated people from eastern cities were added to the popu lation at the Falls and music became a prominent part of the social and religious life of the young settlement. There was always a glee club, singing school, or choral society in which the young people gathered and music was made an effective part of the church services. One of the oldest and best remembered groups was the old Plymouth church choir which was composed of Sam uel C. Gale, Harlow A. Gale, Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Cushman and Joseph H. Clark, and which not only made the musical part of the church service notable, but took the lead in the concerts and musical occasions in the young city. The gentlemen of the choir formed a male quartet which was in vited to many political meetings and was particularly prominent in the life of the state during war times. E. M. Bowman, later to become a mu sician of national reputation, lived in Min neapolis for a few years as boy and young man and an old handbill announces a grand concert, given as a "complimentary benefit" to E. M. Bowman in 1866. On this occa sion Mr. Bowman was "assisted by the Min THEATERS neapolis Cornet Band and Orchestra and the following ladies and gentlemen: Mrs. Whitney, Mrs. Cushman, Dr. J. A. Bowman, Mr. Cushman, Mr. R. P. Olmstead, Mr. S. V. Morris, Miss Barton, Miss Varney, Mr. Barton, Mr. J. H. Clark, Mr. H. A. Gale, Mr. A. M. Benham, the whole under the direction of A. M. Benham." For a long period few musical organiza tions were established which proved to have any permanence. An exception was the Harmonia Society formed by the Germans of the city in the early seventies and still an active choral society. Peter Rauen was a prominent president in the early years and Ludwig Harmsen, Richard Stempf and other well known musicians were among the leaders. One of the most important of the societies of the many which have passed out of existence was the Minneapolis Choral Society which was organized in 1876 and for five or six years did very creditable work. It drew into its membership many of the singers of the Harmonia society. George R. Lyman was president and Mr. Harmsen the first director and such well known musical people as Henry Chase, Charles B. and George B. Eustis, A. A. Guiwits, Henry Elliott, George Harrison, Joseph H. Clark, Dr. Bowman, Col. Charles W. Johnson, Mrs. F. A. Chamberlain, Gen. C. McC. Reeve and others were prominent in its ranks. This society was the first to give in Minneapolis such music as the Seasons, the Creation and works of a similar character in a thoroughly artistic manner. Its mem bership ranged from fifty to one hundred. The Choral Society and other organizations kept the taste for chorus music alive and occasionally, something in the way of a musical festival was attempted, with aug mented chorus and orchestra and soloists 114 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of reputation as special attractions. A not able occasion of this kind was that of 1884 when, upon the completion of the first drill hall and auditorium at the university, Chris tine Nilsson was the star at a festival which was very creditable to the city. During the eighties David Blakely promoted various musical undertakings; Danz' Orchestra was organized by Frank Danz, Jr., and for years gave weekly concerts at the old Harmonia Hall, and the original Apollo Club was formed. In this decade many of the prom inent musicians of the city came here— Willard Patten, H. S. Woodruff, Herman Zoch, Heinrich Hoevel, Gustavus Johnson, the Lachmunds, Fraulein Schoen-Rene, Clarance A. Marshall and others. With the early nineties more permanent organization and better results crowned the labors of the musical people. The Minne apolis Philharmonic Club was organized out of the remnants of older singing societies and began its development into the present excellent choral club—pronounced by the best authorities to be the equal of any in America. Emil Oberhoffer became its con ductor in 1901 and has brought the organ ization to a high degree of perfection. Through the coming of Mr. Oberhoffer Min neapolis also obtained an orchestra of the highest merit. The Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra was organized in 1903 and under Mr. Oberhoffer's leadership has obtained first rank not only in this country but among the orchestras of the world. Both these or- PENCE OPERA HOUSE. First Minneapolis theater; erected In 1867. ganizations are supported by hearty public commendation and liberal subscription. The Apollo Club, organized in the eighties and reorganized in 1895, is a male chorus, under the leadership of H. S. Woodruff and takes a prominent place in the musical life of the city. The Ladies' Thursday Musicale, another organization of the nineties, has done as much as any to promote music al culture. A recent organization, the Uni versity Musical Federation, seeks to pro mote the cause of music in the state university, with the purpose of secur ing the establishment of a musical de partment; for, notwithstanding the rapid growth of musical interest in the last two decades there has not been as much atten tion to musical education in the public in stitutions as would be desirable. The sub ject has been almost ignored in the univer sity and although music has been taught for years in the public schools it has not been given the recognition which the importance of the subject demands. PUBLIC SCHOOL MUSIC. One of the earliest teachers of music in the schools was Charles Marsh, a prominent musician of the city during the seventies. He was organist at the Church of the Re deemer and pianist for a time for the Min neapolis Choral Society. After Mr. Marsh came D. and J. W. Shryock of a family which contributed much to the musical life of the city. Next came O. E. McFadon who was supervisor of music for thirteen years, assisted for a part of the time by Stiles Raymond. Mr. McFadon brought a prac tical knowledge of school conditions to the work, and did much towards putting the music in the schools on a par with other subjects. During his regime the pupils of the schools were heard in many public con certs. In 1898 Mr. McFadon retired to enter another profession and was succeeded by Miss Helen M. Trask, who now holds the position. Miss Trask prepared for this special line of work by years of music study in the east and took a special preparatory course at Lexington Institute under Henry Holt and Alfred Hallam. She came to the work here at a time when public school MUSIC AND THEATERS music was just beginning to be taught along more pedagogical lines than the ab stract and technical methods of the past per mitted; and she was not slow to adapt the more advanced methods to Minneapolis schools. Consequently greater interest has been aroused among the children, and an improved standard of teaching gained among the teaching corps. Another impulse toward improvement has come through the establishment of a training class for prospective supervisors or special teachers of music, which has been conducted each summer at the university by Miss Trask. This course was organized three years ago and is already one of the most potent agencies at work in the state for the uplifting of the standards of music teaching. During the past nine or ten years the school children have taken part in many public entertainments, but in none with greater success than in the final concert at the time of the opening of the Auditorium, when a thousand children from all parts of the city and from all grades above the third took part under the leadership of Miss Trask. PRIVATE MUSIC SCHOOLS. The Northwestern Conservatory of Music was organized in 1885 and in 1891 it was purchased by Clarence A. Marshall who was its director until 1906 when he disposed of his interests and the school under the same name became the musical department of Stanley Hall though maintaining a separ ate organization. The Minneapolis School of Music, Oratory and Dramatic Art was established in 1898 by Gustavus Johnson who conducted it until 1907 when it passed into other management. In 1908 Mr. John son established the Johnson School of Music, Oratory and Dramatic Art. These institutions have given Minneapolis addi tional reputation as the musical center of the Northwest. The number of musical students in the city is now very large. THEATERS AND MUSIC HALLS. In the days when the singing school was the highest musical development of the city and the only theatrical companies visiting 115 WrM • '"in* I THE ACADEMY OF MUSIC. Second theater in Minneapolis. It stood at Washington and Hennepin. Minneapolis were such as might be expect ed to penetrate into a wilderness three hun dred miles beyond the railroad, Woodman's Hall, at the corner of Second avenue south and Washington avenue, was the only place of public amusement. After a time the first of the halls styled Harmonia Hall, was constructed at Second avenue north and Second street, and this in turn was followed by another Harmonia Hall at Washington and Nicollet. When, in 1867, the Pence Opera House was erected at the corner of Hennepin avenue and Second street, Minneapolis felt that she was reach ing metropolitan conditions. The Academy of Music, built in 1871 at the corner of Washington and Hennepin where Temple Court now stands, was the principal theater and concert hall until 1883 when it was remodelled into an office build ing. Its passing, was on the occasion of the opening of the Grand Opera House, built as a part of the Syndicate Block, on the Sixth street front and opened on April 2, 1883. This was a handsome theater and for years presented attractions which many Minneapolis people recall with great pleas ure. Two theaters were built in 1887—the Lyceum, opened in September with a not- 116 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS upon the immense stage. The auditorium is of strictly fire-proof construction through out. It is equipped with a four-manual pipe organ, the fourth in size in the country. Since its completion this building has been used for the concerts of the Philharmonic club, the Minneapolis Symphony orchestra, the Apollo club, for grand opera and many theatrical and musical engagements of all kinds. The auditorium serves to emphasize the high estimation in which things musical are held by the people of Minneapolis. THE GRAND OPERA HOUSE. able engagement of Booth and Barrett, and the Bijou Opera House, opened on October 31, as a popular priced theater. It was built by Lambert Hays of Minneapolis and has always been under the management of Theodore Hays. The Metropolitan Opera House was opened in 1894 as the Peoples Theater. For a year it was a stock com pany house, and then became the Metro politan Opera House, succeeding to the theatrical fortunes of the Grand, which went out of business and was soon dismantled. Vaudeville had never been tried in Minne apolis as a regular seasons attraction until the building of the Orpheum theater in 1904. BERGQUIST, John Victor, (J. Victor Bergquist) musician, was born at St. Peter, Minnesota, May 18, 1877. His father, C. F. Bergquist, came from Sweden, in the early seventies, and built up by his industry, a good business in hardware and lumber. As a boy,' his son, Victor, after some years in the Minneapolis public schools, started out on a business life in the employ, first, of the Glass Block, and later, of the Minneapolis Gas Co. His bent toward music was so marked, how ever, that he soon found the way to gratify it by a course in the musical department at Gustavus Adolphus College of St. Peter, Minn. From this he graduated with honors at the age of eighteen, having won the gold medal in an organ contest at THE AUDITORIUM. Until 1905 Minneapolis had no place suit able for concerts where a large audience was to be expected. This want was sup plied by the erection of the Minneapolis Auditorium by the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company of Minneapolis, after plans by Bertrand & Chamberlin, and at a cost (including the site and the adjoin ing office building) of about $400,000. It is a beautiful building with a frontage of no feet and a depth of 220 feet, a seating capac ity of 2,500 with room for a chorus of 400 J. VICTOR BERGQUIST. MUSIC AND THEATERS 117 the college. Four years of study with the lead ing teachers of music in Minneapolis were fol lowed by about three years of foreign study at Berlin and Paris in the studios of such instruc tors as Grunicke, Scharwenka, Berger and Guilrnant. It was during this European stay, while witnessing the Passion Play, that Mr. Bergquist was first inspired by the idea of his oratorio "Gol gotha." He was not able to find time to develop this until the fall of 1904 when he began the vocal score. The work went on at intervals during the next twelve months and was not completed until November of 1905, nor presented until April 6, 1906. During this year and a half of more or less absorption in his project, Mr. Bergquist was acting as organist of Augustana Lutheran Church, principal of the piano department of Gustavus Adolphus College of St. Peter, director of the male chorus of the United Church seminary, and organist to the Apollo Club besides maintaining his position as director of the Cecilian Studios. A great worker and full of musicianly enthusiasm, Mr. Bergquist has written several other composi tions for organ, piano and voice, but "Golgotha" is his last and most important work; and one which has excited much local interest as a work of power and promise. Mr. Bergquist belongs to the Odin Club. He was married to Emilia Elvira Johnson, June 7, 1905. IIEINKICII IIOEVEL. S. CLAY GILBERT. HOEVEL, Heinrich, Jr., musician, is of Ger man parentage and nationality, born near Bonn, on the Rhine, June 22, 1864. His father, Hein rich Hoevel, indulged the evident talent of his son for music, and gave him the opportunity of cultivating it by instruction in the best studios of his native place. Bonn, as the birthplace of Beethoven, is full of musical traditions, and com petent teachers abound. When Heinrich, Jr., was seven years old, he received his first violin as a Christmas present, and taught himself to play upon it familiar airs, but it was not until he was sixteen that his father began to consider his son's musical abilities anything but an accomplishment or needing more skillful training. Finding that the bent for the musician's life was a permanent tendency, he then sent his son to Cologne Con servatory. The first professional engagement of the musician after graduation was as first violin in the Alhambra orchestra in London in the fall of 1883. The Alhambra (now a music hall) was then opened for English opera and the first opera played was Geo. Frederic Clay's "The Golden Ring." During the same period he also played as first violin at the Crystal Palace under the leadership of Manns. The necessity of military service called him back to Germany after a year in England. He served out his army term and then spent several years on the Continent as a member of various orchestras and as conductor 118 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of musical organizations. In the former work, he played under such orchestral leaders as Anton Seidl and Ferdinand von Hiller—the latter a man who had the reputation of being the best edu cated musician of his time. Mr. Hoevel came to Minneapolis in 1889, and made his first public appearance at Dyer's Music Hall, January 6, 1890, with the Lachmund String Quartette of which he was solo violinist. Mr. Hoevel has been a favor ite with both his audiences and his associates in musical work, and has had eighteen successful years in Minneapolis. He has been identified with chamber music to a great extent and par ticularly with string quartette work. HUNT, Hamlin Harry, the son of T. J. Hunt of Ellington, Minnesota, was born in that town on June 5, 1866. He is descended from old New England families that originally had their homes in Vermont. He spent his early life in Dodge Center, Minnesota, and there received his school education. He then entered Carletpn College, Northfield, Minnesota, and began a literary and musical education. He graduated from the School of Music at Carleton in the year 1884, and immediately entered upon his musical career. He went to Winona and for three years taught music, at the same time holding the position of organist at the First Congregational Church. He then went to Berlin for two seasons, where he further pursued his musical studies. Upon re turning to this country he located in Quincy, Illinois, and for six years was organist of the Congregational church and director of the Quin cy Conservatory of Music. He again went to Berlin for a year and afterwards studied the organ under Guilmant in Paris. He finally com pleted his studies and returned to this country, coming to Minneapolis in September, 1898, where he became the organist at St. Mark's Episcopal Church and later at the Plymouth Congregational Church, where he has now been for- eight years. Each year Mr. Hunt has made a practice of giv ing a series of free organ recitals and as director has produced in the church services many choral works of fine character that have contributed much to the cause of good music and have won for him the appreciation of the music lovers of the city. He was also selected to give three or gan recitals at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo and two on the large organ at the St. Louis Exposition. He was appointed in 1906 organist of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. Mr. Hunt believes in the teachings of the Con gregational church. He was married on April 16, 1895, to Miss Laurina J. White in Quincy, Illinois. They have no children. JOHNSON, Gustavus, was born in Hull, Eng land, on November 2, 1856. He is the son of Peter Johanson, a native of Sweden, and Henri etta Hole, daughter of Admiral Hole, who first distinguished himself in the English navy as alieutenant under Lord Nelson. Admiral Hole came of an old English family and entered the navy about 1795, served through several notable battles among which was the battle of Trafalgar, was promoted to the rank of admiral, and at the time of his death in 1870 was the oldest officer in the navy. When Mr. Johnson was three years old his family moved to Stockholm, Sweden, and there he spent his early life, began his education and graduated from the Stockholm high school. His musical talent marked out a career for him and he studied the piano and theory of music under the leading masters of the art. He entered the Schartau business college of Stockholm and graduated in 1874. A year later he emigrated to America and after staying for a short time in the East, came to Minneapolis, where with the excep tion of three years spent in Wisconisn he has since lived. He began his musical work as an instructor and concert pianist, and for a quarter of a century has been known as one of the fore most musicians of the Northwest, and has been the instructor of a number of pianists who rank high in their art. In 1898 he established the Johnson School of Music, Oratory and Dramatic Art, which became the largest institution of its kind in the city, with an average enrollment of nearly five hundred pupils. Mr. Johnson is also well known as a composer, mostly of piano selec tions but he has also written much for other in struments as well as for the voice. His greatest works are a trio for the piano, violin and cello and a concerto for the piano and orchestra. Mr. Johnson is a member of the Minnesota State Music Teachers' Association and in 1906 was president of that organization. He was married in 1882 to Miss Caroline Frances Winslow, a di rect descendant of Governor Edward Winslow who played so important a part in Colonial events. They have one child, a daughter, Laura Louise, born in 1890. MARSHALL, Clarance Alden, for many years director of the Northwestern Conservatory of Music in this city and one of the well known musicians of the Northwest, was born on May 15, 1859, at Marlboro, Massachusetts. He is the son of Alden B. Marshall, a contractor and builder, who served during the Civil War and later located at Newton, Massachusetts, where h^ was well known, and highly respected by his fellow townsmen. Clarissa Hemenway, mother ^f Clarance A., was the daughter of a prominent family of Framingham, Massachusets, and was, as well as Mr. Marshall, Sr., of old Colonial par entage, the ancestors of both families having settled in New England with the Puritans. Clar ance Alden passed the early years of his life in Marlboro, but when he was nine years of age the family moved to Newton, Massachusetts, where a splendid school system offered excellent chances for an education. Mr. Marshall there attended the public schools, and graduated from the high school in 1877, and the following year 119 MUSIC AND THEATERS entered Harvard College as a special student of music and art. After a six years course there during which he was under the instruction of John Knowles Paine and others, he continued his studies in Boston under famous instrumental and vocal artists, and finally became associate conductor with Carl Zerrahn, of the Handel and Haydn Oratorio Society. For some time he was engaged in Watertown, Roxbury, Boston, Dor chester, Bangor, Waterville, Augusta and other New England towns, as choir director and or ganist and the director of choral societies. In 1887, he came west to Saginaw, Michigan, to take charge of a choir and three choral organizations, but the climate affected his health, so the fol lowing winter was spent in Nashville, Tennessee, where he was choir leader and vocal instructor in a large young ladies' seminary. He was the organizer and promoter of the most successful musical festival ever held in Nashville, in the year 1889. In the fall of that year he took charge of the chorus and orchestra of the Mozart Society of Richmond, Virginia, and during the two years he remained there, was prominent and active in the musical progress of the city, arranging semi monthly concerts and managing two large and successful musical festivals. In 1891 he came to this city and purchased the Northwestern Con servatory of Music and assumed its direction. For fifteen years he successfully managed the school, the annual attendance having increased from one hundred and thirty in 189-1, to more than five hundred pupils. In the summer of 1906 he disposed of his interests in the conservatory. While in Minneapolis he has also held positions as organist and choir master of Westminister Presbyterian, Gethsemane Episcopal and the First Congregational churches, and in other ways has been active and influential in the promotion of music in the Northwest. Mr. Marshall be came a member of the Immanuel Baptist Church of Newton, Massachusetts, when a boy, and still retains the membership. He was married in 1891 to Miss Marion Howard of Waterville, Maine, and they have one daughter. OBERHOFFER, Emil Johann, a leading mu sician of the northwest, was born near Munich, Bavaria, in 1867. His father was a successful or ganist, composer and conductor in the Bavarian provinces. H'is mother also came of a musical family and a brother as well as two sisters were musicians. Emil very early showed musical tal ent and when a child of ten years could play the organ and violin with wonderful ability and taste. He had at this time, beside the strict surveillance of his father, the most helpful instruction of Cyril Kistler, since renowned as the composer of a number of operas. During a six years' course at a literary college following, Mr. Oberhoffer continued his musical studies under the best pri vate teachers obtainable, in pianoforte, organ, violin, voice, and in an excellent school and IiMIL OHEKIIOKFEK. church orchestra not only became acquainted with all orchestral instruments, but had ample opportunity to try out his talent as conductor, which was thus early recognized. About this time he also took a thorough course of theoret ical studies under the Rheinberger regime. Spe cializing as a pianist he later spent some time in Paris with the famous technique expert Isadore Phillip. After the completion of his studies he came to New York but remained there only a short time, leaving the musical directorship of a prominent college to establish himself in the west. He first came to St. Paul where he soon attained a prominent position as a teacher, lectur er, concert giver and conductor. In 1897 he spent seven months in Europe in study and ob servation and in the fall of the same year was called to the position of conductor of the Apollo Club of Minneapolis. At the same time the Schubert Choral Association and Schubert or chestra were formed in St. Paul under his direc tion. In 1901 Mr. Oberhoffer became conductor of the Minneapolis Philharmonic Club which soon attained a leading position among the choral societies of the country. The necessities of the development of musical life and culture in the city soon brought about the suggestion from Mr. Oberhoffer that an orchestra be formed and with the assistance and support of the lead ing men of Minneapolis the Minneapolis Sym- A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 120 II FLORENCE E. PARKS. phony Orchestra was established in 1903 and has since been the most prominent musical organiza tion in the northwest. The phenomenal suc cess of the club and orchestra under Mr. Oberhoffer's direction has led to the engagement of his services for a term of years and the practical perpetuation of the musical progress which has already made Minneapolis the center of musical education in the Northwest and given her a reputation for musical culture quite unprecedent ed in the east. Besides his activities as conduc tor, Mr. Oberhoffer. finds time for a group of advanced pupils in pianoforte-playing; he has been organist and director of the music at the Church of the Redeemer for the past few years and holds the chair of music at the state uni versity. PARKS, Florence Estelle, born in Ohio, Trumbull county, is a descendant of a long line of musical ancestors, particularly on the side of her father, Henry Clay Peck, who came of old colonial stock, his mother's father having been Abram Crawley, a major in the Revolutionary war and one of those who engaged in the "Boston Tea Party." The mother of Mrs. Parks was El len E. (Sanford) Peck, a descendant of Nathaniel Greene and who enjoyed the distinction of having been one of the early teachers of President McKinley. Mrs. Parks gave evidence at an early age of marked musical talent, being capable of singing at sight difficult compositions at the age of four—the system then in use being numerals written upon the staff instead of notes. System atic instruction for her musical education began when she was six years old, her studies embrac ing piano, theory of music, harmony, counter point composition for both organ and voice. Mrs. Parks received voice training from the best in structors in Chicago and New York and various cities of Europe, and has enjoyed wide experi ence in oratorio, concert and church singing. For the past fifteen years Mrs. Parks has been a resident of Minneapolis and actively engaged in the musical life of the city. During these years Mrs. Parks has devoted her time and study prin cipally to the "art of teaching." Her wide ex perience as a student and singer has given her a knowledge and comprehension of the many various methods which, blended with her indi vidual ability, renders her most efficient as a vocal instructor. For the past twelve years Mrs. Parks has had full direction of the music in St. Charles Church. For several years she was in charge of the vocal department of Stanley Hall and at different times was instructor in Macalester College and the Johnson School of Music. Mrs. Parks has been an active member of the Thursday Musical since its beginning, and at dif ferent times has been a member of the executive board and program committee. She is now di rector of the Students Quartettes and Choral Club and her work with them is most successful. PATTEN, Willard, was born at Milford, Maine, on May 26, 1853. His father, Daniel Hall Patten, a building contractor, was of Irish des cent, who had been before taking up his con tracting work, an unprofessional musician, choir master, violinist and vocalist of considerable tal ent, and from whom Mr. Patten inherited his ar tistic instincts. His mother was Elizabeth Jones, born in Canada but of Welsh descent. Mr. Pat ten resided in Bangor, Me., during his early life, and because of a weakness of the lungs when about sixteen years old he took up calisthenics and voice culture. He left high school before completing his course to take private lessons in English literature and music. His musical work included notation, theory, thoroughbass and musical analysis and later he studied ensemble training and the art of conducting, the latter under Carl Zerrahn of the Handel and Haydn So ciety of Boston. He then began his musical ca reer, teaching, conducting musical conventions, and composing, producing his first operetta in 1881. Through Dr. Eben Tourgee, the director of the New England Conservatory, he was offered a position in that institution, but declined, and came west in 1883, establishing himself in Minne apolis as a solo singer and teacher of voice cul ture. In 1889 he produced the opera, La Fianza, with pronounced success; and afterwards several MUSIC AND THEATERS short pieces. He continued his studies and in 1896, after spending more than a year in the se lection and arrangement of the text, composition, and score, he completed his oratorio, Isaiah, and on January 27, 1897, it was given its initial per formance at the Metropolitan theater, before an audience that included all the musicians and music lovers of the two cities and the northwest. This achieved remarkable success and established Mr. Patten's reputation as a musician. The fol lowing year he was appointed conductor of the re-organized Philharmonic Club, a position he held for three years, resigning to devote his at tention to further composition. He has since completed two large choral works based upon historical data, the first entitled "Star of Empire" and the second "Foot-Stones of a Nation." He is at present bringing to completion a cantata in modern form on the subject of the Resurrection. Mr. Patten is actively interested in musical edu cational movements and has recently been in strumental in establishing twelve singing schools, each under the care of a competent musician, and his connection with the general advancement of music quite as much as his personal successes show the influence his work has had upon the musical progress of the northwest. Many of his compositions, among them his oratorio Isaiah, have obtained wide popularity for their true merit and become better known each year, but Mr. Patten is too serious in his art to seek com W1LLARD PATTEN. 121 mon-place applause, seeking rather to earn the commendation of his peers, in which he has fully accomplished his aims. Mr. Patten was married in 1875 to Miss Alesta Virginia Hebberd, in Ban gor, Maine. They have had one daughter, Ruth Elizabeth, who died in 1901. WILLIAMS, James Austin, one of the prom inent concert tenors and voice instructors of Minneapolis, is a native of England and is by birth the descendant of an old established Welsh family, which is traced back among the inhabi tants of Wales for more than four centuries. From these ancestors was^ descended Enoch Williams who located at Mitcheldean, Gloucester shire, England, and there established a stone business, which developed into a flourishing and extensive enterprise. He was married to Augusta Parry, and his son, J. Austin, was born at Mitcheldean, England, on April 19, 1876. Six years later the family left England to come to America and located at Stonewall, Manitoba, Can ada. There J. Austin, received his education, at tending the public schools and after completing his academic studies began the study of music and the training of his voice. For a time Pro fessor Dore of London, England, was located at Winnipeg, Canada, and Mr. Williams continued his vocal studies under his instruction, and for a time his vocal training was directed by Professor Chambers, also of London. In 1905 he was a pupil of Professor M. B. de Bor of New York, and at intervals during the last eight years has studied with a number of the foremost teachers and musicians in the Twin Cities. At the present time, in addition to his teaching and concert work, Mr. Williams is receiving further train ing under the supervision of Dr. Rhys-Herbert, the well known composer of this city and now the organist at the Hennepin Avenue Methodist Church. Since moving to Minneapolis a few years ago Mr. Williams has taken an active part in the musical affairs of the city and is now identified with several of the more important musical organizations. For one year he was the director of the choir of Fowler Methodist Church and at the present time holds the same position with the De la Salle choir. For three years he has had the direction of the Boys' Glee Club of the Central High School and under his charge that organization has achieved a cred itable local reoutation. He was a member of the Apollo Club for several years and now is a member and one of the board of directors of the Philharmonic Club. Mr. Williams has been ex tensively connected with vocal church music and has done tenor solo and choir work in ten of the larger churches of the citv and is now in his fourth year as tenor of the choir at the Church of the Redeemer. In addition to this work he is active in concert and recital work and takes a general interest in the promotion and support of measures that tend to the musical development of Minneapolis. 122 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS cessfully in the great European musical centers, Fraulein Schoen-Rene came to this country and has for some years made her home with her sister, Marie Schoen, in Minneapolis. For some time she was instructor in the University of Min nesota and was the founder and musical director of the University Choral Union, which has done splendid work. Fraulein Anna Eugenie SchoenRene has taken a prominent part in the promo tion of musical culture in Minneapolis. She is a member of the Union des Arts et des Sciences, of Paris, France, and a member of the "Deutsche Buchnen genossenschaft," of Berlin. Fraulein Schoen-Rene has been earnestly besought by many of her friends to return to the operatic stage, as her health has been greatly improved in Minnesota. ANNA E. SCHOEN-RENE. SCHOEN-RENE, Anna Eugenie, is a native of Prussian Poland. Her father was at one time secretary of agriculture and forestry of the im perial province of Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, and an officer of the. Guards. At his death the Emperor William, who was his close friend, promised to care for his eight children and through his kindness Fraulein Schoen-Rene was enabled to prepare for the profession of a singer in grand opera, which was her absorbing ambi tion. She graduated from the Royal Academy of Music in Berlin, receiving half the prize offered by the Mendelssohn family to the most promising student and devoted it to the completion of her musical education in Italy. She studied with Francesco Lamperti, Sen. of Milan in voice cul ture, and with Madame Viardot and Maestro Garcia in Paris, making her debut in Berlin under the auspices of Princess Friedrich Carl, of Prus sia. She was engaged to sing at the Royal Opera House of Saxe-Altenburg through the Duke of that Duchy, and soon became a musical favorite, meeting many famous musicians and composers, as Brahms, Rubenstein and Liszt. With marked ability she played the leading roles in "Don Juan," "Daughter of the Regiment," "Carmen," "Faust," and other operas. After singing suc WOODRUFF, Henry Seymour, the son of Henry and Lucy A. (Rollo) Woodruff, was born at Cortland, Cortland county, New York. His father was, though a merchant, a man of musical taste and on his mother's side he was connected with a family of musicians. His mother was, during her early life, an instructor on the piano and her grandfather was a musical conductor. Mr. Woodruff began his education at the State Normal School at Cortland and studied music in Syracuse. When he was fifteen years of age he served as organist in the First Baptist Church of Cortland and later went to Cincinnati to study for six years under Henry G. Andres, Herman Auer, Bush Foley and Louis Ehrgott. For the most of this time he was organist of St. Paul's M. E. Church of Cincinnati. During this period he was also active in organ recital work. In 1886 he came to Minneapolis to fill a six weeks engagement as solo organist at the first Exposi tion and was so impressed by the opportunities of the city that he decided to locate here. Short ly after the close of the Exposition Mr. Wood ruff received an appointment as organist of the First Baptist Church, then just completed, and served in that capacity for six years, during four of which he also acted as choir master. About this time he opened a studio and gave instruc tion in piano, pipe organ, and voice culture. Upon the founding of the Apollo Club in 1887 he was appointed director for their first two sea sons and for three years held a like position with the Philharmonic Club. Again in 1902 he be came musical conductor of the Apollo Club and has held the position since that time. Mr. Wood ruff has given many organ recitals and done much concert work in Minneapolis, St. Paul and other cities of the northwest. In 1893 he served as organist at the Church of the Redeemer, but afterwards returned to the First Baptist Church. In 1897 he studied in Paris with Delle Sedie, the celebrated voice teacher and upon his return ac cepted the position of organist and choir master -MUSIC AND THEATERS of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, with which he is still connected. Mr. Woodruff was married in 1899 to Miss Corice Colburn, one of the younger artists of this city. ZOCH, Herman, son of Carl Frederick, and Augusta Kunau Zoch, was born in Theerkeute, Prussia. He is descended from a landed family, his paternal grandfather, a distinguished officer in the war of 1813, having held an estate in Silesia. Carl Frederick Zoch was the director of the estates of the Polish Count Dzieduszicki, and on one of these estates in the province of Posen his son Herman was born. He began his edu cation with a private tutor, later studying in the state gymnasium at Halle, Saxony, and then graduating from the Thomas gymnasium at Leipsic. His musical career which his native ability gave promise of being so brilliant com menced in the Royal Conservatory of Music at Leipsic, where he studied the piano under Carl Reinecke, Jadassohn and Coccius, the first two being his instructors in counterpoint and compo sition. He finished a six-year course in three years receiving at his graduation the first prize in piano playing. He studied for several months in Paris, and then for two years was in Munich where he associated with the leading musicians of the day and performed for Joseph Rheinberger that famous composer's piano concerto, op. 94, which he later introduced at concerts in Berlin and Leipsic. He toured through the principal cities of Germany, Leipsic, Berlin, Munich, Vi enna, Gotha and others, and gave a series of piano recitals that added much to his rapidly increasing reputation as an artist and pianist. He left Ger many in 1883 to come to America and a year later located in Minneapolis where he has been en gaged as a teacher of piano and in concert and recital work. Since 1889 he has made three con cert tours and has given piano recitals in Bos ton, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Syracuse, St. Louis, Indianapolis, Louisville, Cincinnati, and played at the Music Teachers' National Convention at Cleveland in 1892. During the time he has re sided in Minneapolis he has given some four score recitals, not including recitals in St. Paul, Duluth and those of his eastern trips; among which have been three Beethoven evenings, com 123 prised of the last five sonatas of that master, Bee thoven's Emperor-Concerto in E Flat with Or chestra twice, four Brahms evenings, one Schu bert evening, and in the fall of 1906 he gave in one evening the forty-eight "Songs without Words" by Mendelssohn. Mr. Zoch has won an enviable reputation as an instructor of the piano and is recognized as a performer of great merit. His programs, on which appear such names as Beethoven, Schuman, Chopin, Brahms, Liszt, Rheinberger, Rubinstein, Handel, Henselt, Joseffy, Jensen, Raff, Tausig, Scarlatti, Heller, Wagner, Reinecke and others, reveal his wonder ful repertoire, and give some insight into the con tinuous labor at his art that has given Mr. Zoch a place in the front rank of present day musicians. HERMANN ZOCH. CHAPTER X I . ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING A S in most western cities—or new cities in any land—Minneapolis gave tardy ^-recognition to things artistic. Utility was the first consideration in the young city and during all her earlier years the strife for gain shut out thought of the beautiful. However the city was often visited by artists attracted by the picturesque location and surroundings. As early as 1848 Henry Lewis, an artist of some reputation in those days, visited St. Anthony and made sketches of the falls, and afterwards executed a number of paintings, some of which are still in existence in Minneapolis. Another early visitor was Frank B. Mayer, who was present at the Indian treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851, and afterwards made a painting which hangs 111 the Minnesota State Historical Society's gallery. Capt. Seth Eastman, whose water color sketch is undoubtedly the earliest painting of the Falls in existence, was commandant at the Fort in 1841 and was employed by the government in the fifties to make sketches illustrating Indian life and customs. In the nature of things it was many years before it was possible for an artist to establish himself permanently in the city, and it was not until 1883"when the-Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts was organized, that art began to have a definitely appointed place in the city's life. The formation of the society was largely due to the efforts of Dr. W. W. Folwell, then president of the university, who with twenty-four others, were the charter members. For several years the society only held annual exhibitions but in 1886 the School of Fine Arts was opened under the direction of Douglas Volk who brought to the undertaking at Minneapolis a high order of ability, and whose early work gave abundant promise of his later distinction as an artist. For several years the school occupied temporary quarters. Upon the completion of the publie library in 1889 the school occupied rooms in the building and has since remained there, gradually increasing its student body and occupying more space from year to year. Mr. Volk was succeeded in 1893 by Robert Koehler who has since remained in charge of the school with continued success, This school maintains classes in antique art, still life, portrait painting, water colors, and departments for decorative design, handicrafts and architecture. There are now about two hundred students. Annual exhibitions have been maintained and for some years exhibitions of art photography have been held occasionally. In 1895 the Chalk and Chisel club was formed. The name was afterwards changed to the Arts and Crafts Society and the organization has the honor of being the oldest of the arts and crafts societies of the country. Its purpose includes the development of all the lines of art work and bi-annual exhibitions are held. Among its active members is Miss Mary .Moulton Cheney, who is president in 1908. The great interest in the revival of art in handicraft made possible the institution of the Handicraft Guild which has developed rapidly and in four years occupied a building erected especially for its use. It has taken a most efficient part- in the development of artistic taste in the city, Besides maintaining and conducting a school of design in which there is instruction in pottery making, metal work, leather work, book-binding, wood work, wood carving, wood block printing, water color and other arts, the guild maintains permanent exhibition and sales rooms. In the building ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING is a beautiful assembly hall and the Guild is to a large extent the center of aesthetic activity in Minneapolis. Its organization and rapid progress is largely due to the work of Misses M. Emma Roberts and Flor ence Wales, president and secretary, res pectively. Miss Roberts had been for some years supervisor of drawing in the public schools of the city and is responsible for the excellent progress which has been made in the schools notwithstanding many ob stacles. Miss Wales had been a teacher of art in the Central high school and is an ac complished artist in water color. Another artistic influence is that of the Craftshouse where the art work of Mr. John S. Bradstreet finds expression. Mr. Bradstreet has long been identified with the art life of the city and gives special attention to interior decoration and furnishing. The Craftshouse, like the building of the Handi craft Guild, is architecturally beautiful and unique. When the public library building was planned the study of art was given broad consideration, and in addition to arranging for the housing of the School of Fine Arts an art gallery was provided for and an art book room established. The art gallery has grown from small beginnings to be a col lection of much merit and is enriched by loans of excellent pictures owned by private collectors. In the building there is also an admirable collection of plaster casts of statuary. Mr. T. B. Walker has built up the largest private art collection in the city. It is in a spacious gallery connected with his residence at Eighth street and Henne- 125 mi FIREPLACE IN THE HANDICRAFT GUILD. pin avenue, where it is open to the public during the daylight hours throughout the year. Mr. Walker has taken great interest in all art development in the city and is one of the most prominent private collectors in the West. Public and official recognition of art has been slow and first found expression in the formation of the board of park commission ers; although it is not to be supposed that all who assisted in the promotion of the park system understood that they were cul tivating the artistic development of the city. The Art Commission of the city created in 1901, was a tardy recognition of the need of selection and discrimination in the pos sible purchase or acceptance of works of art. This commission is composed of E. C. Chatfield, president, and Robert Koehler, Wm. Channing Whitney, Edward C. Gale and John S. Bradstreet—all men who have been prominent in the art development of the city. ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING. THE HANDICRAFT GUILD BUILDING. The distinct advances made in the last twenty years in matters architectural is one of the most gratifying phases of Minne apolis development. The numerous exam ples of refined taste in residence, commer cial and public buildings, reflect the influ ence of a group of intelligent and progres sive architects. With the increase of wealth and the advance of culture there is a growing tendency to give the architect free rein in planning both business and residence structures. It has come to be un derstood that architectural beauty may 126 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS have a commercial value and that a building of the most beautiful bridges in the West* which conforms to the canons of good taste The steel arch bridge uniting the east and need not necessarily be more expensive than west divisions of the city at the foot of one which offends. Some very admirable the main thoroughfares is a well designed examples of good business buildings have •and substantial structure; while the Lake been erected in Minneapolis in the past street bridge over the Mississippi river is half-dozen years. No attempt to illustrate noted for its graceful lines. this development will be made in this chap Education in the engineering profession ter; but some of the notable buildings of has made decided progress while in the city will be found pictured throughout architecture little has been done. An at the pages of other chapters, in appropriate tempt was made to establish a course in connection. Minneapolis architects have architecture at the university but it did taken a large part in the aesthetic develop not meet with success. On the other hand ment of the city, working prominently in the College of Engineering is one of the the art society, for the guild work and on most important in the institution. Its the park commission. Landscape architec courses cover civil and mechanical engineer ture has been given much attention in more ing and all their subdivisions of municipal recent years; many of the best modern res and sanitary engineering, structural en idences of the city are particularly effective gineering, electrical engineering, railway through their admirable settings. At pres and highway engineering, etc. The Min ent the only architectural organization of neapolis Engineers Club is an active or the city is the Minneapolis Architectural ganization with rooms at 17 South Sixth Club, formed in 1907 by the younger men street. of the profession. It has rooms at 116 BERTRAND, George Emile, of the firm of South Fourth street. A. R. Van Dyck is Bertrand & Chamberlin, architects, was born in president and there are some forty mem Superior, Wisconsin, on June 22, 1859, the son bers. of A. G. and Marie (Landry) Bertrand. He-re The engineering profession is of course ceived a public school.education and studied the closely affiliated with the architectural profession of architecture in Boston and Min neapolis, spending several years in offices of group, especially in the specialties of struc leading architects. He has been engaged in the tural steel and concrete work which are now practice of his profession since 1881 and estab taking a very prominent place in building. lished himself permanently in Minneapolis in It happens that Minneapolis is the home of 1886, and in 1896, with Arthur B. Chamberlin. very extensive structural contracting firms formed the present firm. Mr. Bertrand is a director in the State Institution for Savings. In which require engineering ability of a high political affiliations he is a republican and he is order. As one of the great water power a member of the Masonic Order and of the Com cities of the world Minneapolis has em mercial and Six O'Clock Clubs. He is also a ployed the best hydraulic engineering talent member of the Minnesota Chapter American In of Architects. Some years ago he served and resident representatives of this divis stitute as a member of the Minnesota Light Infantry, ion of the profession are consulted from the first company of militia organized in the every part of the continent. In municipal state. Mr. Bertrand was married in September, construction, bridge building and the like, 1888, to Miss Lillian Stoddard, a native of In the best abilities in this department of diana. They have two daughters, Claire and Marie. engineering are called into service. In the BOEHME, Christopher Adam, was born in work of the engineer the practical is apt to take precedence over the aesthetic, so Minneapolis, on January 16, 1865. His parents were Gottfried J. and Eva Boehme, his father that it is worth recording that some of the being a general contractor and hardware mer prominent engineering work in Minneapolis chant. Mr. Boehme was educated in Minneap does not lack in beauty. The stone arch olis, attending the public schools, the high bridge which affords rail entrance to the schools and the University of Minnesota. After graduation he entered the office of W. B. Dunnell, union passenger station is not only a re a well-known architect of the city where he re markable engineering achievement but one mained for fourteen years and rising to a position ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING 127 IN MR. T. B. WALKER'S ART GALLERY. of responsibility as Mr. Bunnell's assistant. In 1896 he opened an office of his own, beginning a practice which has grown steadily. Five years ago he formed a partnership with Mr. Victor Cordelia under the name of Boehme & Cordelia, and this association has proven very successful. The firm has planned some of the best of recent structures in the Northwest. Mr. Boehme is a member of several organizations—the North Side Commercial Club, the Knights of Pythias Lodge, of the Royal Arcanum and the St. Anthony Turn Verein society. On May 21, 1891, he married Miss Martha Oeschger of La Crosse, Wisconsin, and they have three children, two daughters and a son. BRADSTREET, John Scott, comes of the very best New England—or for that matter, Old Eng land—stock, his father's name, Bradford Bradstreet, proclaiming his descent from two men whose names are among those most honored in Colonial history—William Bradford the Pilgrim father who came to America in 1613 and was the first governor of Plymouth Colony; and Hum phrey Bradstreet, who came from Ipswich, Eng land, in 1634, a n d was representative in 1635. John S. Bradstreet, whose mother, the wife of Bradford Bradstreet, had been Miss Susana Pickard-Scott, was born at Rowley, Old Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1845, and graduated from the Putnam Academy at Newburyport. The first years of Mr. Bradstreet's business life were spent with the Gorman Manufacturing Company, in whose offices, at Providence, he held a responsible position, until early in the seventies, he decided to come West, and selected Minneapolis as his place of residence Here he has lived for thirty years, and in the course of that time has exercised a most beneficial influence on the artistic life, not only of the city, but of the Northwest. On first coming to Min nesota, he was associated in business with Edward C. Clark, but he soon embarked for himself, and continued alone until he formed a partnership with Edmund J. Phelps, under the name of Phelps & Bradstreet. On the dissolution of the partner ship, the Thurbers of the Gorham Manufacturing Company, became interested with him, and the new firm was known as Bradstreet, Thurber & Co. For the last six years F. H. Waterman has been associated with him in the extensive and very successful organization whose headquarters are in the beautiful Craftshouse, a building, which, 128 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS republican in political belief and is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial and the St. Anthony Commercial Clubs; is a member of the Masonic Order, Khurum Lodge, Scottish Rite Masons and Zuhrah Temple of the Mystic Shrine. On January 18, 1885, was married to Miss Georgia Wood. They have four children. JOHN S. BRADSTHEET. both in its exterior and interior is entirely unique, resembling in its character and the influence which it exerts on the public, an Art Institute, rather than a place of business. Mr. Bradstreet has traveled widely, having made many visits to Japan, collecting and studying Japanese art, as well as having been around the world, and being familiar with most of the European countries. He is a member, in addition to most of the local clubs, of the Asiatic Society of London and the National Arts Club of New York, and has given valuable services to the public as member of the Minneapolis Park Board, having had the honor or naming the latest acquisition to the park system, "The Parade," and is also member and vice presi dent of the Municipal Art Commission. CHAMBERLIN, Arthur Bishop, of the firm of Bertrand & Chamberlin, architects, was born at Solon, Ohio, in 1865, the son of Anson B. and Martha M. Chamberlin. When he was two years old the family moved to Milwaukee where the father entered the employ of the Chicago, Mil waukee & St. Paul Railway. Mr. Chamberlin's early boyhood was spent at Milwaukee and he has lived in Minneapolis since 1882, completing his education here and at an early age entering an architect's office. He has followed the profes sion for twenty-three years, joining Mr. Bertrand in the present firm in 1898. Mr. Chamberlin is a COLBURN, Serenus Milo, of the architec tural firm of Kees & Colburn, was born at Ansonia, Connecticut, October 12, 1871, the son of Richard R. and Letitia (Terry) Colburn. He received a public school education and when fifteen years of age came west and obtained employment at Minneapolis as draughtsman in the office of James C. Plant. He remained with Mr. Plant for five years and after wards filled the position of head draftsman in several architectural offices. In 1898 he be came associated with Frederick Kees in the present firm, an association which has been very successful. Among the buildings which they have designed are: Donaldson Building, Minne apolis Chamber of Commerce; Northwestern Na tional Bank; Powers Building; Donaldson's Glass Block; Deere & Webber Building, and buildings of the Advance Thresher Company; J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company; Great Northern Implement Company; Emerson & Newton; Bement, Darling & Company, and many large residences. Mr. Colburn is a mem ber of the American Institute of Architects and of the Commercial and Automobile Clubs. He was married in Minnesota in 1899 to Miss Har riet E. Whitcomb. CORDELLA, Victor, of the architectural firm of Boehme & Cordelia, is a native of Austrian Poland but for many years has now studied and practiced his profession in Minneapolis. He was born on January 1, 1872, at Krakow, in Austrian Poland, the son of Marian and Florence Cordelia. His father was a sculptor who was desirous that his son should have a good academic and pro fessional education. The boy was sent to the graded schools of Austria, obtained his prepara tory education in the high schools and then en tered the Royal Art Academy at Krakow where he studied for some time. Later he was a stu dent of technology under Professor Michael Kowalczuk at Lemberg. Coming to the United States and locating in St. Paul he began his architectural training in the office of Cass Gilbert. Since that time, about eighteen years ago, he has been engaged in building an office practice. Following his connection with Mr. Gilbert he was associated with several architects of this city—W. H. Dennis, W. B. Dunnell, and Charles R. Aldrich. Five years ago he joined C. A. Boehme in the present firm of Boehme & Cor delia, which handles an extensive line of work in the local field. Mr. Cordelia was married to Miss Ruth Maser of Canton, Ohio, on Septem ber 15, 1902. ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING FANNING, John Thomas, civil engineer, is the son of John Howard and Elizabeth (Pridde) Fanning. His family on both sides is of old New England stock, as he is a descendant of Edmund Gilbert Fanning, the first of the name in America, who came from Ireland in 1652 and settled near New London, Connecticut; and of Lieutenant Thomas Tracy who settled in Con necticut in 1636. Capt. John Fanning, the sixth in line from Edmund and the grandfather of John Thomas, was a veteran of the Revolution ary war. Mr. Fanning was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on December 31, 1837. He com menced his education in the public and normal schools of Norwich and later studied architec ture and engineering. At the outbreak of the Civil war in 1861 he enlisted in the Third regi ment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry and served the full term of the regiment. After the close of the war he was commissioned a lieutenantcolonel in the Connecticut National Guard, for merly having held a lieutenancy. He opened an office in Norwich, and from that time till he came to Minneapolis was engaged in the planning of public and private buildings, mills, bridges and water supply systems throughout JOHN T. FANNING. 129 the New England States. In 1872 he moved his office to Manchester, New Hampshire, to super vise the installation of the public water supply. He also designed several of the principal build ings of that city and while he resided there was a member of the board of education and chair man of the high school committee. He was employed to report on an additional water sup ply for New York, Brooklyn and other cities of the Hudson valley, and in numerous instances has been retained as an expert witness in water and drainage cases. About 1885 he received a commission to report on improvements in the system of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company and one year later moved his office to Minneapolis. From this point he has supervised many large engineering operations in the west. He was appointed engineer and agent of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company in 1886; and later was the engineer of the Great Falls, Montana, and Helena, Montana, water powers on the Missouri river, and of the Spokane water power on the Spokane river. Col. Fanning also devised a plan for draining 3,000 square miles of the famous Red River Valley wheat land and at different times has been consulting engineer of the Great Northern, the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba, and Minneapolis Union Rail ways. He has been a patentee of several in ventions connected with his profession—a slow burning building construction, a steam-pumping engine, steam boilers, water valves, and turbine wheels. In 1873 he invented and constructed the first wood-stave pipes such as are now extensive ly used in public water supply and sewerage works. Mr. Fanning's energies have not, how ever, been directed entirely to the practical side of his work. He has been an occasional lecturer at the University of Minnesota and before tech nical societies; and has written numerous papers on technical subjects. He is the author of "A Treatise on Hydraulic and Water Supply En gineering," which reached the sixteenth edition in 1906. He is a member of a number of the professional organizations of the country; an ex-director of the American Society of Civil Engineers; an ex-president of the American Wa ter Works Association; a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; honorary member of the New England Water Works Association; and a member of the En gineers Club of this city, the Franklin Institute and several other scientific societies. Politically he is a republican. On June 14, 1865, he was married at Norwich, Connecticut, to Miss Maria Louise Bensley and they have a son and two daughters, Rennie Bensley, Jennie Louise, wife of Thomas A. Jamison, and Clara Elizabeth, and was for many years a well known business GILMAN, James B., chief engineer of the Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company, is the son of one of Minnesota's pioneer settlers, and was born and educated in this state. His father, 130 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS James B. Gilman, was a native of New York, man in his section of the state. He resided, prior to his removal to Minnesota, at Danville and was engaged in the foundry business. In the year 1848 he disposed of his interests in New York and moved to Minnesota, locating in Dakota county, remaining in the state until the out break of the Civil war, when he enlisted with the famous First Minnesota, and served with that regiment for three years. Following his muster ing out of service, Mr. Gilman, Sr., returned to Dakota county and was living there at the time of his son's birth on January 28, 1872. The mother of Mr. Gilman, Jr., was Laura C. (Foster) Gilman, who was born in Massachusetts and had moved to Minnesota with her family in the early pioneer days. Mr. Gilman spent the early years of his life at the place of his birth and received his elementary education in the schools of Dakctfa county. In 1880 he came to Minneapolis and entered the public schools, after which he attended the University of Minnesota, taking up the engineering course. He completed his studies in 1894 and graduated with the class of that year, taking a civil engineering degree. In addition to ranking high in his technical studies, Mr. Gilman was especially well prepared along practical lines to begin work in the engineering field, by ex perience with surveying parties with which he had worked for parts of two years before his ;.v>v JAMES B. OILMAN. graduation on the survey of the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie railroad. The Soo was at that time doing construction work on the right of way between this city and Portal, North Da kota, and Mr. Gilman obtained not only valuable practice in engineering, but also had an oppor tunity to acquaint himself with the greatest grain producing region in the country. Shortly after his graduation in 1894, Mr. Gilman accepted a position as engineer with the Gillette-Herzog Manufacturing Company, which was afterwards merged in the American Bridge Company, one of the largest manufacturers of steel construc tion work in the world. Mr. Gilman was ad vanced to the office of engineer of the Minneap olis plant and cqntinued in that position until February, 1907. He then resigned to accept the post he now occupies as chief engineer of the Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company, one of the largest business enterprises of the Northwest and one of the most extensive structural steel and machinery plants in the country. Mr. Gilman's f work covers a large field, as the firm does in all sections of the country, a general construction business which gives him unlimited scope for the application of his technical knowledge and prac tical experience of the engineering science. He is a member of the Minneapolis Engineers Club, of which he is past president, also a member of the St. Anthony Commercial Club. Mr. Gilman, although well known among his business and social associates, has never been active in po litical affairs, as an office holder. As a private citizen, however, he is a republican and supports the principles of that party. On June 14, 1899, Mr. Gilman was married to Miss Alice A. Hayward and they have one daughter—Dorothy Gil man. GILES, Robert Tait, a foremost artist in the designing of stained and leaded glass, is a nat ive of England, born at Gateshead on Tyne, May 1, 1872. His father, Peter Giles, was, at the time of his son's birth, a building contractor of Gates head. Robert Tait passed his early life in that town and when still a boy began his artistic education. He attended the art school located in his home town, the Gateshead School of Art, and graduated from that institution, later taking a course in the Rutherford School of Art at Newcastle on Tyne, where he completed his studies when about fourteen years of age. A natural talent for the work developed rapidly under capable instruction, and at the finish of his work in both schools was awarded certificates of excellence, and won a scholarship at the South Kensington School of Art, in London. After leaving school he was for two years engaged in architectural drawing, and then turned his atten tion to stained and leaded glass. He served an apprenticeship for seven years in the various de partments of that handicraft; designing, drafting and painting—during this time being under the direction of W. H. Drummond, T. R. Spence and M. H. Marsh, the latter being a member of the ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING 131 stained and leaded glass in that organization. He is in addition a member of the Empire Club of St. Paul, and the Church Club of Minnesota. Mr. Giles was married on February 2, 1903, to Miss Belle Wheeler and they have two children, Isabel Wheeler and Robert Eldon. Mrs. Giles is, as well as her husband, a local artist of con siderable importance. The family attends Gethsemane Church. ROBERT T. GILES. Royal Academy. Having mastered this art, Mr. Giles left England to come to the United States, and located at Chicago, remaining there for about four years. During that period he was associated with the principal firms of Chicago as artist, but nine years ago he resigned the position he was holding at the time and came to> Minneapolis. In 1903 he established the firm of R. T. Giles & Company, and conducted a stained and leaded glass business in all its branches. Mr. Giles was the proprietor of the concern and under his direction the company was a success, both from a material standpoint and in building up a reputation for the excellence of its work. In fact the business reached such proportions and so many large commissions were received that larger facilities were needed and on October 15, 1907, Mr. Giles consolidated with the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company of Min neapolis, and became director of the art depart ment of the company. Mr. Giles during the time of his residence here has been interested in a number of the movements connected with the advancement of the arts and handicrafts, and is a member of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, holding also the position of instructor of HEWITT, Edwin Hawley, architect, prac ticing in Minneapolis, was born at Red Wing Minnesota, on March 26, 1874. He is the son of Charles N. and Helen R. Hewitt. His father, Dr. Hewitt, is a distinguished surgeon, a native of Vermont, a graduate of Hobart College and Al bany Medical school and a veteran of the Army of the Potomac with which he served during the war as surgeon in chief of a division. His son Edwin spent his boyhood at Red Wing, attended Hobart College for one year and then returned to Minnesota and completed his college course at the University of Minnesota. While at the University he attended the Minneapolis School of Fine Arts at night and during vacations worked in the office of Cass Gilbert, architect, then of St. Paul. After graduating from the University of Minnesota he devoted a year to post graduate work in the Institute of Technology and then en tered the office of Shepley, Rutan & Collidge, architects, of Boston. After three and a half years with this firm, Mr. Hewitt married and went at once to Paris where he took the com petitive examinations for entrance into Ecole des Beau Arts. His standing in this examination placed him at the head .of the list of foreign ap plicants admitted and within one place of heading the entire list of foreign and French. After four years of work at Paris with side trips for study tc England, Spain, Switzerland and Italy, he gradu ated and returned to America in the fall of 1904. After a few months he opened an office in the Lumber Exchange in Minneapolis but finding the quarters inadequate after two months of practice, moved to larger rooms at 14-15 North Fourth street. Here he remained for eighteen months and then decided to build an office for his own perma nent use and erected the attractive and artistic of fice building which he now occupies at 716 Fourth avenue south. Mr. Hewitt is a director of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, a member of the governing board of the State Art Society, a member of the Beaux Arts Society of New York, and belongs to the Minneapolis Club and the Minikahda Club of this city. HUNT, William S., who has been a practic ing architect of the city since 1888, was born in Wisconsin, at the town of Delavan, on May 1, 1861, the son of Dr. Henderson Hunt and Sarah Ann (Barlow) Hunt. The members of his fam ily on his mother's side were prominent in their professions and held various important public offices. Stevan A. Barlow was for two terms 132 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the attorney general of the state of Wisconsin. John W. Barlow was an officer of the regular army and held the rank of brigadier-general. Dr. Hunt was a practicing physician at Delavan, and his son remained in that town during the early part of his life and began his education in the local schools. When he was sixteen years of age the family moved to Beloit and he then entered Beloit College, taking the scientific course. He graduated with the class of 1880. It was his intention to follow the profession of architecture and went to Chicago and pursued his architectural studies for three years. • To complete his training he then entered the office of one of the prominent architects of Chicago and filled the duties of office student. He came to Minneapolis and resumed his studies there until 1888. In that year he began an independ ent practice which he has continued with suc cess. He has planned and designed a number of large buildings in the city. In politics he is a republican. He is a member of the Odd Fel lows. Mr. Hunt was married in 1885 to Miss Caroline Park Graves, who died on October 8, 1902. On May 29, 1906, he was again married to Miss Barbara C. Maurer. They have no children. Mr. Hunt attends the Episcopal church of which he has always been a member. JONES', Harry Wild, was born June 9, 1859, in Michigan, son of Howard M. Jones, a Baptist clergyman. He is a grandson of Dr. S. F. Smith, author of "My Country, 'Tis of Thee," the na tional hymn, and great-grandson of Dr. Hezekiah Smith, a chaplain in the army of the Revolu tion. Mr. Jones received his educational training at Providence Rhode Island, in the University grammar school, and took his A. B. degree at Brown University in 1882. From the university he went to Boston, where he continued his prepa ration for the profession of architecture. Mr. Jones from Boston came to Minneapolis and con tinued his work with Plant & Whitney. He has, since he began business on his own account, de signed many structures for business and residence purposes, presenting the necessary features of utility and solidity, together with a high order of architectural beauty, such as the Cream of Wheat building, the warehouses of Butler Broth ers, and of Wyman, Partridge & Co., and the residences of F. W. Clifford, and George H. Dag gett and James Quirk. Mr. Jones was professor of architecture in the state university in 19001902, and he was for twelve years a member of the park board. He is a member of the Com mercial Club, the Six O'Clock Club, and the Minnetonka Yacht Club. He was president of the Technology Club of Minnesota in 1904 and presi dent of the Minnesota Chapter of the American Institute of Architects in 1898-99. Mr. Jones is a member of the Calvary Baptist Church. He was married in 1883 to Miss Bertha J. Tucker, of Boston, and three children have been born to them—H. Malcom; Mary W.; Arthur Leo. KEES, Frederick, of the firm of Kees & Colburn, architects, was born at Baltimore, Mary land, on April 9, 1852, the son of Frederick and Eva (Schmidt) Kees. He attended the public schools of Baltimore, and at an early age entered the office of E. G. Lind, a Baltimore architect, as draftsman, where he continued, with the ex ception of a brief period in Chicago, until 1878. He then came to Minneapolis, and after a short experience in the office of L. S. Buffington, com menced business for himself, first as Kees & Fiske and later as a member of the firm of Long & Kees, and since 1901 of the firm of. Kees & Colburn, and during this long professional service has been identified with many of the most prom inent structures in the city, including the Syndi cate Block, First Baptist Church, Court House and City Hall, Public Library, Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, Northwestern National Bank, Powers Block, Donaldson's Glass Block, and buildings for Deere & Webber, Advance Thresher Company, J. I. Case Thresher Com pany and others. Mr. Kees was a member of Company A, First Regiment, Minnesota National Guard, for five years. He is a Mason, thirtysecond degree, Knight Templar, Shriner, and a. member of the B. P. O. E. In politics he is inde pendent. He was married in Minneapolis in 1881 to Miss Florence Smith. FREDERICK KEES. ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING NUTTER, Frank H., was born April 20, 1853, at Dover, New Hampshire, son of Abner J. and Hannah (Roberts) Nutter. The father was a school teacher for over fifty years, one of those New England educators who builded character out of the plastic material which came within their professional reach. Frank H. spent his early life in Boston and vicinity attending the public schools and the Eliot high school which was founded in 1692 by John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians, "for the free education of any white or Indian boy." Mr. Nutter studied civil and land scape engineering in Boston for several years under eminent specialists like Joseph H. Curtis and F. L. Lee and, after engaging in business on his own account for a couple of years, removed to Minneapolis in 1878, and from 1880 to 1890 in company with Mr. Frank Plummer carried on business under the firm name of Nutter & Plum mer. Since the dissolution of this partnership, Mr. Nutter has engaged in the landscape engi neering work alone. Upon the organization of the Minneapolis Board of Park Commissioners in 1883 Mr. Nutter was appointed Park Engineer, a position which he held until 1906, when he resigned to devote his attention to his private business, and his son F. H. Nutter, Jr., was appointed to fill the vacancy. Mr. Nutter's activities extend over a wide field. He has- designed private grounds in New York, Virginia and Cali fornia, in Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota and in Manitoba, and other states and also makes a spe cialty of parks and cemeteries. Mr. Nutter is a republican in politics and is a member of the Minneapolis Society of Civil Engineers, of the State Horticultural Society, of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and of the American Civic Asso ciation. He is a member of the Congregational church. He was married in April, 1881, to Carrie F. Alden. To them have been born three chil dren. Frank H. (the present Park Engineer), Willard A., assistant of his father in professional work, and Hannah A. SEDGWICK, Charles S., was born in Cas tile, New York, May 9, 1856, the son of Samuel Sedgwick, afterwards superintendent of public schools at Oberlin, Ohio. Samuel Sedgwick was one. of a prominent family of Stockbridge, Mas sachusetts, and during his boyhood was, with his brothers, intimately associated with Cyrus, David, Dudley and Henry Field, afterwards distin guished members of the Field family, whose home adjoined that of the Sedgwicks. Charles Sedg wick was one of three brothers. He received a common and high school education in Oberlin and Poughkeepsie, New York, and soon after the family removed to Binghamton, New York, he entering the employment of Isaac G. Perry, a well-known New York architect, in 1872, and remaining with Mr. Perry twelve years, rising during that time from apprentice boy to foreman, 133 draughtsman and assistant, having in charge the construction of many large and important build ings in New York state and Pennsylvania. In 1884 Mr. Sedgwick severed his connection with Mr. Perry and came to Minneapolis, opening an architectural office in the Hurlburt building on Nicollet avenue, and later in the Collom build ing on Fourth street, and in 1903 moving into the Lumber . Exchange, where he still remains. During his twenty-four years' practice in this city he has planned many public and business buildings and many churches and residences, prominent among which are the Young Men's Christian Association Building, State University Library Building, Dayton Building, Boutell Build ing, Westminster Presbyterian Church, Andrew Presbyterian Church, Park Avenue Congrega tional Church, etc. He has also planned many fine buildings and churches in other cities. One of the largest is the Second Congregational Church of Waterbury, Connecticut. In addition to his regular business, Mr. Sedgwick is publishing a book of house designs, which is advertised in leading magazines and is sold in all parts of the country, being the medium through which the planning of houses and buildings is secured for different localities. Mr. Sedgwick is publishing a descriptive page, with illustration of house and plan, monthly in the Home Magazine of In dianapolis, and Northwestern Agriculturist of Minneapolis, and a weekly contribution to the "Actualides" of Lima, Peru, South America. He is also publishing house plans weekly through an Eastern syndicate in many of the leading Sunday newspapers, covering over twenty-two states and Canada. Mr. Sedgwick has not specialized on any particular branch, but has extended experience along all lines of architectural work. WHITNEY, William Charming, was born at Harvard, Massachusetts, April 11, 1851, son of Benjamin F. Whitney. After the usual rudi mentary educational training, he entered the Lawrence Academy at Groton, Massachusetts, and passed to the higher education in the Massachusetts State College and graduated with the class of 1872. He then devoted his attention to the study of architecture, for which he had an instinctive love and taste, and in Boston's art schools and architects' offices and in independent study, he developed the taste and original qualities of perception of architectural proprieties which have characterized his work in Minneapolis. Mr. Whitney is a republican in politics and is a Fellow of the American Insti tute of Architects, a director of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, a member of the Art Com mission of Minneapolis, and a member of the Minneapolis Club. Mr. Whitney was married on October 6, 1881, to Alma C. Walker, of Watertown, Massachusetts, and to them have been born two daughters. CHAPTER XII. COURTS AND LAWYERS I N THE earliest days of its history, Minneapolis seems to have done quite well without courts or lawyers. It appears to have been an unusually peaceful community for a frontier village, as there are no records of serious crime committed in the early pioneer days and there was an entire absence of spirit of litigation among the inhabitants. It is a matter of history that the first term of court convened within the present limits of the city found abso lutely no cases to be tried. Previous to the organization of Minne sota Territory in 1849, there were no courts available had there been litigants without number. The east side of the Mississippi river had passed successively through the jurisdiction of the French and English and of the territories of Indiana, Illinois, Michi gan and Wisconsin. Under the latter gov ernment two terms of court had been held at Stillwater, but the potential Minneapolis had not participated. On the western bank of the Mississippi there was judicial authority as early as 1835 or 1836, when Henry H. Sibley received from the governor of Iowa a commission as justice of the peace with jurisdiction ex tending from below Prairie du Chien to the British possessions on the north. Gen. Sibley's power was almost unlimited and his acts were never called in question by higher authorities, but, being a man of high character, there is no thought that he ever misused his power, although the exigencies of frontier conditions seemed to make it necessary that the representative of the law should not always confine himself to exact limits of authority. Among certain of the settlers it was firmly believed that Justice Sibley had the power of life and death, which was perhaps just as well. Minnesota became a territory of the United States on March 3, 1849. The or ganic act provided that the judicial power of the territory should be vested in a supreme . court, district courts, probate courts and justices of the peace. The first of these tribunals was constituted in the ap pointment by President Taylor of Aaron Goodrich of Tennessee as chief justice and David Cooper of Pennsylvania and B. B. Meeker of Kentucky as associate justices. Governor Ramsey issued a proclamation dividing the territory into three judicial dis tricts; the first , lying between the Missis sippi and St. Croix rivers, the second be tween the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, and the third composed of the remainder of the territory, or that part south of the Minnesota river. Judge Goodrich was as signed to the first district, Judge Meeker to the second, and Judge Cooper to the third. Under these appointments and assign ments the first term of court in the terri tory of Minnesota was held at Stillwater on the second Monday of August, 1849. At this time the first grand jury of Minnesota was impaneled, and ten indictments were found. But when the second district court was convened in the following week in the old government mill at the Falls of St. An thony, it was discovered that absolutely no cases were to be tried, while the first grand jury in this district could find no work to do. Franklin Steele, the St. Anthony pio neer, was foreman of this first grand jury. PIONEER LAWYERS. The absence of legal business did not, however, deter lawyers from coming to Min neapolis. The first lawyer to establish him self was Ellis G. Whitall, who opened an office on the east side in 1849; the second was John W. North who came early in 1850. COURTS AND LAWYERS 135 advancement in the pioneer days it may be cited that Judge Welch was chosen justice of the peace and while in that office was ap pointed to the supreme bench of the state. During the early fifties such well-known names as William Lochren, J. B. Gilfillan, F. R. E. Cornell, C. E. Vanderburgh, E. S. Jones, W. D. Washburn, R. J. Baldwin, W. W. McNair, L. M. Stewart and Eugene M. Wilson were added to the roll of the local bar. From this time on the rapid growth of the city and the numerous accessions to the bar make enumeration in detail impos sible. In does not appear that after the first unproductive session of court in 1849, an Y judge attempted another for several years, but in the meantime the people of St. An thony established, under the territorial law, a justice's court, electing to the office Lardner Bostwick, who had arrived at the Falls in 1850. Judge Bostwick had no legal edu cation, but he was of unquestioned honesty and practical common sense and had the confidence and love of his constituents. He meted out justice after his own fashion for JUDGE ISAAC ATWATER. many years, being re-elected from time to Mr. North was a forceful man who took a time. Many cases of considerable import very prominent part in the early history of ance, and which were not properly in the the young city. The third attorney to jurisdiction of a justice's court, were come here was the late Judge Isaac At- brought before Judge Bostwick and tried water. He arrived in October, 1850, and and decided with no question from any with Mr. North formed the first law part one. Judge Bostwick's court was held for nership. Judge Atwater was even then a many years in a small frame building at versatile and progressive man. He had a the corner of Main street and Second ave hand in the foundation laying of the city nue northeast. In 1856 Judge Bostwick and never lost interest in matters pertaining was admitted to the bar and in after life he to the public welfare. Before he had been served the city and county in various public in the state a year he was appointed upon capacities. the board of regents of the University of In 1853 the territorial legislature passed Minnesota, and in 1857 was elected associ an act directing that two terms of court be ate justice of the supreme court. Mean held each year in Hennepin county. The while he had edited newspapers, invested first term held pursuant to this law con in real estate and taken an active part in vened on April 4, 1853. There was, of local and territorial politics. Later he course, no court house, and the commission served in the city council and on the board ers secured the use of a parlor and two of education. bed rooms in the house of Anson Northrup, Soon after Judge Atwater came D. A. on First street, near Fourth avenue south. Secombe, who was a leading member of the At this term the lawyers present were Isaac bar until his death in 1892. In 1852 Wil Atwater, D. A. Secombe, E. L. Hall, James liam H. Welch arrived in St. Anthony. As H. Fridley and George W. Prescott. The an instance of the opportunities for rapid county attorney was Warren Bristol. The 136 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS COURT HOUSE AND CITY IIALL. clerk of the court was Sweet W. Case, and the foreman of the grand jury impaneled was Dr. A. E. Ames. The subsequent terms of the district court, until the erection of the courthouse at Eighth avenue south and Fourth street, were held in a frame building on Bridge Square. THE FIRST COURTHOUSE. The building, of the first courthouse caused great commotion in the village, owing to the rival claims of the upper and lower town. The latter won and the court house was built at Eighth avenue south. The first term of the district court held in the new courthouse of 1857 w a s presided over by the late Judge Flandrau. Upon the organization of the state, next year, James Hall of Little Falls became the first judge of this, the fourth judicial district, which then included thirteen counties besides Hen nepin. With the admission of Minnesota to statehood, in 1858, came many changes in the courts. The judicial office was made elective and the supreme judges ceased to serve on the district bench. During the first year of statehood eighty-nine lawyers were enrolled in the office of the clerk of the supreme court as members of the bar COURTS AND LAWYERS of the state. This number increased very rapidly. Provision was also made for the establishment of other courts at the pleasure of the legislature. This power led later to the establishment of courts of common pleas and municipal courts. As the constitution provided for only one judge to a district, the growing needs of the fourth district were met by the 'gradual lopping off of outside counties. But in 1872 it became necessary to provide for larger business, and a court of common pleas was created, with Austin H. "Young as judge. After a few years this extra court was found cumbersome, and it was merged in the district court. There were then two judges of the district court. Judge Charles E. Van derburgh had been elected in 1859 and had retained the position ever since; holding it, in fact, until his elevation to the supreme bench in 1882. In 1881 the business of the district had so greatly increased that the legislature authorized an additional judge, and William Lochren was appointed to the position by Governor Pillsbury. These three judges occupied the bench for much longer terms than any others who have ever served the district. The court house of 1857 was outgrown at a very early date. Numerous additions gave temporary relief but added to the unsightliness of the structure, and in 1887 for mal steps were taken towards the erection of a suitable building. The legislature of this year intrusted a commission with the duty of purchasing a site and erecting a building to be used jointly by the city and county as a courthouse and city hall. The members of this commission were William D. Washburn, Charles M. Loring, John C. Oswald, John Swift, Oliver T. Erickson, W. S. Chowen, David M. Clough, Lars Swenson and Titus Mareck. To these were sub sequently added George A. Brackett, E. F. Comstock and E. M. Johnson. Upon the resignation of Mr. Loring, John DeLaittre was appointed. After some negotiation, the block bounded by Fourth and Fifth streets and Third and Fourth avenues south was secured and the work of con struction was commenced in 1889. The county side of the building was practically 137 JUDGE A. II. YOUNG. completed and opened for use in November, 1895. It is one of the finest courthouses in the country and cost over $3,000,000. FEDERAL COURTS. Minnesota was constituted a judicial dis trict of the United States immediately upon its admission, but terms of the United States courts were always held in St. t*aul until 1890, when the district was sub-di vided. . Since then the court has been held during stated terms in the federal building in Minneapolis. The first Minneapolis law yer to receive appointment to the U. S. dis trict bench was Judge William Lochren, who had long served as judge of the state district court. He was appointed in 1896 and served until 1908, when he resigned, and Milton D. Purdy of Minneapolis was appointed his successor. Eugene M. Wil son and Eugene G. Hay have represented the Minneapolis bar in the list of U. S. dis trict attorneys. 138 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS JUDGES OF THE DISTRICT COURT. The judges of the fourth judicial district since the organization of the state have been these: James Hall, May 24, 1858, to October 1, 1858; Edward O. Hamlin, Octo ber 1, 1858, to December 31, 1858; Chas. E. Vanderburgh, January 1, 1859, t o January 1, 1882; A. H. Young, January, 1877, to January, 1891; John M. Shaw, January 13, 1882, to January 8, 1884; M. B. Koon, Jan uary 8, 1884, to May 1, 1886; John P. Rea, May 1, 1886, to March 5, 1889; William Lochren, November 19, 1881, to May, 1893; Henry G. Hicks, March 16, 1887, to Janu ary, 1895; Frederick Hooker, March 5, 1889, to September, 1893; Seagrave Smith, March 5, 1889, to May, 1898; C. M. Pond, Novem ber 18, 1890, to January, 1897; Thos. Canty, January 5, 1891, to January, 1894; Robert D. Russell, May 8, 1893, to October 20, 1897; Robert Jamison, September 19, 1893, to December 1, 1897; Charles B. Elliott, January, 1894, to October 4, 1905; Henry C. Belden, January, 1895," to May 5, 1897; David F. Simpson, January 5, 1897, to Janur ary, 1909; Edward M. Johnson, May 5, 1897, to January, 1899; John F. McGee, October 20, 1897, to November 19, 1902; Willard R. Cray; November 19, 1902, to January, 1905 ; William A. Lancaster, De cember 1, 1897, to January 2, 1899; Alex ander M. Harrison, May 19, 1898, to Janu ary, 1905 ; Chas. M. Pond, January 2, 1899, to January, 1905; Frank C. Brooks, January 2, 1899, to January, 191 1; Andrew Holt, January 2, 1905, to January, 191 1; Horace D. Dickinson, January 2, 1905, to January, 1911; John Day Smith, January 2, 1905, to January, 191 1; Frederick V. Brown, Octo ber 4, 1905, to January, 1913. During, the territorial period Sweet W. Case was clerk of the district court. Under the state government the clerks have been as follows: H. A. Partridge, H. O. Ham lin, J. P. Plummer, George H. W. Chowen, D. W. Albaugh, L. Jerome, J. A. Wolverton, E. J. Davenport, C. B. Tirrell, George G. Tirrell, C. N. Dickey, A. E. Allen. During the period from 1867 to 1872 the office of city justice was held by Judge Charles H. Woods, H. A. Partridge, D. Morgan, J. L. Himes, and Henry G. Hicks. The names of the city attorneys for old St. Anthony, Minneapolis and the consoli dated city after 1872 will be found in the list of city officials in the chapter on Public Affairs and Officials. Frank Healy, the present incumbent, was appointed in 1897 and is now serving his twelfth year of ser vice—by far the longest term of any city attorney since the beginning of the city. Since 1888 the term of office has commenced on January 1 and has been for two years. THE MUNICITAL COURT. WILLIAM S. PATTEE. Dean of the College of Law, University of Minnesota. Soon after the consolidation of the two cities an act was passed, in 1874, establish ing a municipal court in Minneapolis. This court was given much larger jurisdiction than the city justices. Grove B. Cooley was elected municipal court judge in 1874 and served until April, 1883. In 1877 the busi« ness of the court had so increased that a special judge was provided, and Reubin Reynolds was appointed and served until 1879. Francis B. Bailey was then appointed and held the office until April, 1883, when COURTS AND LAWYERS 139 X: FROM THe SWEET COLLECTION LAW BUILDING; UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. he was elected regular judge for the term expiring Jan. I, 1889. At the same time Stephen Mahoney was elected special judge. George D. Emery was elected judge for the term commencing January 1, 1889, and Judge Mahoney was re-elected special judge at the same time. Upon the resignation of Judge Emery, in 1891, Charles B. Elliott was appointed to the office for the unex pired term, and was re-elected in 1892. He served until January 4, 1894, when he was appointed to the district bench and Andrew Holt was appointed as his successor. In 1896 William A. Kerr was elected special judge to succeed Judge Mahoney. In 1901 H. D. Dickinson succeeded Judge Kerr and in 1905 both Judge Holt and Judge Dickin son were elevated to the district bench and Edward F. Waite and C. L. Smith were ap pointed to fill the vacancy. In the fall of 1906 Judge Waite was elected judge of the municipal court for the full term and Judge Smith was elected special judge at the same time and both are now serving on the bench. The first judge of probate in Hennepin county was Joel B. Bassett, who was elect ed in 1852. It appears from the records that during his two years' service only one person died who was possessed of any prop erty requiring the care of the court, and no estates were administered. Judge Bassett was succeeded by E. S. Jones, who held the office for four years. Lardner Bostwick was judge of probate in i860 and 1861, and N. H. Hemiup from 1861 to. the close of the year 1870. The succeeding judges were these: Franklin Beebe, 1870-1875; E. A. Gove, 1875; P- M. Babcock, 1876 and 1877; John P. Rea, 1877 to 1882; A. Ueland, 1882 to 1887; F. Von Schlegel, 1887 to 1890; Francis B. Bailey, 1890; J. R. Corrigan, 1891 and 1892; John H. Steele, 1893—1896; 140 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS building, but an appropriation of $25,000 was soon secured and the original law building was erected in time for the open ing of the fall session of 1889. This build ing has since been greatly enlarged to meet the growth of the student body. An enroll ment of sixty-seven students during the first year was followed by a rapid increase until the college has become one of the lead ing law schools of the country. In 1895 the course of study was length ened from two to three years. There was some fear lest this change should prove too radical, as this was the first western school to propose such a forward movement; but other schools soon followed the example. In the same year of 1895 a graduate depart ment was organized leading to the degree BAR ASSOCIATIONS. of LL. M. This course of study included In 1883 the Minneapolis Bar association the subjects of general jurisprudence, politi was organized with the purpose of building cal science, constitutional history and juris up a substantial and permanent law library. prudence, and some others which vary from Its first president was the late E. M. Wil year to year as necessity requires. Those son, and it had a membership of forty-six students only are admitted to this course leading lawyers. It has since grown in who have received their degree of B. L. In strength, and its library—long housed in 1898 a third course consisting of advanced Temple Court—has now found a permanent work in comparative jurisprudence, Roman home in the courthouse. law, the philosophy of jurisprudence and The Hennepin County Bar association political science was organized. No definite was formed in 1896, in recognition of a de time was prescribed within which the work mand for an organization which should in required for graduation should be per clude all reputable members of the profes formed, but students are permitted a rea sion in Hennepin county, and with the sonable time to prepare and present their avowed objects of advancing the science of final theses, the acceptance of which by the jurisprudence, promoting the administra faculty entitles the candidate to the degree tion of justice and upholding the honor of of D. C. L. the law. The body has no regular meet The faculty of the college of Law is as ings, but is called together from time to follows: Cyrus Northrop, president; Wil time as needs arise. liam S. Pattee, dean; A. C. Hickman, James Paige, Henry J. Fletcher, Edwin A. JagLEGAL EDUCATION. gard, Howard S. Abbott, Robert S. Kolliner, In 1888 the College of Law of the Uni Hugh E. Willis, Hugh V. Mercer, Homer versity of Minnesota was established and W. Stevens, Charles W. Bunn, Christopher was opened on September 11, with an ad D. O'Brien, and Jared How. The special dress by Dean W. S. Pattee, who had been lecturers are John Lind, Charles B. Elliott, called to the head of the school and who A. B. Jackson, T. D. O'Brien, John W. Wil has since continuously devoted his time and lis, William F. Lancaster, Rome G. Brown, abilities to its interests. At first the law Daniel Fish, Edmund S. Durment, John F. department was quartered in the old main McGee. Frederick C. Harvey, 1897 to 1907; George R. Smith, 1907. Since the organization of the state, Hen nepin county has had eighteen county at torneys. The complete list follows: James R. Lawrence, November 1, 1858; W. W. McNair, May 5, 1862; J. B. Gilfillan, May, 4, 1863; George R. Robinson, May 1867; J. B. Gilfillan, May, 1869; David A. Secombe, May, 1871; J. B. Gilfillan, March, 1873; James W. Lawrence, January 1, 1875; W. *E. Hale, 1879; John G. Woolley, 1883; Frank F. Davis, 1885; Robert Jamison, 1889; L. R. Thian, 1891; Frank M. Nye, 1:893; James A. Peterson, 1897; Louis A. Reed, 1899; Fred H. Boardman, 1901; A1 J. Smith, 1905. COURTS AND LAWYERS ABBOTT, Howard Strickland, son of the Rev. Abiel H., and Mary Ellen Strickland Abbott, was born Sept. 15th, 1863 at Farmington, Minn., and spent his boyhood in Minnesota. His father be came a member of the Minnesota Methodist Church Conference, which he joined in 1855, con tinuing to be an active clerical worker until his death in 1903. The son Howard came near being a victim of the Sioux Indian massacre in 1862, his father being then stationed at St. Peter. When fourteen years old he taught school, and, after preparation at the Minneapolis Academy, he en tered the state university, graduating in 1885 with the degree of B. L. He studied law in Minne apolis with James D. Springer, then general solic itor for the Minneapolis & St. Louis and the "Soo" railway companies, and was admitted to the bar, after oral examination by the Supreme Court, in April, 1887. After admission, he was appointed assistant general solicitor for the M. & St. L., and "Soo" railways and, in 1890, be came assistant counsel for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., at Chicago and then at St. Louis. From 1886 to 1890 he was secretary of the Wisconsin, Minnesota & Pacific Ry. Co., and in 1897 succeeded W. D. Cornish as special master in chancery of the Union Pacific Railway Company, then in the hands of receivers. He devoted himself for the next four years to the task of closing up the affairs of that corpora tion, which involved the solution of many dif ficult problems and the supervision of the proper disbursement of many millions of dollars paying claims and operating the road besides writing de cisions as to disbursements and questions of policy which were in no case reversed on appeal. Mr. Abbott, upon the termination of this work, came to Minneapolis and was appointed Stand ing Master in Chancery, U. S. Circuit Court, District of Minnesota, and has lectured on public and private corporations and civil law in the law department of the state university. Mr. Abbott is the author of several valuable works on the law of corporations, the most recent being a three volume work on municipal corporations, which has received the highest encomiums from judges and lawyers as a discussion of rare schol arship and analytical acuteness. Mr. Abbott has also distinguished himself as a bond and security expert and an authority on railway ques tions. He is now a director of the Minneapolis Trust Co., and a member of the executive com mittee. The family, which is descended from George Abbott of Rowley, Mass., who came to this country in 1632, can boast of many members who have done notable work in literature, as the historian J. S. C. Abbott, Jacob Abbott, noted as an educator and writer, and Austin and Ben jamin Vaughn Abbott as lawyers and the distin guished Dr. Lyman Abbott, who are near rela tives of Howard S. Abbott. Mr. Abbott is a member of the Minneapolis, the Minikahda and the Lafayette Clubs and a 141 HOWARD S. ABBOTT. member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon college fra ternity. He attends St. Marks Episcopal Church and is a member of the vestry of that parish and one of the trustees of the Diocese of Minne sota. He was married on June 28, 1898, to Mary Louise Johnson, of Racine, Wis. To them two children have been born, Emily Louise and Howard Johnson. ALBERT, Charles Stanley, lawyer, is a Pennsylvanian, born at Williamsport, July 10, 1872, and the son of Allen D. and Sarah A. (Faber) Albert. Until he was sixteen he went to the common schools of Wilkesbarre—to which city his parents removed when he was four—and of Towanda, where he lived between ten and sixteen. His father then took a post as a government offi cial at Washington, D. C., and his son Charles studied law in the office of Worthington & Heald and attended the law school of Columbian Uni versity, (now George Washington University). He graduated from Columbian with his LL. B. in 1892, and LL. M. in 1893, then came to Min neapolis and entered the office of Benton, Rob erts & Brown, attending the University of Min nesota law school in the winters of '93-'94- He received his LL. B. from this in 1894. Between 1897 and 1900 Mr. Albert was in partnership with W. E. Dodge. After Mr. Dodge's appointment as general attorney for the Great Northern Rail- 142 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS way, with headquarters at St. Paul, he formed a partnership with Rome G. Brown. Mr. Albert is a gold democrat. He belongs to the legal fra ternity of Phi Delta Phi and to the American, State, Hennepin County and Minneapolis Bar associations, and is a member of the Minneapolis, Minikahda, and the Lafayette clubs. He is un married. As a member of the firm of Rome G. Brown and Charles S. Albert he is attorney for a large number of corporations in Minneapolis and in Minnesota. ANKENY, Alexander Thompson, son of Isaac Ankeny and Eleanore Parker Ankeny, was born at Somerset, Pennsylvania, December 27, 1837. After receiving in his native town a common school education he attended the Disciples' College at Hiram, Ohio, and later an academy at Morgantown, West Virginia, and Jefferson College at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He then received an appointment at Washington in the office of the United States Attorney General, Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, at the same time reading law there. He was admitted to the bar at Somerset in April. 1861. During the war he held a position of more than ordinary trust in the War Department under Hon. Edwin M. Stanton. Mr. Ankeny came to Minneapolis in April, 1872, and for some years was connected with thq* lumber firm of W. P. Ankeny & Bro. In 1878 he resumed law prac tice and has since continued therein. During his g, a BRUSH, PHOTO ALEXANDER T. ANKENY. residence in the city he has been identified with its best progress and development. He has fre quently been a candidate of the democrats, in 1890 coming within a few votes of election as one of the district judges. In 1896 he was the party candidate for mayor. From 1886 to 1895 he was a member of the board of education, and for the last four years of the term was its presi dent, also being ex-officio a member of the li brary board. From 1899 to 1903 he was presi dent of the state normal school board. Mr. An keny was one of the incorporators of the Ma sonic Temple Association in 1885, and for sev eral years has been president of the board. He is identified with the Portland Avenue Church of Christ and is one of its three trustees. Mr. Ankeny was married at Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1861, to Miss Martha V. Moore. Four children now grown reside in this city, the eldest daughter, Mrs. Chester McKusick, having died at Duluth, Minnesota, in 1900. Mrs. Ankeny died here May 27, 1904. ARCTANDER, Ludvig, lawyer, was born at Skien, Norway, on January 3, 1863, the son of August H. and Caroline Ahlsell Arctander. His father was a college professor at Skien. The Arctander family is one of the old families of Norway and one whose members have taken an active part in the intellectual and political life of the country for four hundred years. A cousin, Sophus Arctander, is a member of the present Norwegian cabinet and was one of the chief actors in the movement which resulted in the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. As a boy Mr. Arctander attended the high school and college at Skien and received the degree of M. A. at the University of Christiania in 1881. In the same year he emigrated to the United States. He first went to Willmar, Minnesota and taught school in Kandiyohi and Renville counties during 1882, '83 and '84; edited the Willmar Argus in 1885 and all this time de voted himself to the study of law. He was ad mitted to the bar in 1885 and in January, 1886, commenced practice in Minneapolis. His twenty years of practice have been closely devoted to his profession and he has given little time to outside pursuits. His only participation in poli tics has been as an independent voter and citizen —so much so that he has no party affiliations and has never taken any active part in political campaigns or filled public office. Mr. Arctander was married in 1903 to Mrs. Dolly Miller. They have no children. AUSTIN, Charles D., lawyer, is the son of David Austin, a Maine farmer. He was born April 26, 1856, at Belgrade, Kennebec county, Maine. He was brought up on his father's farm to which he returned for his vacations while fit ting for and attending college. During a portion of the time he was attending college he spent 143 COURTS AND LAWYERS against an entryman, which was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States by him and where his contention was finally sustained, was a very important case and one of general inter est. On June 1st, 1893, he moved to Minneapolis and formed a partnership with Judge Bailey, which continued until his death. After that he was in partnership with Judge Pierce for several years, but is now in business for himself. Mr. Austin is a Republican. He is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Minneapolis. By his marriage to Adelaide J. Van Vleck, Jan uary 25, 1888, he has one child—Van Vleck Aus tin. BARDWELL, Winfield W., was born July 18, 1867, at Excelsior, Hennepin county, Minnesota, son of William E. and Araminta Hamblet Bardwell, his father being an engineer. After attending the common schools and academy at Excelsior, Winfield entered the office of Harlan P. Roberts in Minneapolis as stenographer and clerk, and then took a course of law at the State University, receiving from that institution the degree of LL. B., and the supplementary degree of LL. M., for the required graduate work. Since 1891 Mr. Bardwell has been engaged in the practice of his pro fession, first in partnership with James M. Burlingame, as Burlingame & Bardwell, and later with C. L. Weeks, as Bardwell & Weeks, and SWEET, PHOTO CHARLES IX AUSTIN. his vacations in teaching school to defray ex penses. He attended the Wesleyan College but did not complete the course there. In the year 1880, upon the advice of his brother, Horace Aus tin, Ex-Governor of Minnesota, then Register of the United States Land Office at Fargo, Dakota, he started for Fargo reaching therein the spring of that year. At that place he entered the gov ernment service in the Land Office where he re mained for about one year while looking for a suitable place to locate permanently. He located at Lisbon, Ransom County, Da kota Territory (now North Dakota) on July 5th, 1881, when the town was forty miles from the nearest railroad station. This section of the country was just being developed and he did a large land and loan business from the outset. Having been admitted to the bar in 1882 he en gaged in the practice of law in addition to his other business. He was a member of the territorial legisla ture during the session of 1884-5, the stormy ses sion at which an attempt was made to remove the capital from Bismarck. He held several other offices having been mayor of Lisbon, a member of the board of education, besides holding several minor offices. As a lawyer, Mr. Austin was en gaged in important litigation. The Hewitt case, involving the right of the Northern Pacific Rail road Company to select indemnity lands as SWEET, PHQTO WINFIELD W. BARDWELL. 144 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS with the American Express Company. In 1885 he matriculated at Williams College, and grad uated with an A. B. degree in 1887, winning the Van Vechten prize, awarded to the best ex tempore speaker of the graduating class by the popular vote of the students and faculty. He moved to Minneapolis and the following year commenced to qualify himself for the legal pro fession by studying law in a Minneapolis law office and in 1889 was admitted to the bar. Mr. Baxter began his active legal practice in 1890 at Minneapolis, and in 1906 was appointed gen eral counsel for the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, a position he now holds. In 1891 Mr. Baxter was married to Miss Gertrude Hooker of Minneapolis, and they have three children, Beth, Helen and John, aged respec tively fifteen, eleven and four years. Mr. Baxter is a member of the Commercial Club, the Six O'clock Club, the American Bar Association and the Minneapolis Bar Association of which he was for fifteen years secretary. BLEECKER, George Morton, was born at Whippany, New Jersey, on November 19, 1861, being descended from one of the earlier Knicker bocker families who settled on Manhattan island. He attended the public schools and Whippany Academy, and after coming to Minneapolis, in 1883, entered the University of Minnesota and continued special work during that and the fol- SWEET, PHOTO" JOIIN T. BAXTER. latterly he has practiced alone. Mr. Bardwell was a member of the legislature in the sessions of 1903-1905, and chairman of the Hennepin county delegation and of the committee on insurance in 1905. He introduced and put through bills for general salary adjustment of Hennepin county officials and introduced a bill placing city clerk, assessor and engineers on the elective basis, but the measure did not pass the senate. Mr. Bard well is a member of the Commercial Club, of the Masonic Order, and the Royal Arcanum, Secre tary of the Hennepin County Bar Association, and member of the executive committee of the Minneapolis Bar Association. Mr. Bardwell is a member of the Park Avenue Congregational Church. He was married in 1892 to Edith May Champlin and three children have been born to them, Mildred I., Charles Champlin and Marion A. BAXTER, John T., general counsel for the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, was born at Berlin, Wisconsin, on October 15, 1862, the son of Thomas Baxter and Susannah (Lewis) Baxter. He acquired a grammar and high school education at West Salem, Wisconsin, and then entered Ripon College at Ripon, Wis consin, for a preparatory course. He studied there for three years, taking a prominent part in the oratorical work of his school; and at the same time held a position as express messenger 8WECT, PHOTO GEORGE M. BLEECKER. COURTS AND LAWYERS lowing year. His legal education was acquired in. the law department of the University of Michigan, which he entered in 1885. After graduating in June, 1887, Mr. Bleecker returned to Minneapolis and was admitted to the bar of Minnesota in December of that year, and has practiced in this city continuously since that date. With the exception of three years, from 1894 to 1897, when he was associated with Edward E. Witchie, Mr. Bleecker has practiced alone. His clients include a number of the larger corpora tions of the city and state and his practice ex tends into the state and federal courts. Mr. Bleecker has not taken an active part in political affairs, but has had a lively interest in good poli tics, and has twice been called upon to serve the public. He served as clerk of the Probate Court of Hennepin county during the years 1891 and 1892, and was also a representative in the State Legislature during the session of 1893, and would probably have received further honors had he not been a democrat living in a republican dis trict. Mr. Bleecker is married (his wife was Mary Frances Martin) and the family attend the Episcopal church. He is a member of several oi* the social and fraternal organizations of the city, including the Masonic and Odd Fellows bodies and the Order of Elks. BRIGHT, Alfred H., general counsel for the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Rail road, was the son of Thomas Bright and Jane (Crittendon) Bright and was born at Adams Cen ter, New York. Thomas Bright was of English birth, coming to New York when ten years of age and removing, in 1850 to Wisconsin where his son attended the common schools and the state university from which he graduated in 1874 with the degree A. B. and L. B. Two years later he was admitted to the bar. He practiced law in Wyoming from '84 to '87. In '87 he went to Milwaukee, where he was solicitor of the Mil waukee and Northern Railway Co. until 1891. During his residence in Milwaukee he was a member of the law firm of Williams, Friend & Bright. In 1891 he came to Minneapolis to ac cept the position of general solicitor of the Min neapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie railway, or the "Soo Line" as it is more familiarly called. This office he filled until in February, 1908, he was appointed general counsel for the same line, the office which he now holds. Mr. Bright is a republican in political faith, and though not a politician, takes a lively interest in public affairs. In Wyoming he was for four years prosecuting attorney of Fremont county but he has not held office at any other time. Since coming to Min neapolis he has taken a special interest in educa tional matters and has been considered as a de sirable candidate for the board of education. He is one of the board of directors of the Associated Charities and is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. A Universalist, he is affiliated with the Church of the Redeemer. He married 145 Emily Haskell September 15, 1887. They have four children, Elizabeth, George Noyes, Katherine, and Agnes. BROWN, Frederick Vaness, was born on March 8, 1862, in Washtenaw county, Michigan. He lived on his father's farm until he was seven years old, when the family moved to Shakopee, Minnesota. After attending the public schools and studying for one year at Hamline University, he was employed for two years as storekeeper for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Rail road in St. Paul, after which he read law in the office of Hon. H. J. Peck in Shakopee and was admitted to the bar at Shakopee in June, 1885. He practiced his profession there for four years, after which he removed to Minneapolis where he engaged successfully in general practice. On October 1, 1905, Mr. Brown was appointed by Gov. Johnson Judge of the District Court to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Judge El liott to the supreme bench. In the following year, 1906, at the regular November election, he was re-elected to the same office. Mr. Brown is a democrat in politics; is a member of the Masonic Order and of the B. and P. Order of Elks, and a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial Clubs. On April 7, 1903, he was elected presi dent of the State Bar Association. He is a mem ber of the First Unitarian Church. On Novem ber 10, 1886, he was married to Esther A. Bailey at Prescott, Wisconsin, and to them have been born two children, Jessica M. and Howard Selden. BROWN, Rome G., former president of the Minnesota State Bar Association, and a well-known lawyer, was born at Montpelier, Vermont, June 15, 1862. He is the son of Andrew C. and Lucia A. (Green) Brown, and on his family tree appear some of the most noted names of colonial his tory—among them those of Chad Brown and of the Putnams and Stoddards. When Mr. Brown was born, his father was editor of the Vermont Watchman. Later he was in the insurance and telephone business but is now retired. The son was educated at the Montpelier common and high schools, and graduated with honors from Harvard University in 1884. Bringing his A. B. home with him to the law office of the Hon. Ben jamin F. Fifield, after three years of study there, he was admitted to the Vermont bar, October 24, 1887. Two months later he came to Minneapolis and entered the office of Benton & Roberts, be coming a partner after three years of practice, under the firm name of Benton, Roberts & Brown. On Col. Benton's death, January 1, 1895, the part nership was dissolved and Mr. Brown practiced alone, building up from that time a large general practice. On May 29, 1895, he was admitted to practice in the United States Supreme Court. Since January 1, 1900, his firm has been Rome G. Brown and Charles S. Albert. A large part of his professional work has been given to questions of water power and of riparian rights on lakes and 146 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS v fe •* m ^ x ROME G. BItOWN. streams. He is attorney for the Great Northern Railway, having charge of that company's legal business in five counties of Minnesota, including Minneapolis and Hennepin county. In all, Mr. Brown represents some dozen corporations, lo cated chiefly within the state of Minnesota and dealing mostly with public utilities. He has writ ten several monographs upon important public questions, among them "The Pollution of Lakes and Streams" and the "Question of Establishing a Three Years' Course for the Degree of A. B. at Harvard," the latter in connection with the work of The Associated Harvard Clubs. Both of these last have had a wide circulation, though among different circles, throughout the country. He belongs to the leading social and business clubs of Minneapolis, is a member of the Loyal Legion, vice-president of the Minnesota Harvard Club, of the American Bar Association for Min nesota and president of the Vermont Association of Minnesota. On May 26, 1906, he was elected president of The Associated Harvard Clubs, an organization representing all the leading Har vard clubs in the United States. Mr. Brown be longs to the First Unitarian Church. He was married on May 25th, 1888, to Mary Lee Hollister, of Marshfield, Vermont, and has two chil dren—a son and daughter. CAIRNS, Charles Sumner, has practiced law in Minneapolis since 1883, when he came to the city from Decatur, Illinois. He is of remote Scotch-Irish descent on the paternal side. Wil liam Cairnes or Careins was a Scotch-Irish Pres byterian who came to this country in the year 1774, and settled in Maryland, at what is now the town of Jarretsville, some distance north of Baltimore. From him Mr. Cairns is a direct descendant. Wm. Cairns, Jr., son of the head of the American branch of the family, was born and raised in Maryland. He fought in the war of 1812; was afterward married and made his home at Jarretsville, remaining there until a few years after his son, Robert, was born. He moved to Ohio and became a farmer of Muskingum county; and his son Robert (father of Charles) followed the same occupation as well as en gaging in mercantile pursuits for a time at New Concord. The ancestors of Mr. Cairns upon his mother's side were numbered among the Puritan colonists of rocky New England, Samuel Haynes having come to America in the ship Angel Gab riel which was wrecked on the Maine coast in 1635. He was a founder and selectman of Ports mouth, New Hampshire, and his descendants were prominent colonists, who were among the number that served under Washington during the War of the Revolution. Mary A. Haynes, mother of Charles S., was a remarkably talented woman, who accomplished considerable in liter ary and journalistic fields, and published a book of poems for private circulation. Her younger brother, Judge John Haynes, was a distinguished jurist of California. Charles Sumner was born near Duncan's Falls, Muskingum county, on July 4, 1856. His education began in the district school, where he acquired his preparatory train ing, then entered the Muskingum College at New Concord, Ohio, and graduated with the class of 1876, taking an A. B. degree, and after post graduate work was awarded the degree of M. A. It had, since boyhood, been his ambition to study for a legal career, and with that end in view he entered the, law offices of Roby, Outten & Vail at Decatur, Illinois, reading law with that firm about a year. He continued his legal studies in the law department of the University of Michi gan, graduating and taking an LL. B. degree in 1882. Soon after leaving college he entered into a partnership with Judge William E. Nelson, but in the following year came to Minneapolis and determined to remain here and practice his pro fession. He formed another partnership, in this instance with David S. Frackelton. After & period of five years, this connection was severed and, for the most part, Mr. Cairns has since practiced alone. Mr. Cairns is a republican in politics; an enthusiastic worker in the party af fairs of the state; and in 1893 was elected to the state legislature, where he became prominent through the introduction of a bill for the direct nomination of political candidates by the people —the foundation of the primary election law COURTS AND LAWYERS adopted in 1899, which latter act he drafted for the most part. In 1896 he was an alternate dele gate to the National Republican convention which met in St. Louis and nominated William McKinley for president. At the time of the twelfth United States census he was appointed supervisor for the fifth congressional district of Minnesota, filling the office most successfully. He was a member and a director of the Board of Trade and as a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club he has always taken an active part in its public work. Mr. Cairns was married to Miss Frances V. Shellabarger, a daughter of an old Illinois family and graduate of the Wesleyan College, Cincinnati. They have two sons, Mil lard S. and Carl A. The family are members of the Westminster Presbyterian Church of which he is a ruling elder. CARLETON, Frank H., was born at New port, New Hampshire, October 8, 1849, the son of Henry G. Carleton, who was for many years a banker at that place. The family is of English descent and traces its line back to Sir Guy Carleton. As a boy Frank H. Carleton attended the public schools of Newport, later preparing for college at Kimball Union Academy at Meridan, New Hampshire. He entered Dartmouth College in 1869 and completed the course with the class of 1872. Like many New England young men he SWEET, PHOTO FRANK H. CARLETON. 147 largely worked his way through college. He taught at various places, at one time being principal of an academy in Mississippi. After leaving college Mr. Carleton was for awhile city editor of the Manchester (N. H.) Daily Union. He then came west, first finding employment in Minneapolis as a reporter on the Minneapolis News, and later as city editor of the St. Paul Daily Press. But he wished to study law and after a year with the Press he entered the office of the late Cushman K. Davis and C. D. O'Brien where he read law, at the same time serving as clerk of the municipal court. Five years later his health failed and he resigned his position and made a trip to Europe. When he returned he served a short time as private secretary to Gov. John S. Pillsbury—at the time when the famous railroad bond matter was reaching final settlement. With the expira tion of Gov. Pillsbury's last term in office Mr. Carleton found a desired opportunity to enter ac tive law practice and moved to Minneapolis, form ing a law partnership with the late Capt. Judson N. Cross and Judge H. G. Hicks. This firm has continued to the present time with but one change in name—it became Cross, Hicks, Carle ton & Cross when Norton M. Cross, son of Capt. Cross, was admitted to partnership. In the course of his professional career Mr. Carleton has been called upon to handle much special litigation and to act as administrator and trustee in many im portant cases. He has never engaged actively in politics but has been a lifelong republican and has served the public in office, first as assistant city attorney, from 1883 to 1887, and later as a member of the library board. During his service in the city attorney's office he had charge of much litigation arising from the passage of the famous patrol limits law and successfully combated all suits brought for the annulment of that ordi nance. Mr. Carleton has been for many years one of the trustees of Park Avenue Congregational church. He was married in 1881 to Ellen Jones, only daughter of the late Judge E. S. Jones. They have had seven children. CHILDS, Clarence H., is a native of Iowa. He was born August 19, 1858, at Tipton, Cedar county, the son of Eugene Childs, a merchant, and Caroline S. Childs. His boyhood was spent at Fort Dodge, Iowa, where he attended the dis trict and high schools, afterwards going to Michi gan University from which he graduated with the degree of Ph. B. in June, 1882. Very soon after he came to Minneapolis and commenced the study of law with James D. Springer, general solicitor of the Minneapolis & St. Louis railway. Upon being admitted to the bar in 1884 he com menced general practice and has followed his profession continuously since that time and since 1901 has been examiner of titles under the Torrens law in Hennepin county. Mr. Childs' po litical affiliations are with the republican party. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Minikahda Clubs. On June 6, 1889, he was married 148 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 1894 was a member of Company I , F i r s t Regi ment, M. N. G. I n politics he is independent a n d progressive, especially in local matters. Mr. Child is a member of the First Unitarian church of which he has f o r many years been a trustee. H e was married on July 5, 1 8 8 4 , t o Miss Alice W e b b e r of Rumford, Maine. T h e y have four children, Sherman W., Emily, Marjorie and Lewis W . C R A N E , J a y W., was born in the village of Perry, New York. H i s father was the Rev. Stephen Crane, D. D., a Universalist minister for over forty years, now deceased. Mrs. C. J a n e Crane, widow of Stephen, and mother of J a y W., now lives in Minneapolis a t the home of her son. Mr. Crane passed the early years of his life in New York, where he attended the public schools and later entered the high school a t Hillsdale, Michigan, f r o m which he graduated. After com pleting his preparatory work Mr. Crane entered Lombard College a t Galesburg, Illinois. H e took up the study of law shortly after his graduation from the Galesburg institution, and was admitted to the bar a t Columbus, Ohio, in 1 8 9 0 . F o r t w o years prior t o 1 8 9 0 , Mr. Crane had been engaged in teaching in Illinois and in the public schools of Norwalk, Ohio, and until 1 8 9 1 continued t o hold his position a s a n instructor in t h a t city. Since that time Mr. Crane has been continuously engaged in the work of his profession, and has carried on a general practice successfully. T h o u g h S. R. CHILD. t o Miss Sarah M. Henshaw. T h e y have one son, George H . Childs. T h e family attends St. Mark's Episcopal Church where Mr. Childs has been a vestryman f o r some six o r seven years. C H I L D , Sampson Reed, was born on Septem ber 2 2 , i 8 6 0 , a t Paris, Oxford county, Maine. H e was the son of Lewis W a s h b u r n Child and Emily Reed Child. H i s father was a farmer. Mr. Child's boyhood was spent a t Rumford, Oxford county, Maine, where h e attended the public schools after which he fitted f o r college a t North Bridgton academy, Maine. Graduating f r o m the academy in 1 8 8 0 he entered Bowdoin college the same year and completed his course in 1 8 8 4 , with the degree of A. B. Mr. Child a t once came west and commenced t h e study of law in Minneapolis with the late J u d g e Seagrave Smith a n d the late Samp s o n A. Reed. H e was admitted t o the bar in 1 8 8 6 and has since been in active practice of his profession in Minneapolis. Mr. Child has been constantly interested in the public affairs of the city and though never an office holder o r office seeker has been identified with various move ments looking t o the improvement of municipal and social conditions. H e was appointed a mem ber of the first Minneapolis charter commission a n d has since taken part in the campaigns looking t o the adoption of a n improved charter for the city. H e has been f o r years a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences and from 1 8 8 9 t o JAY W. CRANE. 14$ COURTS AND LAWYERS he has applied himself closely to his legal work he has also been a strong political worker. He is a republican and is associated with several organizations interested in the advancement of the party; among them being the Fifth Ward Re publican Club, of which he is president, and the Garfield Republican Club. He was a member of the Hennepin county republican campaign com mittee for many years. The Minneapolis Com mercial Club also includes him in its membership. Mr. Crane is a Universalist, and is a member of the First Universalist Society of Minneapolis (the Church of the Redeemer), of which he is clerk. He is not married. CRAY, Willard Rush, for thirty years a mem ber of the Minneapolis bar and formerly a judge of the district court, is a native of Vermont. He was born on May 5, 1853, at Highgate, Frank lin county, and the son of Carlos Lawrence Cray and Sarah Spooner Cray. The family is traced back to Scotch and English ancestors, whose descendants settled in New England in early times. Carlos Cray was a farmer and his son grew up amid the surroundings of the New England farm life of that period, attended the traditional little red school house and inter spersed his years of higher schooling with terms of teaching, clerking and such other occupations as would serve to defray the expenses of an education. He passed through the high school, Addison County Grammar School (Vermont), and graduated from Middlebury College, Ver mont, in 1876. After leaving college he entered the law office of Noble, Davis, Smith & Stevens at St. Albans, Vermont, but during the follow ing year, 1877, he came to Minneapolis and con tinued to read law in the office of Shaw & Levi. He was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has practiced continuously in Minneapolis except during the years 1902-1904 when he served upon the district bench for the Fourth Judicial District, Hennepin county, Minnesota. For many years he was a law partner of the late Judge J. M. Shaw, the firm of Shaw & Cray being one of the most prominent in the Northwest. Judge Cray has taken an active part in the affairs of the city and is a member of various organiza tions and clubs including .the Minneapolis, Lafayette and Minikahda clubs and the Sons of Veterans and Citizens Staff of John A. Rawlins Post, G. A. R. He is a republican and though not conspicuous in politics is not one of those who neglects the primary and the voting booth. In 1896 he was elected to the state legislature as representative from his district and served during the session of 1897. Judge Cray was one of the organizers of the Minneapolis Bar Asso ciation and its president in 1902, and is a mem ber of the Minnesota State Bar Association and the American Bar Association. He has been for many years a prominent member of Plymouth Congregational Church. He was married on December 10, 1879, to Marguerite L. Douglas. They have two children, Jessie Kitchel and Flor ence Marguerite. DEUTSCH, Henry, was born in Minneapolis, August 28, 1874, son of Jacob and Malchen A. (Valfer) Deutsch. He received his early educa tional training in the public schools of Minne apolis. was graduated from the Central high school in 1891; was graduated LL. B. from the law department of the University of Minnesota in 1894; took Yale University's LL. M. ("Magna cum Laude") in 1895, and was admitted to the bar October, 1895, when he was associated with A1 J. Smith (now county attorney) as partner; in 1907 he became associated in active practice with Frank M. Nye and soon became his partner under the firm name of Nye & Deutsch. In 1908 Mr. Nye having been elected to congress, this partner ship was dissolved and Mr. Deutsch with E. P. Allen and A. M. Breding formed the law firm of Deutsch, Allen & Breding. Mr. Deutsch is a member of the board of directors of the Minne apolis Commercial Club, of which he was second vice president in 1905. He is a member of the American Bar Association, of the Commercial Law League of America (of which he is one of the vice presidents); of the Minnesota State Bar Association; and of the Hennepin County Bar Association. He is a member of the Six O'Clock Club and of the Garfield Club and is a prominent HENRY DEUTSCH. 150 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS member of the Elks, the Maccabees and the Royal Arcanum. He is a Past Master Hennepin Lodge No. 4, A. F. & A. M., has K. C. C. HDegree, Scottish Rite bodies Masonic; and is Wise Master St. Vincent De Paul' Chapter, Rose Croix No. 2; member of Zuhrah Temple Mystic Shrine and past president Minnesota Auxiliary Fraternal Congress. Mr. Deutsch is a member of the Second Church of Christ, Scientist, of Minneapolis. He was for two years chairman of the Public Entertainment and Convention Com mittee of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and was a member of the executive committee of the G. A. R. Encampment, in 1906. He was mar ried May 2, 1898, to Miss Grace A. Levi and three children have been born to them, Clarence S., Maria Hope, and Henry Noel. DILLE, John Ichabod, was born at Andrews, Indiana, on November 18, 1857, the son of Icha bod and Rebecca Dille. His early years were spent on his father's farm and his schooling was that of the local educational institutions until he fitted for college and entered the University of In diana. From this university he obtained his de gree of LL. B. in 1877 and shortly afterwards entered upon the practice of his profession at Huntington, Indiana, and remained there until the spring of 1889. Mr. Dille's^ first entrance into railroad service was as attorney for the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. for Oklahoma and In dian Territory in 1891 with offices at El Reno, Oklahoma. He continued to' fill" this position until 1898, when he became assistant attorney for the same road for Iowa, South Dakota and Minnesota, with headquarters at • Des 'Moines, Iowa. On September 1, 1905, he resigned to accept the appointment of general attorney of the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad Com pany, the Iowa Central Railway Company and the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad Com pany, with headquarters at Minneapolis. * He at once took up his residence in this city and entered actively upon his duties as attorney. Mr. Dille is associated with the Knights of Pythias, and is a Past Grand Chancellor of that order." In 1897-8 he was president of the Territorial Bar Association of Oklahoma. He has been promi nent in educational work in the different states where he has resided. While attorney for the Rock Island at Des Moines he was also dean of the Highland Park College of Law in that city. In Oklahoma he was associated with the uni versity of that state for several years as presi dent of the Board of Regents, and after moving to Des Moines received the degree of LL. D. from that institution. Mr. Dille was married in 1876 to Miss Mary J. Mohn. They have five children. DODGE, Fred B., senior member of the law firm of Dodge & Webber, was born at Moscow, Livingston county, New York, February 4, 1854. He received his education at Temple Hill Acad emy at Geneseo, New York, and Fairfield Sem inary, Herkimer county, New York, and the University of Rochester. He was admitted to the bar of New York in 1879, and came to Minne apolis in 1881, where he has since been engaged in general legal practice. DWINNELL, William Stanley, was born at Lodi, Wisconsin, December* 25, 1862, son of John Bliss and Maria C. Dwinnell. His father was a merchant and later a farmer, his family having settled at Topsfield, Massachusetts, in 1660. The original *home is still in the posses sion of the family. His mother's family include in their direct line of descent, Jona than Edwards and the Dwight family of Connecticut and New York. W. S. Dwinnell spent his early life in Wisconsin where he at tended the public and high schools at Lodi, and then took two years of undergraduate course at the University of Wisconsin and graduated from the law department in 1886. For the next two years he was employed by the supreme court of Wisconsin preparing opinions for publication and at Madison he enjoyed the close friendship of Governor Jeremiah M. Rusk. He accompanied the Governor and his staff, on invitation, to the funeral of Gen. Grant in New York and was with •weet, photo JOHN I. DILLE. BRUSH, PHOTO 152 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Governor Rusk during the Milwaukee riots of 1886. After serving as district attorney of Jack son county, Wisconsin, in 1888-89, Mr. Dwinnell came to Minneapolis as attorney, under contract, for a large building and loan association, but re signed on account of radical differences as to policy, and engaged in the practice of law chiefly relating to corporations. Since 1900 he has, to avoid too close confinement to his office, given larger attention to outside matters and has oper ated in realty in Minneapolis and St. Paul and in timber lands in California and British Colum bia. He is president of Fraser River Tannery in the latter province, and treasurer of the Ur ban Investment Company of St. Paul. Among the substantial public services of Mr. Dwinnell may be mentioned his agency in securing the con sideration and passage of the Direct Primary Law by the Legislature of 1899 and the passage of the Anti-trust Law. Mr. Dwinnell has been and is a strenuous champion of good government and does not spare himself in the work of secur ing the nomination of worthy candidates for municipal, state and federal offices. He was for several years a member of the public affairs com mittee of the Commercial Club and was vicechairman of that committee for the year 1906. He holds membership in the Minneapolis, Minikahda, Commercial, Six-O'clock Clubs, the Amer ican and Minnesota Bar associations and the American Economic Association. Mr. Dwinnell is a member and vestryman of St. Mark's Epis copal Church. _ He was married on April 24, 1889, to Virginia Ingman, and they have three chil dren—Stanley W., Katherine and James Bowen. McNAIR, William Woodbridge, one of the pioneers of Minneapolis, and for many years a distinguished member of the Hennepin county bar, was born at Groveland, Livingstone county, New York, on January 4, 1836. He was the old est son of William W. McNair, whose family was of Scotch-Irish descent, while his mother, Sarah Pierrepont, was a descendant of Rev. James Pierrepont, one of the founders of Yale College, and of a family which traced its line back to the time of William the Conqueror. Mr. McNair's talented mind received from private tutors and the academies of Genesee and Canandaigua education and culture. When nineteen years old, he came west and entered the law office of Judge J. P. Doolittle at Racine, Wis consin, but after two years came to Minneap olis, in 1857. He was admitted to the bar during the same year, and for twenty-seven years re mained in active practice in this city. From 1861 to 1868, Mr. McNair was associated with the late Eugene M. Wilson under the firm name of Wil son & McNair, and upon Mr. Wilson's election to Congress in 1868, he formed a partnership with Judge William Lochren as Lochren & McNair. J. B. Gilfillan was later admitted to this firm, which for many years was the leading law firm of the city. After Judge Lochren's appointment to the district bench in 1881, the business was continued by McNair & Gilfillan until Mr. Gilfillan's election to Congress in 1884, when, on account of impaired health, Mr. McNair retired from practice. During his long practice in Min neapolis, he was connected with much important litigation and was considered one of the strong est lawyers at the bar. Although much engaged with his practice, he was deeply interested in public affairs, but though frequently importuned to accept office, on only a few occasions con sented to public service. For four years prior to 1863, he was county attorney, and in 1868 was elected one of the school directors of St. An thony. In 1869, he was elected mayor of St. Anthony and continued at the head of the city government until the consolidation of St. An thony and Minneapolis in 1872. He affiliated with the democratic party and, against his wishes, received the nomination for Congress in 1876 and was complimented by a vote which largely re duced the usual republican majority in the dis trict. In 1883 he was tendered the nomination for governor, but positively declined. A busi ness man of unusual ability, Mr. McNair's name was connected with many of the successful en terprises of his time, including the Minneapolis Gas Light Company and the Minneapolis Street Railway Company, in each of which he was one of the original incorporators. He was also an original stockholder and director in the Minne apolis & St. Louis Railroad, and was extensively interested in lumbering and contracting for tim ber supply for the northwestern railroads. Be ing strongly impressed with the future of the city, he invested very largely in real estate in and about Minneapolis. Mr. McNair possessed fine social qualities and the most genial and gen erous disposition. Mr. McNair was married on August 21, 1862, to Miss Louise Wilson, daugh ter of Edgar C. Wilson of Virginia, and sister of the late Eugene M. Wilson of Minneapolis. They had two daughters, Agnes O., now Mrs. Louis K. Hull and Louis P., now Mrs. Francis M. Henry. Mr. McNair died on September 15, 1885, leaving many devoted friends who mourn their great loss. REED, Frederick Watson, was born at Fow ler, Ohio, on November 7, 1853, the son of Ben jamin Franklin and Susan (Dewey) Reed. The family moved to Iowa and Mr. Reed's boyhood was spent on a farm in that state where he at tended school and fitted for college, making his own way during most of his school and college life. He was graduated from Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa, in 1879 and immediately went to Montana where he was principal of schools dur ing the next two years. He then engaged in business in Montana but after two years came to Minneapolis and began the study of law in the office of Shaw, Levi & Cray. In 1886 he was admitted to the bar and has since been con tinuously in active practice in Minneapolis.' He is a member of the Hennepin County, Minnesota , • , :•£ J • , - . I 154 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS State, and American bar associations and of the Commercial and Six O'clock clubs. In political faith Mr. Reed is a republican though independdent in thought and action, especially in local matters. He takes a very active interest in municipal affairs and has been prominently iden tified with all movements of the past twenty years looking to the promotion of good govern ment and better municipal conditions. Con spicuous in this work has been his participation in the campaigns for a better city charter. Mr. Reed was married at Cincinnati on December 30, 1891, to Miss Selina Brown, daughter of the late Charles E. Brown of the Cincinnati bar. GALE, Edward Chenery, son of Samuel C. •and Susan (Damon) Gale, was born in Minneap olis, August 21, 1862. The father, Samuel C., came to Minneapolis in 1857 from Massachusetts, educated as a lawyer; but he early engaged in real estate in which business as well as in the general civic life of the community he has long taken an active part. The family are of English descent, the forebear in this country being Richard Gale, who settled in Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1636. Ed ward C. attended the public schools of Minnea polis and graduated from the high school in the class of 1878. He attended the state uni versity for two years and then went to Yale bWtET, PHOTO EDWARD C. GALE. University where he graduated with the class of 1884. After a year abroad he studied law in the office of Shaw & Cray, Minneapolis, and sub sequently took the degree of A. M. at the Law School of Harvard University. Mr. Gale has at tained a most worthy and honorable position in the profession he has chosen. He is at present a member of the law firm of Snyder & Gale, his associate being Fred B. Snyder. Mr. Gale is a director in the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, of which society he has also been presi dent; treasurer of the Minneapolis Academy of Sciences; director of the Minneapolis Athenaeum-*, secretary as well as a member of the Municipal Art Commission of Minneapolis, and active in many other movements making for the better things in life, civic as well as individual. Mr. Gale was married to Sarah Pillsbury, daughter of Ex-Governor John S. Pillsbury, June 28, 1892. They have one child living—Richard Pillsbury. F. w. REED, GJERTSEN, Henry John, (Henry J. Gjertsen) though born in Norway, October 8, 1861, has lived in Hennepin county ever since 1868, and has been a zealous worker for the state which adopted him. His father was Herman J. Gjertsen, a Norwegian sea-captain who came to Min-* nesota in 1868 and after a generation spent in farming, retired from active labor some years ago. Mr. Gjertsen, Sr., was born in Bergen. COURTS AND LAWYERS There the family has long been prominent, as was also that of his wife, Albertina B. Gjertsen, whose family name was that of Wulf, also of old Norwegian history. On both sides the mem bers of the two families have followed the pro fessions, more or less. Henry J. Gjertsen grew up on a Minnesota farm when farming in Hen nepin county knew nothing of agricultural col leges. He worked summers and went to the district schools in winter. These last schools, and Red Wing Seminary later, made his prelim inary training for the study of law. For this latter purpose he spent two years in study in Minneapolis, was admitted at twenty-three, and has since been successful in his profession to more than the ordinary degree. Under the ad ministration of Gov. Lind, he held the post of Brigadier General for two years; under Gov. Van Sant, he was Judge Advocate General for four years. His politics being republican, he has had a good chance to render effective public services as a member of the Minneapolis Charter Commission and as state senator from the fortysecond district in 1902. In the latter position he drew up the bucket shop law, which was passed in 1905. He also took an important part in the legislation that resulted in the new code. Mr. Gjertsen is a member of the Odin Club, the Elks, K. P., and Masonic bodies. He attends the Lutheran Church. He is married to Gretchen Groebel, of Red Wing, and has one daughter, now studying music in Berlin. HALE, William Edward, son of Isaiah Byron Burr and Mary E. Hale, was born at Wheeling, West Virginia, May 11, 1845. His father was a lawyer and was descended from Samuel Hale, who came from England and settled in Glastenbury, Connecticut, in 1637, making a record in the early Indian wars, while the family did patri otic duty in the War of the Revolution, in later years appearing with favorable conspicuity in public life—as James T. Hale, of Pennsyl vania, in congress, and the great naval secretary, Gideon Wells. William, who had visited Minnesota with his father when he was a boy, returned in i860 and resided in Plainview where, in 1861, he enlisted in the Third Minnesota Infantry and served three years during the war for the Union, receiving an honorable discharge. He then entered H&mline University, at that time located in Red Wing, and, after taking a collegiate course for three years he studied law in the office of Judge Wilder of Red Wing, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. He located in Buffalo, Wright county, where he practiced his profession and was elected county attorney and held the office two years. In 1872 he came to Minneapolis where he has since lived. He was elected county attorney for Hennepin county in 1878, and re-elected for a second term. He has made a notable record in the practice of the law. He has been in partner ship with Judge Seagrave Smith (1877-80) and 155 subsequently with Ju.dge C. M. Pond (Hale & Pond), and with Charles B. Peck (Hale & Peck), and latterly the head of the firm of Hale & Mont gomery. Mr. Hale is and has always been an active, loyal member of the republican party, but he has never yielded to the allurements of officeholding, except in the few instances when he has held the office of county attorney. HARRISON, Alexander M., was born in Ven ango county, Pennsylvania, on November 5, 1847, the son of Charles Harrison and Catherine E. (DeWitt) Harrison. The father was descended from English stock and was a successful farmer; the mother was of Dutch descent. During his boyhood he received excellent school training, first attending the district school in Perry, Ven ango County, and later an academy in the same place and afterwards the academy at Pleasantville, Pennsylvania. He completed his education at Fredonia academy in Chautauqua county, New York, where he graduated when he was twentyone years of age. Before graduation he had commenced reading law and after leaving Fredonia he worked for a time in the oil fields of Penn sylvania to earn money with which to complete his law studies. Having secured sufficient funds to pay his expenses during the law course he entered the law department of the University of Michigan from which he graduated in 1870. Judge Harrison came west and first established himself at Charles City, Iowa, where for three years he practiced alone and then became asso ciated with Samuel B. Starr and John G. Patter son under the firm name of Starr, Patterson & Harrison. After the death of Mr. Patterson in 1878 the partnership was continued as Starr & Harrison until December 1, 1886, when Judge Harrison came to Minneapolis. In 1898 Judge Harrison was nominated by the republican party of Hennepin county as one of its candidates for the district bench, and was elected by a large majority at the election that fall. He served upon the bench until the expiration of his term in January, 1904. After retiring from the district bench Judge Harrison resumed active practice. On August 13, 1873, he was married-to Miss Lizzie O. Chapin. They have three children, Merton E., Ruth, and Helen. Judge Harrison is a member of the Minneapolis Club and the Elks. HERTIG, Wendell, was born August 13, 1868, on a farm in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, son of Ulysses and Emily P. (Litman) Hertig. After having received a good rudimentary education he graduated in June, 1884, from the state normal school at California, ^Vashington county, Penn sylvania, and taught a country school the same winter. Coming to Minneapolis in 1887 he became connected in an official capacity with several finan cial corporations and was a bank cashier from 1892 to 1895. In 1891 he entered the Law School of the University of Minnesota, and, after having taken the full night law course, graduated in 1895, since which time he has been practicing his 156 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS profession, combining with the same a real estate and mortgage loan business. Mr. Hertig is a re publican in politics and was elected alderman of the Fifth Ward in 1905. He is a member of the Commercial Club, the Roosevelt Club, the Minikahda Club, the B. P. O. E. No. 44 and of all the Masonic Bodies. 1' JACKSON, Anson Blake, was born in Brook lyn, New York, February 17, 1850, the son of William B. and Elizabeth Blake Jackson. The father was a manufacturer and banker and the family trace their ancestry through several generations of Connecticut farmers, who took part in the War of the Revolution. Mr. Jackson's early life was spent in Brooklyn, Foresport and Utica, New York. He gradu ated from Hobart College, Geneva, New York, in 1870, and from Columbia law school, New York, in 1873, having been a student in the office of Roscoe at Utica during the. year 1871. Mr, Jackson practiced his profession in New York City for about five years. During most of the year 1878, he was employed in Kansas City as attorney for the Bondholders Committee of the Kansas Pacific Railway, and, on the absorption of that road by the Union Pacific in 1880, he re moved to Minneapolis where he has since been engaged in private practice, from 1880 to 1883 as a member of the firm of Jackson and Pond, and from 1885 to 1893 of the firm of Jackson and Atwater. . t Mr. Jackson is a republican in politics, and was married in 1881 to Eugenia Cheney Adams. They have two children. living—Anson Blake Jackson, Jr., a graduate of Yale University, class of '07, and Margaret E. Jackson, who graduated from Rosemary Hall, Greenwich, Connecticut, class of '06. HALL, Albert H., senior member of the law firm of Hall & KollJner, of this city, was born on July 11, 1858, at Alexandria, Licking county, Ohio. His family on both sides were early set tlers in that state, his maternal grandfather being the first white child born within the confines of Union county. Levi -Hall, his father, was for many years a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, who later entered the medical profession and moved to Minneapolis where he has for more than a quarter of a century been a practicing physician. His mother's name before her mar riage was Lucinda Mitchell. Mr. Hall received his education in the public schools, first in Ohio, and later attending the high school at Austin, Minnesota, where the family moved in 1872. Three years later he came to this city and en tered the University of Minnesota, supporting himself while in college by night work in tele graph and telephone service. At the end of his junior year in 1881, he left school and entered the law office of the late Judge Frederick Hooker. A position in the treasury department at Wash ington was offered him which he accepted, and at the same time attended the Columbia Law School, from which he graduated in 1883. Re signing his position, Mr. Hall returned to Minne apolis, and since that time has been engaged in the practice of his profession. Soon after return ing here he formed a partnership with N. F. Hawley, which continued for several years, Mr. Hall severing the connection to accept an ap pointment as assistant city attorney of Minne apolis in 1889. During the two years which he served he conducted successfully several impor tant cases, including the well known garbage dump cases. He resumed his general legal prac tice until 1893, when he was selected by the grand jury and appointed by Judge Seagrave Smith, special assistant attorney for Hennepin county, and filled that office for eighteen months. He tried many important criminal cases for the county and made a record as an able speaker and effective trial lawyer. Among the cases with which he was connected were the notable Scheig and Floyd cases; the Harris murder case which Mr. Hall successfully prosecuted; and the famous Hayward trial in which his unceasing efforts se cured the admissions and evidence which made possible the conviction of the guilty parties. At the expiration of his term Mr. Hall again took up his practice and has since been engaged in general practice, both in this city and throughout the Northwest. He formed in 1902 a partnership with Robert S. Kolliner under the firm name of Hall & Kolliner—an association which still con tinues. From his earliest manhood Mr. Hall has taken an active interest in politics and has been an efficient worker for the republican party for many years. In 1904 he became a candidate for the republican nomination for congress, but was defeated in a strong campaign against Hon. Loren Fletcher, who had been the incumbent for a num ber of successive terms. Mr. Hall was again a candidate in 1906 and made an even better run against a larger field for opponents. Mr. Hall was married in 1883 to Miss Nellie J. Pearson. They have one daughter, Faith. The family attendsi the Hennepin Avenue Methodist Church. Mr. Hall is a member of the Commercial Club and other organizations of a social character. JOSLYN, Colin C., is a native of the state of Illinois, the son of De Witt C. Joslyn and Philura L. Joslyn. His father was a farmer at Cortland, Illinois, where Colin C. was born on December 9, 1857. He grew up on the farm and attended the graded school at Cortland. After completing the necessary preparatory work he entered Ripon College, in Wisconsin, where he took the aca demic course receiving his degree with the class of 1883. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Minneapolis, in 1885, where he has since continuously practiced. Mr. Joslyn is a member of the Minneapolis Com mercial Club and attends the Universalist Church. In 1899 Mr. Joslyn was married to Miss Marie A, Rich and they have three children. AVJWV^-^ >i§lfPl W^W^SflT-JpWlfl f,*^ J^l^i*MM<,«S 158 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS KOON, Martin B., one of the most prominent & Bennett. The practice of the firm is mainly in men of the Hennepin county bar, was born on the line of corporation law. They are attorneys January 22, 1841, at Altay, Schuyler county, New for the Minneapolis Street Railway Company. York. His ancestry on his father's side was Judge Koon is a member of the Minneapolis Club, Scotch and through his mother he was descended the Commercial Club, the Chamber of Commerce from Connecticut pioneers. His father, Alanson and a trustee of the Church of the Redeemer. He Koon, was a farmer in Schuyler county New was married November, 1873, to Josephine VanYork, a man in moderate circumstances but of dermark and has two daughters, Kate Estelle, highest integrity and enjoying the respect of the now Mrs. E. C. Bovey, and M. Louise, now Mrs. community. While his son was yet quite young Charles Deere Velie. Alanson Koon removed with his family to Hills LAYBOURN, Charles G., was born at Spring dale county, Michigan. It was on a Michigan field, Clark county, Iowa, March 23, 1851, the farm that Judge Koon spent his boyhood studying son of Joseph Laybourn and Ann (Kirkley) Layat the district school in winter and doing farm bourn. His father was a native of Clark county, work in summer. His advantages were those of and was descended from an old New York family the average farmer's boy at that period. At the which counted among its members one of the age of seventeen he had by diligent study pre early mayors of New York City. His mother was pared himself to enter Hillsdale College. During of English descent, her parents' family having his college course he mainly supported himself settled in central Ohio when she was but a child. by teaching and had, in 1863 when he graduated, Mr. Laybourn's schooling was had in the district so impaired his health that it was necessary to school near his father's farm, supplemented by a seek a change of climate. He went to California course at a private school in which he matte such by the old Panama route and spent two years on progress that, at the age of sixteen, he was able the coast holding a position as teacher. Having to obtain a first grade teacher's certificate. For regained his health he returned to Michigan and some time he was engaged in teaching, but inter took up the study of law, in the office of his rupted this work to learn the trade of carriage brother, E. L, Koon. In 1867 he was admitted making which he followed until he met with a to the bar in Hillsdale, Michigan, and soon after disabling accident. He then took up teaching ward entered into partnership with his brother, which association continued until 1878. While again and desiring to secure a higher education entered the Illinois State Normal University at he did not go actively into politics he held the of Normal, Illinois, in 1874, four years later graduat fice of prosecuting attorney in Hillsdale county ing with honor in both the normal and classical from 1870 to 1874. In 1873 he spent four months courses. For two years following his graduation in travel in Europe. He had become persuaded, he was a teacher,in Markham's Academy, Milwau however, that Hillsdale did not offer a promising kee, resigning to take up the study of law. He field and in 1878 he moved to Minneapolis, where entered the law department of the University of he formed a partnership with E. A. Merrill, to Michigan, graduated in 1881, and immediately be which firm A. M. Keith was afterward admitted. gan practice at Creston, Iowa. He made rapid This firm enjoyed an extensive practice until the progress in building up a practice, but after four fall of 1881, when, owing largely to overwork, Mr. Koon fell a victim to typhoid fever, and on his years, wishing a wider field, he came to Minneap olis where he has been engaged in practice since partial recovery he went to California in search of health. In 1883, after his return, Judge J. M. 1885. While Mr. Laybourn's practice is general Shaw resigned from the district bench, and Gov it has been perhaps most extensive in com mercial and insurance law. He has been fre ernor Hubbard appointed Mr. Koon to fill the quently retained by fraternal insurance orders. vacancy. This was entirely without Mr. Koon's Mr. Laybourn is a member of the leading or solicitation and wholly unexpected. He accepted ganizations, social and fraternal, and takes an the office with much reluctance, doubting his active interest in public affairs as well as in qualifications for the position. He filled it with politics. He has been several times mentioned such eminent satisfaction, however, that in the as a candidate for the district bench and has re following fall he was unanimously elected to the ceived very complimentary support at the prim same office for the term of seven years. But he did not find the duties of the office congenial to ary elections for this office. In 1883 he was mar him, and May 1, 1886, he resigned. During his , ried to Miss Blanche Gove of Creston, Iowa, and they have four children two boys and two girls. occupancy of the bench he tried a number of im portant cases, among them the Washburn will LEONARD, Claude Bassett, was born at case, the St. Anthony water power case, the KingRemington case, the Cantieny murder case, anc^ Chelsea, Massachusetts, son of Rev. Charles H. and Phoebe A. (Bassett) Leonard. His father others scarcely less notable. This work involved is Dean of the Theological School of Tufts Col an enormous amount of study and research. On lege, Medford, Massachusetts, and has reached his retirement from the bench he resumed the the age of eighty-four years. Claude B. Leonard practice of his profession and has been for years received his earlier educational training at Dean the senior member of the firm of Koon, Whelan Academy, Franklin, Massachusetts, and gradu- v K%'1 w^sgSwSg Sa>*J?cdi ttj.'fS>K SWEET, PHOTO 160 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ated at Tufts College with the A. B. degree. Mr. Leonard studied law in the office of Starbuck & Sawyer at Watertown, New York, was admit ted to the bar in October, 1878, came to Minne apolis from Summerville, Massachusetts, on November 7, 1878, and entered vigorously into the activities of the Northwestern metropo lis. He was clerk of the probate court in 1879-80, and is now attorney for the Farmers' and Mechanics' Savings Bank and for the TriState Telephone & Telegraph Company. In a military way he has a record as a member of the National Guard, State of New York. He is a republican in politics; a member of the Com mercial Club; Past Master of Cataract Lodge No. 2, A. F. and A. M.; a member of St. Anthony Falls, Chapter No. 3, R. A. M.; of Adoniram Council, No. 5; of Darius Commandery, No. 7, K. T., and Zuhrah Temple, N. M. S. Mr. Leonard attends All Souls Universalist Church. He was married to Ella J. Eddy at Watertown, New York, on April 14, 1880, and they have three children—Ruth Eddy, Emily Bassett and Elva Llewelyn. LYON, George Asa, was born at Rockford, Floyd county, Iowa, on June 9, 1871, son of O. H t and Belle Alden Bradford Lyon. The mother was a direct descendant of William Bradford, who was chosen governor of the heroic Pilgrim band who landed from the Mayflower on the big boulder known as Plymouth Rock, December 21, 1620, and ruled the Plymouth colony for thirtysix years as the successor of John Carver, both being apostles of self-government in this land. Mr. Lyon's father, who is a cousin of General Nathaniel Lynn, served during the entire Civil War in an Iowa regiment, and was promoted to the captaincy of the Third Iowa Battery for heroic service. Mr. Lyon attended the public schools of Rockford, Iowa, then attended Grinnell College and later graduated at the Law School of Harvard University with the LL. B. degree. Mr. Lyon while in college was an all around athlete, and was a member of the Grinnell college base ball and foot ball teams for three years, being captain of the foot ball team during the last year, and was Inter-Collegiate champion of tennis for three years. He came to Minneapolis November 1, 1903, and has since practiced his profession here with marked success. He has been associated in the practice of law with the firm of Lancaster & McGee since 1904. His ex perience in the responsibilities of office-holding is derived from his tenure of the mayoralty of the city of Rockford, Iowa, for a term or two. He is a member of the Commercial Club, and of the State Bar Association. He is a member of the Plymouth Congregational Church. Mr. Lyon was married on October 5, 1905, to Elizabeth McLean, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. McCUNE, Alexander, clerk of the probate court and for a long time an attorney in general practice in Minneapolis, was born March 2, 1859, at Mecca, Parke county, Indiana. He is the son of Henry Clay McCune and May Ann (Melvin) McCune. The family is Scotch-Irish in origin and its history in America dates back over a century, to when the first McCune came to Pennsylvania from the north of Ireland. Its members have intermarried with colonial stock and the family chronicles are rich in incidents of interest. Mr. McCune was brought up on an Indiana farm. He went to the common schools of the country until he was twelve. Then the grandfather for whom he was named took him to his home at Lima, New York. The elder McCune was a man of unusual originality and force of character. His grandson received from association with him an education in the art of living which he says was as valuable as the academic training which he got from the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary of Lima. From Lima the grandson was sent to Princeton. With him went Lyman G. Morey, a seminary classmate—afterwards well known in Minneapolis by his work on the Minneapolis Journal—but who met a tragic and early death by drowning, in a Michigan lake. Mr. McCune had also a native Minneapolitan, Wm. H. Van derburgh, as a classmate in the classical depart ment of Princeton. It was through his friend ship for Mr. Vanderburgh, which brought him here later on a visit, that Mr. McCune decided that Minneapolis was the only city in the country for his permanent home. After graduation at Princeton and a year of law study in Indiana, he went to Ann Arbor, meeting there in the law department of Michigan University Frank Healy, who further confirmed his faith in Minneapolis. In March, 1883, Mr. McCune came to this city, entered the office of Cross, Hicks and Carlton and was admitted to practice in October of the same year. He pays high tribute to the kind ness of the late Capt. Cross and to the courtesy and patience of Judge Stephen Mahoney in court practice, for many chances to better establish his own future as a young lawyer. After a few months of independent practice in 1884, he united with E. S. Slater under the firm name of Slater & McCune. Three years later he became associated, with the Hon. E. M. Johnson, out of which grew the ten years' partnership of Johnson, Leonard & McCune. Upon Mr. Johnson's appointment as District Judge, Mr. McCune took up practice alone and has so continued. He has held the office of alderman of the eighth ward. His pres ent post as clerk of the Probate Court came to him without solicitation or previous knowledge. Mr. McCune is a Presbyterian in church faith. He was married October 20, 1886, at Lima, New York, to Clara A. McNair, and as a result of this union three children, Clara, Mary and Anna, have been born to them. MORRIS, William Richard, was born on February 22, 1859, in Fleming county, Kentucky. His father was Hezekiah Morris of three-quar ters Negro blood, who, born in slavery in the COURTS AND LAWYERS 161 to exercise his native talent in the successful handling of many important cases, one of the most notable being his defense of Thomas Lyons in the famous Harris murder trial. Mr. Morris has always been keenly interested in all move ments for the advancement of his race and has lent his own time and energy to such purposes. In 1885 he represented the Afro-Americans of the South at the meeting of the A. M. A. at Madi son, Wisconsin, delivering an address on "The Negro at Present." The following year he held institutes in Tennessee for the Afro-American teachers of the state under the auspices of the Superintendent of Education. In 1891 he was elected president of the Minnesota State League of Afro-Americans and for some time has been the political leader of the Negroes of the state Republican party. Mr. Morris is a Mason of the Thirty-third Degree Scottish Rites and has held several important offices in that body, being a past grand master and past grand secretary. In the Odd Fellows he is a past most venerable pa triarch and is a past grand chancellor of the Knights of Pythias, in which order he is at pres ent deputy supreme chancellor and brigadier general for Minnesota. He is a member of the Plymouth Congregational Church. On July 14, 1896, Mr. Morris was married to Miss Anna M. La Force, and they have one son, Richard Edward, born April 2, 1900. 8WEET, PHOTO WILLIAM R. MORRIS. south, by his industry bought his freedom and learned the trade of mattressmaking. His mother was Elizabeth (Hopkins) Morris of half Negro parentage. When William R. was two years of age his father died and after remaining in Kentucky through the war his mother moved to Ohio, locating at New Richmond. There her son attended the public schools and later a pri vate school of the same place and after moving to Chicago he entered a Catholic school. Com pleting his studies there his ambitions urged him to acquire a college and professional training and he entered Fisk University at Nashville, Tenn essee, in 1876, taking the classical course. He was at the University for eight years, and grad uated with high honors with the class of 1884. During his college work he was a powerful debator and orator, as well as being strong in his studies. Following his graduation a position as instructor of mathematics, languages and sci ences in the institution was tendered him which he accepted; and where he remained for four years—the only Afro-American member of the faculty. During this time he was also engaged in legal studies and in 1887 completed his law course, resigning his position at Fisk in 1889 to begin his legal practice. He was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois and came to Minneapolis, where he immediately com menced practice. He has found opportunity here MORRISON, Robert George, son of David H. and Margery B. (McConnell) Morrison, was born at Blair's Mills, Huntington county, Pennsylva nia, on July 31, i860. His father was a merchant of Blair's Mills and Mr. Morrison spent the first twelve years of his life at that place. The family then moved to Morning Sun, Iowa, where he finished his common school education and en tered the local high school. After graduating from the latter he entered the Iowa State Uni versity and in 1882 received his A. B. degree, and delivered the valedictory address at the class-day exercises of his class. He studied one year longer at the same institution and took an LL. B. degree in the law department. He also returned a few years later and was given his A. M. degree in 1890. Mr. Morrison's energies have always been turned toward the study and practice of his profession, and, aside from the experience ac quired in his father's store during his vacations, he received no business training. When he fin ished his college course, he commenced to prac tice and since moving to Minneapolis has con tinued to apply himself to his profession, and, during this time has been connected with several cases that have attracted more than local atten tion. Mr. Morrison is a republican in his polit ical beliefs but has never consented to run for office, although he is actively interested in polit ical measures. While in college he was a mem ber of the Zetagathian Literary society, was prominent in the work of the club and held at one time the office of president. At the present 162 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of the Northwest and he seems to have had his program of activities defined in his own mind when, in his youth, he was learning the lumber business and preparing for the study of law. Mr. Nichols is a republican in politics and is a mem ber of the East Side Commercial Club. PATTEE, William Sullivan, dean of the Col lege of Law, University of Minnesota, was born at Jackson, Maine, September 19, 1846, the son of Daniel and Mary Ann (Bixby) Pattee. He prepared for college at Kent's Hill, Maine, and entered Bowdoin College in 1867, graduating in 1871. He studied law while teaching school after graduation and coming to Minnesota was ad mitted to the bar on June 28, 1878, at Faribault. In 1884 and 1885 Dean Pattee served in the state legislature while living at Northfield, Minnesota, and in 1888 was elected dean of the College of Law, organized the college and has since con tinued at its head, building it up in twenty years to a high position among the law schools of the country. Dean Pattee is the author of "Illus trative Cases in Contracts," "Illustrative Cases in Equity," "Illustrative Cases in Personality," "Illustrative Cases in Realty," "Elements of Con tracts," and "Elements of Equity." From 1886 he was a member and president of the Board of Normal School Directors of Minnesota for a ROBERT G. MORRISON. time he is a member of the Westminster club and at different times has taken a part on the annual program of that association. Mr. Morri son attends and is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church. He was married in 1903 to Miss Alice B. Gilmore of this city, and they have one daughter, Elizabeth. NICHOLS, John F., was born at Rice Lake, Wisconsin, October 15, 1882, son of Amos C. and Augusta C. Nichols. He attended the public schools at Rice Lake and was employed by t,he Rice Lake Lumber Company for some time, meantime making such preparations for a pro fessional life that he was able to enter the Min nesota state university upon coming to Minne apolis in 1901, graduating in law in 1904 with-the degree LL. B. Since then Mr. Nichols has en tered vigorously into the law and real estate busi ness under the firm name of Nichols, Frissell & Smith, which firm has for some time made its headquarters in the Andrus Bldg., Minneapolis. They have built up a large business in organizing land syndicates, to develop hardwood timber, prairie and cut-over timber tracts, dairy and blue grass land, etc. The firm has developed several new towns in Wisconsin and throughout the northwest; they have lines of business in Canada, North Dakota, Colorado and elsewhere. Mr. Nichols is a young man to assume large business responsibilities, but he has the push and energy SWEET, PHOTO JOHN F. NICHOLS. COURTS ANt) LAWYERS 163 period of twelve years. He was married at Ply mouth, Maine, on November 30, 1871, to Miss Julia E. Tuttle. In 1894 Dean Pattee received the degree of LL. D. from Iowa College. Hei is a speaker of ability and is frquently called upon for public addresses and lectures. He is a mem ber of the Congregational church. PRENDERGAST, Edmund A., was born in St. Paul on October 16, 1875. His parents were Patrick Henry Prendergast and Bridget Louise Prendergast and the family was among the pio neers of the state, six brothers having settled in St. Paul in the year 1856. When Edmund A. was four years old his parents moved to Minne apolis where he has since lived. The family has always been connected with the Roman Catholic Church and Mr. Prendergast was educated in the institutions of the denomination. He took a six years' classical course in the College of St. Thomas at Merriam Park, graduating in June, 1894, and completed his collegiate education with a post-graduate course at Grand House of Phil osophy, Montreal, Canada, during the years 1894 and 1895. Returning to Minneapolis he entered the law department of the University of Minne sota, from which he graduated in 1899. Mr. Prendergast at once commenced practice in Min neapolis and has a general clientele, although making a specialty of corporation law. For the past three years he has been general attorney for the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company of Minneapolis and local attorney for the Wiscon sin Central Railway Company. Mr. Prendergast is a republican in political faith though not a politician. He is interested in civic and philan thropic problems and has been a member of the board of directors of the Associated Charities. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club. ROBERTS, Harlan Page, is a native of Ohio. His parents were Rev. George Roberts and Ann J. Roberts and he was born on December 5, 1854, at Wayne, Ashtabula county, Ohio, while his father held a charge in that place. When he was nine years old he went to Iowa to live with a sister and his schooling, begun in the rural schools of Ohio, was continued in the schools of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, and at Howe's Academy in the same state. Schooling, as is often the case with country boys, was diversified with hard work. At one time Harlan P. spent a year at Pentwater, Michigan, packing shingles. Fitting himself for college he entered Oberlin, graudating in 1875. He then attended Yale The ological seminary and graduated in the class of 1878. Next came a few years of experience as a pastor in the west. During this period Mr. Roberts determined to study law and entered the office of Nathaniel E. Slaymaker of Silverton, Colorado. He was admitted to the bar in Col orado in 1883 and came to Minneapolis in Decem ber, 1884. Since that time he has been continu ously engaged in the practice of his profession in this city. His practice has been of a general SWEET, PHOTO EDMUND A. I'JUCiNUEUGAST. character but he has had special experience in land and title law and was for several years examiner for the state under the Torrens land title reg istry system in vogue in Hennepin county. An increasing general practice necessitated the re linquishment of this position. Mr. Roberts has taken a lively interest in good government, both local and state, but has not entered politics, ex cept at the caucus and in local conventions. He is president of the Minneapolis Humane Society and has been active in other philanthropic work. On October 3, 1888, he was married to Miss Margaret Lee Conklin. They have two children living, Marjorie and Harlan C. The family at tends the Park Avenue Congregational Church. ROBERTS, William Preston, son of Job and Hannah Pickering Roberts, was born June 16, 1845, in Gwynedd, Montgomery county, Penn sylvania. The forebears of the family on the father's side were Welsh Quakers who accom panied William Penn to Pennsylvania in 1698, settling in Montgomery county, near Philadel phia, and on the mother's side they were Eng lish Quakers. William P. was brought up on his father's farm and continued there, with the ex ception of a few years spent in Maryland, until he began training for the teacher's profession at the normal school, Millersville, Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1862. Here his studies were interrupted 164 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS WILLIAM P. ROBERTS. by Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863. An emergency company of the students was hastily armed and sent to the front to aid in obstructing the progress of the rebel invader. Most.of these improvised soldiers were soon mustered in the army as Company H, Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia during the battle of Gettysburg, but were ordered to serve under Gen. Meade in the pursuit of Lee up the Cumberland Valley and to the Potomac. The regiment served thereafter under Sigel and was mustered out in the fall, and Mr. Roberts went back to school but responded to a call for officers to command colored troops, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant by the War Department "and assigned to the Forty-fifth U. S. Colored Troops which served until the close of the. war, in Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia. Mr. Roberts just missed being at the surrender of Lee, as he had been sent back with a detachment to bring up provisions for the whole army. He went with his regiment under Gen. Sheridan, with the 2^th Army Corps, to the Mex ican border to demonstrate against Napoleon's puppet Maximilian in Mexico, and the regiment was not mustered out until December, 1865, Mr. Roberts having in the Texas service served on the brigade staff and having been in command of of his company during his whole service, coming out First Lieutenant and recommended for a captain's commission. He returned to his studies in the Millersville normal school and graduated in 1867, and soon entered the law school of the University of Michigan, graduating in 1869, and, on application to the Circuit Court in Ann Arbor and examination, he was admitted to the bar of Michigan. Six weeks later he removed to Ne braska City, Nebraska, and practiced law there until 1874, when he came to Minneapolis where he has since resided. He was in partnership with Col. Reuben C. Benton and his brother, C. H. Benton, as Benton, Benton and Roberts, from 1878 to 1881, and with Col. Benton alone as Ben ton and Roberts, and then with Col. Benton and Rome G. Brown, as Benton, Roberts and Brown until 1895. Since the death of Col. Benton, Mr. Roberts has practiced alone. He was an original member of the Minneapolis Bar Association, of which he holds the oldest outstanding share. Mr. Roberts was an active and efficient member of the lower house of the Minnesota legislature dur ing the sessions of 1899, 1901, 1902 and 1905, serv ing on the most important committees. He in troduced the first bill in Minnesota for nomina tions by direct vote of the people, which in some respects was better than the measure which be came a law at the session of 1899, notably in keeping the primaries for state, county and city nominations separate. In 1902 he prepared and passed through the lower house the so-called "wide-open" tax amendment to the constitution, which is practically identical with the amend ment introduced by him at the session of 1905, and ordered for submission to ratification by the people at the ensuing general election. Mr. Roberts also, as a member of the House Judiciary Committee and joint conference committee, took an important part in the construction and enact ment of the Revised Code in 1905. He was prominent in his efforts that year to secure ap propriations for the new buildings of the State University, as chairman of the appropriations committee, as well as for the Women's building at the Soldiers Home. Mr. Roberts is a strenuous republican in poli tics and one who believes that it is every man's duty to show his patriotism by taking an active part in national, state and local politics between campaigns as well as in the heat of campaign ac tivities. He believes in intelligent organization in political action but not in machine politics, and his course since he came to Minneapolis in dicates that he has lived up to his principles. He was an active member of the old Union League of Minneapolis and of the original Union League of Civil War times. He helped organize the Fourth Ward Republican Club and always at tends its meetings when in the city. In 1872, with many other Republicans, he joined the socalled Liberal Republican movement, involving a coalition with the Democratic party, in revolt against the political shortcomings of the domin ant party, under the leadership of Horace Greeley. He, with two other veterans of the Civil War, COURTS AND LAWYERS started the revolt in Nebraska and he was one of the delegates from that state to the Liberal Re publican Convention in Cincinnati and repre sented it on the platform committee, exerting his influence against the "tariff-for-revenue-only" ele ment, who were led by Carl Schurz, Stanley Mathews, David Wells, and others who stood for Charles Francis Adams for nomination to the presidency. He voted for Greeley at the start and brought the Nebraska delegation and ultimately the whole convention to his support. Mr. Rob erts did some of the hardest work of his life dur ing that campaign, whose disastrous ending con vinced him that the reformation of a party is only really possible by a movement from within its own ranks, and since then he has worked for party in regular ways in the regular Republican ranks. He was president of the Minneapolis Un ion League when the movement to nominate McKinley to the presidency began in 1895, and used all his influence in securing a delegation from Minnesota instructed for McKinley. Mr. Roberts is a member of the G. A. R., George N. Morgan, Post No. 4, and has always been conspicuous in its councils officially and otherwise. He is an original member of the Commercial Club and a member of Hennepin Lodge No. 4, A. F. A. M., in which he has held and holds important posi tions. He is a member of the several bodies of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Masons in Minneapolis, and of Zuhrah Temple of the Noble Order of the Mystic Shrine, and of the Independent Order of Good Templars for the past forty years. In 1908 he was re-elected Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Lodge of Minne sota. He is a Universalist and a member of the Church of the Redeemer and president of the Universalist State Convention. He married in 1869, Anna N. Pugh, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, who died childless in 1870. In 1876 he married Agnes D. Taggart, of St. Clairsville, Ohio, who died in 1895, leaving two sons of that marriage— Horace W., born July 8, 1877, and Roy G., born January 29, 1880. Horace is in the Philippine civil service and Roy lives in Manitoba. ROCKWOOD, Chelsea Joseph, was born September 13, 1855, at Bennington, Vermont, son of Joseph R. and Rhoda (Hurd) Rockwood. His father was a farmer in his earlier life and later became a clergyman. The farm on which Chel sea J. was born had been settled by his mother's grandfather, Moses Hurd, in 1769. In 1869 the family removed to Garden City, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, arriving in December of that year. Mr. Rockwood attended the common schools and studied in the preparatory department of Carleton College, going thence to the state university, taking the four-year course and grad uating in 1879, B. A. Like many other under graduates, Mr. Rockwood, during his course at the university, had to take some reefs in his purse strings. He had only fifty dollars when he en 165 tered, and pulled through largely by what he made carrying newspapers. He was then em ployed as principal of the Le Sueur schools dur ing the next two years, and, after reading law in the offices of Shaw, Levi & Cray and of Judge P. M. Babcock, he was admitted to the bar by examination of the District Court of Hennepin county in November, 1882, and has been prac ticing law in Minneapolis since. Mr. Rockwood was attorney for the Board of Park Commis sioners from 1889 to 1892 and since 1895 to the present time. He was a member of the board in i 893-95He is a member of the Commercial Club and of the local and national bar associa tions. Mr. Rockwood is a republican in politics and a member of the Baptist church. He was married on October 30, 1883, to Carrie D. Fletcher, of Mankato. They have had four chil dren, the oldest of whom, Paul, born in 1884, died in 1890. The living are Ethel (1886), Edith (1888) and Fletcher, born in 1893. '• REED, Sampson A., a practicing attorney of Minneapolis for about thirty years, was born in Boston, December 8, 1849, and died in Min neapolis, May 31, 1908. He was the only child of Elisha B. Reed of Hartford, Maine, and Abbie Brett of Canton, Maine. His father was an older brother of Captain Axel H. Reed of Glenco, Minnesota, and a pioneer of that town. When Sampson was very young the elder Reed, be- SWEET, PHOTO CHELSEA J. ROCKWOOD. 166 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS cause of failing health, returned from Boston' with his family to his native town, where he soon after died. He was descended from pure New England stock through those ancestors that settled in Oxford county, Maine, after the Revolutionary War. He is descended on his mother's side from three Mayflower ancestors, and on his father's side, from one, Governor Bradford of the Plymouth colony. Soon after the Revolution, many revolutionary soldiers with others, went to the wilds of Maine to found new homes. One Sampson Reed, whose father had died in Massachusetts, was one of those who in 179s went with his mother to Hartford, Maine, then a wilderness. The subject of this sketch is the fourth Sampson Reed from the pioneer referred to, but with him dies the name as a family name. Sampson Reed's boyhood was spent in Canton and Buckfield, Maine, where he attended the public schools. He fitted for college at Hebron Academy, of which Mark Dunnell was at one time principal, and was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1874. While in college, Mr. Reed was an active and prominent member of various college debating FERNANDO W. ROOT. societies. He supported himself while in the academy and in college, by teaching school. Mr. Reed did not linger long in the east, but in the same year, 1874, came west as principal of the high school in Glencoe, Minnesota. In the fol lowing year, 1875, he came to Minneapolis and began the study of law in the office of the late Judge Isaac Atwater. After his admission to the bar in 1877, he practiced for a time by himself and in 1883 entered into a law partnership with the late Judge Seagrave Smith, under the firm name of Smith & Reed, which continued until the ap pointment of Judge Smith to the district bench in March, 1889. Mr. Reed, although always in the general practice of his profession, made something of a specialty of land titles and real estate law. He also developed excellent business judgment and was the confidential adviser of many men of large real estate interests. He was in politics a republican and in religion a Universalist, being a member of the Church of the Redeemer. He was married on November 7, 1877, to Miss Abbie Eells of Belfast, Maine, and is survived by her and by one daughter, Miss Abbie M. Reed. He was a member of lodges of Elks and Odd Fellows. Mr. Reed was a man of high integrity in his profession and was popular and well beloved by all who knew him best. ROOT, F. W., solicitor of the Chicago, Mil waukee & St. Paul Railway Company, at Min neapolis, is a native of New York. He was born at Guilford, August 7, 1855, the son of Silas and Mathilda Root, both of Revolutionary stock. During his boyhood he attended the local schools and afterwards went to Oxford Academy, Chenango county, New York. He had deter mined upon the law as his profession and after leaving the academy he entered the law office of Henry R. Mygatt at Oxford where he studied for three years. He was admitted to the bar at the general term of the supreme court of New York at Ithaca on May 4, 1880. Mr. Root came to Minneapolis in October, 1881, and for a time was associated with the law firm of Jackson & Pond. In the following year he entered the office of W. H. Norris, solicitor of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company at Min neapolis." His position was that of law clerk and his efficient service led to his eventually being intrusted with many important cases, especially personal injury cases, in the state and federal courts. In the defense of this class of cases he has won special distinction and is acknowledged to be without an equal in the defense of personal injury cases. Later the trial of important cases involving questions connected with the transpor tation of freight were added to his department of the work. Mr. Root continued as attorney for the C. M. & St. P. Ry., associated with Mr. Norris, until the latter retired in 1902 when he was appointed solicitor. Mr. Root is a repub lican in political faith but has never sought 168 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS political preferment. He takes an active part in local movements for good government and is a member of various public and social organ izations. Since 1904 he has been Judge Advocate General with title of Brigadier General on Gov ernor Johnson's staff. SEEVERS, George W., general counsel for the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway, is an Ohio man,—born at Coshocton in that sta;te on Septem ber 23, 1845. His parents were Robert and Ellen Bryant Seevers. The family moved to Iowa when George W. was ten years of age, and his schooling was largely obtained in the public schools near their new home. From high school he went to Oskaloosa (Iowa) College, and later completed his academic education with a post graduate course at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He graduated from the law de partment of the University of Michigan, after which he began the work of his profession, and soon had a large general practice at Oskaloosa, Iowa, which he continued until 1895, when he was appointed general counsel of the Iowa Central Railway, with headquarters at Oskaloosa. In 1904 Mr. Seevers, in addition to his position with the Iowa Central road, was made general counsel for the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway Com pany, and moved to Minneapolis, where he has since maintained general offices. He afterwards became the vice-president and general counsel of the Minnesota, Dakota & Pacific Railway, and at the present time is still connected with the lines named in the same capacities. In politics Mr. Seevers is a republican. He has become closely identified with the railroad and legal life of the city, and is well known in social and club circles. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, the Automobile Club, and is also a Sir Knight Mason. SHAW, Frank W., of the law firm of Cohen, Atwater & Shaw, was born at Hodgdon, Maine, the son of Charles Shaw and Mary Jane Wiggin. His ancestors were prominent in the colonial wars and public affairs and in the Revolutionary War. Mr. Shaw's early life was passed at Houlton, Maine, and he received his education at Ricker Classical Institute from which he grad uated in 1876 and at Colby University, Waterville, Maine, graduating with the class of 1880. In September of that year he came to Minne apolis and during the next three years studied law in the office of Rea, Woolley & Kitchel. Upon his admission to the bar on June 30, 1883, he became a member of the law firm of Rea, Kitchel & Shaw, a partnership which continued until 1886 when the style was changed to Kitchel, Cohen & Shaw. After the death of Mr. Kitchel in 1900, J. B. Atwater was admitted to the part nership, the firm becoming, Cohen, Atwater & Shaw as at present. Mr. Shaw is a republican in political belief and is a member of the Lowry Hill Congregational Church. He belongs to the Minneapolis Club and to the Delta Kappa Ep- silon fraternity. He has been twice married, in 1882 to Eliza A. Warnock and in 1899 to Julia C. Fairbairn and had two children by the first mar riage and four by the second. SELOVER, Arthur William, for a number of years a well-known member of the legal frater nity in the Twin Cities, was born at the town of Flatbush, Long Island, on July 9, 1871, the Son of Peter and Jennie H. Selover. His father is a builder and contractor and was engaged until 1879 i n that business in New York state, at which time the family came to Minnesota and located at Lake City. Their son attended the public schools there and took his preparatory work for college in the Lake City high school, from which he graduated in the year 1888. He matriculated at the University of Minnesota for the continuation of his studies, entering the aca demic department. He graduated from that de partment in 1893, receiving at the time his degree of B. A., returning to complete his training for the legal profession, which he had determined to follow, in the law college. He finished the GEORGE W. SEEVERS. COURTS AND LAWYERS 169 ward. He is a member also of the Apollo Club. On December 19, 1900, Mr. Selover was married to Miss Bessie S. Warner of St. Paul, and they have two children, both sons—Arthur Lucien, aged five, and Harvey William, now three years of age. The family attends the First Pres byterian Church of Minneapolis, and Mr. Selover is the superintendent of the Sunday School. SHEARER, James Duncan, came to Minne apolis in 1883, when twenty-one years of age, and since the following year has been a practicing attorney of this city. He is descended on both sides from old Scotch families; his father, Robert Bruce Shearer, was a descendant of Robert Bruce of Scotland; his mother, Elizabeth Eliza Camp bell McDougall, was a second cousin of the last Duke of Argyle, and grand-daughter of Dr. John Lawson of Edinburgh, physician to Sir Walter Scott. James D. Shearer was born on March 25, 1862, at Janesville, Wisconsin, then the home of his parents. When he was three years of age thfe family moved to central Iowa and he grew up on a farm in that state, the youngest of six children. His education began in "the little white school-house" and after the usual prepara tory training he entered the Iowa State Agricul tural College at Ames. His studies were carried on there for five years and he graduated in 1879, when only seventeen years old, being, in fact, up to that time the youngest student of the instituSWEET, PHOTO AKTI1UU W. SELOVER. law course in 1894 taking a LL. B. degree; and at the time of graduation was awarded the honors of his class for the preparation of the best and most complete legal thesis. After leaving col lege Mr. Selover followed his legal studies for a time and in 1897 took the additional degree of LL. M. In 1894, following his graduation from the law department of the University of Minne sota, he had accepted a position on the editorial staff of the West Publishing Company of St. Paul, and took an important part in the editing of the law books handled by that house. He was associated with that firm as legal editor for five years, but in 1899 resigned his office to fol low his original intention of entering the legal profession. He chose Minneapolis as the field for his practice and has since been engaged with legal work in this city. Much important litiga tion has come under his management during the course of his practice. Mr. Selover is also the author of several legal books, the most impor tant, possibly, being a volume on negotiable in struments which is used as a standard authority throughout the country and which the Yale Law School has adopted as a text book. This was published in 1900. A year later he completed and published a work on bank collections. Mr. Sel over is a republican in politics and has been ac tive in the work of his party, and in 1908 became the candidate for alderman from the Fifth BRUSH, PHOTQ JAMES D. SHEARER. 170 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS tion to receive a diploma. After leaving college Mr. Shearer taught in the Iowa schools for sev eral years, but the work of a teacher did not offer scope for either his ambitions or abilities. So in 1883 he resigned his position and came to Minne apolis, and has since been a resident and a mem ber of the legal fraternity of the city. Soon after his arrival here, Mr. Shearer began to study law in the offices of Judge Bagg, and on October 17, 1884, was admitted to the bar by the state su preme court. He commenced practice at once in Minneapolis. His work has not been confined to any one branch of the law, but has been along general lines, and at the present time his list of clients is large and his practice successful. For several years he has been a member of the law firm of Belden, Jamison & Shearer. On March 2 5, I 9°7, Mr. Shearer was appointed receiver of the Minnesota Title Insurance & Trust Company and since that time has been largely engaged in settling up the affairs of the institution. Mr. Shearer is a member of the republican party and is active in its work. In 1903 he was elected to the Minnesota house of representatives, and served during 1903 and 1904. He is a member of various organizations, social, political, and pro fessional; among them being the Minneapolis Commercial Club and the Six O'Clock Club. On September 18, 1888, Mr. Shearer was married to Miss Emma Evans of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and they have daughter. four children, three sons and a SMITH, Edward E., a practicing attorney of Minneapolis, was born on May 5, 1861, at Spring Valley, Minnesota. He is a son of Dryden Smith and Elizabeth Ann (Hines) Smith. He attended the public schools at Spring Valley, where he passed his boyhood and youth, but studied law at Charles City, Iowa, where he was admitted to the bar in 1883. Most of Mr. Smith's profes sional life has been passed in Minneapolis, where he moved not long after his admission to prac tice. He has always taken an active interest in politics and has been repeatedly elected to the State Legislature as a republican. He first served in the house of representatives in 1895, and was re-elected for the session of 1897. He was elected to the state senate in 1898 and again in 1902 and 1906. Mr. Smith was married in 1883 to Esther E. Leonard, and they have two chil dren, Harriet and Rollin. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial clubs and is promi nent in all the Masonic orders. SMITH, George Ross, lawyer and judge of the probate court of Hennepin county, was born in Stearns county, Minnesota, May 28, 1864, the son of David and Katharine (Crowe) Smith. He at tended the district school until fifteen years of age, working on his father's farm during the sum mers. In 1886 he graduated from Lake View Academy and was awarded a gold medal for scholarship. He taught school until 1891, when he entered the College of Law of the University of Minnesota, from which he graduated with the degree of LL. B. in 1893. While, in the university he was elected president of his class. Since 1893 he has been actively engaged in the practice of law in Minneapolis. He was elected to the legis lature from the Thirty-eighth legislative district in 1902, and was the first republican representative to be sent to the house of representatives from that district. He was elected judge of probate of Hennepin county in November, 1906. On Janu ary 9, 1895, Judge Smith was married at Minneap olis to Mrs. F. J. Horan. He is a member of the State Bar Association and several fraternal orders and local clubs. His recreations are hunt ing and fishing. SMITH, Seagrave, for many years a -promi-nent member of the Hennepin county bar and judge of the district court, was born on Septem ber 16, 1828, at Stafford, Connecticut, the son of Hiram and Mary A. (Seagrave) Smith. His father was a farmer of Welsh descent and his an cestors on both sides were early settlers of New England. His early life was that usual to the farmer's boy in New England and he finished a common school education with a course at the Connecticut Literary Institution at Suffield, where he graduated in 1848. He had already de termined to be a lawyer, but this course was strongly opposed by his father, who refused him GEORGE R. SMITH. "•t V-r . • • - • •- . . . ~ : ' .• • > / ••.'*" ** i <•? • ; ; • , , :•• .'•> :... -)0 • % -- .>•.•;• < '«• ; V- ,! v V ". 172 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ous positions, as attorney general of the state and chief justice of the supreme court, but with the exceptions noted was not elected, his party being largely in the minority in Minnesota. In every case, however, Judge Smith ran ahead of his party ticket, as he was widely known as a man of the highest character and ability and one whose partisanship could not detract from his able, conscientious work as an official. Judge Smith was married three times. His first wife was Miss Almira Cady of Monson, Massachu setts. They had four children. His second wife was Mrs. Fidelia P. Hatch of Hastings, who had one son, Theron S. Smith. Judge Smith's third marriage was to Mrs. Harriet P. Norton of Otis, Massachusetts, who survives him and is still liv ing in Minneapolis. The only surviving child of Judge Smith is Claribel Smith, principal of Ham ilton school, in this city. Judge Smith died in May, 1898. SWEET, PHOTO JOHN DAY SMITH. any financial aid, and he accordingly supported himself while studying for the bar by teaching school. He read law with Alvin P. Hide at Staf ford, Connecticut, and was admitted to the bat on August 13, 1852. He began to practice in Colchester, Connecticut, and during his residence there served as town clerk, state senator, and clerk of the probate court. In 1857 he grati fied an early desire to settle in the west and came to Hastings, Minnesota, where he formed a law partnership with J. W. De Silva. During his twenty years residence at Hastings he took a prominent part in the politics of Dakota coun ty, serving from time to time as county attor ney, county commissioner, judge of probate and as a member of the state senate. He was at torney for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway and other railroad corporations. In 1877 Judge Smith moved to Minneapolis and formed a law partnership with W. E. Hale, which continued for three years. In 1883 he en tered into a partnership with the late S. A. Reed, which continued until March, 1889, when Judge Smith was appointed to the district bench. Al though a life long democrat, Judge Smith was elected in 1890 by the united support of all par ties and in 1896 was again elected to the bench on the democratic ticket. In 1887 he was elect ed city attorney and held the office for two terms. He was frequently nominated for vari SMITH, John Day, member of the district bench of Minnesota, is the descendant of English Colonial ancestry that settled in this country a half century before the Revolutionary War and took part in the struggle for independence. His great-grandfather, James Lord, was a lieutenant "uid led a companv at Bunker Hill. John Day, the son of a Kennebec county, Maine, farmer, was born in that region on February 25, 1845. After completing his preparatory education he entered Brown University and graduated with the class of 1872. Returning for further work he took an A. M. degree,in 1875 and in his senior year became a member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity. He taught school for a short time and then entered Columbia University and stu died law, receiving an LL. B. degree at that insti tution in 1878 and his degree of LL. M. three years later at the same place. In 1881, shortly after his graduation from Columbia he was ad mitted to the bar in the city of Washington. In 1885 he came to Minneapolis and has resided here since that time. He practiced his profession in this city, as senior partner of the law firm of Smith and Parsons until 1901 and then inde pendently until his election to the district bench in 1904. Besides his legal work Judge Smith was a lecturer at the state university on American constitutional law, from 1890 till 1905, when he was promoted to the bench, and was engaged for a time to lecture at Howard University. On June 26, 1862, he enlisted with Company F., Nineteenth Maine Volunteers and fought in most of the prin cipal battles of the Civil war—Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Bristoe Station, Mine Run, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Bethesda Church, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg and Jerusalem Road. He was slightly wounded at Gettysburg and at Jerusalem Road was almost fatally shot in the face. Though given up by the surgeons he recovered and was discharged, as a corporal, April 25, 1865, on account of his wounds. Judge Smith has always been active COURTS AND LAWYERS politically and has held several public offices. He has usually supported the republican party though in 1896 he followed the political leader ship of William J. Bryan. In 1889 he served in the lower house of the Minnesota legislature and was the representative from the Thirty-fourth District in the senate from 1891 to 1895, and was an able leader of the republican sentiment and movements in that body. During his last term he was chairman of the judiciary committee of the senate. After his second term in the senate he returned to private life and practiced his profession until 1904 when as mentioned he was elected to the district bench. Judge Smith is prominent in the affairs of military fraternal or ganizations—he is a member of the G. A. R. and in 1893 was chosen as commander of the depart ment of Minnesota. In December, 1906, he was elected president of the Minnesota Society of the Sons of the American Revolution to succeed Judge F. M. Crosby. He is also a member of Ark Chapter, Darius Commandery of the Knights Templar, and of Zuhrah Temple, and was the first master of Ark Lodge A. F. and A. M. In 1872 he was married to Miss Mary Hardy Chadbourne, of Lexington, Massachusetts, who died in 1874. He was again married in 1879 to Miss Laura Bean, of Delaware, Ohio. They have four chil dren. The family attends the Calvary Baptist Church. SWEET, PMOTO FRED B. SNYDER. 173 SNYDER, Fred B., son* of Simon P. and Mary R. Snyder, was born in Minneapolis, on Febru ary 21, 1859, in the original Colonel Stevens house, the first dwelling erected on the site of Minneapolis. He is the second son in the fam ily and has spent his life from his birth in this city. He attended the local public schools, grad uated from the high school and then entered the University of Minnesota from which he gradu ated in 1881. He received his degree in that year and then read law; first in the office of Lochren, McNair & Gilfillan and later with the law firm of Koon, Merrill and Keith. He was admitted to the bar in 1882. He practiced in partnership with Judge Jamison till 1889. He has handled a number of important cases, notably that of the State vs. Pillsbury, in which he upset the provisions of the City Charter relating to special assessments for local improvements; and that of the State vs. Westfall, when he sustained the constitutionality of the Torrens Land Law, of which he himself is the author. Mr. Snyder has always been a republican in politics and has been elected by that party to several public of fices. In 1892 he was elected alderman of the second ward and served four years, being presi dent of the council in 1894-1895. Two years later he was the representative in the legislature from the University district, in 1899 was advanced to the senate, and in 1902 declined re-election for a second term. While in the city council he pro posed the gas arbitration plan, which materially reduced the price of that commodity, and created the office of City Gas Inspector. He also advo cated and voted for the Harvey transfer ordinance. As a member of the legislature he was the origi nator and supporter of several important meas ures—introducing and passing the bill increasing the annual revenue of the state university. While in the senate he introduced and passed the Board of Control Bill and supported and voted for the increase of the gross earnings tax from three to four per cent. He was also the author of the Probation Law for juvenile offenders. Mr. Snyder while in college was elected to the Chi Psi and P. B. K. fraternities, and is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial Clubs. In 1885 he was married to Miss Susan M. Pillsbury, who died in 1891. In 1896 he married Miss Lenora Dickson of Pittsburgh. There are two children, a son, John Pillsbury, and a daughter, Mary Stuart. Mr. Snyder attends the First Congrega tional Church. SWEET, John Cochrane, was born at Fort Wayne, Indiana, April 24, 1870, son of Kay Chit tenden and Elizabeth (Cochrane) Sweet. His father was a locomotive engineer whose forebe'ars in this country came from England and settled in Rhode Island in 1630. Mr. Sweet spent his boyhood in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and received his early educational training in the public schools of that city and at Waseca, Minnesota, whither he went in 1882. In 1890 he went to 174 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Mankato, Minnesota, and the next year he came to Minneapolis to enter the university where he won the Paige prize for the best graduation thesis in 1893, also winning the gold medal for first place in the two hundred and twenty-yard dash on college field day, 1892. Pursuing his studies in the law de partment of the university, Mr. Sweet received the LL. B. degree in 1893 and LL. M. in 1896. When the Spanish war broke out Mr. Sweet en tered the United States service as second lieute nant, Company A, Fifteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. Mr. Sweet represented the thirty-ninth district in the lower house of the Minnesota legislature during the sessions of 1901 and 1902. He is secretary and director of the Minneapolis Oil Company and, since 1901, has been receiver for the Minneapolis Fire & Marine Mutual In surance Company, and since 1896 has been lec turer on the Law of Mortgages in the Law De partment of the state university. Mr. Sweet has interests in Minneapolis real estate and in petro leum lands in Kansas and is interested with W. S. Dwinnell in British Columbia timber lands. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Com mercial clubs; is secretary and treasurer of the Psi Upsilon Association of Minnesota, and a member of the Phi Delta Phi Fraternity and, not withstanding his professional engagements, main tains a lively interest in athletics and automobiling. Mr. Sweet is a member of the First Con gregational Church of Minneapolis. He was mar ried on May 19, 1897, to Mary, daughter of Chas. D. Lougee, and two daughters have been born to them—Catherine Elizabeth (born February 8, 1901) and Margaret Cochrane (born June 17, 1903). Mr. Sweet resides at 526 Eleventh avenue southeast. THOMPSON, Charles T., of the law firm of Keith, Evans, Thompson & Fairchild, is a native of Ohio. He was born at Glendale, near Cin cinnati, on June 6, 1853, the son of Samuel J. and Eveline K. Thompson. His father was one of the distinguished Cincinnati lawyers of the last generation. He began his education at Glen dale where he fitted for entrance to Denison Uni versity at Granville, Ohio, from which institution he graduated in 1873 with the degree of A. B. He then went abroad studying at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, where, in the fall of 1874, he took honors in logic, metaphysics and in Roman law, having completed a two years course in one year. Returning to America he entered the Cincinnati Law School (now law department of the University of Cincinnati) from which he graduated in June, 1876. He at once began prac tice with the firm of King, Thompson & Longworth, but on account of his health moved to Minneapolis in 1878. For a few years he prac ticed alone and then iq August, 1883, formed the partnership with Mr. Arthur M. Keith, which has continued until the present time. The firm was at first Keith & Thompson and in 1887 the present partnership was formed. It has always BRUSH, PHOTO OIIAULES J . T K A X L E R . been one of the prominent law firms of the city and has conducted much important legal busi ness. During his thirty years residence in Min neapolis Mr. Thompson has taken an active part in all matters looking toward the betterment of social and political conditions, though he has never held or sought public office. His political affiliations are with the republican party and his church relations with the Presbyterian denomina tion, in which he has held many important posi tions. He has served as elder and clerk of West minster Presbyterian Church for many years. He is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, the Citizens' staff of the Rawlins post, G. A. R., the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, the Min neapolis Club, the Commercial Club, the La fayette Club, the Westminster Club, the Six O'Clock Club, and the American and Minnesota State bar associations. Mr. Thompson was mar ried on September 28, 1881, to Kate L. Harris of Minneapolis. They have three sons, Arthur H., Telford K. and Charles Stanley. TRAXLER, Charles Jerome, son of John and Rebecca Yount Traxler, was born in Henry county, Iowa, near Mount Pleasant, on December 16, 1858. The father was a farmer and brickmaker and the son spent his early years on the farm near Mount Pleasant where, after attending the public schools, he took the academic course at Howe's Academy. After a course in Iowa COURTS AND LAWYERS Wesleyan University at Mount Pleasant, Mr. Traxler completed his collegiate education at the State University of Iowa at Iowa City from which he graduated, LL. B., in 1882, meantime having read law with prominent lawyers. He began the practice* of his profession in partnership with Hon. Clay B. Whitford (now of Denver, Col.) and after that gentleman's departure for Denver, the partnership being dissolved, Mr. Traxler be came a member of the editorial staff of the Daily Tribune-News, of Evansville, Ind., holding the position of associate editor in chief. In 1886 he resumed the practice of law in western Kansas, where he was twice elected county attorney of Seward County. He came to Minnesota in 1889 locating in Minneapolis where he has since been practicing in his specialty as corporation counsel. Mr. Traxler is an Independent in politics, in later years generally voting for republican candidates. As counsel for several freight receivers' associa tions, Mr. Traxler has given intelligent attention to the rate question and a plan for the regulation of rates was considered by the government last year which Mr. Traxler originated and which was regarded with considerable favor by. the Federal authorities and men of affairs who considered it. It left the r-ate-making power with the railroads and devolved upon them the burden of proof, while avoiding any ground for basing a charge that the commission is combining judicial and legislative functions or that a special tribunal has been created for a special industry. Mr. Traxler is the author of several books which have re ceived the "commendation of recognized legal au thorities. His "Annotated Lien Laws of Minne sota," published in 1890, has been indorsed by the justices of the state supreme court and leading members of the bar and by the dean of the law department of the state university, where it is used as a text book. His treatise on the "Law of Mechanics' Liens of Iowa," also has the unani mous indorsement of the members of the Iowa supreme court. In 1907 Mr. Traxler was ap pointed by the Minnesota supreme court as one of the six members of the state board of law ex aminers and assumed the duties of his office on May 1 of that year. Mr. Traxler was married in 1886 to Mary Comstock, daughter of Col. A. W. Comstock, of Mount Pleasant, Iowa. To them have been born three children—Marian Avery, Hazel Alice and John Austin. TRYON, Charles John, a Minneapolis attorney in active practice in the firm of Tryon and Booth, was born September 8, 1859, at Batavia, New York. He is the son of A. D., and Amanda H. Tryon, and both parents were of English colonial an cestry, the New York branch of the family hav ing migrated from Connecticut—-the original hgrne of the first settlers—and established them selves in New York early, in that state's history The father was a druggist and book seller in pros perous circumstances and the son after an early education in the common schools of Batavia, 175 went to Columbian University, Washington, D. C., for his law course. Soon after graduation, he came to Minneapolis, where he has since lived, and practiced as a lawyer. Mr. Tryon is a re publican in politics, and a Congregationalist in church affiliations. He was married June 10, 1901, to Miss Isabel Gale, the daughter of Harlow A. Gale, one of the early pioneers of Minneapolis. He has seven children—three sons and four daughters. VAN VALKENBURG, Jesse, was born in Sharon, New York, on December 31, 1868, and is of a family whose ancestors took part in the Revolution. His father, Joseph Van Valkenburg, was at the time of his son's birth a New York farmer, but later engaged in business, and is now retired; his mother was Harriet Seeley Van Valkenburg. The family moved West and Jesse grew up at Farmington, Minnesota, attending the local schools and afterwards taking a course at the Mankato state normal school. After graduating at Mankato, he completed his education with the academic and law courses at the University of Minnesota, graduating from the former in 1894 a n d the latter in 1895. During the later years of his university work he was on the staff •of the'Minneapolis Tribune as a reporter and con tinued for a short time after graduating, or until he commenced practice in his chosen profession. During his ten years' membership in the bar of the city and state he has made a large acquaint ance and established a satisfactory practice. " A republican in politics, he has not taken a poli tician's part in party affairs, but has been inter ested in civic betterments and good government. He is a member of the Masonic order and of the society of the Sons of the American Revolu tion. Mr. Van Valkenburg is married and has three children. The family attend the Congre gational church. VANDERBURGH, Charles Edwin, better, known as Judge Vanderburgh, an early settler of St. Anthony and the first judge of the dis trict bench from this district, was born on De cember 2, 1829, at Clifton Park, Saratoga county, New York. His ancestors came to this country from Holland before the Revolution, his grand father fought under the flag of the United Col onies and shortly after the close of the war settled in Saratoga county, where the father of Charles Edwin, Stephen Vanderburgh, was born. Charles Edwin received his grammar education in the district school, later taking a preparatory course in Cortland Academy at Homer, New York, and entering Yale College in 1849 with the class of 1852. He graduated in the latter year and soon after commenced his legal studies with Henry R. Mygatt, an eminent lawyer of his day, at the same time holding the office of principal at Oxford Academy, Oxford, New York. Admitted to the bar in 1855, he came to Minneapolis the following spring, where he soon formed a partnership with F. R. E. Cornell and 176 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS commenced the practice of law, the firm becom ing one of the most successful in the state. At the age of twenty-nine elected judge of the Fourth Judicial District in 1859, and successively re-elected, Judge Vanderburgh dispensed justice in the territory embracing everything north and west of Minneapolis for twenty years, driving over a large part of the circuit. In a day when the jurisprudence of Minnesota was but slightly developed, his excellent training and sound judg ment blazed out the way of interpretation which other courts followed. In 1881, he was elected to the supreme bench, the death of Judge Cor nell having left a vacancy, and served until the expiration of his last term in 1894. Probably his most famous decision was that rendered while on the district bench in i860, in the case of Eliza Winston, a slave woman brought by her owner, Colonel Christmas, from Mississippi to this state and taken before Judge Vanderburgh on a writ of habeas corpus. He decided that slavery was a local institution, and that a slave brought into a free state by its owner became free. This made the woman free to leave her former owner and with the aid of a party of abolitionists she evaded a forcible attempt at recapture and escaped into Canada. His supreme court de cisions were distinguished by strong common ' sense, thorough investigation and conciseness. A former associate said of him, "The fidelity and painstaking care with which he discharged judi cial duties, may be likened to that which a sculptor bestows in chiseling the form and face of a statue, anxious always, that no fault or flaw should be revealed in the finished work." When it is remembered that Minnesota had only 150,000 people when he went on the bench and had grown to a million and a half when he left it, it will be seen that he was an influential factor in the determination of most of the important litigation that has occurred in the state. On his retirement from the bench, he entered into the general practice of law, took an active part in the political campaign of 1896 and presided at the first meeting held by W. J. Bryan, in Min neapolis. With his family he attended the First Presbyterian Church of this city and for many years was an elder and the superintendent of the Sabbath school. He was married to Miss Julia M. Mygatt of Oxford, New York, on September 2, 1857, and they had two children, W. H. Van derburgh, now a practicing attorney in Minne apolis, and Julia M. Vanderburgh, who was drowned in 1871. After the death of his first wife in 1863 Judge Vanderburgh was again mar ried to Miss Anna Culbert of Fulton county, New York. One daughter, Isabella, was born, who died in 1893. Judge Vanderburgh died in March, 1898, at the age of sixty-eight years. ^VILSON, George Potter, son of Samuel and Elizabeth Wilson, was born at Lewisburgh, Pennsylvania, January 19, 1840. His father was a farmer of Scotch-Irish descent; his mother of wzsm. 6WEET, PHOTO GEORGE T. AVILSON. German descent. The father served in the war of 1812. The subject of this sketch was a boy when his parents died. He remained at Lewis burgh until he was eighteen years old and at tended the Lewisburgh (now Bucknell) Uni versity during the last two years of his residence there. He then attended the Wesleyan Univer sity at Delaware, Ohio, for two years and in i860 he removed to Winona, Minnesota, where he studied law in the office of Lewis & Simpson and was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1862. He practiced his profession at Winona as a member of the firm of Simpson & Wilson until October, 1878. Meantime he was elected, and served for six years, or three terms, as county attorney of Wino na County. He was elected to the lower house of the legislature in November, 1872, and was elected Attorney General of the state of Minnesota in November, 1873, and was twic«e reelected, his last term ending on January 1, 1880. Mr. Wilson then removed to Fargo, North Dakota, and practiced law under the firm name of Wilson & Ball until July, 1887, coming then to Minneapolis, where he has since remained in the practice of his profes sion. He was elected to the state senate from the Forty-first District in 1898, and re-elected in 1902. Among the distinctions which have marked the career of Mr. Wilson, he was appointed by President Grant, in 1871, one of the government commissioners on the Southern Pacific Railroad, .... i» .... ' " ' .- • >j| ir.'ir, . '• "" W; ^ wasp* • ; • .Ik: 178 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the construction of which had just commenced from San Francisco south and east. The com missioners inspected the work from San Fran cisco to Gilroy, eighty miles. Mr. Wilson was one of the counsel for the state of Minnesota in that celebrated case. The State of Minnesota against The Northern Securities Company, on each side of which the strongest legal talent was engaged. Mr. Wilson is a member of the Metho dist Episcopal church. He was.married in Sep tember, 1866, to Ada H. Harrington of Winona, and they have had three children, Jessie M., mar ried to W. R. Sweatt: Walter H., and Wirt, all of whom reside in Minneapolis. WILLIAMSON, James Franklin, was born in the town of Osborn, near Dayton, Ohio, on Jan uary 9, 1853. His grandfather, James W. Will iamson, was one of the pioneer settlers of Ohio. James Franklin is the son of George C. and Sarah A. Williamson, being of - Scotch-Irish descent upon his father's side and German descent on his mother's side. He was educated at the public schools and Princeton University, graduating from the latter in 1877 with the degree of A. B. and receiving therefrom the degree of Ph. D. in 1879, on examination for post graduate work. He studied law in the office of ex-Governor George Hoadly, at Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1881 he came to Minneapolis, here continuing his studies with the law firm of Lochren, McNair & Gil- FREDERICIC B. WRIGHT. fillan, and in November of the same year was admitted to the bar. He accepted an appoint ment, in the fall of 1881, as an examiner in the United States Patent Office, remaining about two years. He resigned from government service in 1885, a °d opened a law office in this city, making a specialty of patent and trade-mark law and soliciting. He has since been continuously en gaged with that branch of legal work, and has a well-established practice in the United States courts and before the Patent Office. After prac ticing alone in this city for fifteen years, Mr. Williamson, in 1900, took into partnership Mr. Frank D. Merchant, under the firm name of Williamson & Merchant. This association still ex ists, and the firm has built up a most success ful business, numbering among its clients not only prominent corporations in the Northwest, but some of national repute in other sections On June 9, 1896, Mr. Williamson was married to Miss Emma F. Elmore, and they have two chil dren, both sons. Mr. Williamson is a member of the leading business and social organizations of the city, including the Minneapolis Club and Commercial Club of this city, and is also a mem ber of the University Club of New York City. WRIGHT, Fred B., was born January 17, 1856, in Coos county, New Hampshire. His father, Beriah Wright, was a farmer of moderate means directly descended from Beriah Wright who had a part in the war of 1812 as a captain in the army of the United States. The family have had dis tinguished representation in the legal and med ical professions in both the East and the West, and have been eminently successful in agricul tural and commercial life. Fred B., after a good district school education, entered the St. Johnsbury Academy at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, from which he graduated in 1878 and, after teaching school for a time, he began to read law in the office of George A. Bingham at Littleton, New Hampshire; and later completed his studies at the Boston Law School. In 1883 Mr. Wright came to Minneapolis and began, here, the prac tice of his profession. He has continuously prac ticed here since that time and been eminently successful in his professional career. In politics he is a republican and is active in the work of the State League of Republican Clubs, of which he was president for two years. He was elected to the state legislature in 1906 from the Fortieth District which is identical with the Fourth Ward of Minneapolis and during the session of 1907 was a member of many important committees and chairman of the committee of drainage. In response to the pressing demand for a revision and extension of the drainage laws, Mr. Wright revised and rewrote the old drainage laws with the view to making them meet the present de mand of the state. This work was done so thor oughly that the result brought him warmest com mendation and it is conceded that Minnesota now has the best system of drainage laws of any state 180 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS in the Union. Mr. Wright is a high degree Ma son and is a member of the Minneapolis No. 19 Blue Lodge, St. John's Chapter No. 9, Zion Commandery No. 2, Knights Templars, and Zuhrah Temple. On August 27, 1884, he was married to Helen M. Conant, of Greensboro, Vermont, and they have four children—Ralph C., Fred B., Jr., Barbara Helen, and Donald Orr. WAITE, Edward Foote, judge of the munic ipal court of Minneapolis, was born on January 15, i860, in Norwich, New York, the son of John Waite and Betsey N. Foote. His father was a lawyer and his ancestors on both sides of the family were among the early settlers of New England. Judge Waite's early life was spent at Norwich and in that vicinity, where he obtained his earlier schooling and prepared for college. He entered Colgate University at Hamilton, New York, and graduated with the degree of A. B. in the class of 1880. His professional education was obtained at the Columbian (now George Washington) University Law School at Wash ington, D. C., from which he was graduated in 1883 with the degree of LL. B. and from which he received his LL. M. in 1884. Judge Waite did not engage in practice at once. He had been, during his law studies, a clerk in the United States Pension Department at Washington, and con tinued in the service of the pension department, serving as special examiner at various points, the last being Minneapolis, where he was stationed from 1888 to 1897. In the latter year Judge Waite withdrew from the public service and com menced the practice of law. He was for some time associated with the late Judge A. H. Young, who had served upon the district bench in Min neapolis for many years. In 1901 Mr. Waite was made assistant city attorney of Minneapolis and in August, 1902, was appointed Superintendent of Police by Mayor David P. Jones, who had come into office upon the retirement of Mayor A. A. Ames. The appointment of Judge Waite as superintendent of police was for the avowed purpose of complete reorganization and rehabilita tion of the police force of the city and for the absolute suppression of various forms of vice and crime which had been given free rein. This work was accomplished in a few months and when Supt. Waite retired from the position on Jan uary 1, 1903, the police force was thoroughly re organized on a basis of independence, complete protection to the public and no protection to law breakers. This reorganization was a remarkable demonstration of the possibilities of the police department when handled solely for the main tenance of law and order. In December, 1904, Judge Waite was appointed to the municipal bench by Governor Van Sant to fill an unex pired term and in November, 1906, he was regu larly elected for the six years' term. Judge Waite is a republican in party affiliations though quite independent in local affairs. He takes an active part in all questions of good government and improvement of municipal conditions in all ways and in philanthropic and charitable movements. Since he has been on the municipal bench this court has inaugurated a system of parole under suspended sentences for minor offences, which has been practically successful in effecting ref ormation in many cases. Judge Waite is a member of Plymouth Congregational Church. He was married May 5, 1892, to Miss. Alice M. Eaton, at Brooklyn, New York. They have had one son, Bradford, who died in infancy. YALE, Washington, Jr., was born January 7, 1875, at Norwalk, Huron county, Ohio. His father, Charles W. Yale, a descendant of Thomas Yale, (a brother of Elihu Yale, from whom Yale University derived its name) is a capitalist. Washington Yale lived in Ohio until he was thirteen years old, then came to Minneapolis and lived with his great-uncle, Washington Yale, for whom he was named. He attended the Central high school, later the Engineering school of the state university, and finally the Law school, from which he graduated with the class of 1898 and was then admitted to the bar. Mr. Yale's prac tice has had to do chiefly with commercial and real estate law, including the care of property for both residents and non-residents. During the last three years and at the present time, he has given considerable attention to the erection of modern homes for rental purposes. During his senior year in college, he was Major of the Uni versity Cadet Corps. A republican, Mr. Yale has been a member of the Roosevelt Club during the last two campaigns. He is also a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, an honorary member of "Scabbard and Blade," the University military society, and a very active member of Plymouth Congregational Church, being secretary of the society and recently a member and chair man of the board of directors of Drummond Hall, one of its missions. He was also a charter mem ber and first secretary and treasurer of Plymouth Club. He married May Wilman Emery, of Waltham, Massachusetts, October 25, 1899. CHAPTER XIII. MEDICINE T HE history of the practice of meclicine in any city is largely told in the lives of the individual members of the profession, and this is true of Minneapolis. For more than fifty years Minneapolis has demanded and received medical treatment of the highest order and from the very beginning the standard of professional life has been very high and the medical profession has numbered among its members physicians who have ranked with the foremost in the country. The first physician of the regular school of medicine to arrive in St. Anthony was Dr. J. H. Murphy who came in 1850 and was then just twenty-four years of age and a recent graduate of Rush Medical College. He became one of the most distinguished physicians in the state and gave to the early settlement a high standard in matters medical. Dr. A. E. Ames came in 1851. He was also a graduate of Rush but had had several years' experience. After a short time these two physicians entered into partnership and they both took a very active part in the affairs of the two villages at St. Anthony Falls. Dr. Ames moved across the river to Minneapolis and was frequently called upon to serve the city in public office. Dr. Ira Kingsley and Dr. Hezekiah Fletcher also arrived at the Falls in 1851. Dr. Fletcher was a prominent citizen of the old Minneapolis but is not included in early lists of practicing physicians. Another physician to arrive in very early times was Dr. A. E. Johnson who came in 1853 and became a partner of Dr. C. W. Le Boutillier. The latter died in 1863 but Dr. Johnson remained to become the veteran of the profession in the city. Dr. C. L. Anderson arrived in 1854, Dr. Adolph Ortman in 1857. Dr. Ortman also proved to be a permanent resident of the city, living for many years in St. Anthony as a successful practitioner, Dr. J. S. Elliot who became a most distinguished citizen settled in Minneapolis in 1854. Dr. W. H. Leonard came in 1855 and Dr. J. J. Linn in 1857. AIL these remained long in practice and became well known in the community. A list of physicians of all schools practicing at the Falls at the close of 1858, compiled by Colonel Stevens, includes: Dr. J. H. Murphy, Dr. A. E. Ames, Dr. M. R. Greeley, Dr. J. S. Elliott, Dr. W. H. Leonard, Dr. B. Jodon, Dr. A. Ortman, Dr. W. D. Dibb, Dr. C. W. Le Boutillier, Dr. C. L. Anderson, Dr. P. L. Hatch, Dr. J. B. Sabine, and Dr. Simon French Rankin. As the number of physicians increased the exact date of their arrival in the city became of less importance but it is interesting to group the following men who joined the ranks of the profession in the city between i860 and 1880: Drs. N. B. Hill, A. H. Lindley, C. G. Goodrich, H. H. Kimball, R. S. McMurdy, O. J. Evans, Edwin Phillips, E. H. Stockton, Chas. Simpson, E. J. Kelley, A. W. Abbott, T. F. Quimby, F. A. Dunsmoor, I. D. Alger, A. C. Fairbairn, Geo. F. French, S. F. Hance, J. W. Murray, A. E. Hutchins, A. H. Salisbury and C. L. Wells. Of the foregoing Drs. Hill and Lindley were among the earliest arrivals (coming in 1861) and became the most prominent physicians in the city for a time. They were both men of high professional attainments, broad culture and eminent public spirit. Of those commencing practice here previous to 1870, Dr. Leonard, Dr. Kimball and Dr. Phillips are the only ones still in active practice at the present time. The early medical men of Minneapolis shared with their brethren of other new communities the difficulties of pioneer prac- 182 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS MINNESOTA COLLEGE HOSPITAL. This building was originally the Winslow House and a famous hotel in the days before the war. was tice. Fifty years ago Minneapolis physi cians were not called to as great distances as their successors of today but a call from an isolated farm or lumber camp, if not more than twenty or thirty miles away from town, still meant infinitely more difficulty and hardship for the doctor than a call from a point hundreds of miles distant at the present day.' In the absence of all means of transportation except that afforded by a horse and buggy, without any of the mod ern inventions—mechanical or remedial— which facilitate the work of the physician,, the doctors of a half century ago found the practice of medicine a very strenuous occu pation. The Minneapolis pioneer physi cians were, however, the kind of men to whom difficulties meant no more than did the difficulties of business to their fellow townsmen. With few exceptions they seem to have done their work well, maintained the standards of their profession and at the same time to have taken an active and effi cient part in the organization of the young community. Very early they realized the advantages of organization for themselves and the present Hennepin County Medical Society grew out of the St. Anthony and Minneapolis Union Medical Society organ ized in 1855 at the residence of Dr. A. E. Ames at Eighth avenue south and Fourth street. Dr. Ames was president and Dr. Wheelock, secretary. The society was re organized in 1870 under its present name with Dr. Ames again as president and since that time it has taken a very prominent part in the life of the profession and has been most influential in maintaining standards and securing reforms when necessary. Among its executive officers have been: Drs. C. G. Goodrich, Edwin Phillips, A. H. Lindley, E. J. Brown, Wm. Asbury Hall, L. A. Nippert, H. R. Sweetzer, A. W. Ab bott, J. W. Bell, C. H. Hunter, D. O. Thom as, Frank C. Todd, and F. A. Knights. The society has brought together a large medical library and maintains rooms in the Donaldson building, where its semi-monthly meetings are held. Of later organizations the Society of Physicians and Surgeons was active from 1882 for several years but dis continued upon the organization of the Min nesota Academy of Medicine in which Min neapolis physicians have taken a leading part. The Minneapolis Medical Club was organized a few years ago and numbers in its membership many of the younger phy sicians of the city. It meets monthly at the court house. Its presidents have been Drs. Lester W. Day, George D. Haggard, J. C., Litzenberg, A. T. Mann and R. E. Farr. J. H. MURPHY, M. D. MEDICINE Until 1881 Minneapolis had no medical schools but Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor had ad' vocated the establishment of a college and to his earnest work was due the organiza tion in that year, of the Minnesota College Hospital with a board of directors composed of Thomas Lowry, president and Drs. George F. French, A. W. Abbott, and C. H. Hunter and Judge C. E. Vanderburgh. Dr. Dunsmoor became dean. The old Winslow House was secured and was oc- 183 lege of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery and the College of Dentistry. Into these colleges were merged the Hospital College including its dental division, the St. Paul Medical College and the Minnesota Home opathic Medical College, the officers of all these institutions joining in urging the de sirability of this consolidation and tender ing the use of their several properties with out charge to the state. From this begin ning has grown the medical department of MILLARD HALL. One of the group of medical buildings at the University of Minnesota. cupied for four years, or until the comple tion of a college building at Ninth avenue south and Fifth street. At the time of the removal to this building the institution was reorganized, dropping the hospital feature and assuming the name of the Hospital College, while a free dispensary was added. The first faculty of the Department of Medicine of the University of Minnesota was appointed in 1883 but for five years con fined itself to the examination of candidates for degrees and the general duties of a state board of medical examiners under the pro visions of a state law of 1883. In 1888 the department was reorganized as a teaching school of medicine with three colleges: The College of Medicine and Surgery, the Col- the university—now one of the leading medical schools of the country. After a few years buildings began to appear upon the campus and the scattered quarters were permanently abandoned. A College of Pharmacy was added in 1891 and the four colleges are now housed in five buildings, Millard Hall, the laboratory of medical sciences, the laboratory of chemistry, the laboratory of anatomy and the institute of public health and pathology. In the latter building is a very complete museum and a technical library. The officers of the sev eral colleges are: Frank Fairchild Wesbrook, M. A., M. D., C. M., Dean of the Col lege of Medicine and Surgery; Eugene L. Mann, B. A., M. D., Dean of the College of 184 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 3 A. II. LINDLKY, M. I). Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery; Al fred Owre, D. M. D., M. D., Dean of the College of Dentistry, and Frederick J. Wulling, Phm. D., LL. M., Dean of the College of Pharmacy. The statement that the Minnesota Home opathic Medical College was merged in the department of medicine at the university, calls for an account of the origin of this institution. The practice of Homeopathy in Minneapolis dates from 1856 when Dr. William A. Penniman came here from Al bany, New York. He was a graduate of Brown University and of Jefferson Medical College and while practicing in Pittsburg changed to the homeopathic school. He was the first president of the Minnesota State Medical Institute—the first Home opathic medical society in the state. In 1858 Dr. Philo L. Hatch, a graduate of the Homeopathic Hospital and College of Cleveland, visited Minneapolis and was so pleased with the place that he made it his home and became a prominent physician as well as a leading citizen and an ornitholog ist of repute. Dr. William H. Leonard, who had been a practicing physician in the city since 1855, determined, in i860, to embrace the doctrines of Hahnemann and took his place in the homeopathic school. He is the oldest living practitioner in the city and is held in the highest respect by physicians of all schools as well as by the people of the city who have known his fifty years of devoted service. The year 1866 brought Drs. T. R. Huntington and David M. Good win; the year 1870 Dr. Otis M. Humphrey. Other physicians began practice here in this order; Dr. Adele S. Hutchison, 1877; Drs. A. E. Higbee and John A. Steele in 1878; Dr. W. D. Lawrence, 1879; Drs. John F. Beaumont, W111. E. Leonard, and S. M. Spaulding in 1880; Dr. H. W. Brazie in 1881 ; Drs. George F. Roberts and George E. Dennis in 1884; Dr. Henry C. Aldrich in 1887. In 1872, through the efforts of Drs. W. H. Leonard and D. M. Goodwin, the Hahnemann Medical Society of Hennepin County was organized and for some years did very effective work in the promotion of the interests of homeopathy. Among other things accomplished was the establishment of the Homeopathic Free Dispensary. The society was renamed and reorganized in 1891 as the Minneapolis Homeopathic Med ical Society with Dr. George F. Roberts as president. Dr. H. C. Aldrich, Dr. A. S. Wilcox, Dr. G. E. Dennis and Dr. H. H. Leavitt have been among the later presi dents of the club. The promoters of this organization were also active in the found ing of the Homeopathic Hospital and took a prominent part in the agitation which fin- SWEET COLLECTION ST. BARNABAS HOSPITAL. MEDICINE ally led to the organization of the Minne sota Homeopathic Medical College which was incorporated early in 1886 and began college work in the following autumn. Dr. P. L. Hatch was dean, assisted by a strong faculty, many of whose members became professors in the new College of Homeoathic Medicine and Surgery at the univer sity upon the consolidation of 1888. In this college, as in the others in the department, the standards are equal to the highest among the schools of the country. 185 medical profession and developed in the last forty years. It was organized in 1870 as the Cottage Hospital largely through the influence of Bishop Knickerbacker. It was first located at Washington and Ninth avenues north but in 1881 was removed to Ninth avenue south and Sixth street and given its present name. In later years the buildings have been greatly extended and the hospital very thoroughly equipped. St. Barnabas has always been under the control of the Episcopal denomination and has on FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION THE MINNEAPOLIS CITY HOSPITAL. In 1883 the Minneapolis College of Physi cians and Surgeons was organized with Dr. Edwin Phillips, president and Dr. J. T. Moore, dean of the faculty. In 1895 it was made the medical department of Hamline University though maintaining its own building at Fifth street and Seventh avenue south in Minneapolis. It continued as a successful medical school, until 1908 when it was merged in the medical department of the university, the members of its faculty generally becoming professors in the con solidated college. HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES. St. Barnabas Hospital was the first of the group of institutions fostered by the its staff a number of the leading physicians of the city. The Minneapolis Free Dispensary was established in 1878 by C. A. Pillsbury, Geo. A. Brackett, C. M. Loring, A. B. Barton and E. S. Jones. It did excellent work un til 1882 when it was merged into the Minne sota College Hospital which had been estab lished in 1881 through the efforts of Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor. The College Hospital as its name implies combined educational pur poses with hospital service and is referred to under the subject of medical education. In 1882 the Northwestern Hospital was organized and in 1887 removed from tem porary quarters to its present location on 186 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Swedish. Hospital was founded in 1898 and in 1902 occupied its own building at Tenth avenue so.uth and Eighth street. The Homeopathic Hospital was incorporated in 1881 but was not opened until January 1883. In 1884 it moved to Fourth avenue south and Twenty-fifth street where it continued in successful operation for some years. Maternity Hospital was founded in 1886 through the efforts of Dr. Martha G. Ripley and is the only hospital in the city or state .devoted entirely to the care of women dur ing confinement. Its work is largely charit able and has interested many women, who in fact make up its entire board of officers and directors. It occupies a building at 2201 Western avenue. Dr. Ripley has al ways been physician in charge. There are various other hospitals and homes in the city, ranging from the fully equipped hos pital to the charitable home where med ical treatment is merely incidental. The physicians of the city have taken a very large part in the promotion and conduct of these institutions and have given very X. B. Ill M., M. D. Chicago avenue and Twenty-seventh street. The lots were the gift of L. M. Stewart and $20,000 of the building fund was contrib uted by Mrs. Jane T. Harrison. St. Mary's Hospital, one of the best equipped institu tions in the city was established in 1888 by Hishop Ireland and has been under the charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph, having 011 its staff many prominent physicians. The Minneapolis City Hospital was not opened until 1888 when it occupied tempo rary quarters at Eighth street and Eleventh avenue south. The present City Hospital building was commenced some years later. The management was at first vested in the council committee on health and hospitals but was later transferred to the board of charities and corrections. Asbury Metho dist Hospital was organized in 1892 occupy ing first the.building vacated by the Minne sota College Hospital at Ninth avenue south and Sixth street and only recently moving to its own building at Fourteenth street and Ninth avenue south. It is under the direc tion of the Methodist denomination. The ASA E. JOHNSON, M. D. MEDICINE freely of their time and professional abil ities to the inmates. In public service the physicians of the city have always been active and loyal. Much interest was taken in the organization of the department of health immediately upon the incorporation of the city in 1867. The first "sanitary committee" as it was styled, consisted of Drs. A. E. Ames, N. B. Hill and A. H. Lindley, the latter being health officer. After serving two terms Dr. Lindley gave place to Dr. Leonard who in turn was succeeded by Dr. Charles Simpson. These men set the pace for later administra tion of the department. There have been few serious epidemics and these have in the main been very well handled. I11 1889 the health department was reorganized under a special law and its work broadened to cover the necessities of a large city. The health officers have been these: 1867-68, Dr. A. H. Lindley; 1869-71, Dr. W. H. Leonard; 187275, Dr. Chas. Simpson; 1876, Dr. G. F. Townsend; 1877, Dr. A. A. Ames; 1878, Dr. O. J. Evans; 1879-80, Dr. A. H. Salisbury; 1881, Dr. O. J. Evans; 1882-3, Dr. J. Cockburn; 1884-87, Dr. T. F. Quimby; 1888-90, Dr. S. S. Kilvington; 1891-92, Dr. E. S. Kelley; 1895, Dr. H. N. Avery; 1899, Dr. A. K. Norton; 1901-08, Dr. P. M. Hall. The city physicians have been, Dr. S. M. Spaulding, 1880-1; Dr. J. C. Cockburn, 1881-2; Dr. A. B. Cates, 1883-4; Dr. C. T. Drew, 1884-5; Dr. S. H. Van Cleve, 1885-6-7; Dr. James H. Dunn, 1887-8; Dr. C. A. Chase, 1889-92; Dr. Charles G. Wes ton, 1893-98; Dr. W. J. Byrnes, 1899-1900; Dr. Henry S. Nelson, 1901-2; Dr. George E. Ricker, 190^-4; Dr. E. H. Beckmaii, ico^7; Dr. P. M. Holl, 1908. ' Among the coroners of Hennepin county have been Drs. -A. C. Fairbairn, R. J. Hill, Frank E. Towers, Wm. J. Byrnes, W. P. Spring, J. M. Kistler, George E. Dennis, Henry S. Nelson and U. G. Williams. ABBOTT, Amos Wilson, for many years a prominent surgeon of Minneapolis, was born at Ahmednuggur, India, on January 6, 1844, the son of Amos and Anstice (Wilson) Abbott. He was educated at the Phillips Academy, Andover, Mas sachusetts, at Dartmouth College and at the Col lege of Physicians and Surgeons at New York. He served in the Union army during the Civil war as a member of Company C, Sixteenth New 187 Hampshire Volunteer Infantry. In 1869 he com menced practice. For many years he has resided at 21 South Tenth street where he still maintains his office and in • 1902 he established a private hospital at 10 East Seventeenth street, of which he is surgeon in chief. He is a member of the American Medical Association, Minnesota State Medical Association, Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and the Hennepin County Medical So ciety. Dr. Abbott was married on August 19, 1880, at Delhi, New York, to Miss Helen G. Wright. ' • : ALGER, Edmund Whitney, son of Isaac D. and Ellen' Whitney Alger was born in Minne apolis, July 13, 1877. His father is a physician of distinction who settled in Minneapolis in 1874 and was recognized as an expert in gynecology. The family are descended from oae of the early colonists of Massachusetts, a branch of the Algers settling in Vermont, whence Dr. Isaac Daniel Alger came to Minneapolis. The son, after at tending the public schools of Minneapolis and graduating at the East Side high school, in stinctively followed the professional tendencies of his forebears, many of whom were noted phy sicians, and graduated from the medical depart ment of the state university with the degree M. D. in 1902, and is engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Alger is a member of the East Side Commercial Club and of the Hennepin Coun ty Medical Society and of the Minneapolis Medi cal Club. ALGER, Isaac Daniel, for more than thirty years a practicing physician of this city, was born at Morristown, Vermont, on March 16, 1844. He is the son of Dr. Isaac Smith Alger, a native of Strafford, Vermont, born in 1802, who lived for most of his life and practiced his profession of medicine at Williston, Vermont. His health failed when he was twenty-one years old, and for five years he lived on the sea returning to Stowe where he remained till he was forty-two years old, when he moved to Williston, where he re sided until he came West. In 1875 he came to Minneapolis to reside with his son, who had moved to this city a short time before. Dr. I. D. Alger's mother was the widow of Daniel Robin son, her maiden name being Priscella Churchill Lathrop, born at Stowe, Vermont, on May 22, 1800. The ancestry of the family seems to have been originally French, as a, distinguished eccle siastic of Liege bore the name in the early part of the twelfth century. The name is a rather unusual one in this country and the first record of it is that of Andrew Alger, of Scarborough; Massachusetts, who settled in this country in 1651. There is also record of a Thomas Alger who resided in Taunton, Massachusetts, about 1665, and although the genealogical connection has been lost it is probable that the Algers of Vermont are descended from these early settlers. While he was still a child Dr. Alger's family moved to Williston, Vermont, where he was 188 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS raised and received his academic training at the BECK, James Flournoy, physician in general YVilliston Academy. He took a course of medical practice, was born at Dubuque, Iowa, April 21, study under his father and then attended Burling1871. Dr. Beck is of Kentucky ancestry and ton College for two years. He took a final course Revolutionary descent. His parents went from at Harvard University and there received his M. Kentucky to Iowa about the time of the Civil D. degree in 1864. After his graduation he immeWar period and Dr. Beck received his elediately went to Stowe, Lamoille county, Vermont, mentary and common school education in the where he practiced for four years. He then leschools of Dubuque, where he lived until he was turned to his native town and forming a partner- fifteen years of age. He then took the academic ship with his father practiced there until 1874, course at Princeton University in the class of when he came to Minneapolis. He* has followed 1894, but left a year before graduation to study his profession in this city continuously since that medicine. He entered the medical department time and for many years has had a large and of the University of Minnesota in January, 1893, satisfactory practice. Shortly after he had moved graduating in 1896. During the next year he was to Minneapolis Dr. Alger returned to his home house surgeon at the Minneapolis City Hospital state and on February 10, 1875, was married to and for the six years following he was upon the Miss Ellen Josephine Whitney, the daughter of medical staff of the same institution. Dr. Beck Edmund Whitney of Williston, Vermont. On his belongs to the Minneapolis Medical Club and the return his father and mother accompanied him State Medical Society. He is a republican in and resided with him until their deaths. Dr. politics, but is not actively interested in political Alger has one son, Edmund Whitney, born July affairs. His church relations are Episcopalian. 13, 1877, a graduate of the University of MinneHe was married Feb. 8, 1899, to Katherine Consota, and now a practicing physician of this city. way, and has one child, a son, born in 1901. AVERY, Jacob Fowler, was born January 19, 1873, at Poughkeepsie, New York. He is descended from the Groton, Connecticut, branch of the Averys. His father, Henry Newell Avery, who married Catherine Sebring Fowler, was a practicing physician and surgeon, who, at the time of his death, April 17, 1898, was serving his second term as commissioner of health of Minneapolis. It was through his influence that the present system of city milk and dairy inspection was instituted and put on an efficient basis. Dr. Avery, senior, came West when his son was six months old and lived at Winona, Minnesota, and Galesville, Wisconsin, until 1882 when he moved to Minneapolis. His son attended the Central high school, graduating in 1892, had one year of the scientific course at the state university and then taught for a year. In '95 he entered the medical department of the university and graduated in 1899. In 1903 he took a post-graduate course at the Chicago Polyclinic. During the summer of 1899 he was senior medical interne at the City Hospital. In the fall of that year he went to Virginia, Minnesota, where he formed a partnership with Drs. J. R. and Cyrus Eby to conduct a mine-hospital. He was also assistant surgeon for the D. M. & N. Ry. and health officer of Virginia. He was assistant surgeon at Aitkin, Minnesota, for the Northern Pacific Railway for a year from June 1, 1905, and while there was a member of the library board. He is a member of the Aitkin County Medical Society, the Upper Mississippi Medical Society, the Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minnesota State Medical Society and the American Medical Association. Dr. Avery has always been a republican. He is a member of the Fifth Avenue Congregational Church. On June 4, 1902, he married Mary Letitia Esmond, formerly of I" ort Wayne, Indiana. They have one child, John Esmond Avery. BECKMAN, Emil H„ city physician from I 9°S» t o January, 1908, was born Februar^ l &7 2 > at Grundy Center, Iowa. He is t h e s o n o f E m i l , H - a n d Catherine Beckman, his father being a well known banker of that locality, and w a s educated in the public schools of his n a t i v e P l a c e u n t i l h e w e n t t o Grinnell College, From Grinnell he received the degree of Ph. B. i n i 8 94After a brief experience in banking and school teaching, in the latter case as principal ^he Stillwater high school, Dr. Beckman came *° University of Minnesota for a medical course, graduating from the medical department * n I 9° I - An appointment as assistant bacterioloS i s t f o r t h e S t a t e B o a r d o f Health followed gradnation. He held this for four years until his appointment as city physician in July, 1905. Dr. Beckman has filled this position with ability and efficiency. He is secretary of the Minneapolis Pathological Society as well as a member of the national, state and county medical associations, I n politics he is republican, and in religious f a i t h a Methodist. On January 1, 1902, Dr. Beckm a n married Miss Jessie Sayre. He has one child, a daughter. BELL, John W., was born in Butler county, Ohio, March 18, 1853, son of R. J. and Ann Bell, His father was a farmer and the son was bred to farm life, receiving his early educational training in the public schools. With a strong inclination to professional life he steadily accomplished the necessary preparatory work and entered the Ohio Medical College in Cincinnati and graduated in 1876. After a period of postgraduate study in Germany, Dr. Bell came to Minneapolis and commenced active practice. From 1886 to 1889, he was professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine at the Minnesota Hospital and has been professor of Physical Diagnosis and Clinical Medicine at the state university since the opening MEDICINE of the Medical Department. He is a visiting physician at the Northwestern Hospital and con sulting physician at the City, the Asbury and Swedish and the St. Mary's hospitals. Dr. Bell has a very high standing in his profession and, in private as well as in his hospital practice, his valuable experience is in demand as consulting physician. In politics, Dr. Bell is an independent democrat. He was a member of the State Senate from 1891 to 1895, a member of the Charter Com mission, and of the Voters League. Dr. Bell belongs to the Commercial and Minikahda clubs; of the professional organizations he is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society; of the State Medical Society; of the Minnesota Academy .of Medicine and of the American Medical Associa tion and is an ex-president of the first three. Dr. Bell is a Universalist in his church affiliations, and is a member of the Church of the Redeemer. He was married on November 11, 1890,, to Kate M. Jones and to them have been born two sons. BENJAMIN, Arthur Edwin, was born Decem ber 19, 1868, at Hutchinson,Minnesota, son of John and Elizabeth Garner Benjamin. His father was a physician, who practiced his profession in Bos ton until 1857 and came to Hutchinson in i860. Both parents were educated in England. Arthur Edwin was born and brought up on a farm, at tended the common schools; graduated from the high school in 1887, and after teaching school two years, entered the medical department of the University of Minnesota and graduated in medi cine in 1892, when he began to practice his pro fession in Minneapolis. The last three years he has been limiting his practice to the specialties of surgery and gynecology. Dr. Benjamin, after graduation, did excellent service in the medical department of the state university as clinical as sistant. He has read numerous papers in surgery before the various medical societies to which he belongs and they have been published in different medical journals throughout the United States. He is a member of the staffs of the St. Barnabas, Swedish and City hospitals, Minneapolis, and is a teacher in clinical gynecology in the college of medicine and surgery of the University at the present time. • Dr. Benjamin is a republican in politics. He was president of the Alumni Asso ciation of the Medical Department of the State University in 1904, and is a member of the Amer ican Medical Association, and of the Minnesota Medical Association and of the local medical so cieties. In church relations he is a Congrega tionalism He was married in 1900 to Blanche Grimshaw and to them has been born one child —Edwin G. BESSESEN, Alfred Nicholas, was born Jannuary 18, 1870, in Freeborn county, Minnesota. He is the son of John and Delia (Anderson) Bessesen, both natives of Norway. His father, a jeweler, came to America from Bergen, Norway, in the year 1867 and his mother came from Telemarken, her native town, in 1850. They settled 189 on a farm in Freeborn county and there Dr. Bessesen passed the first twelve years of his life. The family then moved to Albert Lea, Minne sota, and Dr. Bessesen began his education, grad uating from the high school of that city. At this time he attended the Norwegian Lutheran Church and in connection with it organized a young peo ples Christian Endeavor society. In 1890 he en tered the Rush Medical College at Chicago, and completed his course there in 1893, receiving his diploma in March. During the last two years he held the office of president of the Chicago Intercollegiate Department of the Y. M. C. A. After his commencement he returned to Minne apolis and assisted Dr. J. H. Dunn in his prac tice and was also, during the winter of 1893-94 interne at St. Mary's Hospital. He was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical Depart ment of Hamline University and during 1895 and 1896 was professor of histology in the same in stitution and a year later became a lecturer on anatomy. Dr. Bessesen is now a surgeon on the staff of the Norwegian Deaconess Hospital and also a member of the board of trustees for the United Church Hospital, which, it is planned, shall be built in North Minneapolis and of which he is one of the most active promoters. Dr. Bes sesen is connected with a number of the fraternal orders and clubs of the city, being a Mason; the medical examiner for the Bridal Veil Camp of the M. W. A.; a member of the Sons of Norway; of the Minneapolis Amateur Athletic Association and the Minneapolis and North Side Commercial clubs. He is also affiliated with the national state and county medical societies and attends the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. In politics he is a republican. In 1895 Dr. Bes sesen was married to Florence Emma Holland and they have four children—Alfred Nicholas, Jr., Daniel Holland, Grace Isabelle and Florence Delia. BISHOP, Charles Wesley, was born in Mon treal, Canada, in the year 1874. His father was George C. Bishop, now retired from active life. Dr. Bishop's early life was passed in his native town and he attended the grammar schools of that town. After finishing , his elementary and preparatory education, Dr. Bishop graduated from the medical department of the McGill University, with the class of 1895. For a year after his grad uation he continued his studies as interne at the Asbury Methodist Hospital and during 1897-98-99 held the same position in the Manhattan Hos pital of the eye, ear, nose and throat. He then began to practice in Minneapolis, and in 1900 limited his attention to the study and treatment of the diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat. Dr. Bishop is a member of the Minnesota State Medical Society, the Hennepin County Medical Societv and the Minneapolis Medical Club and City Hospital staff. He is also connected with the Commercial and Minikahda Clubs. He was married on February 20, 1906. 190 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS BLAKE, James Joseph, was born in Ontario, Canada, April 2, 1872, son of John and MaryBlake. His father was a farmer of Ontario and like many other young Canadians, he came to the States to try his fortunes. Settling in Mankato, he attended the Normal School and graduated from the advanced course in 1896. He soon after ward came to Minneapolis and entered the State University from which he graduated in medicine in 1901, and, after serving as interne at the Min neapolis City Hospital for one year, he began the practice of medicine in West Minneapolis in 1902. He was married in 1904 (June 21) to Agnes Catherine Macdonald, of Mankato, and one child has been born to them. BOOTH, Albert E., assistant professor of sur gery in the college of homeopathy of the state university was born at Patterson, New Jersey, September 30, 1871. His father, Andrew Booth, removed to Lawrence, Massachusetts, where Dr. Booth spent the first eight years of his life. In 1879, the family came to Lyon county, Minnesota, and settled on a farm, where the district schools gave the only chance for an education until 1888. Then as a youth of seventeen, Dr. Booth taught in the country school for two years; later after grad uating from Tracy high school he took two years of scientific training at Hamline University, fol lowed by the medical course in the College of Homeopathy of the state university. For a short time after graduation Dr. Booth was house physi cian at the City Hospital, then went to Spokane as a venture, but shortly returned to settle in Minneapolis. Except for .one year of post graduate study in New York City he has been in active practice ever since. He is a member of several secret societies and college fraternities, and of the State Institute of Homeopathy, and the Minneapolis Homeopathic Medical Society He is also a member of the St. Anthony Com mercial Club. Dr. Booth is republican in poli tics. Was married to Nina L, Fritz in 1902 and has two sons. BRACKEN, Henry Martyn, (H. M. Bracken) secretary of the Minnesota State Board of Health since 1897, and Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Minnesota Univer sity, was born in Noblestown, Pensylvania, Feb ruary 27, 1854. His father was Dr. Wm. C. Bracken; his mother, Electa (Alvord) Bracken. The Brackens and Alvords are of colonial descent, the Brackens being early settlers in Delaware—about 1700—and the Alvords coming to Massachusets about fifty years earlier. Both families have had genealogies published. Dr. H. M. Bracken's life is one of those stories of perseverance against the odds of circumstance and fortune which have made the history of the American people so full of results in nation-building. In his early life he was given the usual advantages of education in the common schools of Pennsylvania and Ohio. At thirteen he entered Eldersridge Acad emy, a preparatory school conducted by a rela tive and fitting for Washington and Jefferson College. Between fourteen and sixteen he studied with a tutor. At seventeen he taught school in the summer, but went back to Eldersridge .in the fall. The death of his father cut 'short his plans for a Princeton course. He made arrange ments for study in a physician's office, teaching school between times. At twenty he was ready for a year at Michigan University's Medical De partment. Then he went back to work again, and at twenty-two was able to give another year to medical study, this time in the Medical depart ment of Columbia College, New York City. From here he graduated in the spring bf '77, spent a year in post-graduate and hospital work and at twenty-four was in a Venezuelan gold-mining camp as surgeon. A few months of this exper ience enabled him to go to Edinburgh for study. He received his diploma of Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, (L. R. C. S. E.) in May, 1879, and in the fall of the same year entered the service of the Mail Steamship Com pany as surgeon. He returned to the United States after three years of this work, went into general practice at Thompson, Conn., where he spent one and one half years and then again went, as sur geon, to a gold-mining camp in Mexico, under the superintendency of a personal friend. He spent eighteen monfhs in camp, went back to New York City for a post-graduate course, and removed to Minneapolis for regular practice in 1885. The Minnesota Hospital College soon after placed him upon its staff to occupy the chair he still holds in the state university's medical de partment. In 1895 Dr. Bracken was appointed on the State Board of Health, and in 1897 was made secretary of that body. The demands of this post and of his university work have almost com pletely filled his time to the exclusion of general practice. He has twice been elected as director of the National Association of the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, his last election hav ing been made in 1906. Dr. Bracken is also ex-vicepresident of the American Public Health Associa tion, a member of the American Climatological Association, and of kindred national and local health and medical societies. Dr. Bracken has made a most efficient and vigorous state health official and has used his long opportunity for in fluencing civic and state sanitary legislation in a broad and disinterested way. He is known widely as a man who accomplishes things, and though he has not escaped opposition and criti cism, he is none the less respected as one who stands pat to his convictions of public duty. He is republican in politics and Presbyterian in faith. He was married February 13, 1884, to Emily Robinson, of Orange, New Jersey. BROWN, Edward Josiah, (Dr. Edward J. Brown) a Minneapolis specialist in diseases of the eye and ear, was born January 14, 1851. in Bruke, MEDICINE Vermont. His father, Ira Brown, also a physi cian, could trace his lineage back to John Browne, one of those early Massachusetts settlers who followed in the wake of the Pilgrims and who was Governor's assistant from 1636-1653. He was also a Commissioner of the United Colonies of New England in the years from 1644-1655. A farm at Seekonk, Long Island, bought by John Browne's great-grandson, Samuel, is still a family possession. Dr. Brown's mother, Emily Clark Brown, was a descendant of Nathaniel Clarke, a prosperous citizen of Newburyport, Massachu setts. Her son went through the frequent youth ful apprenticeship of the ambitious New England boy of that day. Between village schools and va cation farming he progressed to his preparation for Dartmouth College, from which he graduated with good standing, and the degree of A. B., in 1874. After two years in the West, spent in teaching and in business, he went back to Dart mouth for the medical course. At its close he took a winter at New York University, and after a few years of practice in New Hampshire re moved to Minneapolis, in 1882. Here he at once identified himself with those phases of medical practice which call for fearless and vigorous ac tion in defense of the public health. During his first six years of Minneapolis practice he became noted for his connection with reform methods while upon state and city boards of health. At the same time he filled the chairs of chemistry and preventive medicine in the College of Phy sicians and Surgeons and later held the chair of deseases of the eye and ear in the same college. Resolving upon devoting his attention to a special-; ty he spent a year in study in New York and Berlin, returning to take up the treatment of eye and ear diseases. In 1891 he designed an infant incubator which attracted considerable attention and has been very successful in results. Dr. Brown is a member of the State and American Medical Associations, and of the Hennepin Coun ty Medical Society of which he was president in 1888. He was married to Mary Peck Fullerton in 1890 and has six children. Dr. Brown is an Independent Democrat in his politics. To Con gregationalism he has always been a loyal ad herent. BURTON, Frank, was born on October 2nd, 1853, at Albany, New York. He is of* Dutch descent, his ancestors having located on the Hud son with the early settlers from Holland, mem bers of the family making a home at Albany when that city was but a colonial village and his father, grandfather and great-grandfather were all born and educated in that city. On the ma ternal side he is of Scotch ancestry, his mother's father being born in Inverness, a printer by trade who came when young to America and located in New York. Frank Burton is the son of Benjamin Burton and Christina A. (Davidson) Burton. His father was a stone manufacturer at Albany where his son passed the early,part of his 191 life and received his education. He attended the Old Albany Academy and graduated from the medical department of the Union University in 1879. Following his college work he remained at Albany, obtaining practice by interne work m the hospital and instructing in anatomy in his Alma Mater where he had received an appoint ment as assistant professor of that subject. Dur ing this time he was also assistant to Professor John Swinburne, the noted surgeon who at that time had so prominent a reputation throughout the country and for whom the famous Swinburne Island Hospital in New York was named. In 1881 Dr. Burton had spent months abroad, study ing in the important medical institutions of Eng land and Ireland, returning again to Albany, when he came in 1883 to Minnesota. He was first located at Detroit in this state, where he prac ticed until February 1884, when he moved to Minneapolis. He has since practiced continuously in this city. He has held during this time numer ous appointments in addition to his practice. He was the demonstrator of anatomy in the Minne sota College Hospital and was later made pro fessor of that subject. He also taught in the medical school in what is now the Asbury Hos pital. For twelve years he was the general sur geon of the Minneapolis & St. Louis road, until that office was abolished by a new management. He was county physician of Hennepin County for six years and at the present time holds the office of chief medical inspector of the health depart ment. He has been on the staff of St. Mary's Hospital since it was founded and is a staff sur geon of the City Hospital. His practice has been confined almost exclusively to surgery, and his work in that field has been varied and success ful. He is a member of the Hennepin County Medical society and the Minnesota State Medi cal society. Politically he is a republican. Dr. Burton was married in September 1882 to Miss Rebecca Knower Palmer, daughter of Erastus Dow Palmer, the sculptor. BYRNES, William Joseph, was born in Min neapolis, January 3, 1859, the son of William Byrnes and Katherine (Campbell) Byrnes, both of whom were natives of Ireland. They came to this country in 1848 settling first in New York but three years later preempting a claim on the present site of Minneapolis. William Byrnes served through the war reaching the rank of first lieutenant of Company K., 10th Minnesota Volunteers and in 1866 was elected sheriff of Hennepin county. He died during his term of office in November, 1867. His son was educated in the public schools of Minneapolis and at St. John's College, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin and St. John's College, Collegeville, Minnesota. He graduated from the medical department of the University of Michigan in 1882 and was at once appointed assistant house surgeon at the Univer sity hospital. In 1883 he returned to Minneapolis and began practice entering the office of Dr. 192 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Edwin Phillips with whom he was associated for eleven years. Before he had been at home a year he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at the Minneapolis College of Physicians and Surgeons with which institution he has since been con tinuously connected being appointed professor of anatomy in 1886, professor of surgical -anatomy and clinical diseases of women in 1895 and pro fessor of the principles of surgery in .1900. In 1885 Dr. Byrnes visited Europe and spent some months in study at the principal medical schools of the old world. He was president of the Hen nepin County Medical Society in 1889 and in 1893 was appointed to the Minneapolis board of pension examining surgeoas. He was appointed county physicial of Hennepin county during the years 1887 and '88 and from 1890 to '92 was county coroner. In 1899 Dr. Byrnes was appointed city physician of Minneapolis, a position which he held for two years. Dr. Byrnes is a member of the State and Hennepin County Medical Societies and of many fraternal organizations including the A. O. U. W., Royal Arcanum, Military order of the Loyal Legion, and Brotherhood of Elks. In political faith he is a democrat. He was married in 1887 to Miss Josephine Armstrong of Ann Arbor, Michigan. They have had four children, Lyle, William, Mortice, and Josephine. CAMPBELL, Robert Allen, specialist and in structor in diseases of nose and throat at the University of Minnesota, was born at Detroit, Michigan, December 27, 1868. Through his fa ther, Geo. G. S. Campbell, who was a Michigan mill-owner, he is descended from the Campbells of Argy-le, Scotland. His mother, Mary Anscomb Campbell, was of English ancestry. Dr. Camp bell's early education was had in the common schools of Detroit. While still a lad, he came to Alexandria, Minnesota, where he graduated ffom the Alexandria high school in the first graduating class of that institution. He took his medical training at the University of Minnesota, receiving his M. D. in 1896, and following this by post-graduate work in New York. In 1899 and 1900 he was assistant city physician for Min neapolis. Since then Dr. Campbell has also served on the medical staff of both the City Hos pital and Asbury Hospital. He was appointed to his present position in the university department of medicine in 1903. Dr. Campbell belongs to the Minneapolis Medical Club and to the state and county medical societies. He is a republican and attends the Episcopal church. He was married some years ago to Mary S. McKusick, -a grand daughter of the Hon. Jno. McKusick of Still water, and has three children—a daughter and two sons. CATES, Abraham Barker, son of Charles Bunker and Margaret Baker Cates, wa c born on May 12, 1854, at East Vassalboro, Maine. He was prepared 'or college at Oak Grove Seminary at Vassalboro, and at Coburn Classical Institute at Waterville, Maine. From the latter school he graduated in 1870, and, at fifteen years of age, he began to teach a district school and was so engaged for two terms, when he entered Colby College at Waterville, Maine, from which he graduated, receiving the A. B. degree in 1874 and A. M. in 1877. From 1874 to 1877 he was principal of the high school at Cherryfield, Maine. He graduated M. D. in 1880 from Harvard University Medical Department, and engaged in postgraduate work at the uni versities of Berlin and Vienna in 1880 and 1881, coming in the. fall of 1881 to Minneapolis and entering upon the practice of his profession. At the same period he began lecturing on obstetrics at the Minnesota College Hospital. Ever since that time he has lectured on obstetrics of which subject he is professor in the medical and sur gical department of the State University. Dr. Cates is also obstetrician to the Northwestern Hospital and obstetrician and pediatrician to the Bethany Home. Within two years of his arrival in Minneapolis Dr. Cates was honored with the appointment of city physician, an office which he held during 1883-84. He is a member of the state, local and national medical societies. Dr. Cates was married on June 19, 1-889, Jewett Mills, Wisconsin, to Abby W. Jewett. They have five children: Helen, Catherine, Natalie, Abram and Louise. CHOWNING, William Mack, is a native of Illinois, having been born in Millersburg in that • state on May 10, 1874. His father was John P. Chowning, a practicing physician; his mother Florence Chowning. Dr. Chowning passed the early part of his life and began his schooling in Illinois. Dr. Chowning completed his prepara tory training at Knox College, from which he graduated in 1894 with the degree of B. S. The next fall he entered Johns Hopkins University 'for one year's study, and there earned his A. B. degree. Dr. Chowning accepted a position as instructor of biology and chemistry in the high school of Warren, Ohio. Later he moved to Rock Island, Illinois, where he occupied a simi lar position for a time. In 1901 he graduated from the University of Minnesota with an M. D. degree and shortly after began practice in Min neapolis. Dr. Chowning was for three years, 1901-1904, instructor in the pathological depart ment of the University of Minnesota, resigning to devote his time to surgery. He is a member of the surgical staff of the City Hospital. In politics he is independent in his views, but be yond the interest of the private citizen he does not engage in political matters. He is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society; the Minnesota State Medical Society, the American Medical Association and the Minneapolis Medi cal Club. In 1902 Dr. Chowning was married to Miss Sophie P. Thies, and they have two chil dren, John Patterson, aged four and a half years, and Sophie Loraine, two years of age. The fam ily attends the Episcopal church. MEDICINE COOK, Henry Wireman, was born at Balti more, Maryland, November 8, 1877, and is de scended from prominent southern colonial families. His father is Wm. W. L. Cook also a native of Bal timore, who has retired after an active business career. Dr. Cook lived in Baltimore during the early part of his life and there received his pre paratory training, and later entered the academic department of Johns Hopkins University, win ning a valuable scholarship a t ' t h e competitive entrance examination, and graduating with the degree of A. B. in 1898. The same year he en tered the Johns Hopkins Medical School and graduated in 1902 with an M. D. degree. Upon the excellence of his record during the four years he was awarded a position in the Johns Hopkins Hospital and served his interne service there as resident medical officer. Later hospital appointments included services as assistant resident physician to the Thomas Wilson Sani tarium for sick children, Maryland, and chief resident physician of Memorial Hospital, Rich mond, Virginia. In 1905 he returned to Balti more to accept a position at the Johns Hopkins and to practice medicine in association with Dr. Joseph C. Bloodgood of that city. Dr. Cook has acted as the referee for the Mutual Life Insur ance Company of New York in Virginia and had received special course for this work at the home office in New York. He has also acted as examiner for Germania Life, New York Life, Washington Life, Manhattan Life, Home Life, Security Trust & Life, Travelers Life, etc., in Richmond, Baltimore, and Minneapolis. At the re-organization of the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, Dr. Cook was offered the position of medical director and located in Minneapolis, January, 1906. Not only has he been very active as a physician but has also done considerable original research work and expe rimenting and is the inventor of Cook's Modified Rivo Rocco Sphygmomanometer, which he origi nated in 1902 and which is now extensively used by physicians both in this country and abroad for the measurement of the strength of the pulse. He is a frequent contributor to scientific and technical journals and is the author of numerous medical papers, among them, Nitrogen Excre tion in Pneumonia, published in the Johns Hop kins Hospital Bulletin in January, 1903; Clinical Value of Blood Pressure Determinations as a Guide to Stimulation in Sick Children, which ap peared in the American Journal of Medical Sci ences in March, 1903; the Value of Accurate De termination of Arterial Tension in General Practice in the Journal of the American Medical Association on Mav 21, 1903; Arterial Hyper tension in the same paper on January 28, 1905; and Cardio Vascular Regulation during Opera tion, published in the American Journal of Med ical Sciences in April, 1907. On May 8, 1904, he read one of the first papers presented before a public audience in this country on the Pre 193 vention of Tuberculosis, at the meeting of the Conference of Charities and Corrections at Nor folk, Virginia. Dr. Cook is a member of the more important medical societies—The Johns Hopkins Alumni Association, the American Medical Association, the Association of Medical Examiners, of which he was for a time vice president, the Minnesota Medical Society, the Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minne apolis Medical Club, and is a Fellow of the Medical Society of Virginia. He also belongs to the Lafayette Club and attends St. Marks Epis copal Church. In 1906 he was married to Miss Ellen McCain Davenport, of Richmond, Vir ginia. CORBETT, J. Frank, city bacteriologist, was born at Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, February 16, 1872. His father, W. C. Corbett, was a mer chant there at that time, but the schooling of Dr. Corbett was begun in the Minneapolis public schools, and completed by a three years' course in the academic department of Minnesota Uni versity followed by the full medical course. In his academic years Dr. Corbett was president of the Engineers Society. After his graduation as an M. D., in 1896, Dr. Corbett was interne at the City Hospital for a year. He was appointed pro fessor of Bacteriology at Hamline University the following year, which position he held until the medical department was merged in that of the University of Minnesota. In the 'latter institu tion he is assistant professor of surgical pathol ogy. In 1898 he received his present appoint ment as city bacteriologist. At that time the local equipment for his work consisted of one bare room without any apparatus. Dr. Corbett at once set to work to establish the municipal laboratory of Minneapolis upon such a basis that it should be able to create a national reputation for scientific results. At present, after a decade of work he has thoroughly equipped a suite of rooms in the Court House, with complete appara tus, and is still working toward his ideal of municipal sanitation. Dr. Corbett is a member of the American Public Health Association, the Minneapolis Pathological Association, and the state and county medical bodies. He is also pathologist and bacteriologist at the city hospital. In 1898 he was married to Miss Nellie Yates. CIRKLER, Alexander A., a practicing physi cian, who has the distinction of being the first American student to whom the privilege of pass ing the German State Examination was ever granted, was born in St. Paul, January 1, 1865. He is the son of Herman and Johanna Cirkler and brother of C. H. Cirkler of Minneapolis. His parents removed from St. Paul to Minneapolis when Dr. Cirkler was very young, and his early education was taken entirely in the public schools of Minneapolis, first at the old Washington, and later at Central high school. He then went into the drug business with his brother for a year, and later went to Germany to carry out his in- 194 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS tention to study medicine. There in the universi ties of Freiburg, Heidelberg and Munich he spent three years, followed by five years at Berlin, where he received his degree of M. D. and where he finally took the state examination referred to above. Dr. Cirkler was accorded this privilege through a special permit issued him by Chan cellor Caprivi, in consideration of his having studied the same number of semesters and com pleted the same preparatory courses prescribed for the regular German student. After another year of preparation spent in post-graduate and clinical study in foreign cities and in the eastern cities of the United States, Dr. Cirkler returned to Minneapolis, took the state medical examina tions in 1894, and at once began work. He has identified himself with the state and county medi cal societies, belongs to the American Medical Association, and is a member of the Commercial Club. He is not married. CRAFTS, Leo Melville, was born at Minne apolis, Minnesota, on October 3, 1863, the son of Major Amasa and Mary J. (Henry) Crafts. He is a descendant from the earliest colonial stock^the Crafts being among the founders of Boston, who came in Winthrop's expedition in 1630— and members of the family were prominent and ac tive as colonial and revolutionary patriots. His parents were among the earliest prominent pio neers of Minneapolis, having settled here in 1853. He was educated in the public schools of Minneapolis and the University of Minnesota from which he took the degree of B. L. in 1886, and Harvard Medical School from which he graduated in 1890. During 1890 and '91 he was house physician at the Boston City Hospital. He then came west establishing himself in Minne apolis where he has taken an active part in the professional and public life of the city. He has been professor of nervous and mental diseases at Hamline University Medical School since 1893, was dean of the faculty from 1897 to 1903 and was instrumental in securing a new plant, new grounds and new equipment for the institution. He is now visiting neurologist on the staff of four of the Minneapolis hospitals. Dr. Crafts was president of the Minnesota State Sunday School Association from 1893 to 1896, a member of its board since 1893, president of the Minneapolis Sunday School Officers' Association from 1895 to 1906, treasurer of the Hennepin county Medical Society, 1895 to 1897, chairman of the Nerve Section of the State Medical Society 1899, and a member of the board Of directors of the Minne sota National Park and Forestry Association, and was secretary of the general executive com mittee of all organizations combined for a nation al park and reserve in the state. He has been prominently connected with the Western Society for the Suppression of Vice and was president of the Native Sons of Minnesota in 1906 and is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. Dr. Crafts is a member of the American and Minnesota State Medical Associations, Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society, Hennepin County Medical Society and Harvard Medical and Boston City Hospital Alumni Associations. He is the author 01 a number of articles for professional magazines and is a writer on Sunday School topics. He is also interested in forestry and has spoken and written quite extensively on the subject of forest preservation, and is also a student of state history having prepared several articles and delivered various addresses on that subject. Dr. Crafts was married at Minneapolis in 1901 to Miss Amelia I. Burgess. He is a mem ber of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. For merly a college athlete he is interested in legiti mate sport, but finds his own recreation through outings among the pine woods of northern Min nesota. DREW, Chas. Wayland, was born at Bur lington, Vermont, January 18, 1858. His father, Homer C. Drew, was a contractor and builder and a representative of a family which had lived in Vermont for several generations, coming there from Connecticut in revolutionary times. Charles attended the public schools of Burlington and at fifteen entered the University of Vermont. The natural bent of his mind was toward the sciences and especial attention was devoted to chemistry and collateral branches of science. He graduated in 1877, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy and was hon ored by election to membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society. After a further study of chem istry in leading laboratories, he entered the Medical Department of the University of Ver mont, graduating with the degree of M. D. in 1880, and receiving the highest honors in his class. During the year following he practiced medicine in Brattleboro, Vt., in association with one of the leading physicians of the state, and in 1881 he came to Minneapolis where he soon secured a satisfactory practice. The following year he was appointed professor of chemistry in the Minnesota Hospital College which position he held for seven years. In 1884 Dr. Drew was appointed city physician serving for two years. In 1886 he entered upon an extensive investiga tion of Food Adulterations in Minnesota, pub lishing a valuable report upon the subject, and doing much to awaken public interest. As a re sult he was appointed state chemist to the Dairy and Food Department and not only did a large amount of valuable work as a chemist during his six years with the department but was large ly influential in determining the policy of the department and in securing the enactment of the laws under which such efficient work has since been done. In 1886 Dr. Drew established the Minnesota Institute of Pharmacy and this school has just completed its twentieth year. During this time its attendance has aggregated nearly two thousand and it numbers among MEDICINE its graduates nearly one-half of all the legally qualified pharmacists in Minnesota and the sur rounding states. In 1895 Dr. Drew was appointed chemist to the city of Minneapolis and served for seven years, and in 1898 he was appointed pro fessor of chemistry and toxicology in the Medi cal Department of Hamline University and served until he resigned in 1902. During the later years, Dr. Drew has been so fully occupied with his special lines of work that he has largely discon tinued his medical practice, devoting himself to expert work in chemistry. He is a republican in politics but the public offices which he has filled have been those relating to the duties of his profession solely. He is a member of the medical societies of Hennepin county and the state of Minnesota, the State Pharmaceutical As sociation, the American Medical Association and the American Chemical Society. He was made a Mason in 1879 in Burlington, Vt., afterwards affiliated with Khurum Lodge, Minneapolis, which he left to become a charter member of Minnehaha Lodge of which he is a Past Master. He is at present a member of Ark Lodge, Ark Chapter, Minneapolis Mounted Commandery Knights Templar, of which he is Past Com mander, and of Zuhrah Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He is also Grand Treasurer of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Minnesota and a member of the Elks and the Commercial Club. Dr. Drew is a member of the Episcopal Church. He was married Sept. 18, 1884, at Brattleboro, Vt., to Annah Reed Kellogg, daughter of Henry Kellogg, of Boston, Mass. Two chil dren have been born to them—Julia Kellogg and Charles Wayland, Jr. DUNSMOOR, Frederick Alanson, son of James A. and Almira Mosher Dunsmoor, was born on May 28, 1853. His parents came to Min nesota in 1852, from Maine, and settled at Rich field, in Hennepin county, where Frederick A. was born, and where he began his education in the public schools. He attended the public schools of Minneapolis and the University of Minnesota. His medical course he took in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York, taking the M. D. degree in 1875. He took private courses with such eminent men in their special ties as Frank H. Hamilton, Alfred G. Loomis, Austin Flint, Sr., E. G. Janeway and R. Ogden Doremus; and then commenced to practice in Minneapolis in partnership with Dr. H. H. Kim ball with whom he was connected about a year. In 1877 he accepted a position in the St. Paul Medical College as professor of surgery, which he held till 1879, during which year he was coun ty physician for Hennepin county. For two years he held the chair of surgery in the medical depart ment of Hamline University, but in 1881 became vice president and dean of the Minnesota College Hospital, with the organization of which he had been prominently connected, holding at the time the office of professor of surgery and at 195 tending surgeon in the hospital and dispensary. This institution, in connection with other medical schools of Minneapolis and St. Paul, was reor ganized in 1889 into the medical department of the state university and since that time Dr. Dunsmoor has held the chair of operative and clinical surgery in that department of the university. He has also served as surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital since 1890, to St. Barnabas Hospital since 1879, a s gynecologist to the City Hospital since 1894, to the Asbury Hospital since 1892, and to the Asbury Free Dispensary since its organ r ization. Dr. Dunsmoor had made an especial and extensive study and practice of gynecology and surgery, increased each year by a short period of study in the large hospitals, colleges and scien tific centers, both in this country and Europe and holds an enviable reputation as an operative sur geon. He is a member of the International Med ical Congress, the American Medical Association, the National Association of Railway Surgeons, the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, the West ern Surgical and Gynecological Association, the Tri-State Medical Association, the North Dakota State Medical Association, the Crow River As sociation, the Society of Physicians and Surgeons of Minneapolis, and the county and state medical societies. He is a surgeon for the Northern Pa cific; the Chicago, St. Paul, Milwaukee & Omaha and the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste Marie railroads, and the medical director for the Surety Fund Life Company. He is also well known in the club and fraternal life of the city and holds membership in the Nu Sigma Nu fraternity, the Masonic Order, the Good Templars, the Druids, the Minneapolis club and the Commercial club, being a charter member of the last two. Dr. Dunsmoor was married on September 5, 1876 to Miss Elizabeth Emma Billings, the daughter of the late Surgeon George F. Turner, U. S. A. They have three children living—Marjorie Allport, Elizabeth Turner and Frederick Laton. Dr. Dunsmoor attends and is one of the stewards of the Hennepin Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. EITEL, George Gotthelf, was born September 28, 1858, at Chanhassen, Carver County, Minne sota, son of John G. Eitel, a farmer and flour miller. His early life was spent on a farm in Carver county. He attended the public schools of Chaska' and Chanhassen and the MoravianAcademy at Chaska and received private instruc tion in physics, mathematics, botany and geology and began the study of medicine at the Minnesota Hospital College, September 1, 1885, and grad uated in May, 1888, receiving- the first prize in surgery. He then spent the next ten months at tending lectures at the University of Berlin, Ger many, and in the fall of 1890, after practicing six months, he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania where he grad uated in 1891, returning thereafter to- the Uni versity of Berlin to resume the special studies 196 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS which he had left in 1889. At that great school he passed all examinations; presented and de fended a thesis on appendicitis and received the M. D. degree in December, 1901. Before locating in Minneapolis in 1893, Dr. Eitel practiced in Centralia, Washington. He was appointed one of the surgeons to Asbury Hospital by his friend, Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor and is a surgeon to St. Barna bas hospital and the Norwegian hospital. Dr. Eitel is a member of the Hennepin county, state, Min nesota Valley, Western Surgical and American Medical associations and of the Commercial Club of Minneapolis. ERB, Frederick Alexander, is a native of Minneapolis. He was born here July 5, 1873. His father, Alexander Erb, is a business man of the city, who retired from the grocery business some time ago. Dr. Erb grew up in Minneapolis, went through the public schools, and was a member of the first class of grad uates from the East Side High school. He took the academic course in the state university as a preparation for the medical department, from which he graduated in 1902. Dr. Erb is a staunch republican, believing that the republican party is the party of the past, present and future of the country. Though in the ranks of the younger element of the medical profession of Minnesota, he is already becoming well known and belongs to the standard older medical societies, as well as to the Minneapolis Medical Club—an association of the young physicians of Minneapolis. Dr. Erb holds rank also in Sigma Chi and Nu Sigma Nu fraternities. He was married June 20, 1905, to Jessie M. Cribb, of Milwaukee. They have one daughter, Catharine Louise. ERDMANN, Charles Andrew, professor of anatomy in the University of Minnesota, though born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August 3, 1866, has so identified himself with the city of Minneapolis in the past decade that he may be considered a native. From his father, Andrew Erdmann, who was a. skilled mechanic, Dr. Erdmann probably inherited his love for the thorough study of every new condition and of its correct adjust ment to natural laws which has already given him a place of authority in his profession. He is a graduate of the Milwaukee public schools and of the University of Wisconsin, but received his doctor's diploma from the medical department of the University of Minnesota in 1893. To this preparation he added later a year at Berlin and Vienna. From 1894 to 1899 he held the position of demonstrator of anatomy in Minnesota Uni versity. The following year he was given a full professorship which he now holds. He is a re publican and during his college course served as deputy coroner of Hennepin county. Dr. Erd mann belongs to several secret societies. He is also a member of the American Association of Anatomists, American Medical Association, the state and county medical societies and the Min neapolis Medical Club. He married Caroline A. Edgar in 1896, and has two children, Edgar and Elizabeth. FIFIELD, Emily W., physician, was born in Iowa, and is the daughter of the Rev. Lebbens B. and Emily (Walworth) Fifield. On the mother's side, Dr. Fifield is a Daughter of the Revolution, her maternal great-grandfather having been Capt. Charles Walworth, who served in that war. Dr. Fifield has inherited a good deal of the pluck and determination of those days, and whatever she sets out to do, she usually completes, if not by the original plan, by some other resource. Her early education was at home and in the common schools. Later she took a course at Holyoke, traveling in the United States extensively after ward. Before taking up medicine Dr. Fifield tried teaching, and was so successful that she was asked to take a man's place with a woman's wages. But this not seeming to offer sufficient practical inducements, she decided to become a physician and entered the Woman's Medical Col lege of Baltimore. After graduation and a year of post-graduate study in New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, Dr. Fifield came to Minneapolis in 1885 and has been in practice here since, ex cept for study abroad. She has served in various professional relations on the staff of Bethany, the Northwestern, Asbury and the City hospitals, and is a member of the Hennepin county and the state medical societies. Dr. Fifield has al ways been interested in the Humane Society and the Young Women's Christian Association. Of this last society she was one of the earliest mem bers, her office at one time being the only meet ing place of the members. Dr. Fifield is a Congregationalisf. Is unmarried. GEIST, Emil Sebastian, physician and sur geon and instructor in Orthopedic Surgery in the University of Minnesota, is a genuine son of Minnesota. He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, May 9, 1878, and his father, Emil Geist, Sr., is a well-known jeweler of St. Paul. Dr. Geist's early schooling went on in the St. Paul schools en tirely until he entered the state university in 1895. He graduated at the age of twenty-two from the medical department of the university. After that three years were spent in European universities. Since then his professional advance has been rapid, although one of the youngest members of his profession in active work. Dr. Geist already liolds, besides his position at the state university, several important consulting po sitions. He is orthopedic surgeon to the Uni versity Free Dispensary, St. Barnabas Hospital, Asbury Hospital, St. Mary's Hospital and the City Hospital. Dr. Geist belongs to the German Orthopedic Society, the American Medical Asso ciation, Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minneapolis Medical Club and the Crow River Valley Medical Society. MEDICINE GOULD, James Bennett, was born January 23, i860, at Eden Prairie, Hennepin county, son of Aaron and Matilda (Channel) Gould. His father was a farmer and James Bennett spent his earlier years on the farm, receiving his educa tional training in the rudiments at the district school. In 1873 he entered the public schools of Minneapolis and, continuing on the ascending grade to the higher education, he entered the state university, from, which he graduated in 1882 with the degree of A. B. After spending one year as a student in the office of Dr. C. N. He witt, then secretary of the State Board of Health of Minnesota, he matriculated at Jefferson Medi cal College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1883, and in 1886 received from that institution the de gree of Doctor of Medicine. During both his collegiate and medical courses he filled the role of schoolmaster. His first school was taught when he was but. seventeen years old in a new school building erected on the site of the "old log school house," the one built by his uncle. He is medical examiner for various life insurance com panies, and for the Royal Arcanum, in which or ganization he has held the position for some fifteen years. Since 1901 he has been medical examiner for the Independent Order of Foresters, and since 1903 for the Modern Woodmen. He is a member of the American Medical Associa tion, State Medical Society of Minnesota and the Hennepin County Medical Society. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity, affiliating with Ark Lodge No. 176, A. F. and A. M., and with Ark Chapter No. .53, R. A. M. In politics he is a republican. Dr. Gould married, December 26th, 1889, Ella M. Crombie, of Michigan. His present address is 313 Pillsbury Building, Minneapolis. HALL, William Asbury, was born at Aurelius, New York, 011 June 17, 1853. His father was a farmer of only moderate circumstances but a descendant of a family which came to Connec ticut from England in 1639 and which has been noted for its learning and scholarly work rather than for its ability to accumulate wealth. On his mother's side, Dr. Hall was descended from Hollanders who settled in New Amsterdam at a very early date. Dr. Hall received his primary education in the public schools, graduated from the Auburn, New York, High School, passed the examination for the University of the state of New York when only fourteen years old and two years later was making his own way as a teacher. When he was nineteen he entered the office'of Dr. A. S. Cummings, of Cayuga, New York, and began to study medicine. In 1872 he entered the Albany medical college graduating on December 23, 1875, with special honorable mention for his graduation thesis on the sub ject, "Inflammation." Soon after graduation, al though only twenty-two years of age, he re ceived, after a competitive examination, an ap pointment as senior resident physician and sur geon of the Albany, New York, Hospital. Here 197 he remained until 1877, when he established him self at Fulton, Oswego county, New York, and engaged in practice. During his ten years' resi dence in Fulton he became widely known throughout northern New York through his great success in surgery and in 1885 he was elected president of the Oswego County Medical society. In the next year he moved to Minneapolis. In 1888 he was appointed professor of medical juris prudence in the Minnesota College Hospital and attending surgeon at St. Mary's Hospital. In 1892 he was elected president of the Henne pin County Medical society and from 1894 to 1899 held the chair of professor of the principles of surgery and clinical surgery in the medical department of the Hamline University. He is attending surgeon at the Minneapolis City Hos pital and St. Mary's Hospital, consulting surgeon at Asbury Hospital and consulting physician to the Northwestern Hospital. In 1901 he was elected president of the Minnesota State Medical society, and in 1903 and 1904 represented the state of Minnesota "in the House of Delegates of the American Medical association. Although a surgeon of high standing, Dr. Hall continues a general practice as he does not look favorably on specialization in the profession. Dr. Hall is a republican in political faith and is an active member of the national, Minnesota and local medical societies and is a member of the Minne apolis club and other social bodies of the city. In 1880 he was married to Miss Ida A. Dickinson of Lowville, New York. They have two children —Le Roy and Helen. The family attends the Episcopal Church. HARE, Earle Russell, was born at Summerfield, Ohio, in 1872, the son of John W. Hare and Mary Cornelia (Taylor) Hare. Dr. Hare had the usual common school education supplemented by a course at the Kansas City' high school, where he graduated in 1890. Coming to Minne apolis he entered the College of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Minnesota from which he graduated with the degree of M. D. He has since been continuously in practice in this city and has a wide acquaintance and mem bership in all the leading medical organizations, including the Minneapolis Medical Club, Henne pin County Medical Society, the Minnesota State Medical Society and the American Medical Asso ciation. Dr. Hare was married in 1900 to Miss Maude Wilson and they have one child, Horace Barstow Hare. The family attend the Methodist Episcopal church. HAYNES, Frederick Eugene, the son of O. F. Haynes, engineer, but formerly a blacksmith, was born at Shelburn Falls, Massachusetts, on November 22, 1875. A few years after his birth, his parents moved to Minneapolis, and in this city Dr. Haynes passed his youth and received his education. He attended the public schools and after the grammar course entered the South 198 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS high school and graduated from there in 1895. In the fall of the same year he matriculated at the University of Minnesota, and took up the work of the medical department. The degree of M. D. was awarded him in 1899 and he immedi ately began to practice his profession in Pelican Rapids, Minnesota, where he remained till the year 1901, when he moved to .Minneapolis. He has since continued his regular practice in this city and in 1903 was appointed to fill the position of inspector on the Minneapolis Board of Health. Dr. Haynes is a member of the Minneapolis Med ical Club, the Hennepin County Medical Society and the State Medical Society. He was married in 1900 to Miss Edythe Mills. HEAD, George Douglas, son of* Newell S. and Mary Elizabeth Head, was born September 10, 1870, at Elgin, Minnesota. His father is a general insurance adjuster, has held this position with several companies and is one of the pioneer fire insurance men in this state. Dr. Head re ceived his education in the public schools of Min nesota; attended and graduated from the Fargo high school, delivering the oration for his class, and then entered the University of Minnesota. He received his degree of B. S. in 1892, and was again given the honor of delivering a class ora tion. He returned in the fall of the same year and took up his professional studies in the medi cal department, and graduated in 1895 with a "cum laude" degree.' In this course he also suc ceeded in winning the Alexander Stone medal in gynecology. Upon leaving school, Dr. Head commenced to practice in this city. In the years 1898 and 1900 he took post-graduate work in the Johns Hopkins Medical School. Again in the year 1903 he studied for nine months in Vienna arid upon his return to this country, started to practice in Minneapolis as a specialist in "In ternal medicine." Dr. Head has held a number of offices at the state university and at present is Chief of Dispensary Clinic of that institution. Two years after his graduation he was appointed as assistant in medicine and in 1895 took the posi tion of instructor in clinical medicine and mi croscopy. .The position of professor of Clinical Medicine and Microscopy was offered to him in 1902, which place in the faculty he now holds. He has been president of the Alumni Association of the Medical Department of the state universi ty, and is now a member of the Minnesota Acad emy of Medicine; the American and state medi cal associations; the Hennepin County Medical Society; the Minneapolis Medical Club and the Minneapolis Pathological Society. He holds the position of attending physician at the City and Asbury hospitals and is a consulting physician at the Northwestern Hospital. Dr. Head is a re publican in politics. He attends the Methodist church and was married in 1898 to Miss Sarah Belle Parry. They have one son, Douglas Parry Head. HILL, Richard J., a practicing physician of the regular school, was born February 11, 1853, at Hill's Store, North Carolina. His father, Nathan Hill, was a physician and surgeon, who left the south in 1861, at the breaking out of the Civil War. He came to Minneapolis, where his son was educated in the public schools, later taking the first two years at the state university. De ciding upon his father's profession and not being able then to pursue it at Minnesota university, the young sophomore took a full course at Jef ferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1875. Securing a position as con tract surgeon in the medical department of the army, he spent three years on the frontier, re turning to Minneapolis and a general practice in 1881. Dr. Hill's politics are republican. He was the coroner of Hennepin county for two terms of an effective administration. He belongs to the county and state medical associations, to the Minnesota Academy of Medicine and to the American Medical Association. His church af filiations are with the Society of Friends. He was married to Louise T. Johnson in 1881, and has two children, a son and daughter. HVOSLEF, Jacob, son of Bishop F. W. Hvoslef and Alethe Catherina Frost Hvoslef, was born at Tromsoe, a city of northern Norway, and the starting point of many Arctic expeditions, near the seventieth parallel of 'latitude. The family immigrated to Norway from South Den mark in the beginning of the eighteenth century, the first member arriving being a merchant; most of the family, however, were prominent in law and the church. Dr. Hvoslef's parents were visited by Bayard Taylor when they lived in Kantokeino, Norway, his father being at that time a missionary to the Lapps. Mr. Taylor re lated the incident in his book detailing his north ern travels. Dr. Hvoslef attended the Latin school in Tromsoe for five years and continued his studies at Drammen in Southern Norway five years more and at Bergen he made his final preparation for admission to the Royal Univer sity of Christiana, Norway, which occurred in 1883. Dr. Hvoslef's father was made bishop of the diocese of Bergen in 1881, and the son, after taking the academic course at the university, studied medicine and graduated in 1891. After spending a year as an interne <at the government hospital in Christiana, he came to the United States, locating in Minneapolis, where he has since practiced his profession, with the ex ception of one year which he spent at Tracy, Minnesota. Dr. Hvoslef has built up a fine prac tice, the fruitage of his thorough preparation for his life work and his devotion to it. He is a member of the Hennepin County Medi cal Society, the State Medical Society, the Ameri can Medical Association, and is lecturer on orthopedic surgery at Hamline, University. He is also a member of the Odin Club. On October MEDICINE ii, 1893, he was married to Miss Clara Johnson, of Minneapolis, and they have two children, F. Waldemar, born in Tracy, Minnesota, 1894, and Catherine Elizabeth, born in Minneapolis in 1900. HYNES, John Eldon, was born on July 25, 1878, at Winnebago, Minnesota, where his father, John A. Hynes, was a farmer and stockraiser. Here he spent all his early life, going to the com mon school and graduating from the Winnebago high school in 1898. He came to Minneapolis for his professional education. In 1900 he gradu ated from the College of Pharmacy of the Uni versity, and in 1904 graduated from the Medical Department. The University work was supple mented by a year's experience as interne in St. Luke's Hospital. He is now an instructor in medicine at the University of Minnesota. Dr. Hynes is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minnesota State Medical Society, the American Medical Association, the Minneapolis Medical Club, the Minnesota Patho logical Society, and the Roosevelt Club. Dr. Hynes was married on November 27, 1907, to Martha F. Harris, of Minneapolis. IRWIN, Alexander Francis, son of Thomas and Margaret Irwin, was born in Chatham, Ontario, Canada, receiving his early education in the public and high schools and academic work in the University of Toronto, receiving medals in natural science and classics. He graduated from the medical department of the University of Michigan in 1889 and was honor graduate in medicine of McGill Medical College in 1890. He served six years in Minneapolis as assistant city physician; was secretary of the Hennepin Coun ty Medical Society during '93 and '94; is a member of the American and Minnesota State Medical Association and local Shakespeare Society; also a member of Royal Arcanum and Masonic bodies. JOHNSON, August Emanuel, was born in Lund, Wisconsin, on August 23, 1881. His par ents, a few years after his birth, moved to Min neapolis and in this city he spent his early life. He entered the public schools here, but after some years' work, left his course uncompleted and entered Carleton College, at Northfield, Min nesota. After his preparatory work in that insti tution, Dr. Johnson commenced to study for his profession at Hamline University, and finished his course and graduated from there in 1903 with the degrees M. D. and C. M. Since that time he has carried on a general practice in Minneapolis and in addition held (until the closing of the de partment) a position in the Medical Department of Hamline University as instructor in clinical surgery. Dr. Johnson is on the staff of the Swe dish Hospital, and is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society, the State Medical Soci ety and the American Medical Association. JONES, William Alexander, was born at St. Peter, Minnesota, May 24, 1859. His parents were of Welsh and Scotch ancestry and both his 19§ grandsires were soldiers of the War of the Revo lution. His father, a native of Vermont, was taken by his parents to New York City, when a child, and, when he grew to manhood, he came to Minnesota, and, in 1854, located at St. Peter where he opened a drug store and in 1858 mar ried Miss M. A. Virginia Christian, a New York lady who shared with him the storm and stress of frontier life, when they encountered the hor rors of the Indian outbreak of 1862. They shel tered many refugees in their home, their son, William, being a little child at the time. The latter attended the common schools of St. Peter and the high school, and gained a good knowl edge of the drug business in his father's store. He studied medicine at the University of the City of New York, Medical Department, gradu ating in 1881, after which he became assistant physician at the State Hospital for the Insane in St. Peter. In 1883 Dr. Jones came to Minneap olis where he practiced medicine until 1886, when, after his marriage to Annie R. Johnson, of Den ver, Colorado, he went with her to Europe where he entered upon special study of nervous diseases in the school and hospitals of Berlin and Vienna. After his return to Minneapolis, Dr. Jones de voted himself to practice in his specialty, and has proven himself a most successful lecturer 011 nervous and mental diseases, as clinical professor of these specialties in the medical department of the state university. He is attending neurologist for St. Mary's Asbury Methodist,.the City, North western, Norwegian and Swedish hospitals, and is chief of the staff of the Northwestern Hospital, and is editor of Journal of the Minnesota State Medical Association and the Northwestern Lan cet, a well-known leading medical journal. Dr. Jones is a democrat in politics. KIMBALL, Hannibal Hamlin, a practicing physician in Minneapolis since 1867, was born at Carmel, Penobscot county, Maine, on August 18, 1843. He is descended from old families of good standing on both sides. His father, John Kimball, was a lawyer with great ability and a good education who was prominently connected with the public affairs of his state and who oc cupied a seat in the state Senate. Abigail Hornans, his mother was of Spanish descent, a woman of much talent and power, from whom Dr. Kim ball inherited much of his ability and to whose early training he feels much of his success is due. Dr. Kimball received a district school educa tion and then entered and graduated from the Hampden Academy and the Lewiston Seminary (now Bates College). He intended to acquire a medical education, so for a time studied under Dr. P. A. Stackpole at Dover, New Hampshire, and then entered the Pittsfield Medical College, fol lowing his studies there with a complete course at Bellevue, New York. During the latter part of the Civil War he acted as contracting surgeon under Dr. S. B. Morrison of the regular army. 200 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS He entered Bowdoin College to continue his medical studies, during his senior year being prosector of surgery. Graduating with the class of 1866, he came to Minneapolis in 1867 and for forty years has practiced in this city. For a time Dr. Kimball's work was arduous, as in any young town—long, hard drives of twenty and thirty miles into the outlying districts. The number of his patients increased with the growth of the town, and by his thorough knowledge of medicine, his hard work, and his own personality, he es tablished and has sustained one of the most ex tensive practices in the city. Soon after opening an office in Minneapolis Dr. Kimball shared it with Thomas Lowry, then a young but ambitious lawyer, and later J. M. Shaw, another lawyer, also had his office with them. In 1868 Dr. Kimball and Mr. Lowry moved into an office in the Old Harrison building where Dr. Kimball was established for many years. He formed a partner ship with Dr. C. G. Goodrich in 1869 and they practiced together for five years, the only time Dr. Kimball has been connected with any one in his work. Though his practice was eminently successful, Dr. Kimball wished to pursue his medical studies still farther and for that pur pose went to Europe in 1879-80, where he spent severals months in the hospitals of London, Heidelberg, Berlin and other large cities, and several times since he has visited Europe with the same motive. Dr. Kimball is a member of the county, state and national medical associations and since 1869 has been 011 the United States Board of Pension Examiners. He is also a member of the Masonic order. In 1870 he was married to Miss Grace Everett Morrison, daugh ter of the first mayor of Minneapolis, the Hon. Dorilus Morrison. HILL, Nathan Branson, a prominent Min neapolis physician from 1861 until his death in 1875, was born in Randolph county, North Caro lina, on May 13, 1817. He was the son of Samuel and Mary Hill—the father a merchant and the head of a large family. For generations the Hills had been Friends and Dr. Hill's education, after preparatory study at the schools of Ashboro, North Carolina, was obtained at the Friends Boarding School, at New Garden, North Carolina, at Guilford College and at Haverford College, an institution maintained by the Friends near Philadelphia. For a time he was employed as a teacher in the New Garden school and after graduation from Haverford he joined his father in business. But desiring to enter the practice of medicine he attended lectures at the Jeffer son Medical College at Philadelphia during 1842 and 1843. In May, 1845, Dr. Hill was married to Miss Eliza J. Menden'hall and about two years later moved to Ohio and completed his medical education at Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, receiving his diploma in 1848. He had ex pected to remain in the north but circumstances led to his return to Carolina where he practiced his profession until the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861. During the stormy period before the war Dr. Hill's frankly expressed anti-slavery sentiments and his aid and advice to negroes rendered his situation in Carolina difficult, and war once declared he had no recourse but re moval to the north. In company with Dr. A. H. Lindley, his brother-in-law, he came to Mim neapolis where the two families were soon es tablished and the two physicians entered into a partnership which only terminated at Dr. Hill's death. Dr. Hill's leadership in the profes sion was soon recognized and for fifteen years he occupied a most prominent place in the com munity. His natural abilities and loveable char acter won him many friends and he enjoyed, to an unusual extent, the confidence of his fellow citizens. He was soon called to take a prom inent part in the affairs of the young city, serving three years in the city council of Minneapolis, after the incorporation in 1867, and again after the consolidation of the two cities in 1872, for a one-year term. In 1871 he was appointed to the state board of health by Governor Austin. LAPIERRE, Charles Arthur, was born No vember 2, 1870, at Quebec, Canada, son of Pierre and Salome (Cinq-Mars) Lapierre. Mr. Lapierre was brought up in Quebec, the ancient capital of Canada and received his educational training in Quebec Seminary from which he graduated in 1888, and in Laval University, which was founded in 1663 by the first bishop of Quebec, whose name it bears. From this old and well-equipped institution, Mr. Lapierre graduated in medicine in 1892. In 1893 he came to Minneapolis and has been practicing his profession with great suc cess since. Dr. Lapierre is a democrat in poli tics, but his party affiliations are not allowed to divert him from his professional duties. He per mitted his name, however, to be used in 1906 as democratic candidate for the nomination to the office of coroner. Dr. Lapierre is a member of the American Medical Association, the State Medical Society, the Hennepin County Medical Society, the St. Anthony Medical Club and the St. Anthony Commercial Club. Dr. Lapierre is a member of the Roman Catholic Church. He was married in 1893 to Arthemise L. Laliberte and they have five children—Esther, Arthur, Jean Thomas, Ada and Marguerite. LAWRENCE, William D., was born May 16, 1852, at Lawrenceville, Province of Quebec, Cana da. His father, Erastus Lawrence, was the direct descendant of Sir Robert Lawrence of Ashton Hall, born in Lancashire, England, in 1150 A. D. His mother was Sarah Harvey. His childhood was spent in eastern townships of Canada and he attended the Waterloo Academy and Granby Academy in the Province of Quebec. Erastus Lawrence was a merchant, so the young man saw more or less business life in the general store at Lawrenceville and in the lumber and milling busi ness, but for his professional training he came to the states—to Iowa University, to the Chicago MEDICINE Medical College and to the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College. He came to Minneapolis in 1879 and has been in active practice ever since. He has been president of the Twin City Academy of Medicine, managing director of the Minneap olis Homeopathic Hospital, president of the Min neapolis Medical and Surgical Institute and presi dent of the Lawrence Sanatorium of which he is the founder. Dr. Lawrence is a republican. He is actively interested in the cause of temperance and is founder and president of the International Uplift Society. He has had no military experi ence in the United States, but was Captain of the 79th Highlanders, Montreal Division, in Canada. He is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, the national and state asso ciations of Charities and Corrections and the Medico Legal Society of New York. He has been vestryman of Gethsemane Episcopal Church for many years, and deputy to the General Conven tion of the Episcopal Church. His marriage with Lucy Mayo Beach, of La Fayette, Indiana, took place in 1878. E. H. Lawrence, their only child, died in infancy in 1881. His step son, Henry Mayo Lawrence, is associated with him as secre tary and treasurer of the Lawrence Sanatorium, a large and flourishing institution. LEAVITT, Henry Hooker, was born on a farm near Waterloo, Iowa, April 1, i86t. His parents were William Hunt Leavitt and Celia E. (Dunnell) Leavitt. They were from Charlemont, Massachusetts, and had gone to Iowa a year or two earlier, when Iowa was a new state with almost no railroads. As a boy Dr. Leavitt attended the public school in Waterloo, later at tending Beloit (Wisconsin) Academy and gradu ating A. B., from Beloit College in 1884. As soon as he was graduated, he entered the Minne sota Hospital College, now the Medical Depart ment of the University of Minnesota, but com pleted his studies at the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College from which he received the M. D. degree. In June 1887 he received the M. A. degree from Beloit College. Dr. Leavitt began practice in Minneapolis but after three years he went abroad, spending a year in the hospitals and clinics of Vienna, paying special attention to diseases of the ear, nose and throat and also to diseases of children. After his return to Minne apolis he was appointed professor of diseases of children in the Homeopathic Medical Depart ment of the state university and after a few years of general practice finished preparing himself to make a specialty of the eye, ear, nose and throat, studying at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary and the New York Post Graduate Medical Col lege. Since 1897 he has confined his practice to this specialty. Dr. Leavitt's immediate family consists of his wife, who was Miss Mabel L. Howe, of Des Moines, Iowa, and three daughters, Louise, Helen and Alice. He is a Congregationalist, a member of the Minnesota Congregational Club, the Commercial Club, the Automobile Club, 201 the American Institute of Homeopathy, the Ophthalmological, Otological, and Laryngial So ciety, the Minnesota State Homeopathic Insti tute, and the Minneapolis Homeopathic Medical Society. Dr. Leavitt has been since 1904 profes sor of Opthalmology in the College of Homeo pathic Medicine and Surgery of the University of Minnesota. Dr. Leavitt's ancestors were among the early settlers of New England. His grand father was Col. Roger H. Leavitt, who repre sented his county in the state senate and his district in the house of representatives; was one of the incorporators of the Troy & Greenfield railroad, and one of the earliest promoters or the Hoosac Tunnel. His brother, Joshua Leavitt, was the editor of the Emancipator and the New York Independent. Roger Leavitt, Dr. Leavitt's great grandfather rendered conspicuous services to the cause of education and of temperance and to the anti-slavery movement, and was nominated, the day before his death, by the new liberty party as its candidate for lieutenant governor. Roger Leavitt was the son of Rev. Jonathan Leavitt, born in 173x, one of the noted preachers of his time. The earliest known Leavitts came to this country from England and settled in Kingham, Massachusetts about 1636. LELAND, Muret N., Jr., was born January 8, 1874, at Wells, Faribault County, Minnesota. His father, Muret N. Leland, is president of the T. M. Roberts Co-operative Supply Company of Minneapolis. The subject of this sketch passed his earlier life at Wells attending the common schools and graduating from the Wells high school in 1891. The next three years he spent at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and in 1896 he graduated from the College of Physi cians and Surgeons, Chicago, and served one term as Resident Surgeon at St. Elizabeth Hospital in that city. Leaving there on October 27, 1897, he entered upon general practice at his old home, Wells, Minn. He was county coroner there from 1898 to 1901 and served as U. S. Pension Ex aminer and was chairman of the board of health. Dr. Leland came to Minneapolis in April, 1901, and has since practiced his profession here. Dr. Leland is a member of the Hennepin county and state medical societies. He attends the Methodist Church While not a member of that communion. Dr. Leland is Minnesota-born and bred and par takes of the progressive spirit of the state. LITTLE, John Warren, physician and sur geon, and professor of Clinical Surgery in the University of Minnesota, was born in Clark Coun ty, Ohio, in 1859, on his father's farm, where he alternately worked or went to school in the locality until he taught his. own first pupils, when he was eighteen years old. He is the son of John and Mary Ann Little. On his father's side, his ancestors were Welsh and Irish. His mother was of English stock. This mixture of races has so often resulted in the best blood of the United States that it was to be expected that Dr. 202 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Little should graduate from the high and normal school of Lebanon, Ohio, at an early age. He took his medical training at Jefferson Medical College, and went at once into practice in Minne apolis upon receiving his diploma in 1883. Dr. Little stands high in his profession. His ability as a surgeon has brought him the position of sr rgeon to the Chicago Great Western Railway and that of chief of staff at Asbury Hospital. He holds various other positions as consultant in his own specialty at St. Mary's, the Swedish and the City hospitals. In politics he is a republican. He belongs to the Commercial Club, to several Masonic orders of the Scottish rite, to the Minne sota Academy of Medicine and to the Hennepin County Medical Society of which he is an expresident. Dr. Little is not himself a church member, but his family attend the Methodist church. He was married to Nellie C. Marshall in 1887 and has three children, a son and two daughters. MacDONALD, Irving Coburn, was born in Minneapolis, on March 16, 1874. He is the son of John W. MacDonald, who came to Minnesota from Canada in 1865 and established throughout the Northwest a line of flour mills, which he owned and operated successfully until his death. Dr. MacDonald's mother was Sarah (Coburn) MacDonald, also, born and educated in Canada. Dr. MacDonald attended the Minneapolis public schools, completing his preparatory training here. He took his college course in the University of North Dakota, taking the academic work, and graduated in 1895 with a B. A. degree. He did not immediately begin his medical training, but until 1898 served as principal in the schools of different North Dakota towns. In the latter year he entered the medical department of the University of Minnesota. He graduated and re ceived his M. D. degree in 1902 and in the same year began a general practice in this city which he has continued successfully. His work includes all the branches of professional practice, but he has specialized somewhat on obstetrical work. In politics Dr. MacDonald is a republican, but is not active in political work. He is a member of the Minnesota State Medical Society, of the Hennepin County Medical Society, of the Minne apolis Medical Club, of the St. Anthony Medical Club and the Alpha Kappa medical fraternity. He is a Presbyterian and is not married. Dr. MacDonald is fond of athletic sports and is him self an enthusiastic automobilist. MANN, Arthur Teall, (Arthur T. Mann) As sociate Surgeon to the Northwestern Hospital, and professor of Clinical Surgery in the Univer sity of Minnesota, was born in 1866, in New York City. He is the son of Samuel R. and Georgiana Teall Mann, and both the Manns and Tealls have been distinguished by the members of their stock who have taken active part in the affairs of colon ial times. The first Mann who came to America was Richard Mann who left England in the reign of Charles I and settled in Scituate, Mass. His son Richard is on record as receiving a grant of land in Connecticut for services in "the Indian War." In the next century Capt. Andrew Mann's name appears in the history of New London, Con necticut as receiving his title of Captain at the time the British burned New London. On the Teall side the first emigrant to America was Oliver. His father was apothecary-in-chief to William III and to Queen Anne's troops. George I gave him the family coat of arms presumably for services on the field under Marlborough. His grandson, Oliver Teall, Jr., followed in his steps, and was surgeon in the British army during the French and Indian War. In the third generation on this side the Yankee blood began to take force, and the grandson of the first Oliver, Nathan Teall, cast in his lot on the American side during the Revolution. Nathan's first child was Elmira for whom the town of Elmira, New York (originally Newton) was renamed. Dr. Arthur Mann spent his youth in New York, but came West after his father's death, entered the University of Minne sota, and graduated with the degree of S. B., in 1888. He went to Harvard Medical School for his M. D., and carried off two scholarships during the course. In addition to four year ; of hospital seivice in Massachusetts hospitals, where he was successively House Surgeon at the Boston City Hospital and Resident Physician at the Massa chusetts State Hospital, Dr. Mann look a post graduate abroad in 1904. Since hi.; return to Minneapolis he has been occupied with his place on the staff of the university as Professor of Clinical Surgery and in surgical practice. He is a republican, belongs to the state and county medical societies, to the American Medical Asso ciation, and to the Minneapolis Medical Club, of which he has been president, He is also secre tary and treasurer of the Western Surgical and Gynecological Society. Dr. Mann married Wi nona B. Orff in 1904. MOORE, James Edward, (James E. Moore) Professor of Surgery in the University of Min nesota, chairman of the executive committee of the American Medical Association and Surgeonin-Chief of the Northwestern Hospital, was born in Clarksville, Pennsylvania, March 2, 1852, and is the son of the Rev. George W. Moore and of Margaret J. Moore. Dr. Moore has the distinc tion of being the first specialist in surgery west of New York City—beginning 1888—and he has now an established position of authority in his own line among his Northwestern associates in the profession of surgery. Dr. Moore's early educa tion was that which the public schools of various Pennsylvania cities could give in the usual journeyings of a Methodist pastor. As he grew older, he was sent to Union Seminary, Poland, Ohio, and to the University of Michigan. He grad uated from Bellevue Hospital Medical College in MEDICINE 1873, took a course at the New York Polyclinic, and spent 1885-86 at Berlin. His first practice was a country one at Emlenton, Venango County, Penn sylvania. Coming in 1882 to Minneapolis, it was not until after his Berlin study that he began to call attention to his work as a surgeon. In the past twenty years his skill has brought him into gen eral demand in the West and Northwest, and insured him national recognition, as witnessed by the associate honors which have come to him. Beside the offices first mentioned Dr. Moore is now the only living American Honorary Fellow of the American Orthopedic Association and is ex-president of the Western Surgical and Gyneco logical Association, and ex-chairman of the sur gical section of the American Medical Associa tion. He is also the author of Moore's Or thopedic Surgery, published in 1898, and editor of the Department of Surgical Technique of American Surgery for 1906, besides being a con tributor to several leading American Medical journals. In politics he is a republican. As a clubman he belongs to the principal medical clubs of the Northwest and to the Commercial, Minneapolis, Lafayette and Minikahda clubs. He attends the Universalist church. Dr. Moore's first wife died leaving him one daughter, now Mrs. Bessie Moore Forsell, of Minneapolis. He was married, in 1887, to Louise C. Irving. MOORE, Jehiel Tuttle, was born on Octo-' ber 4, 1848, in Oxford county, Ontario, Can ada. His father, Alexander Moore, was a gen tleman farmer and until twenty years of age he spent his time on his father's farm attending the country school. In 1868 and 1869 he attended the Canadian Literary Institute in Woodstock, Ontario, but in 1870 he changed to the Collegiate Institute in Gault, Ontario. During the same year he had private medical instruction under Dr. Joy which was followed by the medical course in McGill University, Montreal, from which he grad uated in 1874. He practiced his profession in Canada for eight years holding there the posi tions of associate coroner for the county of Ox ford and staff surgeon of the Great Western Railway. In 1883, the year after his removal to Minneapolis, he was one of the organizers of the Minneapolis College of Physicians and Surgeons of which he was Dean for thirteen years, that is, until 1896 when the school became the Medical Department of Hamline University. He taught theory and practice in the school from its or ganization and from 1897 until the closing of the department in 1908, he was its (vice) and acting president. In 1886, Dr. Moore presented a reso lution to the State Medical society of which the ultimate result was the appointment of the first medical board by the legislature to control the requirements for medical practice in the state of Minnesota. The present board is an evolution from this first appointment. Dr. Moore was a liberal in Canada and a republican since coming to the United States. He has been a Mason 203 since 1869, occupying every office in the Blue Lodge before he left Canada, and he is a member of the Hennepin County and State Medical so cieties and the American Medical Association. Dr. Moore is an Episcopalian and was vestry man of Gethsemane Church for ten years. He married Frances Winifred Joy, daughter of his old preceptor, in 1876. Their only child, Miss Maude Moore, graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York in 1894, and is now teaching in the Minneapolis School of Music Oratory and Dramatic Art. Dr. Moore belongs to the staff of St. Barnabas Hospital, and during 1896 was chief of staff. MURPHY, William Bernard, was born at Chicago, March 9, 1871, son of Patrick and Mary Ann Lawton Murphy. His father was a brick layer and building contractor, who served in Company F, First New York Volunteer Engin eers in the Civil War, and was wounded in the knee at Swamp Angle and crippled permanently, and was discharged ranking sergeant. His, brother John served in the U. S. Navy through the Civil War. William B. spent his childhood in Chicago and from ten to eighteen years of age he worked on a farm near Woodstock, Illinois, re ceiving his early educational training at the pub lic schools and, after clerking in a country store at Stoughton, Wisconsin, and later in a wholesale house, he studied at Hamline University and in 1897 took the degree of M. D., C. M., was ap pointed interne at St. Joseph's Hospital, St. Paul, in 1897-98, and was druggist at the Minneapolis City Hospital and on the staff of that hospital until 1905. In the course of his practice he at tended the late Ignatius Donnelly in his last ill ness. Dr. Murphy is a republican in politics and has attended many conventions in Minneapolis. He was deputy coroner from 1900 to 1904. He is a member of the American Medical Association; of the county and state medical societies and the Minneapolis Medical Club, the A. O. U. W., Knights of Columbus, the B. P. O. E. and other organizations of the kind. He is a member of the Roman Catholic church. Dr. Murphy was married on January 29, 1902, to Amelia C. Heiker, a graduate nurse of St. Joseph's Hospital, St. Paul. There have been born to them - three chil dren, Kathleen Adele, William Bernard, Jr., and Edward Patrick. MURRAY, William Robbins, clinical profes sor of diseases of the nose and throat in the Min nesota University was born at Marquette, Michi gan, in 1869. He is an Ann Arbor graduate, hav ing received the degree of Ph. B. from that in stitution in 1892. In 1897 he took an M. D. from Rush Medical College of Chicago. Dr. Murray is a member of the American Medical Association, American Academy of Medicine, the Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto Laryngology, and of the state and county medical associations. 204 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS NEWHART, Horace, was born December 9, 1872, at New Ulm, Minnesota, son of J. Newhart, a lawyer and a veteran of the Civil War. He passed his early life in New Ulm, where he at tended the public schools and the high school. After studying at Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, in 1892 and 1893, he went to Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, where he graduated in 1895, with com mencement honors, receiving the honor, also, of election to the Phi Beta Kappa Soci ety. In 1898 he received the degree of M. D. from the Medical Department of the University of Michigan. The following year he spent abroad and took up post graduate work at the University of Vienna, where he was again engaged in special clinical work in 1905. In 1899 he was a member of the medical staff of the Jackson Sanatorium, Dansville, New York, and, later, served as surgeon on the staff. Since coming to Minne apolis, Dr. Newhart has entered successfully on the practice, of his profession. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Medicine; a member of the American Medical Association; of the Min nesota and Hennepin County Medical Societies; of the Minneapolis Medical Club and of the Min neapolis Commercial Club; the Minikahda Club; a member of the Dartmouth Association of the Northwest; a member of the Minnesota Congre gational Club and of the Phi Rho Sigma and the Sigma Chi Fraternities. Dr. Newhart was mar ried on September 3, 1904, to Anne Hendrick, of Albany, New York, and to them one child, a son, has been born—Elwood Hendrick. NIPPERT, Louis Albert, son of the Rev. Louis Nippert, D. D., was born in Bale, Switzer land. His father, now deceased, was formerly president of the Methodist Theological Seminary at Frankfort on the Main, Germany, and was directly descended from French Huguenots, who, when driven from their fatherland, had emigrated to Alsace. The early years of Dr. Nippert's life were spent in the schools of Switzerland and Ger many, and in them he received his elementary education. Preparatory to his college course he took the work in the "gymnasium" and polytechnical high school in Karlsruhe, Germany, graduating from the latter institution in March. 1879. He then came to America and entered the Miami Medical College of Cincinnati. Ohio, where he completed his course and was awarded his degree of M. D. in 1883. Immediately after his graduation he received the appointment of house physician in the City Hospital of Cincin nati, and a year later was advanced to the posi tion of senior house physician in the same insti tution, which office he held until 1885. After leaving the hospital he went to Paris to attend the clinics, and from March to June, 1885, was in the hospitals of that city. In September of the same year he went to Vienna with a like purpose in mind, staying in the hospitals there until March, 1886. H«? then returned to America and commenced his general practice in Minneap olis. In 1907 Dr. Nippert again visited Europe and spent much time in the hospitals and clinics at the great centers of medical research. Dr. Nippert is a member of various medical and pro fessional associations, among which are the Hen nepin County Medical Society (of which he has been president), the Minnesota State Medical Society and the Minnesota Academy of Medicine and is clinical professor of medicine in the Uni versity of Minnesota. He was married in 1887 to Miss Mary Rauen and they have two children, Lillian, and Rauen Louis Nippert. NOOTNAGEL, Charles F., a well known physician and surgeon of Minneapolis, was born in Wisconsin in 1863. His father before him was also a physician and surgeon, and the son took a thorough preparation for the medical pro fession by two years at Ann Arbor, completed at Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Dr. Nootnagel also spent a year in European study. He has a well established and valuable practice in Minneapolis and is regarded as one of the solid men of the profession. O'BRIEN, Richard P., was born February 27, 1863, at Marengo, Illinois. His father, William O'Brien, was a grocer of that place, married to Mary McManus. His early life was spent at Marengo where he attended the public schools and graduated at the high school. Later he studied medicine at the Chicago Medical Col lege and engaged in general practice. He was the only member of his class to receive a hos pital appointment from the Dean after gradua tion. In 1887 and 1888 he was professor of physi ology at Hamline University and served as coun ty physician in Minneapolis in 1893 and 1894. He is a member of the Knights of Columbus, of the Maccabees, of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, of the Modern Woodmen of America, of the Bankers' Union and of the Catholic Order of Foresters. Dr. O'Brien is a member of the Catholic Church. He was married on November 26, 1890, to Miss Mary Ring, daughter of Martin Ring, a prominent contractor of Minneapolis. To them have been born four children, William Claude, Richard Martin, Gerald and Marian. OFSTAD, Arnt E., practicing physician, was born in Norway, July 14, 1866. His father was both a farmer and merchant, and the son had excellent chances to secure the best that Norway can give her sons in the way of higher educa tion. He received the full course of common, liigh and Latin schools and took his A. B. at the University of Christiania. Coming to the United States, Dr. Ofstad took the medical course at Chicago Medical College, graduating in 1894, and later returning for three months of post-graduate work. Ten years later, in 1904, he graduated from Hamline University of Minnesota, and then spent one year as interne in the Minneapolis City MEDICINE Hospital. He came to his profession doubly equipped with thorough preparation for work among new conditions. Dr. Ofstad belongs to the Odd Fellows, M. W. A., the Sons of Norway and the Independent Order of Foresters. Before leaving Norway he served his time in the artil lery service under the compulsory military regu lations of Norway. Dr. Ofstad is a republican and of the Protestant faith. He married Anne Marie Sorum in 1895. He has no children. PETERS, Ralph Moore, was born May 24, 1872 at Anoka, Minnesota, son of A. L. Peters, treas urer of the Peters Arms & Sporting Goods Com pany, Cincinnati, Ohio. His parents have . re sided in Minnesota since 1867. Ralph graduated at the St. Paul high school in 1891, president of his class. He graduated at Rush Medical Col lege, Chicago, in 1894, and served as interne at St. Mary's Hospital, Minneapolis, in 1894-95, and was associated with Dr. J. H. Dunn, when he began the practice of medicine in 1895 in Minneapolis. Dr. Peters is an active and respected member of his profession in Minne apolis, not only among his confreres but among his clientele as well. Dr. Peters is a republican in politics and a member of the Commercial, the Roosevelt and the Automobile clubs. He is a member of Gethsemane Episcopal Church. In T895 Dr. Peters was married to Margaret Emily Wiggins, formerly of Saratoga Springs, New York. PORTEOUS, William N., was born in On tario, Canada, on June 20, 1857. His father was David Porteous, who had studied medicine at Edinburgh University in Scotland, but who had subsequently given up practice and engaged in flour milling in Canada. Dr. Porteous' mother, whose maiden name was Jessie Bell, was the daughter of a Canadian manufacturer and of a family engaged extensively in large business un dertakings in that part of the country. Dr. Por teous received his common school and college education in Ontario, graduated from McGill University at Montreal and studied medicine in Scotland at Edinburgh University. After re ceiving his degree at Edinburgh he took a course in London, England, and then returned to this country to commence practice. In 1893 he came to Minnesota and established himself in Minne apolis, where he has since continued to practice, making a specialty of the diseases of the ear, .nose and throat. He is a member of the vari ous medical societies, of the Minneapolis Club and other social organizations. In 1894 Dr. Por teous was married to Miss Alma Norton John son, daughter of the late Col. Charles W. John son, an old citizen of Minneapolis. Mrs. Por teous is widely known as a concert singer of charming voice and personality. PRATT, Fred John, Jr., was born May 29, 1876, at Jackson, Michigan. He grew up at Jack son, attending the grade schools and graduating 205 from the Jackson high school. He then attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and graduated from the medical department in 1901. For the next two and a half years he was assist ant to Dr. C. W. More, at the More Hospital, Eveleth, Minnesota. He then took post-graduate work during 1904 at Chicago Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat College fitting himself especially for practice in diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, and for one year following was assistant to Dr. J. A. Pratt, a specialist of the eye,, ear, nose and throat at Aurora, Illonois. Dr. Pratt came to Minneapolis in 1905 and established himself as an eye, ear, nose and throat specialist on the East Side where he has since practiced. He is a member of Phi Beta Pi fraternity, Masonic and K. P. Lodges, Hennepin County Medical So ciety, Minneapolis Medical Club, St. Anthony Medical Club and the American Medical Associa tion. REES, Sorer P., physician and instructor in Physical Diagnosis and Clinical Medicine at the state university, was born in Denmark, Septen? ber 27, 1870. He is the son of Peter Nelson Rees, a Danish farmer, and his earliest schooling was had in the common schools of Denmark. Com ing to America with his parents while a child, the family at once removed to Minnesota. Here Dr. Rees completed his common and high school course, graduating from the Stillwater high school, and taking his college and medical train ing at the University of Minnesota. In 1895 he received his degree of B. S. from the college, and was also honored by election to membership in Phi Beta Kappa. Dr. Rees was editor-in-chief of the 1895 Gopher and during his medical course acted as instructor in Histology and Embryology. Immediately after receiving his diploma of M. D. he became resident physician for a year at St. Barnabas Hospital. The next three years follow ing were spent in general practice at Anoka, Minnesota. In 1901 Dr. Rees returned to Minneapolis to become associated with Dr. J. .W. Bell, in which connection he has made himself recognized during the past seven years as one of the actively pro gressive men of his profession. He belongs to the county, state and national medical societies and to the Minnesota Academy of Medicine. In politics he is a republican, taking an earnest and active interest in all civic reforms. But he is specially interested in the work and advancement of the state university, for like all men who have had to work hard to obtain an education he values highly the opportunities of his own Alma Mater. He has shown this appreciation by being the chief agent in putting the present general alumni association on an efficient basis by securing funds to support a paid secretary for the association. Dr. Rees is one of the board of directors of the association, representing the medical department; and his energy and enthusiasm are always ac tively enlisted in plans for the future development 206 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of the new body. He attends Trinity Baptist Church. He was married on August 3, 1898, to Miss Estelle Crocker, and has one son, Soren Douglas. RIPLEY, Martha George, a practicing physi cian of this city and founder of the Maternity Hospital, was born at Lowell, Vermont, on No vember 30, 1843. She is of English and Scotch descent; the ancestors of the family on both sides came to America with the Pilgrims and settled in New England. During the Revolutionary War the great-grandfather of Dr. Ripley fought under the flag of Washington and died while serving his country in that bitter winter at Valley Forge. Dr. Ripley is the daughter of Francis and Esther Ann (George) Rogers. Her father was a stock farmer of Vermont who became a pioneer settler in northeastern Iowa, where he brought his fam ily and established a typical New England home. Dr. Ripley was raised amid these surroundings and commenced her education in the public schools and attended and graduated from the Lansing, Iowa, high school, and then held a posi tion as instructor in the public schools for seven terms. While yet a young woman, Dr. Ripley became actively interested in charitable and phil anthropic objects giving her time and energies during the Civil War to the work of the Sanitary Commission. She was married in 1867 and went to her husband's home in Massachusetts. The desire to aid humanity urged her, however, to become a physician and she entered Boston Uni versity taking her medical studies in the School of Medicine of the same institution. Following her graduation in 1883 she moved to Minneapolis and devoted herself to a practice which has proved increasingly successful, and to the ac complishment of many and varied works of char ity and philanthropy. Perhaps the most worthy of her benevolent efforts have been expended in the foundation and support of the Maternity Hos pital, which she organized and founded about twenty years ago and of which she has been con tinuously the physician in charge. This is but one of the many ways, however, in which Dr. Ripley has, by her sympathy, counsel and material aid, found it possible to perform, in a great measure unknown even to her friends, countless acts of warm-hearted charity. In addition to these du ties she held for a time the office of professor of children's diseases in the Homeopathic Medical School and is often called upon to read technical essays before various medical bodies. Dr. Rip ley is a firm believer in the equal right to the ballot and is a prominent member of city and state woman suffrage societies, being for six years the president of the latter association. She is a member of several professional organizations, among which are the American Institute cxf Homeopathy, the Woman's Medical Club of Min neapolis and the city and state homeopathic so cieties. She is a member of and attends the Plymouth Congregational Church. Dr. Ripley was married on June 25, 1867, to William W. Ripley and they have four children, Mrs. Abigail Ripley Smith, Mrs. Clara Ripley Smith, Mrs. Edna Ripley Page, and Miss Hester Ripley. There are eight grandchildren. ROBERTS, Thomas Sadler, clinical profes sor of Children's Diseases in the medical depart ment of the university and director of the De partment of Birds in the Minnesota Natural His tory Survey, was born February 16, 1858, at Phil adelphia, Pennsylvania. He is the son of John Roberts and Elizabeth Sadler, his father being of Welsh descent and of Quaker faith, while his mother was of English descent and an Episcopalian. The Roberts family in America traces its history back to a Welsh ancestor, Thomas Roberts, who came over in the time of William Penn, settled near Philadelphia and became the forebear of a long line of Pennsylvania farmers. The "Old Rob erts Home" and "Roberts School" are still stand ing. In 1867, John Roberts and his family re moved to Minneapolis. Dr. Roberts was then only nine, and his previous schooling had been chiefly at the Friends' School in Germantown, Pennsylvania. He entered the Minne apolis public schools and graduated from the high school in the class of 1877 as valedictorian. The two years following were spent at the University of Minnesota. Then ill health compelled him to drop out of the course and to take up temporarily some outdoor occupation. During the summer of 1879, he was with a State Natural History Survey party on the north shore of Lake Superior studying the birds and plants of that region and making a col lection of ornithological and botanical specimens for the university. During the four following summers he was in charge of parties engaged in examining the land grant of Northern Pacific Railrod in Minnesota, Dakota and Montana. When he resumed college work it was at the medical department of the University of Penn sylvania from which he graduated in 1885, rank ing fifth in a class of one hundred and thirty-two. After fifteen months of practice as interne at the Philadelphia Children's Hospital and Philadelphia City Hospital, Dr. Roberts came back to Minne apolis in the fall of 1886, since which date he has been in general practice. He was on the staff of St. Barnabas Hospital for twelve years and chief of staff for six years. He is at present on the staff of the Northwestern, City and Swedish hos pitals and the Home for Aged Women and Chil dren, the latter for twenty years past. Besides these positions he is a member of the anti-tuber culosis committee of the Associated Charities and belongs to the American Medical Associa tion, the state and county medical societies and the Minnesota Academy of Medicine. In his or nithological work he has placed in the state uni versity a collection of about 5,000 specimens for the state natural history survey and has pub- MEDICINE lished numerous articles relating t© Minnesota's birds. The latest work will be issued, when fin ished, as a report of the State Natural History Survey. He has been both secretary and presi-> dent of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sci ences and is now a trustee of that body. He has been a fellow of the American Ornithological Union since its formation and for some years past one of the council. He is also a correspond ing member of various scientific societies, and be longs to the Minneapolis and Minikahda and Long Meadow Gun clubs. Though in early life he was a Friend, Dr. Roberts for a time attended the Episcopal church, and is now a Univesrsalist. Po litically he is a republican. He was married Oc tober 1 8 , 1 8 8 7 , to Jane Cleveland, and has three children—two sons and a daughter. ROME, Robert R., was born March 4, 1865. His childhood was passed on a farn% with his parents, at Union Grove, Wisconsin. Here he went to the district school. At sixteen years of age, he went to Chicago to attend school. He matriculated at Rush Medical College in 1883. After one year there he was given a scholarship in the old Chicago University where he took four years of academic work. Then he went to Denison University at Granville, Ohio, for a year's work to prepare for the ministry. In 1 8 8 8 he supplied the pulpit in the Baptist church at Albert Lea, Minnesota. The year following he matric ulated in Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago. After graduation there in 1 8 9 1 he came to Min neapolis and entered the department of Homeo pathic Medicine and Surgery of the University of Minnesota, class of 1 8 9 2 . He was at once ap pointed lecturer and adjutant professor in ob stetrics in that college. In 1 8 9 5 he was made full professor of obstetrics. In 1 9 0 1 he was appointed to the chair of gynecology of which he is now senior professor. Dr. Rome joined the Baptist church in Chicago in 1 8 8 7 , and in 1 9 0 6 his letter was transferred to the Linden Hills Congrega tional Church of Minneapolis. He married Jeannie May Nichols of Buffalo, New York, in 1894. They have two sons: Robert Carroll and Richardson Rome. SEASHORE, Gilbert, was born July 14, 1874, at Dayton, Iowa. His father, Alfred Seashore, was a farmer. Gilbert attended the public schools of Iowa and entered Gustavus Adolphus College at St. Peter, Minnesota, where he graduated in 1 8 9 6 valedictorian of his class, taking the A. B. degree. He then studied two years in the medi cal department of the University of Iowa and two years more in the medical department of the Uni versity of Minnesota, graduating in 1 9 0 2 . Dr. Sea shore, after graduation at St. Peter, served ac ceptably as principal of the public schools in North Branch in 1 8 9 6 - 9 7 , and in 1 8 9 7 - 9 8 he held a similar position at Marine Mills, Minnesota. In 1 9 0 2 and 1 9 0 3 he was house physician at the Swedish Hospital in Minneapolis and is at present 207 established in a growing practice. Dr. Seashore is a republican in politics. He is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society and is a Lutheran in his church affiliations. SMITH, David Edmund, the son of Charles Henry and Clarissa (Moody) Smith, was born at Winona, Minnesota, December 2 0 , 1 8 6 7 . His youth was spent in Chicago where he attended the public schools and the University Prepara tory School. Dr. Smith graduated from Amherst College in 1 8 9 1 and received the degree of A. M. in 1 8 9 5 . His medical degree was given him in 1 8 9 4 by the Rush Medical College of the Uni versity of Chicago. Additional training was re ceived in post graduate work at eastern medical schools and in service at Asbury Hospital where he was house surgeon and where he is still a member of the staff. Dr. Smith is a member of the Minnesota State Medical Society, the Hen nepin County Medical Society, the Minneapolis Medical Club, the Commercial, Six O'clock and Westminster Clubs. His party affiliations are republican and he is a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church. On September 23, 1896, Dr. Smith was married to Miss Alice Dyer. SMITH, Norman M., was born September 22, in Monticello, Iowa. His father, Rufus P. Smith, prominent business man and manager of the Electric Light & Power Co. of Monticello, was the son of Norman M. Smith, who held dur ing the Civil War the position of surgeon in the Sixth Regiment of Iowa Volunteers. After the usual grade preparation, Dr. Smith entered the Monticello high school and graduated in 1893. He then attended for two years Monmouth Col lege, at Monmouth, 111., when he left college and entered the service of the C. M. & St. P. Ry. at Monticello, as assistant agent. Coming to Min neapolis in 1 8 9 8 he matriculated at the State University in the medical department and for three years applied himself to his professional education. In 1 9 0 1 he entered the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago and graduated from that school in the following year with the degree of M. D. At the same time that he was com pleting his course, Dr. Smith held the office of instructor in physiologic chemistry in the same college and was taking the additional course in the Illinois College of Electro-Therapeutics, re ceiving from the latter school his M. E. degree in 1 9 0 2 . Soon after completing his studies, Dr. Smith commenced to practice his profession in Allison, Iowa, where he remained until he came to Minneapolis in 1 9 0 3 . In addition to his suc cessful practice in this city Dr. Smith holds a position on the visiting staff of the City Hospital and of the University Free Dispensary. In poli tics he is a stanch republican and believes firmly in the principles and doctrines of his party. In 1 8 9 8 , the governor of Iowa, Leslie M. Shaw, offi cially authorized Dr. Smith to organize and drill a company for service in the Spanish American 1875, 208 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS war. He was appointed captain of his company, but the sudden termination of the war prevented enlistment and active service. At the present time he is associated with the Sons of Veterans and is a member and surgeon of the Red Cross Corps. He also holds membership in the Ma sonic Lodge, the civic educational clubs, the Min neapolis Homeopathic Medical Society and the Minnesota State Homeopathic Institute, holding in the last two organizations the office of secre tary. Dr. Smith attends Plymouth Congrega tional Church. He was married to Miss Crissie May Benton, the daughter of C. H. Benton, in 1902. SODERLIND, Andrew, was born in Sweden, on January 31, 1861. He is the son of An drew and Caroline Soderlind. His father was a surveyor of logs. From both his father's and mother's lineage Dr. Soderlind is descended from the highest families—his mother being of the House of Aldrin and his father directly in line with Stalhandske, both ranking among the nob^ lest families of the kingdom. His father, how ever, was too democratic to retain his patrician name, so adopted that by which his descendants are now known. Dr. Soderlind spent his early life in Sweden and there attended the public schools. He was anxious to acquire a profession, so after completing his preparatory studies he took up the study of pharmacy and in the year 1887 was awarded his diploma as a registered pharmacist. He continued his college work and two years later graduated as a doctor of medicine and surgery. Since that time he has, to complete his professional education, taken post-graduate courses in Baltimore and Berlin. He now has an extensive medical and surgical practice in this city and holds the position of chief of the staff physicians of the Swedish Hospital. Dr. Soder lind is connected with a number of the more im portant fraternal and professional organizations— the American Medical Society; Minnesota State Medical Society; the Hennepin County Medical Society; the Masons; I. O. O. F.; Gustaf Adolf Society; the Modern Samaritans, the Modern. Woodmen and the Odin and South Side Com mercial Clubs. He is a republican in politics. In 1893 he was married to Miss Anni Schult and they have two sons and a daughter, Ellen, Ralph and Ragnar. The family attends the Lutheran church. STEWART, J. Clark, physician and surgeon,' and professor of Principles of Surgery in the University of Minnesota, was the first person to enter the freshman class of Minnesota, 1871, and also left his class at graduation, 1875, as first in standing. Minnesota, however, does not claim Dr. Stewart's birthplace. He is a New Jersey man, born at Camden, October 21, 1854, the son of the Rev. Daniel Stewart and of Eliza M., his wife. The ancestry is Scotch on the father's side. On the mother's there is a long list of the original settlers of Rhode Island, among them three governors and some dozen others of dis tinction in colonial times. Dr. Stewart was edu cated entirely in the private schools of Camden, of Johnston, New York, and of New Albany, Indi ana. When the family removed to Minneapolis, Dr. Stewart entered the University at the age of seventeen, and graduated—a B. S. and C. E.— at twenty-one, the youngest graduate of the Uni versity at that time. After trying a business life in the wholesale field for several years, Dr. Stewart took up medicine and entered the Col lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1881, coming out in 1884, again with honors. After two years in Mt. Sinai hospital and New York City dispen saries, he returned to join the staff of the old Min nesota Hospital College; later merged in the Medical Department of the University of Min nesota. He has held various positions in the University, before taking the chair he now holds, and is also on the consulting staff of Asbury and Northwestern hospitals and surgeon at the City Hospital. He is a republican who looks for the right man in the right place rather than for party gains. Dr. Stewart holds membership in several important medical and social clubs, as well as in the Society of the Colonial Wars, which last is an inherited honor. He is a Presbyterian. Has never married. STROUT, Eugene Silas, though born near the western shores of Lake Michigan on Au gust 3, 1862, came to Minnesota when only two years old, and therefore may be called a native of the state. He is the son of Silas C. and Maria L. Gatchell Strout. His father, for some time a farmer of Raymond, Racine county Wisconsin, removed to Stearns county, Minnesota, in 1864, when he engaged in farming and later in the mercantile business. Dr. Strout's prelimin ary education was received in the common schools and the state Normal school at St. Cloud. He received his medical training in the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in the year 1891. Then followed post-graduates at Chicago, London and Vienna, with reference to an eye and ear specialty. After some three years of practice at Ironwood, Michigan, Dr. Strout came to Minneapolis, where he has lived for the past twelve years. He is a member of Hennepin County Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association, also of the State Medical, and is on the staff of the Northwestern Hospital. Dr. Strout attends Calvary Baptist Church. He was married in 1892 to Henrietta Udell Elliott, who died in 1896. In 1898 he married Nellie A. Matthews, a graduate of the Northwestern Hos pital training school. He has two children—a son and daughter. THOMAS, David Owen, was born in 1852 at Penybenglog Mill, Pembrokeshire, Wales, the son of Thomas and Margaret Thomas, of a family of ancient lineage. When nineteen years of age he came to America and made his home at MEDICINE Youngstown, Ohio. Desiring to complete his education, which had been begun in Wales, he entered Bethany College in West Virginia, and graduated in 1878, with the degree of B. A. He determined to become a physician and according ly entered the Medical College of Indiana, In dianapolis, where he graduated in 1884, receiving the Mears gold medal for the best thesis on ''Caesarean Section." Dr. Thomas at once came« to Minneapolis, but after three years practice he determined to secure a more extended clinical experience and went to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York where he took two years work in one and graduated in 1889. He then went abroad and after some travel in Eu rope, returned to London, and continued his clinical work for two years at St. Bartholemew's Hospital. He successfully passed the examina tions of the Conjoint Board of the Royal College of Physicians of London and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and holds the degree of L. R. C. P. and M. R. C. S. In 1891 he returned to Minneapolis and resumed the practice of his profession and for years until the closing of the department in 1908, was a professor of the Dis eases of the Chest of the Medical Department of Hamline University, and likewise a visiting physi cian to the City Hospital and the Asbury Hos pital. He is an active member of the Minnesota State Medical Society and was president of the Hennepin County Medical Society in 1905, and is alive to all medical progress, as well as a con tinuous student in some private matter of literary research. In politics Dr. Thomas is a republican though distinctly independent in his views. He is a prominent member of the Portland Avenue Church of Christ and has taken an active part in the affairs of the denomination at large. In 1885 he was married to Miss Anne E. Butler, daughter of the late Ovid Butler, founder of Butler College, University of Indianapolis. WANOUS, Ernest Z., physician and surgeon, is a native son of Minnesota, having been born in McLeod county, January 24, 1875. He is the youngest of the four children of Frank Wanous, who came to this state in 1854, and at present resides at Glencoe, Minnesota. Doctor Wanous received his first lessons of school discipline in the little district schoolhouse by the roadside, but this was soon abandoned for the much more per fect public school at Glencoe. His parents gave up their agricultural pursuit to enter upon a busi ness career in the village, that the children might receive the benefits of the grade system and the high school work, which had been inaugurated through the efforts of the first settlers in that vicinity. After entering upon his high school studies, he spent his spare time and vacations in •a drug store, thus becoming interested in the first elements of his chosen profession. After gradua tion, he further prepared himself at the medical department of the University of Minnesota. At twenty-two he received his degree of M. D. and 209 spent one year practicing in the country. In 1898 he received the appointment of assistant superin tendent of the Minneapolis City Hospital. He served one year, then resigned his position to accept the position of assistant medical superin tendent of the Rochester State Hospital, where he remained for three years. In 1902 he resigned this position to enter upon a private practice in Minneapolis. Doctor Wanous has done special work in the New York, Baltimore, and Chicago hospitals. He is a member of the state and county medical societies, and the American Medi cal Association. He was married in June, 1907, to Miss Julia Bell Hopkins at Mendon, Michigan. WARHAM, Thomas Tweed, was born in Can ada, at Kingston, Ontario, on August 31, 1866, the son of Richard Lee Warham and Agnes Warham. The family is a very old one, the lin eage having been traced back to the early part of the seventeenth century to an Episcopal bishop who bore the same surname. The father of Thomas Tweed was a painter by occupation, who moved with his family in 1873, to Belleville, Canada. His son attended the public schools of that town and continued his education in the high school from which he graduated when fif teen years of age. Dr. Warham did not enter college at that time but after working in a tele graph office for nine months and in the dry goods business for a short time, learned the paper hanger's trade. He came to Minneapolis in 1886 and worked at his trade in this city with several different firms. It was his wish, however, to enter the medical profession, and with that end in view he studied for a time under a private tutor, Professor Hall, at the Minneapolis Acad emy, preparatory to entering the Hamline Uni versity for his professional training taking up his work in the medical department of that institu tion and graduating with the class of 1897 tak ing M. D. and C. M. degrees. He commenced to practice in Vernon Center, Minnesota, remaining there until 1904 when he moved to Minneapolis and resumed his medical work in this city. H? has been appointed medical inspector for the De partment of Health of Minneapolis for the term of 1907-1909 and fills that office at the present time. Dr. Warham has held several other public and semi-public positions, for four years he was county physician of Blue Earth county, and in the summer of 1906 was the commander of the Red Cross corps and surgeon-in-chief of the emergency hospital during the Fortieth Annual Encampment of the G. A. R. in Minneapolis. He is a republican in politics and has engaged active ly in the work of the state party. For two years he was chairman of the republican county com mittee of Blue Earth county and for four years a member of the executive committee of the re publican county committee of the same district. Dr. Warham in 1888 joined the Sons of Veterans, 'and has held every office which his camp could bestow and in 1903 and 1904 was elected Division Commander of the state. He is also a member 210 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of various professional and fraternal orders; a member and Past Master of Kurum Lodge, A. F. and A. M. Mount Horeb Chapter, R. A. M.; a member of the Vernon Center Chapter of O. E. T., of North Star Lodge No. 6, I. O. O. F.; Union Encampment No. 14, P. C. P. and Captain of the degree staff; a Past Captain of Minnesota Can ton No. 1, P. M.; of Mankato Lodge No. 225, B. P. O. E.; and is examining physician and a mem ber of the following, Yoemen, M. B. A., M. W. A.,, R. N. A., E. F. U., A. O. U. W. His profes sional affiliations are with the following organi zations: the Hennepin County Medical Society, the State Medical Society, the Mississippi Valley Medical Society and American Medical Associa tion. WESTON, Chas. Galen, was born at Chelsea, Massachusetts, April 25, 1858. His father, Seth Weston, was a successful business man of Boston, well known as a contractor and builder. The son had his early education in the Chelsea public schools, from which he graduated in 1875. He en tered Harvard Medical School two years later. At intervals before securing his degree of M. D., Dr. Weston was house-physician at the Boston Lying-in Hospital and interne at Boston City Hospital. Immediately after the completion of his Harvard course, in 1882, he began practice at Peabody, Massachusetts, where he remained until coming to Minneapolis in 1888. Dr. Weston at once established himself here on a sound profes sional basis and was appointed assistant city phy sician for the two years of 1891-93, and city physi cian from '93 to '99. His latest public appointment was chairman of the hospital committee of the Board of Charities and Corrections. He was a prime mover in securing the present city hospital plant and has put the hospital on a modern basis with a visiting staff and a training school for nurses. Dr. Weston also occupies several staff positions on various hospitals of the city. He belongs to the American Medical Association, to the state and county medical societies and to the Minnesota Academy of Medicine. Of the last two bodies, he is an ex-president. Dr. Weston was married in 1884 to Ella C. Derby of Salem, Massachusetts, and has three children; two sons and a daughter. WHITE, Solon Marx, associate professor of pathology in the state university, is a native of Minnesota, born at Hokah, July 16, 1873. He is the son of Solon C. and Anna Armstrong White, and for two generations before him, his ancestors have been physicians. His maternal grandfather, Dr. Thomas Armstrong, was a pioneer physician of the early settlers days of eastern Wisconsin. His father, Dr. Solon C. White, practiced medi cine for many years in Wisconsin and at Sand wich, Illinois. Dr. S. Marx White was educated in the Hokah village schools until he was ten, and afterwards went to Sandwich, Illinois, where he graduated from the Sandwich high school in 1890. He took his college course at Champaign, Illinois, receiving his B. S. degree from the Uni versity of Illinois. His professional training he gained at the Northwestern University, graduat ing in 1897, and later served as interne at Cook county hospital, Chicago. Dr. White has held his present post in the medical department of the University of Minnesota for some time, and is also on the medical staff of St. Barnabas, the Northwestern and the City hospitals. In 19021903 he was president of the Minneapolis Patho logical Society. The summer of 1904 was spent in Vienna at work along the special lines to which he has limited his practice—'Internal Medicine and Pathology, He belongs to the American Acad emy of Medicine; the American Medical Asso ciation; the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and the regular state and county medical societies. Dr. White is Baptist in his religious affiliations. He was married July 25, 1900, to Sara Miner Abbott, and has two children, a son and daughter. WILLIAMS, Charles Winthrop, professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Hamline Medical College, until the closing of the depart ment in 1908, ex-member of the Board of Health of the city of Minneapolis and ex-physician to post office employees, is a Wisconsin man who was born at Barneveld, Iowa county, Wis consin, April 10, 1863. His father, Daniel Williams, a farmer by occupation, was born in Wales, where he married Elizabeth Da vis, also of Welsh ancestry and the daugh ter of a large land owner of Wales. Daniel Williams migrated to America and with his fam ily settled at Blosburg, Pennsylvania, and later moved to Wisconsin where he set tled on a farm. Dr. Williams received his first instruction at the district school, later graduated at the neighboring high school of Spring Green, and then took a course in medicine at the Northwestern Medical College of Chicago. Coming to Minneapolis to practice he was soon called to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics in Hamline University. Besides this post, he has at Various times been appointed to fill the public offices previously outlined in this sketch. Dr. Williams is also on the medical staff of the City Hospital. He is a Knight Templar Mason and is a member of the state and county medical societies and the Hamline Medical Club. He is a republican in politics. His church affiliations are Presbyterian. Dr. Williams was married October 9, 1891, to Minnie L. Benham, daughter of Major Benham of Michiian. WILLIAMS, Ulysses Grant, ex-coroner of Hennepin county, was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1864. His father, who came from Wales to Ameri ca in 1838, married a resident of Oneida county, New York, and settled in business in Chicago until his son was about seven, when he removed to a farm near Columbus, Wisconsin. Dr. Wil- MEDICINE liams received his education from the country district school and the high school of Columbus. He came to Minneapolis, a youth of nineteen, in 1883. Going into the drug business immediately, he at once set about the study of medicine by a practical experience with remedies. In 1886 he entered the Minnesota Hospital College as a stu dent. Before he graduated in June, 1889, that institution had been merged in the College of Medicine and Surgery of the state university. Dr. Williams kept up his retail drug business during his student years and continued it until 1897, when the demands of an active practice led him to abandon it. For two successive terms between 1899 and 1902, Dr. Williams was coroner, an office which he filled with such ability and general sat isfaction that the suggestion of his second term received the largest majority given any republi can candidate for that office. He also held for a short period the office of sheriff. During his coronership he was the author of a bill for put ting the office on a salaried basis. He belongs to several secret societies, to the Commercial Club and to the state and county medical societies. He is also an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Kappa. Dr. Williams was married in 1899 to Gertrude H. Twine. WOODARD, Francis Reuben, a practicing physician in Minneapolis since 1881, was born at Madison, Ohio, on July 15, 1848. The ancestors of the family were early settlers in America and the grandfather of Francis R. Solomon Woodard, fought in the War of 1812, holding the rank of Colonel of his regiment. Dr. Woodard is the son of Joseph S. Woodard and Frelove M. Baker, who were early settlers in the state of Ohio, and were married in 1847. Francis, the eldest son, spent the first ten years of his life in that town and began his education in the public grammar schools. In 1858 the family moved to Roches ter, Minnesota, where Dr. Woodard finished his elementary training. In the year 1869 he entered the University of Michigan, taking the work of the literary department until his senior year when he changed his course and for a year studied law. He was anxious, however, to ac quire the training for the profession of medicine, so in 1876 entered Rush Medical College at Chi cago, carrying on in connection with his studies, practical work in the Cook County Hospital. He graduated with the class of 1879 and almost im mediately came to Minnesota and located at Claremont, where he practiced for about three years, coming to Minneapolis in 1881, where he has since been in continual practice of his pro fession. In addition to this practice Dr. Wood ard holds surgical positions on the staffs of the Asbury, Swedish, City and several other hospi tals in Minneapolis, has other appointments in the city, and for twelve years was chairman of the hospital committee for the city hospital. During the administration of Mayor Winston he 211 was appointed to the Board of Charities and Cor rections and was a member of that body for four teen years, during the terms of Mayors Winston, Eustis, Pratt, Gray, Ames and Haynes, and served for six years as president of the board. In politics Dr. Woodard is a republican, but is not active in political matters. He is a member of the prominent professional organizations, among which are included the American Medical Association, Hennepin County Medical Society, Minnesota State Medical Association and the Minnesota Academy of Medicine. He is also a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. Dr. Woodard was married in 1874 and has five children, Harry S., Joseph N., Lawrence B., Frances H. and Luella. The family attends the Park Avenue Congregational Church. WRIGHT, Charles D'a, was born November 22, 1863, and is the son of William S. and Eliza beth Ann Wright. His early years were spent in Wisconsin, where he attended the common schools of Dodgeville and the higher institutions at Madison. He received his diploma of M. D. in 1887, from the medical department of Michi gan University, afterward taking a post-graduate course at the Vienna Royal University and in London, Paris and Berlin. He came back to the United States to the position of demonstrator of Ophthalmology and Otology at Michigan Uni versity. Dr. Wright limits his practice to dis eases of the eye and ear and is now oculist and aurist to St. Mary's Hospital and to the State Hospital, both of Minneapolis. He is also the consultant at Asbury Hospital. He is ex-presid^nt of the H'elmholtz Ophthalmological Society and is at present a corresponding member of that body and president of the Northwestern Ophthalmological Society. Dr. Wright is a re publican in politics. He was married to Kathryn E. Keating in 1890, and has one child—a daughter, Muriel Kathryn Wright. Dr. Wright is a mem ber of Alpha Chapter of Nu Sigma Nu of Ann Arbor, Michigan, and is by religion a Catholic. WRIGHT, Franklin Randolph, instructor in Dermatology and Genito-Urinary Diseases in the University of Minnesota, was an Illinois boy, who, like so many other western youths, came to our state university for the completion of his studies, and liked Minneapolis so well that he has made it his home. His father was Dr. George W. Wright, of Canton, Illinois, one of the early sur geons of that state. Franklin was born at Canton, Illinois, June 15, 1866. The family moved to Shen andoah, Iowa, when he was twelve. His education went on at the public schools of Canton and Shen andoah until he entered the university from which he graduated at twenty-four, as a member of the dental class of 1890. He practiced dentistry at Hutchinson for a short time, but soon returned to university life in order to complete the full medical course. Receiving his diploma in 1894, 212 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS he was for eighteen months the house surgeon at the St. Barnabas hospital and then for five years practiced general medicine in this city. In 1900 Dr. Wright took up his present specialty, going to Vienna for study. Upon his return, he was appointed to the position he now holds at the state university. Dr. Wright's politics are democratic. He inherits, membership in the Loyal Legion through his father who was Lt. Col. of the 103 Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Pro fessionally he belongs to the state and county medical associations. Dr. Wright believes in the doctrine of evolution. He is not married. LINDLEY, Alfred Hadley, for many years one of the leading physicians of Minneapolis, came to this state from North Carolina where he was born on May 23, 1821, at Cane Creek, Chatham county. The family was an old one, established in Chatham county since before the Revolution and tracing its line back to Pennslvania, where the first of the Lindleys, who. where always Friends, probably followed William Penn from England. Dx. Lindley's father was Thomas Lindley, a farmer and merchant, and his mother was Mary (Long) Lindley. He at tended the village school until he was sixteen years , old and then after two years study at the Friends New Garden Boarding School in Guil ford county, became a teacher in the same in stitution. He had determined to be a physician and after two years teaching, returned to Cane Creek where he studied with Dr. Abner Holton. Later he studied at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he received his degree in 1850. Until the breaking out of the Civil War he practiced in his native place and then, at great sacrifice, abandoned his home, connection and interests and came north to begin life anew. He was entirely opposed to the war both on principle as a Friend and through his belief in the Union and the insufficiency of cause for the rebellion. Dr. Lindley had been married, on May 2, 1850, to Miss Eliza J. Hill of Uharie, North Carolina. Mrs. Lindley was a sister of Dr. Nathan B. Hill, who shared Dr. Lindley's views on the war and who had already left Carolina when Dr. Lindley started. The two families met in Indiana and settled upon Min neapolis as their future home. Arriving here on September 10, 1861, Drs. Hill and Lindley formed a partnership which continued until Dr. Hill's death in 1875. Both gentlemen entered with enthusiasm into the life of the young city and took prominent part in its affairs. When Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867 Dr. Lindley became its first health officer and organized the wo*"k of this important depart ment. For years he stood in the front rank of the profession in city and state and was honored" with election to official positions in the various medical societies. With advancing age he relinquished active practice and during the later years of his life he devoted himself to his property interests which were large and to the enjoyment of well earned leisure. He remained an -active and loyal citizen of Minneapolis, an interested participant in all things looking to the true progress of the city and its people, un til his death on February 16, 1905. He was sur vived by Mrs. Lindley, who continues a life long interest in che philanthropies of the city, and an only son, Clarkson Lindley, engaged in the real estate business in Minneapolis. CHAPTER XIV DENTISTRY T HE history of the practice of Den Athenaeum library which was the founda tistry in Minneapolis begins with the tion of the present public library of Minne settlement of Dr. Gould in "the vil apolis. lage of St. Anthony, early in the fifties. Dr. J. A. Bowman came to Minneapolis He was followed in 1857 by Dr. A. L. in 1865. He was a native of Vermont and Bausman who opened an office on Helen commenced practice in Canton, New York, street (the old name of Second avenue south) in 1858. This practice was interrupted by and became the pioneer dentist of Minne the war to be resumed in Minneapolis upon apolis proper. He is still living in the city its close. Dr. Bowman first practiced in an though retired from practice. Dr. B. L. office on Bridge Square and from time to Taylor had arrived in the city the year be time moved up town as the city developed. fore Dr. Bausman but he did not commence He became one of the most prominent den practice for some years, devoting himself tists in the northwest and continued in in the meantime to business pursuits. It active practice until a few years ago. Dr. may be inferred that in those days the prac B. L. Taylor, who, as stated, came here in tice of dentistry in the young city of Min 1856, opened an office for practice of his neapolis offered little attraction to ambi profession in the Pence Opera House build tious and progressive men. Compared with ing in 1869, and has been continuously in the practice of the present day dentistry practice for nearly forty years. 'was in its infancy; and not only had the In 1874 Dr. Charles M. Bailey came to practitioner less to offer his patients but Minneapolis from Machias, Maine, where people generally were not yet trained to the, he had been in practice for several years, habit of dental consultation and treatment, •at the same time attending dental lectures many only visiting a dentist when extrac at Harvard University from which he re tion was necessary. Fifty years have ceived his degree in 1871. He entered ac brought great changes both in the progress tively into the professional life of the city of the profession and the attitude of the and has been a working member of the city public. In the great evolution which has and state organizations of the profession taken place the members of the profession and was for years one of the faculty of the in Minneapolis have taken a prominent, dental department of the Minnesota Hospi useful and practical part. tal College and the College of Dentistry of Among the earlier dentists of prominence the University of Minnesota. Like Dr. in the city was Dr. Mark D. Stoneman who Bailey, Dr. Wm. A. Spaulding, who came came here in 1863 and. for over twenty years to Minneapolis in 1875, took a most active was a leader in the. profession. He was a part in the work of organization and educa native of Virginia, a practicing physician tion which made for the advancement of for twenty years, and commenced the study the profession. Also like Dr. Bailey he was of dentistry in 1858. During the early part a native of Maine. He had studied at the of the war he was a surgeon in the army. Ohio College of Dental Surgery where he About the same time that Dr. Stoneman had graduated with honor receiving the commenced practice Dr. Kirby Spencer degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. He opened an office on Bridge Square. He is was made a member of the faculty of the best remembered by his bequest to the dental department of the Minnesota College 214 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Hospital in 1884 and became dean in 1886. Dr. Spaulding left Minneapolis some years ago and is now living in Hamburg, Ger many. Dr. M. M. Frisselle, who came to Minne apolis in 1880, was the first lecturer on medical and surgical dentistry in the Col lege Hospital and in 1882 was authorized to organize the dental department, taking his place at the head of the faculty. He was a frequent contributor to medical and dental literature. He retired in 1889 and for some years before his death he lived at his country home at Lake Minnetonka. Dr. Hugh M. Reid arrived in the city in 1880 resigning a chair in the Ohio College of Dental Surgery to commence active prac tice here. He was the first president of the Minneapolis Dental Society. Dr. Francis H. Brimmer settled in Minneapolis about the same time. He graduated from the Philadelphia Dental College and was made a member of the first faculty of the dental department of the College Hospital. Dr. E. H. Angle who commenced practice here in 1884 was a prominent member of the profession, one of the faculty of the col lege, a careful student and a contributor to the dental publications. -He is now prac ticing in St. Louis. Dr. J. H. Martindale, now of Los Angeles, was also a prominent participant in the development of dental af fairs in Minneapolis during the early eight ies, serving as one of the college faculty, as a member of the state board of exam iners and as president of the Minneapolis Dental Society. These were some of the men who took part in the affairs of the profession during the formative days. During the later sev enties and the eighties the arrivals in the city were too numerous for detailed men tion. Many men of large natural ability and splendid preparation for their profes sional duties have come to the city and the ranks of the profession are now filled with as strong and progressive a group of men as can be found in any city of the country. The members of the profession in the city early took measures looking to the maintenance of a high professional standard. Dr. Frisselle in writing of the earlier en deavors of the profession says: "The es sential forces that have been important fac tors in the advancement of the profession here, are the Minneapolis Dental Society, Minnesota State Dental Association, and the College of Dentistry of the University of the state of Minnesota. These, with the conservative, stringent laws that forbid the practice of dentistry by any person not authorized by the State Board of Examiners —the board consisting of members of the profession appointed by the governor of state—effectually protects the community from irregular and incompetent practition ers." The Minneapolis Dental Society was or ganized in 1882 with Dr. H. M. Reid, pres ident, Dr. A. T. Smith, vice president, and Dr. J. H. Martindale, secretary. It was largely through the influence of this society that the state laws regulating the practice of dentistry and providing for examination by the state board of examiners, were adopt ed. The society also took a prominent part in reorganizing the Minnesota State Dental Association, which was accomplished on January 16, 1884, at a meeting at the Nicol let Hpuse in Minneapolis. Dr. H. M. Reid of Minneapolis was elected president; Dr. L. W. Lyon, vice president; Dr. Crittendon, secretary; Dr. T. E. Weeks, corres ponding secretary, and Dr. S. D. Clements, treasurer. The organization at once be came influential in the professional affairs of the state and has remained a most effi cient body. The College of Dentistry of the Univer sity of Minnesota grew out of the appoint ment in 188.1 of Dr. Frisselle as lecturer on Medical and Surgical dentistry in the Minnesota College Hospital. During the next year Dr. Frisselle organized a regular dental department. Among the members of the faculty were: M. M. Frisselle, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Medical and Surgical Dentistry and Therapeutics; W. F. Giddings, D. D. S., Professor of Operative Den tistry ; W. A. Spaulding, D. D. S., Profes sor of Mechanical Dentistry; J. A. Parker, D. D. S., and Dr. L. D. Leonard, demon strators of Operative Dentistry; F. H. Brimmer, D. D. S., and C. E. Cleveland, D. D. S., demonstrators of Mechanical Den tistry. DENTISTRY The dental department moved to the col lege building at Sixth street and Ninth avenue south in 1885 and was reorganized along with the medical department and in 1889 was absorbed into the University of Minnesota, becoming a college of that institution. Since its association with the university the dental college has grown in facilities and student body until it is one of the prominent schools of the profession of the country. It is a member of the Na tional Association of Dental Faculties and its diplomas are recognized by the dental examining boards of every state. Dr. Al fred Owre is dean and many of the leading dentists of the city are-on the faculty. BAILEY, Charles Monroe, for more than thirty years a practicing dentist in Minneapolis, was born in Portland, Maine, December 6, 1843. From an early age he made his own way in life. When only thirteen he entered the law office of Deblois & Jackson at Portland, and for the next six years was variously employed, having no definite profession in view. At nineteen, through the influence of his brother, he . entered the office of Dr. James E. Grant, of Calais, Maine, where he commenced the study of den tistry. After five years he commenced practice at Machias, Maine, and during the four succeed ing years combined study and practice, attend ing lectures at the dental department of Har vard University, graduating in 1871 with the de gree of D. M. D. In 1874 Dr. Bailey came to Minneapolis, where he has since been in contin uous practice. Soon after his arrival here, Dr. Bailey began active participation in the affairs of the profession, taking special interest in all movements looking to the raising of profes sional standards. He was one of the first mem bers of the Minneapolis Dental Society and was twice its president; an active member of the Minnesota Dental Association, and has fre quently represented the state in national so cieties of the dental profession. In 1886 he was elected to the chair of Dental Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the dental department oi the Minnesota Hospital College, occupying the chair until the College was merged in the Uni versity of Minnesota, when he was appointed to the chair of Prosthetic Dentistry and later added the duties of the chair of Orthodontia. For two years, Dr. Bailey was secretary of the Col lege and the office of dean being then vacant, was acting dean during this period and carried the larger part of the responsibility of the de partment. Dr. Bailey was married in 1876 to Miss Laura Longfellow of Mathias, Maine, who died within two years, leaving one son, Campbell L. Bailey, at Northome, Minn. 215 COBB, Frederick Emory, was born Decem ber 18, 1867, at Chicago, Illinois. He was the son of Cyrus Bradley Cobb, a dealer in lum ber and reaL estate, and Ella Jane Morrison. He attended the grammer and high schools in Chicago and the Shattuck School at Faribault, Minnesota, graduating with the class of '86. He graduated from the college of dentistry of the University of Minnesota in 1895. Dr. Cobb is a republican. He is the secretary of the Minne sota State Dental Association, National Dental Association, a member of the Theta Delta Chi Fraternity and Delta Sigma Delta Fraternity, and a Scottish Rite Mason. His church affiliations are with the Episcopalian denomination. His mar riage with Jessie Helen Sharpnack took place April 30, 1892. Their daughter, Lois Steele was born March 10, 1900. COX, Norman Jeffrey, was born November 30, 1873, at Centerville, Wisconsin, son of Charles and Anne Cox. His father was a Methodist min ister of English descent. The son, after receiv ing his earlier educational training at the grade and high schools, took the scientific course in the class of 1898 and afterward graduated from the college of dental surgery at the University of Minnesota. He has since been in dental practice in Minneapolis, also filling the position of in structor in dentistry, in the dental department of the state university. Dr. Cox is a- member of the Minnesota State Dental Association; and of the Twin City Dental Club. Dr. Cox was married on June 20, 1905, to Miss Stella E. Lynch. KREMER, Frederick B., was born at Middleburgh, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, on June 22, 1861, the son of Frederick E. and Elmira G. Kremer. His father was a farmer. In 1872 the fa,mily moved to Lena, Illinois, where Dr. Kremer com pleted his public school education and had his first business experience with a jeweler of that town. Subsequently a few years were spent in clerking but having determined to become a den tist he went to Waterloo, Iowa, where he com menced the study of dentistry in the office of Dr. H. D. Spaulding. For a time he practiced at Cale donia, Minnesota, then completed his studies at the University of Iowa, from which he graduated in 1890. In 1892 he came to Minneapolis and com menced practice at the same time taking the po sition in the college of dentistry in the university of Minnesota, of demonstrator under Dr. Charles M. Bailey. After five years he succeeded Dr. Bailey in the chair of prosthetic dentistry, but after one year resigned to devote himself exclu sively to his private practice. He was for some years-lecturer on oral pathology and therapeutics at the medical department of Hamline university and for one year was lecturer on the same subject in the College of Homeopathy in the medical de partment of the university. He has for some time been on the staff of Asbury hospital as con sulting dentist. Dr. Kremer's practice has been general although for a number of years he has 216 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS specialized to a considerable extent in oral sur gery. During his residence in Minneapolis Dr. Kremer has taken a most active part in the affairs of the profession, has been a constant worker in the dental societies, has held numerous offices of responsibility and honor in these societies and has accomplished much for the advancement of the profession in this state. He is president of the State Dental association and was chairman in 1907 of the committee which was successful in bringing to Minneapolis the annual meeting of the National Dental association—a meeting which was a record breaker in attendance. Dr. Kremer is an officer of the national association and a contributor to dental periodicals. In polit ical faith he is a democrat and he is a member of the Masonic body, of the Minneapolis Commercial club and supreme chapter of the Delta Sigma Delta, the professional fraternity. He was mar ried on December 27, 1881 at Lena, Illinois, to Miss Lillias M. Ambrose. They have one son, George E., now a practicing lawyer in Minneap olis McCREA, John Franklyn, was born March 6, 1868, near Shelbyville, Indiana. His parents were Albert McCrea, a farmer, and Mary Campbell. The McCreas came to this country from the Highlands of Scotland before the Revolutionary war and played their part in colonial affairs. It was the murder of Jane McCrea by Indian ma rauders which aroused among the colonists such bitter hatred for the savages. From these early settlers are descended nearly all the McCreas in this country who use that orthography of the name. When Dr. McCrea was two years of age his mother died, and he spent his early life on the farm until he went to college. He attended the Normal school at Danville, Indiana, and hav ing completed the course there entered the North ern Indiana College, taking a course in engineer ing. He taught school during his vacation, and graduated in 1889 taking a B. S. degree. He matriculated at the Chicago College of Dental Surgery and completed his course there in the spring of 1892, receiving his degree of D. D. S. Since that time he has practiced in Minneapolis and is well known in his profession. Dr. McCrea is a member of the International Dental Congress and in August, 1900, was a delegate to that body at the convention held at Paris. In 1905 some business associates commissioned him to go to the Isthmus of Tehauntepec in southern Mexico, to investigate the conditions in that locality rela tive to industrial investment. Dr. McCrea is a member of all the more important dental societies among them, the International Dental Congress, The Twin City Dental Academy and the Minne sota State Dental Association, and in the last named organization he has successively held all the important offices including that of president. He is also connected with, and an officer in. many of the minor clubs about town. In politics he is an independent thinker, but usually supports republican principles. In April, 1895, Dr. McCrea was married to Miss Etta Johnson of Minneap olis. They have two children, Ruth and John, Jr. MUNNS, Edward Ernest, D. M. D., was born in the town of Deseronto, Ontario, Canada, on August 11, 1874. He is the son of Edward Munns, a constructional contractor and builder of Dese ronto. Dr. Munns lived in the town of his birth until he was seven years old when the family moved to St. Paul. He there obtained his pre paratory education in the public schools and grad uated from the Humboldt high school of that city. He then turned his attention to the pro fession he intended to follow and entered the Col lege of Dentistry at the University of Minnesota with the class of 1900, graduating in that year with the degree of D. M. D. He started to prac tice soon after in East Minneapolis, and has since been in active professional life. Dr. Munns is a member of the State Dental Association, and at tends the Episcopal church. He was married in June, 1904, to Miss Marion Drew. WELLS, James O., the son of Osborn and Cornelia T. Wells, was born in Newberry, South Carolina, February 13, 1871, and died at Min neapolis August 24, i§o8. His father was a general contractor of Newberry, and Dr. Wells passed the early years of his life in that city. After finishing the grade and high school courses, he matriculated at Newberry College and in 1892 graduated from that institution with the degree of A. B. During the two years following he re turned for post-graduate work and took his M. A. degree in 1894. While carrying this work, Dr. Wells was also teaching school and he held the position of instructor until 1896 when he came to Minneapolis. In the fall of that same year he entered the dental department of the University of Minnesota and completing the three-year course received his diploma in 1899 with the de gree of D. D. S. Dr. Wells was, during the first two years he spent at the University, "Quiz mas ter" in histology and shortly after his graduation was appointed to the position of assistant pro fessor of operative dentistry, an office which he held in connection with his regular practice. Since 1899 Dr. Wells has practiced continuously in this city and in 1904 was appointed professor of crown and bridge work at the state university. He was married on June 18, 1905, to Miss Helen Barnholdt, of Minneapolis. CHAPTER XV. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING T HE printing press has played a prom inent part in the history of Minne apolis. The first press was brought into the village of St. Anthony at so early a period that it was quartered in a log house, while Indians frequently peered in through doors and windows to inspect the white man's marvellous machine; but in less than sixty years the product of the press became fifth in value among the in dustries of the city and has outstripped even the great lumbering industry and has placed Minneapolis far ahead of many cities of larger population as a publishing center; while as an influence upon the life of the community and in promoting the interests of the city, the press has 110 peer among the activities of Minneapolis. In a community of comparatively poor people settled in the midst of a wilderness there was 110 very inviting field for an ex perienced newspaper publisher so it came about that to satisfy the demand of the* enterprising village for a paper, the first publisher came from the tailor's bench and the first editor from the lawyer's desk. The St. Anthony Express came out on May 31, 1851, published by Elmer Tyler, a tailor and edited by Isaac Atwater, a lawyer. It was the seventh paper to be started in Minne sota Territory; in politics it supported the whig party. Tyler was confident of suc cess ; Atwater pessimistic as to the outcome. The latter proved to be correct in his ideas for Tyler soon abandoned the venture in disgust and Judge Atwater was obliged to continue it in the hope of recouping him self for advances made to the publisher. He finally sold out at a loss of $3,000. The paper passed through various hands and D. S. B. Johnston closed a brief newspaper career with it in 1861 when the paper dis continued and the plant was sold. The ex perience of most of the other pioneer jour nalistic ventures was not more satisfactory than that of the Express. The Northwest ern Democrat, first published on July 13, : 853> by Prescott & Jones, was the second paper; The St. Anthony Republican ap peared in 1855. The Democrat publishers soon tired of the venture and the paper was then sold and moved to the Minneapolis side of the river where the first newspaper ever printed west of the Mississippi and north of the Iowa line was issued on September 2, 1854, by W. A. Hotchkiss. Although en dorsing Fremont in 1856 the Democrat claimed to be "Thoroughly JefTersonian." Its plant soon passed into other hands and for a time C. H. Pettit and John G. Williams owned it and published the Minneapolis Journal. The Republican was purchased by W. A. Croffut and Edwin Clark in Septem ber 1857 and on September 28th they issued the first number of the first daily paper published at the Falls—the Daily Falls Evening News. It soon reverted to the tri weekly class, but in i860 again tried the daily experiment. Meanwhile there ap peared a new force in Minneapolis journal ism. Colonel William S. King, a compar atively newcomer in the city, started the State Atlas on May 28, 1859. It was an inauspicious time for promoting new , pub lishing enterprises but Colonel King was not the man to stand for difficulties, however formidable. He espoused the cause of the new and growing republican party and dis cussed all questions with characteristic vigor, sparing no one when he disapproved of actions or policies. His forcible editorial and business management made the paper a success in spite of local conditions; al- 218 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS •I H i t msssam w TIIE TRIBUNE Bl'ILDINU. though a temporary issue of a daily proved as financially unsatisfactory as in the case of other early ventures. The State Atlas continued to be the lead ing- Minneapolis paper until 1867. In July 1866 Colonel John H. Stevens, Colonel L. P. Plummer, Frederick L. Smith and Willard S. Whitmore commenced the publica tion of the Chronicle as a weekly, making it a daily a few weeks later and conducting it with such vigor that the influence of the Atlas was threatened. After a few months lively competition the papers settled their differences by consolidating, and renaming the combined sheet The Minneapolis Trib une. THE MINNEAPOLIS TRIBUNE. The first issue of the Minneapolis Tribune came from the press on May 25, 1867, and the paper is thus about forty-one years old and the oldest daily in the city. The prin cipal stockholders were Colonel W. S. King, Dorilus Morrison, W. D. Washburn, A. B. Stickney, Dr. Levi Butler, W. S. Whitmore, Colonel L. P. Plummer, Frederick L. Smith. Dr. George H. Keith and W. A. Newton, and the first editor was John T. Gilman. The ownership was unharmonious politically and in those days politics cut a very large figure in the management and success or failure of a paper. Mr. Gilman was very soon succeeded by George K. Shaw who came to Minneapolis in 1868. In 1870 the Tribune owners found agreement impossible and a controlling interest in the paper was sold to Hugh W. Greene of Boston. Four years later the ownership passed to Clifford Thompson and L. W. Powell, with Major John H. Howell, and, later, Judge John P. Rea, as editors. Then came an interesting episode—the raid of the publishers of the St. Paul Pioneer Press in 1876 by which the Tribune was temporarily put out of exist ence, the "St. Paul and Minneapolis Pioneer Press and Tribune" taking its place. The vigorous protest of the Minneapolis people resulted in a compromise. The Evening Tribune was started and an agreement made by which Minneapolis was to have a morn ing paper franchise whenever it was ready to pay $18,000 as purchase money. In the same operation the Pioneer Press had wiped off the newspaper map the Evening Mail which had been running since 1874 under the management of Johnson & Smith. In 1879 the Tribune was owned by David Blakely, Col. Plummer and George K. Shaw, when General A. B. Nettleton came to the city and purchased first Shaw's and then Plummer's interest and in May of the following year, paid the $18,000 to the Pio neer Press and started the morning Tribune again. Mr. Blakely sold his interests to Gen. Nettleton in 1881 and the paper con tinued under one head until 1885 when it passed into the hands of Alden J. Blethen and the Haskells of the Boston Herald. For years the Tribune had been housed in the old city hall but about the time of the new regime it moved into the first Tribune build ing at Fourth street and First avenue south, now the Phoenix building. Colonel Blethen's management was forceful and sagacious and the paper made rapid progress. In 1888 Colonel Blethen sold his interests to NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING Haskell & Palmer but after a year bought back the paper and conducted it until 1891 when he sold again to Pierce & Murphy. Meantime, on November 30, 1889, had oc curred the fearful Tribune building fire, when the entire plant of the paper was de stroyed and several lives lost. The new Tribune building on the opposite side of Fourth street was constructed with great rapidity and temporary quarters were mean while occupied in the Rochester building. During a large part of Colonel Blethen's regime, Dr. Albert Shaw, now editor of the Review of Reviews, was associate editor of the Tribune. Charles Alf. Williams, one of the best known Minneapolis newspaper men of the eighties, was city editor, managing editor and dramatic critic during most of the same period. Gov. Pierce's connection with the Tribune was not long. The paper soon passed solely into the hands of William J. Murphy who has since directed its fortunes with great success. The Tribune was. a second time burned out in 1899. For some years Charles H. Hamblin, who came to the paper in 1889, has been its editor and manager. In 1887 C. A. Nimocks started the Even ing Star, which he managed for about three years, when it was merged with the. Tribune as the Tribune-Star, becoming in fact the evening edition of the Tribune. Within a short time the original name was dropped and since 1890 the afternoon edition of the Tribune has been known as the Evening Tribune. THE MINNEAPOLIS JOURNAL. The Minneapolis Evening Journal dates from November 26, 1878, when F. E. Cur tis, C. A. French, Charles H. Stevens and E. J. C. Atterbury undertook the perilous enterprise of publishing a daily without a press franchise and with very limited cap ital. The paper made progress from the first and in the autumn of 1879 had reached 2,000 -circulation; but in the spring of 1880 when the Tribune went back to morning publication, its evening franchise was pur chased by George K. Shaw, C. A. Nimocks and W. A. Nimocks who made preparations to start a new afternoon paper. The pros pects of the Journal were gloomy. At this 219 juncture the plant of the Journal was burned and its founders sold out its name, circula tion and good will to Shaw and the Nim ocks for $2,000." Mr. Shaw later disposed o.f his interest to the' Nimocks brothers who in turn sold the whole paper to Lucian swift, A. J. Blethen, W. E. Haskell and H. W. Hawley in November, 1885, for $130,000. Soon" after this transfer the office of the paper was moved from 255 First avenue south to the Tribune building where it re mained until the fire of 1889.. E. B. Has kell soon acquired Mr. Blethen's interest in the paper and J. S. McLain and C. M. Palmer became stockholders upon the with drawal of Mr. Hawley. On no paper in/the city have there been so few changes in staff. Mr. Swift became manager at the outset and has remained in charge of the business af fairs of the paper, .while Mr. McLain who was at first managing editor soon became editor-in-chief, the position which he Mill holds. W. B. Chamberlain and A.; J. Rus sell have, been associated with the editorial department, Charles A. Tuller with the business department and William H. Web ster with the mechanical department al most from the beginning of the present ownership while Charles L. Bartholomew • Bart"—has been cartoonist since 1890. William A. Frisbie the present managing editor came to the paper in 1893 and W. W. Jermane, the Washington correspondent, went on to the staff in 1892. The fire of 1889 w a s not a serious setback to the paper as its new building at 47-49 South Fourth street , was nearly completed and was soon occupied. This building has since been much enlarged. In 1905 The Journal com menced the publication of a Sunday morn ing edition.* OTHER DAILY PAPERS. There has never been a permanently suc cessful attempt to establish a democratic daily paper in Minneapolis. The most am bitious undertaking in this direction was the Minneapolis Times which was founded in 1889 as a morning paper by C. A. Nimocks *On September 1, 1908, The Journal was purchased by H. V. Jones and Wm. S. Jones, both well known Minneapolis newspaper men. Messrs. Swift, McLain and Frisbie having sold their interests at once retired and H. V. Jones became editor and W. S. Jones busi ness manager. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 220 and R. B. Gelatt, the latter being editor-inchief. James Gray, who had begun news paper work on the Tribune in 1885, was managing editor. The first number was is sued on October 1, 1889. In the following April John Blanchard purchased Mr. Gelatt's interest and remained with the paper until his death. Although started as an in dependent paper the Times soon developed democratic tendencies and in the autumn cf 1890 a number of prominent local dem ocrats became interested. For a time the paper prospered but the panic of 1893 brought disaster. For several years the fortunes of the paper were uncertain. Mr. Gray left the staff in 1898 to become a can didate for mayor; shortly afterwards Mr. Blanchard died, and after a few years the paper was discontinued. The present Minneapolis Daily News was established in 1903 by B. D. Butler with the prestige of association with popular one cent papers of the Scripps-McRae group. The Daily Tidende (mentioned more at length elsewhere) was established in 1887 by T. Guldbrandsen. It is the only Scandi navian daily in the Northwest and has been very successful. The Market Record, Mar ket Reporter and Daily Legal News serve the purposes indicated by their names and are successful class papers. As suggesting the growth of daily jour nalism in the city the following figures from the most recent census reports are interest ing: Aggregate NUMBER Circulation Census Total Morning Evening per Issue 1905 1900 1890 11 9 9 207,812 137,906 92,323 Average Circulation Per Issue 18,892 15,323 10,258 Although ranking nineteenth in popula tion the city stands sixteenth in aggregate circulation of dailies. TRADE AND CLASS PAPERS. Minneapolis is exceptionally strong in the matter of class publications of all kinds. As early as 1857 Col. Stevens (who had a hand in many of the newspaper enterprises of the city) started the Cataract and Agri culturist—the forerunner of the large agri cultural papers of today. Tt lived under THE JOURNAL BUILDINO. various names and owners until about 1870. The Rural Minnesotian of 1859 only sur vived a short time and this was the fate of all other early enterprises of this character. The first of the large trade papers of the present time was the Mississippi Valley Lumberman founded in 1876 by Col. Piatt B. Walker, whose son, Piatt B. Walker, Jr., is now editor and manager. It has become one of the strongest lumber papers in the country. The Northwestern Miller, for years the leading milling journal of the world, was founded at LaCrosse, Wisconsin, in 1877 and moved to Minneapolis in 1879 when C. M. Palmer became its principal owner. Wm. C. Edgar became business manager in 1882 and in a few years advanced to be general manager and editor, having had entire charge of the paper since 1886 and owning a controlling interest since 1895. The Housekeeper was established by A. G. Wilcox in the late seventies and was one NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING 221 of the earliest of the monthlies devoted to is to represent the dominant spirit of the home matters. It passed through several Northwest, which is not always the popular ownerships with varying fortunes until the one. Its tone is ultra-conservative. In Housekeeper Corporation was formed in politics as in other things it is independent, 1895 with Lucian Swift as president and and it exercises the strictest censorship of Frederick Fayram as secretary, treasurer any paper in the United States'over the ad and manager. Under Mr. Fayram's direc vertising admitted to its columns. It is hand tion the paper has taken a foremost place somely illustrated, printed on expensive among the publications of its class and has paper and made as nearly perfect typograph. ically as is possible. reached a very large circulation. The Commercial Bulletin was started in T H E SCANDINAVIAN PRESS. 1883 as the Grocers Bulletin. Wm. S. Jones In a state where there is so large a popu acquired an interest in 1886 and for twenty lation of Scandinavian origin, Minneapolis years was identified with the paper, build has very naturally become the center of ing it up to a strong position. He sold it publication of journals in the Swedish and in 1906 to the Root Newspaper Associa Norwegian languages. Nordisk-Folkeblad tion and George D. Mekeel is now its man was the first of a long list of these papers. ager. Farm Implements, a leading paper It was moved to Minneapolis in 1868 but in its line, was established in 1886. Luman after a few years was sold and discontinued. C. Pryor is its editor. Budstikken was started as a weekly in Sep Agricultural journals have been prosper tember, 1873, was purchased by Mr..Guldous since the eighties. Farm, Stock and brandsen of the Tidende in 1888 and in 1895 Home was established in 1884 a n d has be was consolidated with other papers and come a powerful influence among the rural changed to the weekly Tidende and contin population under the editorship of S. M. ues as the largest Norwegian weekly in the Owen. The Northwestern Agriculturist, northwest. Folkeblaclet was issued first in established in 1886 in North Dakota, was 1877, edited by Professors Oftedal and moved to Minneapolis a few years later Sverdrup of the Augsburg Seminary; Svenand since 1893 when it came under the man ska Folkets Tidning was established in 1881 agement of P. V. Collins, has attained a by Alfred Soderstrom and with Magnus prominent place among farm papers. Lunnow as editor; Ugebladet moved here In 1892 H. C. Chapin, who had been con from Chicago in 1886. nected with the daily papers of the city for The Svenska Amerikanska Posten was some years, withdrew to enter business for founded in 1885 by Swan J. Turnblad as himself and founded the Chapin Publishing a prohibition paper but developed into a Company which issues the Improvement general weekly and has become the most Bulletin and the Northwestern Druggist, important paper published in the Swedish two very successful trade papers. Another, language in this part of the country. Since prominent daily newspaper man, Herschel these older papers were established there V. Jones, resigned from a long connection have been many more put forth, some of wih the Journal in 1901 to found The Com which have become large and influential. mercial West, a paper devoted to western P R I N T I N G AND PUBLISHING. investments, manufacturing, milling and grain. In medical journalism the North The story of the book and job printing western Lancet, under the direction of W. and publishing business of the city is, of L. Klein, has taken a foremost place. course, very closely interwoven with that of One of the very latest of Minneapolis the newspapers. The earlier printing offices publications is The Bellman, edited and combined job and newspaper work as a conducted by William C. Edgar. It was matter of course and there were few inde established in 1906 and is published every pendent job offices for a long time. As late week. It is a political, social and literary re as 1874 only six were listed in the city direc view of some thirty-two pages and its aim tory, The veteran of all the printers of 222 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Minneapolis is Fred L. Smith of the Harri son & Smith Co. who came to the city in 1857, a boy of fourteen, and soon went to work at the printers trade in the old news paper and job office of CrofTut & Clark. He was connected with some of the earlier newspaper ventures, in 1867 became mechanical superintendent of the newly launched Minneapolis Tribune, and in 1871, with the late Colonel Charles W. Johnson, established the job printing firm of Johnson & Smith which has continued without,break to the present time, Mr. Smith being the THE NORTHWESTERN MILLER BUILDING. president and manager. The Tribune estab lished a job department soon after it was founded which, after a while, was separated from the newspaper company and became fhe Tribune Job Printing Company. C. A. Mitchell was for years the owner of this business. Henry M. Hall of Hall, Black & Co. is next to Mr. Smith, the oldest printer in the city. He was the first journeyman to work for Johnson & Smith in 1871. Of other job printing houses of today, that of Kimball & Storer Co. was founded as Todd & Kimball in 1878 and Swinburne & Co. by J. W. Swinburne in 1883. Publishing as distinct from newspaper printing was not a recognized business un til about 1880. The late Major A. G. Wil cox was one of the first book publishers of the city, under the name of the Buckeye Publishing Company. Warner & Foote were early historical and map publishers. But the larger publishing establishments, notably the concerns publishing books in the Scandinavian languages, have grown up with the past two decades. The Augsburg Publishing Company, The Free Church Book Concern, The Lutheran Publishing House and others are prominent. Many of the large eastern publishing houses have established regular offices in the city and the A. N. Kellogg Newspaper Company maintains its northwestern offices and plant here. A unique and notable publishing house is that of the The H. W. Wilson Company. This was established in 1889 as Morris & Wilson and at first handled only university supplies and occupied a room in the old main building. In 1899 the concern moved to 315 Fourteenth avenue southeast, enlarging its stock and adding a printing plant and in 1907 it had grown to such pro portions as to require a much larger build ing and occupied the present quarters at 1401-1405 University avenue southeast. The business of the company is principally the publication of indexes and catalogs used in public libraries throughout the United States and to some extent in other coun tries. The enormous growth of the publishing and printing business of the city may be best appreciated through a comparison of the business in 1900 and 1905 as supplied by the United States Census bureau. In this period the amount of capital employed, as well as the value of the output, doubled, as shown in the following statement: KstabCensus ii s j,ments 1905 1900 89 73 Capital Misc. Cost of Expenses Materials Value of Products $977,333 $212,809 $387,577 $1,426,441 474,357 68,706 209,474 770,839 The number of employes increased from 548 to 776 and the total wages paid nearly doubled. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING BARTHOLOMEW, Charles L., known to the reading world as "Bart," has been the cartoonist of The Minneapolis Journal for eighteen years. In this long period he has drawn daily cartoons, missing very few days of publication, an enor mous drain upon the invention of any man no matter how prolific. Bart draws cartoons as the editorial writer writes articles, from the news of the day. He is an editor in outline. His cartoon is a first-page editorial, couched in the most tell ing phrases and simplest grammar. Bart was a pioneer in the newspaper cartoon field, not only in the northwest but in the country at large, The Journal being one of the first pa pers in the United States to use the daily cartoon feature. He came to Minneapolis at the age of nineteen after taking an engineering course at the Iowa State college. After two years with other twin city papers, he began work with The Jour nal as a reporter, and literally created the depart ment in which he has made a name. The success of the idea was immediate, but has grown from year to year until Bart's cartoons are known around the world, and The Journal and Minneap olis are familiar names to many abroad who otherwise might never have heard of them. The Journal cartoons have been reproduced in every part of the Union and in England and Eu ropean countries, by many daily papers and maga zines. Even in far away Australia they are fre quently reproduced. In his book, "The Ameri canization of the World," W. T. Stead says: "One of the most capable cartoonists of the Un ited States is Mr. Bart of The Minneapolis Jour nal." In this book and in Mr. Stead's magazine, The European Review of Reviews, Bart's car toons have appeared more frequently even than in The American Review of Reviews, whose edi tor, Dr. Albert Shaw, says: "The esteem in which The Review of Reviews holds the political cartoons that appear in The Minneapolis Journal is sufficiently shown by the frequency with which it has reproduced them Mr. Charles L. Bartholomew of The Journal, whose work is signed 'Bart/ has not merely a very ingenious and ready pencil, but he has a re markable political instinct that makes his draw ings to a very unusual extent valuable as elucidat ing the situation or re-enforcing an editorial po sition or point of view." Of the wonderful advertising value of Bart's cartoons B. O. Flower, the editor of The Arena, wrote in a recent article: "We doubt if even the management of The Journal fully appreciates the enormous value of Bart's work in familiarizing the reading world at large with the name of his paper," and to this, he might have added, with the name of his town also. The artist has made a name for himself, but better than that he has made a home for himself. Mr. Bartholomew married a college classmate. They have a home in town and a summer place at Lake Minnetonka, where Bart, his wife and their three boys spend the happiest of summers. Many CIIARLKS L. 223 BARTHOLOMEW. flattering offers have come to him*from publica tions in other cities east and west, but his envir onment is so congenial where he is that it would take something like a revolution to lift Bart from Minneapolis or from The Journal. Mr. Bartholomew is the son of Col. O. A. Bartholomew, an attorney at Chariton, Iowa. He was turned toward newspaper work by his mother whose habit was to read aloud to her children. She encouraged the future cartoonist to learn the printer's trade, and later coached him in editing the home paper during college vacations. BLETHEN, Alden J., formerly editor and owner of the Minneapolis Tribune and now edi tor-in-chief of the Seattle Daily and Sunday Times, and president of the Times Printing Com pany, comes of one of the oldest families of this country, his ancestry tracing back to 1680, when representatives of the name located at Ipswich, Massachusetts. As a rule, the men of the family have devoted their energies to either agricultural or sea-faring pursuits. The paternal grand mother was a second cousin of Ethan Allen, the gallant Vermont general. Again the family was represented by loyal service in the Civil War, three elder brothers of A. J. Blethen joining the union army. Colonel Blethen is a native of Maine, having been born at Knox, Waldo coun- 224 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ty, on December 27, 1846, his parents being Alden and Abbie L. Blethen. After acquiring a com mon school education he entered Wesleyan sem inary and college, where he was graduated in 1868. In 1872 he won the degree of Master of Arts at Bowdoin college. He then took up the profession of teaching and was lessee and prin cipal of the Abbott Family school at Farmington, Maine, from 1869 until 1873. At the same time he carried on the study of law and was admit ted to the bar of Maine in the latter year, estab lishing an office in Portland. He there engaged in practice until 1880, when on account of ill health he removed to Kansas City, Missor where he entered upon the vocation for which he is so admirably fitted. For four years he was manager of the well known Kansas City Joural. Thence he removed to Minneapolis in 1884, where his field was enlarged by purchasing an interest in the two leading papers here—the Tribune and the Journal. He served as editor of the Tribune and manager of the Journal until 1888, when he sold his interest in those papers for two hundred and fifty thousand dollars spot cash. Having a decided liking as well as a special ability for newspaper work, Colonel Blethen re purchased the Tribune the following year, but fire destroyed the building in November of the same year and he suffered a loss of one hundred thousand dollars. Nothing daunted, he set to work to build in 1890, erecting the new Tribune building at a cost of one hundred thousand dol lars, but the financial panic of 1890, caused by the failure of the Barings Brothers followed so closely after the fire only to be succeeded by the greater panic of 1893, that it brought dis aster to him as it did to so many others and he lost all. After his financial failure, desiring to begin anew in the newspaper field, Colonel Blethen went to Seattle in 1896, where he purchased the plant of a bankrupt daily paper, with a circula tion of thirty-five hundred. He increased this over fifty-six per cent in the first year and the Times has since steadily grown until its circula tion is over fifty thousand each evening and sev enty thousand Sunday morning. It now occu pies its own building, and has the largest plant in the northwest. The growth and prosperity of the Times during the twelve years of the man agement of Colonel Blethen may be better un derstood from the following facts: White paper consumed in 1895, 125,000 pounds, in 1907, 8,468,844 pounds; circulation in 1895, 3,831 copies daily, in 1907, 53.949 copies daily; the Sunday Times, 1907 (started in 1902) 70,125 copies each issue. The advertising carried in 1895 was 131,040 inches, in 1907, 836,987 inches. From an in significant plant valued at $3,000 in 1895, the Times has increased until today its plant is val ued, including building, above $500,000. Newspaperdom recently said:—"With match less energy and foresight Colonel Blethen has made the Times the greatest afternoon and Sun day newspaper on the Pacific Coast, and has de voted it as a mighty instrument for the upbuild ing of Seattle. There is not at this time a bet ter or a more elegantly equipped newspaper plant west of Chicago, than that from which the Seattle Daily and Sunday Times are issued,—all the result of the indefatigable energy of Colonel Blethen." While in Minneapolis Colonel Blethen took a nost active part in the public affairs of the city and was particularly prominent in the pro motion of the Minneapolis exposition—an under taking which he was the first to propose in the editorial columns of the Tribune. He served, while in Minnesota, as Colonel on the staffs of both Governor Nelson and Governor Clough. At Farmington, Maine, on March 12, 1869, Colonel Blethen was united in marriage to Miss Rose, a daughter of Captain David F. Hunter, and a granddaughter of David Hunter, who came from Scotland to America and was one of the early settlers of northeastern Maine. Four chil dren have been born of this marriage, two sons and two daughters. Joseph, the eldest son, is manager of the Times, and the secretary and treasurer of the Times Printing Company. Clarence B., the younger son, is the managingeditor. ALDEN J. BLETHKN. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING PAUL V. COLLIN'S. CHAPIN, Harold C., was born at La Crosse, Wisconsin, on September 22, 1861, the son of Nathan C. Chapin and Mary Fountain Chapin. His father was a Congregational minister, who for fifteen years until 1872 held the position of pastor of the First Congregational Church at La Crosse and afterwards held pastorates at Fari bault, Rochester and St. Cloud, Minnesota. Mr. Chapin passed the early years of his life in La Crosse and studied there under the tutorship of his father and in the public schools, acquiring thus his preparatory education. He entered Beloit College, at Beloit, Wisconsin, of which his uncle, A. L. Chapin, was president so many years, and graduated in 1881, winning high honors in scholarship and representing his class as its salutatorian. Three years later he took in ad dition an M. A. degree. In selecting the field for a career, Mr. Chapin chose that of journal ism, and in the fall of 1881, came from Rochester, Minnesota, where his home had been for some time, to Minneapolis, to accept the position of private secretary to Mr. A. B. Nettleton, at that time the owner and editor of the Minneapolis Tri bune. For two years he was with that paper, being promoted to a position on the staff of the city editor. He resigned in order to fill a simi lar position on the Minneapolis local staff of the Pioneer Press, and upon the resignation of J. N. Nind was placed in charge of the Minneap olis editorial department. For many years he 225 held this office and by his energy and natural ability for the journalistic work became promi nent among the newspaper men of the North west. He later resumed his connection with the Tribune and for some time was city editor. At the time of the famous Tribune Building fire on November 30, 1889, Mr. Chapin was one of those who narrowly escaped death in the burning build ing. In 1892 Mr. Chapin abandoned daily news paper work and established the Northwestern Press Clipping Bureau. The following year he began a publishing business and started the pub lication of the Weekly Improvement Bulletin, and for some years later issued the first copy of the Northwestern Druggist. These two publications are now ranked among the successful trade jour nals of the country. Mr. Chapin still owns all of these interests and is at the head of the active management of them, the business being incorpo rated as the Chapin Publishing Company. Dur ing his residence in this city Mr. Chapin has been interested in the promotion and support of all movements for the civic welfare or improvement and is associated with several organizations for that purpose. In 1904 he held the office cf presi dent of the Linden Hills Improvement Associa tion. He is also a member of the Minneapolis Press Club, the Minnesota Trade Press Associa tion and the Minneapolis Automobile Club. He was married on May 5, 1887, to Miss Virginia E. Coe, daughter of C. A. Coe of this city. They have two children Rollin C. and Harold F. They have an attractive suburban home on the shore of Lake Harriet. COLLINS, Paul V., editor of the Northwest ern Agriculturist, and president of the P. V. Collins Publishing Company, is a direct descendent of the famous Quaker Collins family of England, one of tTie first followers of George Fox. His English ancestors were Edward and Mary Collins of Oxfordshire. Their son, Francis, migrated to America in 1681 with the first ship load of colonists sent over by William Penn, and settled at Burlington, New Jersey, where Francis Collins built the first Quaker meeting house. In a collateral line from the same ancestors, was Isaac Collins, who in Revolutionary times started and published the New Jersey Gazette, the first editorial champion of the American patriots, and whose loyal services as editor were recognized by Congress in a resolution, expressly exempting Isaac Collins and all his printers from military duty. Another ancestor of distinction was Ed ward Doty, a passenger on the Mayflower, who became the forefather of Eunice Doty, paternal grandmother of the subject of this sketch. The maternal grandmother of Paul V. Collins, Rhoda Littell, was a cousin of the founder of the Boston literary magazine, Littell's Living Age. * Paul V., the son of Samuel and Abigail Jane Collins, was born in Camden, Preble county, Ohio, but his parents removed to Dayton when he was about seven years of age, where his father was a mer chant. He graduated from the Dayton high 226 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS school in 1879 and a year later began his journal istic career as a reporter on the Dayton Democrat. In 1882 he became reporter and staff correspon dent on the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, a position he held for two years. Discontinuing his journalistic work, he then took up the study of art in the Art Students' League in New York during 1884 and 1885, after which he re-entered journalism by forming a syndicate of metropol itan papers, among them the New York Tribune, Boston Globe and St. Louis Republic, for special European correspondence by mail and cable, and in 1885 went to Paris. From the French capital he cabled detailed interviews with Pasteur on the discovery of his hydrophobia cure, with De Lesseps after his inspection of the Panama Canal in 1886; Meissonier Bougereau, Constant, Gerome and other famous artists on the paintings of the Paris Salon, and while there he was a member of the famous Ramblers' Club which consisted of American and English artists and journalists, having headquarters in that city. He returned to America in 1886, and located in Minnesota, pur chasing the St. Peter Tribune. Later, at St. Peter, while still publishing the Tribune, he pur chased Skordemannen, the only Swedish farm paper in America; and in 1890 he sold the Tri bune for the purpose of bringing Skordemannen (a paper he could not read) to Minneapolis and developing its business. After putting the Swed ish publication on a successful financial basis, he sold it in June, 1893, and purchased the North western Agriculturist. This was a monthly of 9,000 circulation at the time of Mr. Collins' pur chase; the following fall (1893) he changed it to a semi-monthly, and in March, 1904, to a weekly. It has now a circulation (1908) exceeding 83,000 a week—equal in the year to any other two farm papers in the Northwest combined. In 1904 Mr. Collins purchased The Home Magazine, a month ly publication of 150,000 circulation founded by Mrs. John A. Logan in Washington, District of Columbia, and he removed it to Minneapolis, where he published it until January, 1906, when it was sold and removed to Indianapolis. In August, 1904, the P. V. Collins Publishing Com pany was incorporated, for publishing the North western Agriculturist and The Home Magazine, Mr. Collins holding a controlling interest in the corporation, and being its president and manager. With this business he is still engaged, and under his editorial and business management, the Northwestern Agriculturist has attained a posi tion of leadership amongst the agricultural press. Mr. Collins is prominent in the various press and editorial associations of the country, and has held offices in several of the more important. In 1904 he was president of the National Editorial Association and one of the two vice presidents for America of the World's Press Congress, both of which organizations met at the St. Louis World's Exposition. The meeting of the Na tional Editorial Association on that occasion were the largest editorial gatherings ever held in the world, the average daily attendance ex ceeding a thousand, including the best known journalists of the country. Mr. Collins was also (in 1901) president of the National Agricultural Press League. He is a member of the Commer cial, Publicity, and Westminster clubs of Min neapolis, and is an active member of Westmin ster Presbyterian church. He was married June 20, 1889, to Miss Mary G. Rhoads. COMMERCIAL BULLETIN—An important factor in the growth of Minneapolis as a whole sale center has been the Commercial Bulletin and Northwest Trade, which since it was founded in 1883, has ably and consistently labored to extend and increase the trade of the wholesale and manufacturing industries of the city. A weekly paper, having a wide circulation among retail merchants throughout the Northwest, it has grown with the development of the market, until today it is recognized as one of the strong est trade publications of the country. The his tory of the Commercial Bulletin and Northwest Trade dates back to October, 1883, when T. T. Bacheller founded the Grocers' Bulletin, which was financed by one of the large jobbing houses of the city. It soon became evident to Mr. Bacheller that Minneapolis was to be a great jobbing center and that with St. Paul it would control the greater part of the trade of Minne sota and the Dakotas, with sections of Iowa and Wisconsin, and gradually reach out westward, to the coast. Accordingly, in May, 1884, he placed his paper on an independent footing, changing its name to the Commercial Bulletin and cham pioning the wholesale and manufacturing in terests of Minneapolis in such an aggressive way that the paper soon became known as the rep resentative organ of the Minneapolis merchan dise market. Up to 1885 the Commercial Bul letin had depended almost entirely upon the Min neapolis market for its support, but as the years moved on its influence with the retailers of the Northwest became so strong that manufactur ers and wholesalers in all parts of the United States came to recognize it as the best medium for reaching the retail trade of the Northwest. Its success inspired the establishment in 1884 of the Northwest Trade. In May, 1885, Mr. Bachel ler sold the Commercial Bulletin to S. W. Alvord, a Pennsylvanian backed by two Minne apolis attorneys. Early in 1886 Mr. Alvord sold a half interest in the paper to Will S. Jones, then an advertising solicitor on one of the Minne apolis daily newspapers, and in 1887 sold the remaining half interest to Red Clay McCauley. Mr. Jones a little later bought out Mr. McCauley's interest, thereby becoming sole owner and manager. The Northwest Trade was soon after ward acquired by Mr. Jones and the two papers were consolidated. Since 1902 the editorial direction of the paper has been in charge of W. E. Davis, with the exception of a year and a half, when I. A. Fleming occupied the editorial NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING chair. In April, 1906, the Commercial Bulletin and Northwest Trade became the property of the Root Newspaper Association, publishers of a number of the most important and successful trade publications of the country. George 1). Mekeel, formerly of St. Louis, assumed the busi ness management of the property. Since that time it has been much enlarged and improved and now ranks as one of the strongest journals devoted to retail merchandising. EDGAR, William C., a resident of Minneap olis since 1882 when he came to the city to asso ciate himself with the Northwestern Miller, comes of old American families in both the paternal and maternal branches. His father was Joseph C. Edgar who for a number of years was an architect in St. Louis, Missouri. William C. Edgar was born in La Crosse in the year 1856. The family soon after moved to St. Louis, Mis souri, where Mr. Edgar passed the early part of his life and began his education in the public schools. He also attended the high school of that city but did not graduate. In 1874 he took a position in a St. Louis business house where he remained until 1882. In the latter year he received an offer from the Northwestern Miller, then as now, the foremost milling journal of the country, to become its business manager. He accepted and came to Minneapolis to begin his long connection with the paper. Two years later he became general manager and since 1886 has also been its editor. In 1895 he purchased a controlling interest in the stock and became pres ident of the Miller Publishing Company. Covering, as it does, one of the broadest fields with which class journalism is connected, the Miller has given to Mr. Edgar a splendid opportunity to exercise his knowledge of the editorial depart ment of newspaper work as well as his ability as a business manager. In July of 1906 Mr. Edgar established and began the publication of "The Bellman," a weekly illustrated paper issued in Minneapolis. He is a contributor to numerous periodicals and the author of several books and pamphlets. Among these are the Story of a Grain of Wheat, published in 1903; The Russian Famine, 1893, and The Miller's Evil Genius. Mr. Edgar is actively interested in improvement and reform movements and has been the head c>f a number of such efforts to better the public con dition. Possibly his most important public serv ice was rendered by his connection with the re lief movement for the famine stricken peasants of Russia in 1891. The plan was conceived and executed by him; through his efforts the millers of this country were induced to contribute a shipload of flour; and under his personal super vision it was collected, shipped and distributed. The food furnished by these means to the suffer ing population of the Empire did much to relieve the situation, and as a mark of the appreciation felt for the efforts of Mr. Edgar in behalf of his people, the Emperor presented him with a gold 227 flagon. Well known in the social life of the city as well as in business circles, Mr. Edgar is natu rally associated with a number of the larger clubs, both of Minneapolis and other cities. His local affiliations include memberships in the Min neapolis, Minikahda, Lafayette and Skylight clubs and he is also on the roll of the St. Louis Club of St. Louis, and the Salmagundi Club of New York. He is connected with several scien tific and improvement organizations, the chief ones being the American Social Science Associa tion of New York; the American Free Trade League, Boston; the National Municipal League, Philadelphia; the Minnesota Trade Press Asso ciation, of which he was the first president; and the Voters League, of the executive committee of which he is a member. Mr. Edgar was married in 1883 to Miss Anne Page Randolph Robinson and they have two children—a son, Randolph, and a daughter Marjorie. FARM, STOCK AND HOME, one of the leading agricultural papers of the west, was established in 1884 by the late Horatio R. Owen, who was its business manager until his death in 1900. The Hon. Sidney M. Owen assumed editorial management of the paper in 1895 and still occupies the position of editor with the utmost success. His son, Harry N. Owen, has long been connected with the paper, and on the death of Mr. Horatio Owen succeeded him as business manager and still continues at the head of that department of the paper. The business is now owned by the Farm, Stock & Home Com pany, a corporation, and the enterprise is on a sound basis financially. Its circulation is over 104,000 copies, it is issued semi-monthly, and the paper enjoys the confidence of a large con stituency among the farmers of the Northwest. Its office is at 830 Hennepin avenue, where is occupies an entire floor, fully - equipped for the production of a modern class paper. FAYRAM, Frederick, was born on April 3, [852, at Rotherham, England. His father Amos Fayram, a life insurance actuary, is still living but has now retired; his mother, Martha Blackmore Fayram, died in 1891. They were both na tives of England and through them Mr. Fayram is connected with prominent and well known aristocratic families in England. His early boy hood was spent in England but when he was nine years of age, his parents came to Canada and settled at Hamilton. In the schools of that place and of Toronto, Canada, he received his educa tion, going through the common schools and tak ing a course in a business college. For a time Mr. Fayram studied the cabinet making trade, but his inclinations were toward a journalistic career and in 1875 he went to Detroit, Michigan, and there entered the employ of the Detroit Free Press. He remained with this paper for nineteen years, becoming business manager in 1887. He re signed this position in 1894 to come to Minneapo lis and one year later, in July, 1895, he associated 228 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS himself with Lucian Swift in the purchase of "The Housekeeper," and of this publication he has been secretary, treasurer and general manager since that time. Mr. Fayram has always had a keen interest in music and its promotion and for nineteen years while in Detroit sang profession ally in church choirs and was one of the famous Arion Male Quartette of Detroit. He continued his connection with musical affairs in Minneap olis and since 1897 has been president of the Philharmonic Club. He was largely instrumental in bringing about the movement which resulted in the erection of the Minneapolis Auditorium. At the institution of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra he was one of the most active workers on the behalf of that organization and is now one of the managing committee. Mr. Fayram is fond of athletic and water sports, belongs to the Minneapolis Athletic and Minnetonka Yacht clubs and is actively interested in sailing, automobiling and all vigorous out-of-door sports. He is also a member of the Minneapolis, the Commercial and the Six O'Clock clubs and is prominently identified with the club life of the city. In 1892 Mr. Fayram was married to Miss Carrie J. Young, of Mount Vernon, Ohio: They have no children. HALL, BLACK & CO.—The firm of Hall, Black & Co., general printers, was organized in 1886 by Henry M. Hall and W. F. Black and has continued ever since without change of name or membership in the partnership. Both the partners were from Maine. Mr. Hall learned the printer's trade in Houlton, Maine, and came west to establish himself in business. Mr. Black had been in the printing business in Boston, but owing to failing health had sold out and for some years engaged in the more active work of telegraph and telephone construction and superintendence. He was superintendent of the Worcester division of the New England Tele graph and Telephone Company at the time of the general consolidation of the Bell telephone interests and was soon sent to Minneapolis to act as cashier in the local office. After a year or so of service as cashier and acting superin tendent in Minneapolis he formed the partner ship with Mr. Hall and has since been in busi ness for himself. The job printing business taken up by the firm was that originally started about 1880 or 1881 as the Journal Job Printing Com pany. The new owners moved the plant to 304 First avenue South, where they enlarged it year by year and'built up a satisfactory business. Af ter 15 years the quarters were outgrown and in 1901 the concern moved to its present loca tion at 329 'Hennepin avenue. Here a modern cylinder press of large capacity and other equip ment was added to the plant and the business still further 'developed. The firm is perhaps the only one in the city which has undergone no changes or suffered from any business vicis situdes in the course of its career of a score of years. FREDERICK FAYRAM. JONES, Herschell V., editor of the Minne apolis Journal, was born at Jefferson, Schoharie county, New York, August 30, 1861, son of W. S. Jones, a merchant of that place. Mr. Jones' ancestors helped to make history in the older days in Connecticut and Massachusetts, some of them having been numbered among the minute men who made the stand at Concord Bridge in 1775 and "fired the shot heard round the world." As a boy Mr. Jones attended the public schools in Jefferson, New York, and after wards the Delaware Literary Institute at Frank lin, New York. With strong journalistic instinct lie conducted a country newspaper, when he was eighteen years old, and, subsequently, as a member of the editorial staff of the Minneapolis Evening Journal for seventeen years, he acquired ample experience in metropolitan journalism. As com mercial editor of that paper Mr. Jones developed a remarkable aptitude in the difficult science of crop-estimating and forecasting, and his close approximations to officially declared results in the spring wheat area, have given him a wide recognition in the commercial world as an expert crop estimator. In 1901 Mr. Jones founded "The Commercial West," a journal devoted to the promotion of the financial and commercial inter ests of the West. This undertaking proved very successful and the paper has taken a place as a recognized authority in its field. On Septembei NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING I , 1908, Mr. Jones, with his brother William S. Jones, purchased the Minneapolis Journal. He became the editor and his brother the business manager of the paper. He is a member of the Minneapolis, the Minikahda, the Commercial and the Sky-light Clubs. In 1885 Mr. Jones was married to Lydia G. Wilcox, of Jefferson, New York, and seven children have been born to them. KLEIN, William Livingston, publisher of the Journal-Lancet, is a native of Illinois. He was born at Barry, Pike county, on January 28, 1851, the son of Joseph and Agnes G. Klein. His father was a lawyer. He attended the local schools during his boyhood, and prepared for college at the Pittsfield, Illinois, high schooi From Pittsfield he went to Ithaca, New York, and entered Cornell University. After completing the four years' course he graduated in 1873 with the degree of B. S. After leaving college Mr Klein spent a few years teaching school being, successively, the principal of the Argyle Academy, Argyle, New York; principal (for three years) of the Woodstock, Illinois, schools; and principal of the Jefferson, Illinois, high school—now a part of the Chicago school system. Since 1878 he has been editor and publisher of professional books and periodicals. He came to Minneapolis in 1882 and for the past fifteen years has been manager of the Lancet, the leading paper of the medical profession in the Northwest. Mr. Klein is the author of "Why We Punctuate; or Rea son vs. Rule in the Use of Marks," which was published anonymously and caused much com ment among literary and educational papers. It received high praise from the leading literal*} journals of the country, and Dr. J. L. Pickard, a prominent American educator, said of it: "The author has introduced punctuation into litera ture." Mr. Klein was married in 1875 to Nora C. Sprague of Homer, New York, and they have two children, Horace C. and Kenneth O. I lie family attends Trinity Baptist Church. McLAIN, John Scudder, editor of the Min neapolis Journal, was born in Brown county, Ohio, 011 May 26, 1853, the son of James Robin son and Nancy (Anderson) McLain. He spent his early years 011 a farm in Kendall county, Il linois, where the family located in 1854, and at tended the common schools, completing his edu cation at Jennings Seminary, Aurora, Illinois, and at Wabash College, which he entered in 1870. He began newspaper work 011 the St. Louis Democrat in 1872 at the same time studying at Washington University at St. Louis. In 1875 he returned to Wabash College and graduated in 1877 and in 1902 received the degree of A. M. In 1897 he delivered the annual alumni address at Wabash. From college Mr. McLain went to Kansas City where he began newspaper work on the Kansas City Journal, acting as city editor and managing editor until 1881, when ill-health com pelled him to take up another class of work. For 229 four years he was in the employ of the A. T. & S. F. Railway at Topeka. Mr. McLain came to Minneapolis in 1885 as editor of the Journal and for a score of years has been one of the leading newspaper men of the northwest. He was vicepresident of the Journal Printing Company until September 1, 1908, when (with the other stock holders.) he sold his interests and retired from the editorship of the paper. A tour of Alaska a few years ago was followed by the publica tion in 1905 of "Alaska and the Klondike," recognized as an authoritative work and the first comprehensive book written on the subject. He belongs to the leading local clubs— the Minneapolis, Commercial, Six O'Clock and others and is a member of the National Municipal League, American Social Science Association, American Economic Association, National Geo graphical Society, Phi Beta Kappa and Beta Theta Pi. In 1881 he was married at Crawfordsville, Indiana, to Miss Caroline E. Thompson. They are members of Westminster Presbyterian Church. MEHAN, James Edward, general Northwest ern agent for George Barrie & Sons, was born on November 21, 1866, in New York state, at Mechanicville, Saratoga county. His parents were Mar- 8WEET, PHOTO JOHN S . McLAIN. A HALF CENTUkY OF MINNEAPOLIS 230 they have one child, a daughter. They have al ways resided in Minneapolis, their present home being on Park avenue. ii: . MEYST, Frank Jay, resident manager of the A. N. Kellogg Newspaper Company, was born at Amsterdam, Holland, on January 23, 1858. His father was Peter Meyst and his mother Nellie (Faber) Meyst. He came to St. Paul with his father when only eight years of age. They were accompanied by five other families and together the colonists bought a full section of land in Sil ver Creek, Wright county, Minnesota, from the old St. Paul and Pacific Railway. In those days farming meant hard work for the whole family and the boy up to the age of twelve had but two years of schooling. In 1870 he entered the office of the St. Cloud Times and his education as printer and publisher—that of so many active and successful men—was obtained at the case and in the editorial chair. After eighteen months as printer's devil in the St. Cloud office he went to St. Paul and entered the employ of the late H. P. Hall who was then conducting the St. Paul News paper Union. He continued with Mr. Hall for many years working for him during his ownership of the St. Paul Globe. For some twenty years he was associated with Mr. Hall for most of the time but at intervals had engaged in country journalism being the founder of the Brainerd Dis patch and the Osakis Observer. Soon after the 6WEET, PMOfO JAMES E. MEHAN. tin Mehan and Catherine Mehan, and at the time of his birth his father was engaged in farming at Mechanicville. James Edward began his educa tion at that place, attending the public schools and later continuing his studies for three years in the Mechanicville Academy. While in the academy he earned his tuition by performing jani tor services for the school and doing such other work as he could obtain. Having studied for three years at the Academy,' .Mr. Mehan left school land began his commercial training. He remained in the east for a few years and then ac cepted a position with George Barrie & Sons, the Philadelphia book'publishers. In 1890 he came to Minneapolis to take charge of the local branch of that firm as its general northwestern agent, and for the past seventeen years has filled that office. Mr. Mehan has made a pronounced success in establishing his, business. In 1901 Mr. Mehan began study at the University of Minne sota, entering the night Law Department, from which he graduated, after completing the three years' course, in 1904. His dfegree of Bachelor of Laws was received at that time. After two years' work in post graduate studies he obtained the ad ditional degree of*Master of Laws in 1906. Mr. Mehan does not practice his profession, having taken up his legal training as an assistance in his commercial work. In 1895 he was married to Stella A. Neuman of Little Falls, Minnesota, and FRANK J. MEYST. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING , sale of the Globe to Louis Baker in 1885, Mr. Hall started the Mutual Benefit Publishers' As sociation for the making of ready printed sheets, with himself as president and Mr. Meyst as secre tary. After two years this business was sold to the A. N. Kellogg Newspaper Company. Mr. Meyst has been resident manager of the Kellogg Newspaper Company for the past fourteen or fifteen years. He is a prominent member of the State Editorial Association and no man is better acquainted with newspapers and newspaper men throughout the Northwest. Mr. Meyst is a Knight Templar and a Shriner in Masonry and a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and other local organizations. He was married on May 26, 1881, to Lena Furch of Minneapolis and they have four children, Lillian D., May E., Bessie L. and Frank J., Jr. NELSON, Milton Orelup, for many years a newspaper writer in Minneapolis, was born on September 24, 1859, at Wayne, La Fayette coun ty, Wisconsin, the son of James H. and Sarah Nelson. He is descended from old Colonial stock. His first American ancestor, John Nel son, came from Norfolk, England, about 1660 and was a prominent citizen in Flatbush, New York. James Nelson, great grandfather of Mil ton Nelson, fought in the French and Indian War and afterwards in the Revolution and his son Justus was a captain in the war of 1812. Mr. Nelson's father was born near West Point on the Hudson river and was a Wisconsin pioneer, settling in Waukesha county in 1844. On his mother's side Mr. Nelson comes from Con necticut Puritan stock. After a boyhood spent on his father's farm, Mr. Nelson attended college at Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, and at the University of Wisconsin from which he graduated with the class of 1884. His first newspaper work was that of editor and'publisher of the Northwestern Mail, a weekly publication at Madison, Wisconsin. In 1891 he came to Min neapolis and has filled the positions of asso ciate editor of the Mississippi Valley Lumber man, Commercial Bulletin and Commercial West, and has done much general newspaper corre spondence and editorial writing. He has for years been an authoritative writer on lumber mat ters and has been for some time secretary of the Northwestern Cedarmen's Association. Mr. Nelson early became interested in public affairs and especially in the beautification of public and private grounds on which subject he has written and lectured in an enthusiastic but practical man ner and has exerted his influence generally to better municipal conditions. In the fall of 1906 he was elected a member of the board of park commissioners of Minneapolis for a six years' term. Mr. Nelson was married on June 20, 1889, to Anna M. Henry, of Madison, Wisconsin, and they have one son, Donald O. Nelson. They at tend the Westminster Presbyterian Church. 231 NIMOCKS, Charles A., for many years prom inently identified with the newspaper and public life of the city, is a* native of Jonesville, Hills dale county, Michigan. He was born on October 16, 1842. He spent his early life in his native state, curtailing his education to enter the army on the breaking out of the Civil War and making an excellent military record as Captain of Com pany C., Seventh Regiment of Michigan Infantry volunteers. Mr. Nimocks came to Minneapolis in 1871 and in 1880, in connection with George K. Shaw, bought the name and good will of the Evening Journal whose plant had just been de stroyed by fire. He became business manager of the Journal and retained an interest in the paper until 1885 when he sold to the present owners. Mr. Nimocks spent two years in Detroit, Michi gan, as business manager of the Tribune of that city and then returned to Minneapolis where he started the Evening Star which he conducted for three years. One year later Jie founded the Min neapolis Daily Times which he conducted for about three years. Later he assumed charge of a collection agency; in connection with which he established a bureau for the purpose of collecting back taxes which had been over-assessed and over paid and he has recovered for tax payers a large sum of money. He is still the president of the company. In 1908 he was appointed a BRUSH, PHOTO CHARLES A. NIMOCKS. 232 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS deputy United States marshal and served four years. Mr. Nimocks was one of the earliest members of the Chamber of Commerce and was one of the group of men which donated the site of the old Chamber. The first draft of the act providing for a park commission for Minneapolis was presented at a meeting of the old Board of Trade in 1882 by Mr. Nimocks. He took a very lively interest in promoting the necessary legis lation looking to the founding of the magnificent park system of the city and was elected to the board at the first election held under the law. During the two terms in which he served he had an important part in the work of laying out the earlier parks and parkways. Mr. Nimocks was again elected to the park board in the fall of 1906 and is now serving his third term in that body. NILSSON, Victor, editor and musical critic, is a native of Sweden, born March 10, 1867. He is the son of John and Bertha Nilsson. His father was a merchant as was his father before him. Victor Nilsson was graduated from the Latin College at Gothenburg. He came to Min neapolis iii 1885 and began his training for journalism. He has been an editorial writer and musical critic ever since. At present he is musical critic for the Minneapolis Journal. He is a doctor of philosophy, University of Minne sota, 1897. For ten years he had charge of the east side branch, public library. He has pub lished The Lives of the Presidents of the United States, 1893; History of Sweden, 1899; Loddfafnismal, Eddie study, 1898. Dr. Nilsson is a char ter member* of the American Union of Swedish Singers, and was secretary of the Scandinavian music festivals held in Minneapolis in 1891 and 1903. Music runs in the family, Dr. Nilsson having two sisters who are professional singers, Emma Nilsson and Bertha Nilsson Best. O'BRIEN, Frank G., is a native of Maine, born at Calais on May 15, 1843. His father Wetmore O'Brien, a lumberman, and one of the early settlers of St. Anthony, came to what is now East Minneapolis in 1855, when his son was twelve years old. Mr. O'Brien's education was limited, as he attended school but eighteen months; and for three years previous to coming West he did his share, as was usual in the early days, toward keeping up the* home, his first work being in a sawmill. He started an active busi ness career immediately after coming to Min nesota and has had marked success in his under takings. He has now retired from active business life, however, and has placed his affairs in the hands of his son, Edward James O'Brien, while he devotes his energies to writing. His "Min nesota Pioneer Sketches" was recently success fully published, and he now has almost ready for the press the '"Adventures of the Jones and Jepson Boys." In addition to his other literary work, he is a frequent contributor, in prose and verse, to the press and many have become acquainted with his articles through the local papers. Mr. O'Brien has been an active participant in the commercial, social and club life of the city since its infancy. He is an officer in the Minnesota and Hennepin County Territorial Pioneers' Asso ciation and of the Writers' League and is a mem ber of the Press Club; The Monday Club; of the Masonic Order; the Legion of Honor; the Min nesota Historical Society and the New Thought Lyceum. He attends the Unitarian Church. He was married on May 8, 1866, to Miss Lizzie E. Bostwick, daughter of Judge Lardner Bostwick, a pioneer jurist of this state who came with her parents to the Falls of St. Anthony in 1850, and was well known in the social life of the city, and as a writer of verse for the press. Their only child is Edward James O'Brien of this city. Mrs. O'Brien died on January 13, 1908. PRYOR, Luman C., editor and manager of Farm Implements, was born at Bay View, Mil waukee county, Wis., January 8, 1864, the son of William R. and Elizabeth M. Pryor. His father is of English origin, both father and mother hav ing been born in that country. William R. Pryor, when about seven years of age, left England with his father and the rest of his family. They set tled first in Canada, near Toronto, removing a few years later to the United States, and taking up their permanent residence at Rochester, New York. The spirit of adventure brought William R. Pryor to the west in the later forties. He set- BRUSp, PHOTO PRANK J. O'BRIEN. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING tied on the shore of Lake Michigan, and engaged in farming, his homestead being located within a very short distance of the townsite of Milwaukee. Many years ago, the city limits were sufficiently extended to include all of the Pryor farm. Here the childhood of Luman C. Pryor was spent. When thirteen years of age, he moved with the family to Waupun, Wis., following the death of his parents. He received his education in the common schools of Bay View, and the high school at Waupun. After leaving school, he en tered the newspaper business, and has made that his life work. In 1882, he moved to Minneapolis, and after spending ten years on the various pa pers in Minneapolis and St. Paul, purchased Farm Implements, the paper which he has since con ducted. At the time of acquiring this property, the business in farm inplements was divided be tween the two cities, and Mr. Pryor has witnessed the wonderful growth of the trade in Minneapolis, including the gradual transfer of many of the houses in this line from St. Paul, until Minneap olis has developed into the greatest implement center in the country. Farm Implements has kept pace with the growth of the business. It was established in 1887, but previous to 1892 had not made marked progress. An energetic policy and progressive methods have developed the paper from meager beginnings to the position of one of the principal publications in the implement line. Mr. Pryor was married October ix, 1888, to Miss Lulu Marion Judd, daughter of William A. and Alice M. Judd, of St. Paul. They have one daughter, Marion G. Pryor. The family attend St. Mark's Episcopal church. Politically, Mr. Pryor is a republican, but is not active in politics. He is a member of various clubs, including the Minneapolis, Minikahda, Lafayette and Commer cial clubs. SMITH, Fred L., was born in Maine, July 2, 1843. He came to St. Anthony in 1857 and has resided in Minneapolis ever since. He was mar ried in 1869 to Roxana G. Sinclair and has two children, both married. He commenced the printing trade with Messrs. Croffut & Clark in September, 1857, and was carrier boy on the Falls Evening News, the first daily paper printed at the Falls of St. Anthony. In 1865 he was one of the founders of the Minneapolis Daily Chron icle and when the Chronicle was merged with the Atlas in 1867, forming the Minneapolis Tri bune, Mr. Smith became superintendent of the mechanical department of the Tribune. In 1871 he, with Col. Chas. W. Johnson, established a job printing business, and the present concern of Harrison & Smith Co., of which Mr. Smith is president, is the outgrowth of the partnership formed with Mr. Johnson in 1871. Mr. Smith has had considerable experience in public life, having represented the fifth ward in the City Council of the city of Minneapolis for five years, occupying the president's chair when he resigned in 1881. He has served ten years on the Park Board of the city, and is an ex-president of the 233 board. In former years Mr. Smith was quite active in Masonic circles, and has passed the chair in all the Masonic bodies meeting at the lodge room of Cataract Lodge No. 2, in East Minne apolis. He is a thirty-second degree Mason and for many years was secretary of the Scottish rite bodies of Minneapolis. SWIFT, Lucian, for twenty-three years pres ident, manager and treasurer of the Minneapo lis Journal, was born at Akron, Ohio, July 14, 1848, the son of Lucian (his father was chief justice of Connecticut) and Sarah S. Swift. He graduated from the Cleveland, Ohio, high school and from the University of Michigan in 1869 with the degree of M. E. In 1871 he came to Minneapolis and was connected with the draft ing department of the Northern Pacific Railway until 1876. For the next nine years he was identified with the Minneapolis Tribune and in 1885 with three others purchased the Minneapo lis Journal of which he was manager for twen ty-three years. During all this time he has been actively connected with the development of Minneapolis and the public enterprises of the northwest. On September 1, 1908, Mr. Swift (with the other stockholders of The Journal) sold his interests and retired from the manage ment of the paper. Mr. Swift is president of LUCIA N SWIFT. 234 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the Housekeeper Corporation. He is a mem ber of the Minneapolis, Commercial, Lafayette, Minikahda, Minnetonka Yacht, and Bryn Mawr Golf Club and Union League Club of Chicago, and of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. THE SVENSKA FOLKETS TIDNING, a Swedish-American weekly, sent its first number into the world October 25, 1881. It was then published by the Swedish Publishing Company of Minneapolis, whose officers were Victor Berggren, president; P. J. E. Clementson, treas urer; and Alfred Soderstrom, secretary. Its first editor was Magnus Lunnow, who held this posi tion for nearly twenty years. Among the early contributors were Hon. John Lind, editing from New Ulm the judicial query department, Hon. Hans Mattson, mostly correspondence during travels in Europe, India and Mexico, Hon. Al bert Berg, then of Fargo, and others. The paper has always been liberal in its tendencies, trans mitting and commenting upon news and the leading questions of the day without social, political or clerical restrictions, yet of moderate tone. It is educationl in purpose and republican as far at its party affiliations are concerned. Svenska Folkets Tidning was successful from its very start, gaining more than 3,000 subscribers within the first three months of its publication and increasing this number more than three times within the second year. In 1883 the paper was sold by the Swedish Publishing Company to its three principal workers, Alfred Soder strom, Magnus Lunnow and Olof Hoglund, in whose possession it remained until the spring of 1899. The paper's career has not been without its trying vicissitudes and has four times passed through fire. When the first Tribune Building was destroyed in November, 1889, the Svenska Folkets Tidning lost its entire plant, which was located on the seventh floor. This was a total loss to the owners as the insurance policies had just expired. The modern requirements for a newspaper, solid financial backing and an en larged, up-to-date plant, in 1899, caused the in corporating of the Swedish Printing Company of Minnesota, into the hands of which Svenska Folkets Tidning was then placed. The incor porators were N. O. Werner, C. A. Smith, J. P. Hedberg, P. H. Stolberg, Carl Ekman, John Peterson, N. E. Nelson, Magnus Lunnow, C. J. Larson and Olof Hoglund. Of these the last mentioned has later sold his shares and Magnus Lunnow and C. J. Larson are dead. Carl Ek man has been the general manager ever since 1899 and is in a large measure responsible for the rapid strides of advancement made by the paper of late years. The Svenska Folkets Tid ning possesses in Gudmund Akermark, Ernest Spangberg and Dr. Victor Nilsson three able editorial writers. The former is editor-in-chief and also edits Odalmannen, a semi-monthly agri cultural paper started by the Swedish Printing Company in May, 1904. Dr. Nilsson is also the FUKD I>. SMITH. publisher of a monthly journal, the organ of the American Union of Swedish Singers. MINNEAPOLIS DAILY TIDENDE, the only Scandinavian daily paper in the Northwest, was established in 1887 by Mr. T. Guldbrandsen. Mr. Guldbrandsen had been publishing a small weekly paper at Grand Forks, North Dakota, when he conceived the bold plan of establishing a Scandinavian daily in Minneapolis. The first issue appeared on January 24, 1887. No better illustration of the success which has been at tained by Mr. Guldbrandsen in his undertak ing could be offered than a comparison between the modest looking four-page, five-column sheet issued on the date named and the handsome jubilee issue of the publication twenty years later, January 24, 1907, when a thirty-two pagft paper made its appearance, profusely illustrated and full of interesting matter regarding the citv. and especially its Scandinavian contingent, be sides news matter and numerous special articles. Established as it was at a time when the city's population of Scandinavian extraction numbered about 30,000, it took some little time for the "Tidende" to obtain a firm foothold, but Min neapolis grew, the Scandinavian element of the population increased still more rapidly, and the NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING "Tidende" gained in influence and importance, until it today occupies an enviable position of prestige and influence among the 100,000 Scan dinavians of this city. The Daily Tidende had been published but a few months when the five-column pages were widened to six columns. About the same time a large Sunday edition was made a feature. The weekly paper which Mr. Guldbrandsen brought from Grand Forks was published separately until in 1888 he bought the weekly "Budstikken," established in 1873 and the oldest Norwegian paper in Minneapolis. The two papers were published as one under the latter name. In 1890 Mr. Guldbrandsen bought "Faedrelandet og Emigranten," the oldest Scan dinavian paper in America, established under the name of "Emigranten" in" 1851 at Inmansville, Rock county, Wisconsin, later moved to La Crosse and from there to Minneapolis. Beginning with the year 1895 these various weeklies were consolidated and published as the "Minneapolis Tidende." This paper has increased steadily in circulation and importance and now stands as one of the largest, most influential and widely circulated Norwegian weeklies in America. TURNBLAD, Swan Johan, was born October 7, i860, in Tubbemala, Sweden, son of Olof M. and Ingjard Turnblad, who came to this country and settled at Vasa, Goodhue county, Minnesota, Swan at that time being only nine years old. The father, who was of limited means, engaged in farming and the son laid the foundations of his education at the public and high schools of Vasa, developing a strong tendency to be a printer. To gratify an instinctive yearning for that art he bought a small printing plant and taught himself enough of its mysteries to set up and print an arithmetic prepared by P. T. Lindholm, head of the Vasa high school, when he was seventeen years old. When nineteen years old he came to Minneapolis and set type on the Minnesota Stats Tidning and Svenska Folkets Tidning and, until 1887, continued in such employment and that of insurance solicitor until he was called upon to take charge of the Svenska Amerikanska Posten and raised it from a moribund condition to substantial prosperity as an independent paper in politics and an exponent of temperance princi ples. Mr. Turnblad has given much of his atten tion to the promotion of temperance principles. He organized the first Scandinavian temperance society in Minneapolis and, a prominent Good Templar, he has organized several lodges of that order in the state. Independent in politics, he has declined to enter the political arena as an office seeker and has accepted only one state appoint ment, that of member of the board of managers of the state reformatory at St. Cloud, which was offered to him by Gov. Lind in 1899. He is a high degree Mason, a Shriner, an Elk, and a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church. Mr. Turn blad is an interesting example of the energetic and progressive material which comes to this *235 country with the Scandinavian immigration. He gives the best talents that he has to the welfare of his adopted country; has proven himself a power in Scandinavian-American journalism, and has given liberally of his acquired fortune for the building up of the city where his life's greatest activities have been wrought. Coming to Min neapolis with a few dollars, he has, by his own talent and industry, acquired a fortune. He be lieves in buying Minneapolis realty and improving it. In 1883 Mr. Turnblad was married to Chris tina Nelson, of W'orthington, Minnesota, and one child, Lillian Zenobia, has been born to them. WALDELAND, Erik, is a native of Norway, but has lived in this country since 1882, during most of which time he has been associated with the publishing business as at present, first in Iowa and later in the state of Minnesota. He was born at Christiansand, Norway, on January 15, 1861, the son of Erik Waldeland and Karen W. Waldeland. His father was a school-teacher and educator in the town of his son's birth, and Erik, junior, was raised in Norway, and attended school until he had reached the age of fifteen, getting a good preparatory education. He then obtained employment and a great part of the training that qualifies him for his present posi tions has been acquired from the experience of actual business life. He remained in Norway until he was twenty-one in 1882, and then came to this country and went into business in De corah, Iowa, where he remained until 1887. In that year Mr. Waldeland removed to Northfield, Minnesota, where he had been offered the position of manager of the Northfield Publishing Com pany. This office he accepted, and remained in Northfield for three years, and devoted his time and energies to the establishment of a progres sive and successful publishing concern. In 1890 the business was sold to the Augsburg Publish ing House of Minneapolis, and on the consolida tion Mr. Waldeland was appointed assistant general manager. He was promoted in 1904 to the office of general manager and now has entire charge of the business, and is rapidly making it one of the large publish ing houses of the city. In 1904 also Mr. Wal deland was appointed treasurer of the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America, an of fice which he still holds. Mr. Waldeland is a public spirited citizen and though never active in politics, is interested in all measures tending toward civic improvement and is a member of several organizations for that purpose, among them the South Side Commercial Club. He is a member of the Bethlehem Norwegian Lutheran Church. In July, 1886, he was married to Miss Edvine Osmundsen, who died in 1887 leaving one child, a son, Karl. Mr. Waldeland again married in 1891, his wife being Miss Ida G. Ness. They have five children, Leonora, Dorothy, Edmund, Marie and Henry. - CHAPTER X V I . THE GROWTH OF BANKING T HE business of banking in Minne in Minneapolis. Messrs. Snyder and Petapolis had an inauspicious begin tit are believed-to be the only survivors of ning, for the pioneer bankers had this pioneer group of bankers. scarcely opened their doors when the In 1857 Rufus J. Baldwin opened a bank panic of 1857 swept over the country car in the old Cataract House on lower Wash rying away many older and much better ington avenue, Cyrus Beede and R. J. Menestablished financial concerns. In a new denhall commenced business on Bridge and isolated community where credit Square and J. K. Sidle entered a long bank had not been firmly settled and capital ing career in the then newly completed had yet to be accumulated the effects Nicollet House. Other banks started soon of the panic were even more disastrous than afterwards were those of D. C. Groh, Orrin elsewhere. But the records of these early Curtis, B. D. Dorman and Graves, Towne banking operations show a most creditable & Co. story of heroic endeavors to tide over dis- " Banking was conducted under great diffi aster and self-denying loyalty to the home culties. The lack of currency, the isolation business men and the community. of the frontier town, the impending panic, Banking was on a very different basis were all causes of trouble for the bankers. then than now. There were no national It is said that the ruling rate of interest banks, only crude state banking laws and was "three per cent per month and five per no bank examiners; and, except in the larger cent after maturity." eastern cities, no associations of bankers or There was little available currency, and any system of mutual support. Minnesota at one time "Indiana wild cat"—as the notes was still a territory; Minneapolis was 300 of certain Indiana banks were styled—was miles from the nearest railroad and more the chief circulating medium. To meet the completely out of touch with the east than need of small change the local merchants are the remotest settlements in Alaska to issued scrip in sums of ten, fifteen, twentyday. Most of the earlier banks were con five and fifty cents. The following is an ducted by men engaged also in other busi actual copy of one of the issues: ness. Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 20th, 1857. The first bankers at the Falls of St. An "25 Cts. This certificate for twenty-five cents thony were Richard Martin, who came to will be redeemed with current bank notes, at the village of St. Anthony in 1854, and our store, corner of Bridge and First street, when Farnham & Tracy, who opened a bank in presented, to the amount of one dollar." MOORE & POWER. the same year. In 1855 Simon P. Snyder and Wm. K. McFarlane arrived in Minne These notes had a large circulation al apolis and at once formed a partnership in though there was a very warm discussion the real estate and banking business, be over their issue. Later state scrip was is coming the first bankers on the west side sued and during 1858 sixty-four merchants of the river. They were provided with ample capital and their energy and progres joined in a published statement that they sive methods did much for the development would receive state scrip at par for debts of the young city. C. H. Pettit arrived in or goods. An attempt was also made to the same year and opened the second bank establish a currency in the form of notes THE GROWTH OF BANKING secured on the state railroad bond issue of 1858. * Conditions improved somewhat after a year or so but were again so bad in 1862 that the town of Minneapolis issued scrip which was "redeemable in bank notes in sums not less than five dollars." The sig natures of S. H. Mattison and George A. Savory, president and secretary of the town organization, and the endorsement of R. J. Mendenhall, treasurer, gave, this temporary currency a value which led to its free cir culation. Notwithstanding the almost incredible financial hardships of the young city it 1^ a notable fact that not one of the pioneer bankers failed to meet his obligations. Some were forced to discontinue business but all paid in full. Statehood and the adoption of banking laws and the passage of the national bank act brought about a better con dition of affairs. At the same time the panic cleared the atmosphere. The bankers who had developed staying powers pulled themselves together and in the early sixties the foundations of some of the older banks of the present day were laid. R. J. Menden hall and Rufus J. Baldwin in 1863 bought out the State Bank of Minnesota at Aus tin, and removing it to Minneapolis, founded a banking institution which was the virtual beginning of the present Security National Bank. In the same way the First National Bank grew out of the business of Sidle, Wolford & Co. In 1865 J. K. Sidle re organized the business under the name of the Minneapolis Bank, and shortly after wards, taking advantage of the passage of the national banking law started the First National Bank of Minneapolis, with the same capital, officers and business. From 1865 to 1873 there was almost ab normal progress in the northwest. To meet the necessities of business, banks multiplied and constantly increased their capital. The first new bank to be organized in this period was the National Exchange Bank, which began business in 1867, with a capital of $50,000, and H. Miller of Troy, N. Y., as president and W. P. Westfall, cashier. 237 Eight years later its business was wound up with all depositors paid in full. In 1868 the State Bank of Minnesota, whose organization has already been men tioned, was merged into the State National Bank of Minneapolis. Its capital was $100,000. R. J. Mendenhall was president and R. J. Baldwin, cashier. T. A. Harrison, who was destined to become a most prom inent figure in northwestern banking, suc ceeded Mr. Mendenhall, and two years af terwards Joseph Dean became cashier in place of Mr. Baldwin. When the Security Bank was organized in 1878 the business of the State National was transferred to the new institution. The old City Bank was organized in 1869. J. W. Pence was the first president, and T. J. Buxton, long a prominent banker of the city, was its cashier. In 1870 the First National Bank of St. Anthony was formed and subsequently became the Merchants' National Bank of Minneapolis The year 1872 saw the founding of the Northwestern National Bank. It com menced with a capital of $200,000. The late Dorilus Morrison was the first president. In the centennial year of 1876 the Citizens bank was added to the early list of Min neapolis financial institutions. The Hen nepin County Savings Bank was founded in 1870, and the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank in 1874. The Security Bank of Min nesota was organized in 1878 with a capital of $300,000. BANKING CENTERS. At this period, now about thirty years ago, the banking center of Minneapolis was at Washington and Hennepin avenues. The First National was at Nicollet and Wash ington. J. K. Sidle was president, and H. G. Sidle, cashier. Directly on the corner of Hennepin and Washington were the Hen nepin County Savings Bank and the Bank of Minneapolis, the former officered by Judge E. S. Jones as president and J. E. Bell, cashier, and the latter headed by T. W. Wilson. The City Bank was one block down Hennepin, at Second street, and directly back of it, 011 the Nicollet avenue front, Valentine G. Hush conducted a private bank, The old Merchants' National was 238 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS located just north of Hennepin avenue on Washington, and the Security Bank was at Third and Hennepin. The Northwestern National was at First avenue south and Washington, and the Farmers' and Mechan ics' Savings Bank at Nicollet and Washing ton. The only bank in the city outside oi the immediate vicinity was the Citizens,' which was at Washington and Fifth avenues south. N. F. Griswold was its president and George B. Shepherd its cashier. During the next decade there was a de cided tendency towards scattering. But this movement was quickly followed by one of concentration and nearly all the changes of location of the last fifteen or twenty years have been towards a new common center in the general vicinity of First avenue south and Fourth street. Concurrently with this centralization of the larger banking interests has developed a group of neighborhood or outlying banks, serving the needs of the smaller business centers of the city which have come to large commercial importance during the past decade. Another notable development of later years has been the erection of permanent banking buildings. When the banks of a city abandon rented quarters and establish themselves in substantial buildings of their own, little need be said of the stability of the institutions and the confidence of finan cial circles in the future of the place. One uT COLLECTION R. J. MENDIONII ALL'S BANK, Corner of First street and Hennepin avenue. About 1870. SWEET COLLECTION OLD FIRST NATIONAL BANK. of the first to build was the Farmers' and Mechanics' Savings Bank. The Northwest ern National erected in 1903 the finest bank ing house west of Chicago. The Swedish American occupies its own building and the First National completed in 1907 one of the most complete exclusive bank buildings in the country. The Security National holds permanent and especially constructed quar ters in a building which bears its name. The St. Anthony Falls Bank owns its own hand some building and the German-American has erected one of the most substantial and architecturally beautiful banking houses in the city. THE CLEARING HOUSE. In T88 O the Minneapolis Clearing House Association was organized. Previous to that time exchanges were effected through messengers. With the organization of the clearing house, Minneapolis banking affairs were given a better footing, the clearings were reported and the city was given its place as one of the financial centers of the west. In 1881 the clearings were $19,487,650. In 1883 they had reached $87,568,000, and in 1885, $125,000,000. The year 1890 found them at $303,000,000; 1895, $372,000,000; 1900, $579,000,000, and 1905, $913,000,000. In 1906 they reached $990,000,000, and in 1907 passed the billion dollar mark with a total of $1,145,462,149. For many years the Clearing House served its original purpose as a medium for the daily exchanges, but it has gradually assumed larger functions and within the THE GROWTH OF BANKING past ten years the clearing house banks of the city have virtually become an associa tion for mutual protection and public safety. They employ their own special bank examiner through whom they keep informed •of the condition of all local financial institu tions including their own membership; and stand ready to act for the common good in event of complications in a single institu tion or general financial difficulty. During the decade of 1880-90 banks mul tiplied in Minneapolis as they did in all parts of the country. Rut the enormous growth of the city and its surrounding territory made possible an expansion here which was not without its evils. Too many banks were started. Some of them were excellent in stitutions and successfully weathered the financial storms of the next decade, but others were quite unnecessary and, managed by men of little financial experience and bad judgment, succumbed to the first squall of the storm of '93. Of the banks organized during the eighties which are still in exis tence the most important are the Peoples Bank, 1886, the Swedish American National, 1888, and the German-American, 1887. The National Bank of Commerce, the Nicollet National, the Metropolitan—all strong bank ing houses in the eighties—were merged into other banks during later years. More 239 pir"« ft FIRST BUILDING OF THE NORTHWESTERN NATIONAL BANK. Corner Washington and First avenue south. About 1880. recently have been organized the St. An thony Falls Bank, the Germania, the Min nesota National, the East Side State Bank, the Union State Bank and the Metropolitan. R A N K S A N D C A P I T A L I N 1908. A complete list of the banks of the city at the present time, with their capital, fol lows : NATIONAL BANKS. First Minnesota Northwestern Security Swedish American $2, 000,000 200,000 2, 000,000 1,,000,000 500,000 STATE BANKS. a, 1 f — / r '• j t:*' M •-vi.if:. Fill] MlU-r ' TT C SWEET COLLECTION OLD SECURITY BANK. Corner Hennepin avenue and Third street. Central East Side Germania German-American Hennepin County Merchants' & Manufacturers'.. Metropolitan People's St. Anthony Falls South Side Union Total capital 25,000 100,00c 50,000 100,00c 100,000 50,000 100,000 60,000 200, OOG 50,000 50,000 $6,585,000 This statement of banking capital as con trasted with the $200,000 credited to the Minneapolis banks forty years ago is sig nificant. The development of banking facil ities has been phenomenal. As late as 1870 the total capitalization of Minneapolis banks 240 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ings banks, but did not include the deposits of trust companies or funds in the hands of private bankers. INDIVIDUAL BANK HISTORY. It. J. MEXDEXIIALL, was given as $270,000. In 1880 it was re ported as $2,434,800; in 1890, $7,905,000. Af ter 1893 the total was considerably reduced, but in 1900 was $4,835,000. In 1903 it had advanced to $5,635,000, and at the close of 1907 to $6,585,000. But this does not show the full capital assets of the banks, for nearly all of them carry heavy surplus accounts, aggregating approximately $5,000,000, or fully eighty per cent of the capital stock. Deposits show a marvelous growth of wealth in the city and the northwest. In 1866 the village was proud of a statement of $493,000, aggregate deposits. In 1870 the total had reached $850,000, but ten years later, in 1880, the deposits amounted to $4,264,000. By 1890 they had mounted up to $27,752,000. This included savings bank deposits of over $5,000,000. There was, of course, a falling off after '93, but the recov ery was rapid and by 1902 the totals had reached fifty millions. The last statement of 1907 showed totals of $79,327,666, which included some $15,000,000 deposited in say The individual history of the older banks of the city is of much interest. The oldest bank is the First National, which, as has been stated, grew out of the business founded by J. K. Sidle in 1857. This busi ness became the Minneapolis Bank—a state institution—and that in turn was succeeded in 1864 by the First National, whose charter number was 710. The first board of direc tors consisted of J. K. Sidle, president; H. G. Sidle, cashier; G. Scheitlin, Loren Fletcher, E. B. Ames, D. C. Bell, E. A. Veazie, Anthony Kelly and W. A. Penniman. John Martin was added to the board in 1866. At the start the capital of the First National was $50,000, but it was raised to $100,000 in 1872, to $200,000 in 1874, to $600,000 in 1877, t o $1,000,oco in 1885, and to $2,000,000 in 1903. The present officers are F. M. Prince, president; C. T. Jaffray, vice-president; George F. Orde, cashier; and D. Mackerchar, E. C. Brown and H. A. Willoughby, assistant cashiers. The capital is $2,000,000; the surplus $2,000,000 and the deposits $14,600,000. The Northwestern National Bank was or ganized April 23, 1872, by Dorilus Morri son, H. T. Welles, Anthony Kelly, Paris Gibson, F. S. Gibson, C. G. Goodrich, E. A. Harmon, Hon. William Windom, S. E. Neiler, A. H. Barney of New York, C. B. Wright and William G. Moorhead of Phila delphia. The authorized capital was $200,000. Dorilus Morrison was elected pres ident and S. E. Neiler cashier. The bank was opened for business on September 21, 1872, with $183,000 paid up capital, and deposits of $80,651. Later H. T. Welles be came president and S. A. Harris cashier, and the capital was increased to $1,000,000. Af ter several changes in the course of years, Wm. H. Dunwoody became president, M. B. Koon, vice-president; Edward W. Decker, vice-president and active manager; Joseph Chapman, Jr., cashier, and Frank E. Holton, Charles W. Farwell and R. E. MacGregor, assistant cashiers. Under this THE GROWTH OF BANKING management the bank made rapid advances, and on May 14, 1908, its statement showed a surplus of $1,000,000, undivided profits of $321,000, and deposits of over $12,000,000. In June the Northwestern absorbed the National Bank of Commerce, consolidating the business of the two banks and shortly afterwards increased its capital stock to $2,000,000 and its surplus to $2,000,000, 241 Powell, cashier. In 1888 J. W. Raymond was elected president and the capital in creased to $1,000,000. The next year H. H. Thayer was elected cashier. These officers managed the bank until 1892, at which time Mr. Raymond retired to become president of the Northwestern and S. A. Harris, who had formerly been associated with the Northwestern, was elected president. In • NORTHwE —''ml*-, -> « . -, -\ ! A. THE NORTHWESTERN NATIONAL BANK BUILDING. (Kees & Colburn, Architects.) while the deposits of the enlarged institu tion reached approximately $20,000,000. The officers of the bank remained the same except that Mr. Chapman became a vicepresident and Mr. Holton the cashier, while A. A. Crane, vice-president of the Bank of Commerce, and W. F. McLane, S. S. Cook, and I. F. Cotton, assistant cashiers, as sumed the same positions in the North western. The National Bank of Commerce had been organized in 1884 with a capital of $400,000. The first officers were E. F. Gould, president; V. G. Hush, vice-president; Wm. January, 1895, A. A. Crane was elected as sistant cashier and in January, 1900, became its cashier. The officers at the time the bank retired from business were: S. A. Harris, president; A. A. Crane, vice-president; F. E. Kenaston, vice-president; W. S. Harris, cashier; W. F. McLane, S. S. Cook and I. F. Cotton, assistant cashiers. The origin of the Security National Bank has already been traced from the State Bank of Minnesota, brought from Austin to Min neapolis in 1863 by R. J. Mendenhall and Rufus J. Baldwin. T. A. Harrison came into the bank in 1868, and in 1878 the 242 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Security Bank of Minnesota was organized and the business of the State Bank was transferred to the new institution. The capital was $300,000, and T. A. Harrison was president, his brother, H. G. Harrison, the vice-president, and Joseph Dean, cash ier. The board of directors included these officers and Judge C. E. Vanderburgh, Judge Franklin Beebe, Judge J. M. Shaw and W. W. McNair. The bank commenced business in the building at Third street and Hennepin avenue, now occupied by the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1879 the capital was increased to $400,000, and in 1880 to $1,000,000. The death of Mr. T. A. Harrison in 1877 and of his brother in 1891 removed the founders of the bank, but their policies were continued by F. A. Chamberlain, who became president, and Perry Harrison, a son of Hugh G. Harrison, who became cashier and subsequently vicepresident. In 1908 the Security became a national bank. The statement of July, 1908, showed capital $1,000,000, surplus $1,000,000, and deposits of $13,427,702. The offi cers are now: F. A. Chamberlain, presi dent ; Perry Harrison, vice-president; E. F. Mearkle, vice-president; J. S. Pomeroy, cashier; Fred Spafford, George Lawther, S. H. Bezoier, assistant cashiers. The Swedish-American National Bank was organized as the Swedish American Bank in 1888, and began business with a capital of $100,000. O. N. Ostrom, formerly a banker at Evansville, Minnesota, was president; Col. Hans Mattson, secretary of state for Minnesota, the vice-president; and N. O. Werner, formerly of Red Wing, cashier. It gained a foothold at once, and its growth was rapid and substantial, neces sitating in two years an increase in capital to $250,000. Mr. Mattson resigned the vicepresidency about this time and was suc ceeded by C. S. Hulbert, who has since held the position. I11 1893 occurred the death of President Ostrom. Mr. Werner succeeded him. In 1894 the bank was reorganized un der a national charter. The capital of the bank was again increased in July, 1905, to $500,000. The surplus and profits are $400,000, and the deposits about $3,200,000. The present officers are N. O. Werner, president; C. S. Hulbert, vice-president; J. A. Latta, vice-president; E. L. Mattson, cashier; and A. V. Ostrom, assistant cashier. The Hennepin County Savings Bank was organized in 1870 by the late Judge E. S. Jones and J. E. Bell, they being respectively president and cashier. The capital was at first $50,000, but was increased to $100,000 within a few years. Both a savings and a general banking business have been done and the bank has been very successful. Af ter many years location at the corner of Washington and Hennepin avenues, the bank moved to the Phoenix building at Fourth street and First avenue south. The bank now shows a surplus of $100,000 and deposits of $4,000,000, and the officers are as follows: John E. Bell, president; David P. Jones, vice-president; W. H. Lee, cashier, and H. H. Barber, assistant cashier. These with F. A. Chamberlain, David C. Bell, F. M. Prince, and Andrew Tharalson are the trustees. The Farmers' & Mechanics' Savings Bank of Minneapolis was formed in 1874. Eder H. Moulton was its treasurer and manager at the outset and for many years, building it up from nothing to the position of the largest savings bank in the Northwest. Its board of trustees has always included a group of the strongest business men of the city. For many years Clinton Morrison was president. In 1905 Mr. Moulton's outside business interests led him to withdraw from the management of the bank and N. F. Hawley was elected treasurer, and has since served the bank as its executive offi cer. The deposits are now about $11,500,000, and the officers are: John DeLaittre, president; Thomas Lowry, vice-president; O. C. Wyman, second vice-president and assistant treasurer; N.' F. Hawley, secretary and treasurer. The officers with H. C. Akeley, T. B. Janney, C. S. Langdon, E. H. Moulton, Wm. G. Northup, A. F. Pillsbury, and John* Washburn constitute the board of trustees. The German-American Bank was or ganized in 1886 at Plymouth and North Washington avenues by Anthony Kelly, A. H. Linton, Henry Gund, John Heinrich, Edmund Eichhorn, R. B. Langdon, J. THE GROWTH OF BANKING M. Griffith, E. C. Chatfield, Charles Gluek, J. A. Schlener, Henry Doerr, Jas. C. Miller, Henry Winecke, George Huhn, Geo. W. McClelland, Robert Pratt and J. C. Oswald, and with a capital of $50,000. On the first of January, 1886, the deposits were only $36,000, but from this they have grown to about $1,850,000. The present capital is $100,000, and the surplus is also $100,000. The present officers are: Francis A. Gross, president; Chas. Gluek, vice-president; J. 243 came its cashier. Its capital is $50,000, with as much more in surplus and undivid ed profits accounts, while its deposits are over $400,000. Its officers are: F. E. Kenaston, president; A. M. Woodward, vicepresident; Conrad Birkhofer, vice-presi dent; A. A. McRae, cashier; Olaf E. N. Olson, assistant cashier. The Peoples Bank dates back to 1886, when it was founded by A. D. Cotton. It was reorganized some time later, and for T H E F I R S T NATIONAL B A N K BUILDING. M. Griffith, vice-president; G. E. Stegner, cashier; G. P. Huhn, assistant cashier. The Germania Bank was organized by Otto E. Naegele in 1893. It has been very successful, and in addition to its capital of $50,000, has a surplus fund approximating that amount and deposits reaching up wards of half a million. The present offi cers are: O. E. Naegele, president; L. Paulle, vice-president; J. J. Heinrich, vicepresident; George Vollmer, assistant cash ier. The South Side State Bank was orga nized in 1899 by A. A. McRea, who be- many years has been doing a prosperous business at the old quarters of the First Na tional, corner Nicollet and Washington avenues. Its capital is $60,000, and its de posits are over $400,000. The officers are: H. G. Merritt, president; G. J. Sherer, vicepresident; C. L. Grandin, vice-president; C. E. Cotton, cashier; H. D. Davis, assist ant cashier. Two of the more recent banks of the city are the East Side and the Metropolitan. The former was organized in 1906, with F. E. Barney as president and Howard Dykman as cashier. The bank has made rapid 244 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS progress. Its capital is $100,000 and de posits run well over $200,000. The officers are: F. E. Barney, president; Isaac Hazlett, vice-president; D. L. Case, cashier; C. L. Campbell, assistant cashier. The Met ropolitan was incorporated in April, 1907, with a capital of $100,000, and George C. Merrill as president. In a year's time it was carrying deposits of approximately twice the amount of its capital. The offi cers are now: V. H. Van Slyke, president: M. R. Waters, vice-president; C. F. Wyant, cashier. TRUST COMPANIES. In 1883 the business of trust companies was commenced in Minneapolis by the Min nesota Loan & Trust Company, which was formed by E. A. Merrill and E. J. Phelps, the former being president and the latter secretary. The capital stock was first $200,000, but was soon increased to $500,000. The company erected "a fine office building at 313 Nicollet avenue, which it still occu pies. It has been very prosperous, and now shows a surplus account of some $250,000. The officers are: E. A. Merrill, president; M. B. Koon, vice-president and trust offi cer; A. M. Keith, vice-president; H. L. Moore, treasurer; W. A. Durst, secretary. The Minneapolis Trust Company was formed in 1888 by Samuel Hill, who was its first president, with Clarkson Lindley as secretary and treasurer. Its capital is $500,000, with $25.0,000 in the surplus ac count. For years the company occupied its building at Fourth street and Hennepin avenue, but in 1907 moved into the new First National Bank building, occupying the banking room No. 109 South Fifth street. The present officers are: Elbridge C. Cooke, president; W111. H. Dunwoody, vice-president; Robert W. Webb, secretary and treasurer. BARNEY, Fred Elisha, president of the East Side State Bank, of Minneapolis, was born at Swanton, Vermont, October 10, 1859, the son of Valentine G. and Maria L. Barney. The father was in the marble business in Vermont; served in the Civil War and was Lieutenant-Colonel of the Ninth regiment of Vermont volunteers. In 1869 the family left Swanton and moved to Min neapolis and, in 1872, moved to Charles City, Iowa. In the autumn of 1881 he came back to Minneapolis to work in the Commercial Bank, East Minneapolis, having had business training in an abstract and loan office in Charles City, Iowa, where he attended the public schools. Dur ing the last two years of service in the Commer cial Bank, Mr. Barney was assistant cashier. Since March, 1888, he has conducted an insurance, loan and real estate agency in Minneapolis repre senting five important insurance companies. He was active in the organization of the East Side State Bank, in 1906, and became its president. He has always been a republican in politics and was elected, in 1 9 0 0 , a member of the board of county commissioners and served four years, in 1903-4 being chairman of the board. He is a member of the Commercial Club, and is a director and has been a member of the public affairs committee; a member of St. Anthony Club and a director; a member and director of the Minneapolis Whist Club; a member of the Masonic order and of the Sbriners. Mr. Barney attends the First Congre gational church, but is not a member of any church. He was married September 17, 1885, to Mary Case, of Charles City, Iowa, and to them three children ' have been born—Hadwen C., Elizabeth and Mary, all of whom are attending the East Minneapolis high school. CHAMBERLAIN, Francis A., president of the Security National Bank, was born April 20, 1855, at Bangor, Maine, son of James T. Cham berlain, a merchant of that city. Mr. Chamber lain passed his early years at Red Wing, Minne sota, where he attended the public schools and subsequently studied two years at the State Uni versity but did not graduate. His business train ing was early devoted to banking and finance for which he proved himself admirably adapted, nota bly because such special knowledge rested upon a broad substructure of good general busi ness principles. Mr. Chamberlain has shown himself to be a wise financial counselor, and the Security National Bank, under his management, has proved itself to be one of the strongest bank ing institutions in. the Northwest. He is an example of steadfast adherence to economic and financial truth. Mr. Chamberlain is a director of the Minneapolis Athenaeum and a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial clubs. His church affiliations are with the Methodist Episco pal denomination. He was married on May 23, 1883 to Frances Foss, daughter of Bishop Cyrus D. Foss. They have three children—Cyrus, Ruth and Caro. CAMPBELL, Wallace, lawyer and banker, was born at Waverly, Tioga county, New York, September 8, 1863. He is the son of Solomon C. Campbell and Mary Aurelia (Farwell) Campbell. His father was, for twenty-two years, resident buyer at New York City for the 246 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Chicago house of J. V. Farwell & Co. There was stanch Scotch-American ancestry on both sides. Campbellstown, New York, was founded by Robert Campbell, great-grandfather of Wal lace. On the maternal side another great grandfather, John Knox, founded Knoxville, now part of the city of Corning, New York. Wallace Campbell was educated in the public schools of Corning and at Hamilton College, from which he graduated in 1883, as an A. B. After a year of alternate teaching in the Brooklyn Polytechnic and of study at Columbia Law School, he was admitted to the New York Bar, beginning practice in the Hon. R. W. Todd's of fice. Two years later he came to Minneapolis where he became a member of the law firm of Stryker & Campbell until 1891, when he entered the firm of Hill Sons & Co., bankers. Seven years later he gave, up his interests here to be vice-president of the Northwestern Life Insur ance Co. Mr. Campbell later became president of the People's Bank. He has also occupied other positions of trust and responsibility in business and professional ways. He is an ar dent republican, stumped the state in the Harri son campaign of 1888, and has been a frequent contributor to the best magazines of the country, writing upon national topics with force and ease. He is an enthusiast on rare books—also upon out door sports; and a first edition has the same charm of the cha,se for him that the first trout catch has. Mr. Campbell belongs to the Minne apolis Club, the Minneapolis Commercial Club and the Twin City Bankers Club and the Automobile and Miltona Clubs. At Lake Miltona he has a country home. He attends the Presbyterian church. He was married in 1886 to Minnie V, Adams, of Chicago, and has two daughters. CHAPMAN, Joseph, Jr., vice president of the Northwestern National Bank, is a native of Iowa. He was born in Dubuque on October 17, 1871. He is the son of Joseph and Catherine Cassidy Chapman. His father for many years has been connected with the railroad business and at the time of his son's birth was division freight agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad with headquarters at Dubuque. At the present time he is located at Fairport, Ohio, as manager of the terminal? of the Baltimore &" Ohio'road. The son attended the public schools of Dubuque until 1887, wfien the family moved from Iowa to this city. He at once entered the Central high school to finish his preparatory course and grad uated the following year. Upon graduation Mr. Chapman obtained a position with the Northwest ern National Bank and has since been continu ously connected with that institution. He ad vanced rapidly from one position to another and. was appointed cashier several years ago. As an aid to his business training Mr. Chapman took the night law course of the University of Min nesota and graduated in 1897. Mr. Chapman is a member of several of the social and municipal improvement organizations of the city and is well-known among his associate business men. He is a member of the Minneapolis Board of Charities and Corrections, and also belongs to thfc Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, and the Six O'Clock Club, of which he was president in. 1906-7. For six years, from 1*900 to 1906, Mr. Chapman was secretary of the Minnesota Bank ers' Association and has served as a member of its executive council and in 1908 was elected its president. He is also a member of the execu tive council of the American Bankers' Associa tion, as well as a member of the board of trustees df the American Institute of Bank Clerks. He is a clear-cut forceful speaker and is frequently ailed upon to make addresses on financial and business topics. In 1897 Mr. Chapman was mar ried to Miss Elizabeth Mayhew of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and they have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth. The family attends the Hennepin Avenue Methodist church. COOKE, Elbridge C , president of the Min neapolis Trust Company, is a native of Illinois and the son of Joseph Clark and Amy Wade Cooke. The family is of English origin and Mr. Cooke traces his ancestry back to the settlement of certain of the name in Sandwich, Massachusetts, in 1630. His early life was spent in New England, where he attended school and prepared for col lege. He is a graduate of Yale, 1877, and a mem ber of the Yale Club of New York City. After completing his college course he studied law and was admitted to the bar in Connecticut in 1879. He soon came west and was a prominent member of the Minneapolis bar for many years. Since 1895 he has been connected with the Minneapolis Trust Company and since his election as president of the company has devoted most of his time to the business of the institution. Mr. Cooke was married in 1883 to Miss Belle Boies Turner whose home was in Norwich, Connecticut. He takes an active interest in the social and public affairs of the city, is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club and Long Meadow Gun Club, and is a republican in politics, though never an office holder. COTTON, Charles Edgar, cashier of the Peo ples Bank, was born at Franklin, Pennsylvania, April 30, i860, son of Austin D. Cotton, a banker of that city. The son was educationally trained in the local schools and graduated at the Franklin high school, receiving business training in bank ing and making that his life's business, follow ing in the footsteps of his father. Mr. Cotton was married October 30, 1895. He is a Presby terian in his church relations. CRANE, Archibald A., vice-president of the Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis, was born at Austin, Minnesota, July 1, 1866, the son of Caleb C. and Emily (Warner) Crane. He THE GROWTH OF BANKING was educated in the public schools of Austin and Anoka, Minnesota, and entered banking as a clerk in the Anoka National Bank in 1883. He came to Minneapolis in 1887 as assistant cashier of the Flour City National Bank and was made cashier in 1893. Following a consolidation of banking interests in 1895 he became assistant cashier of the National Bank of Commerce and was appointed cashier in 1900. In 1906 he was advanced to the vice-presidency. In 1908, upon the consolidation of the National Bank of Com merce with the Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis, Mr. Crane became vice-president of the latter institution. Besides taking a prominent part in the financial affairs of Minneapolis, Mr. Crane has been active in the American Bankers' Association, of which he is treasurer. In Janu ary, 1908, he was elected by the Minneapolis Clearing House Association to the office of pres ident. He is a Mason, Knight Templar and Shriner, and a member of the Commercial and Minikahda clubs. Mr. Crane was married at Minneapolis in 1890 to Miss Fanny M. Stevens. DECKER, Edward W., vice-president and general manager of the Northwestern National Bank, is a native of Minnesota. He was born at Austin, August 24th, 1869. His father, Jacob S. Decker, was of an old family of mingled Holland and Frcnch Huguenot extraction which settled on the Delaware River in 1700. The son spent his boyhood and youth with his parents 011 the farm near Austin attending the common schools and Austin high school from which he graduated in 1887. He at once came to Minneapolis and commenced service with the Northwestern Na tional Bank as a messenger. His progress was rapid and in 1895 he was offered the position of assistant cashier of the Metropolitan Bank. A short service in this position was followed by promotion to" the cashiership, and a few years later, in 1901, by the recall to the Northwestern as cashier. In 1903 he was made vice-president and general manager—one of the most responsi ble banking positions in the city. Mr. Decker has not, however, escaped other responsibilities. He is a director of the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company of Minneapolis and is fre quently called upon to participate in the public affairs of the city. He is president of the Twin City Bankers' club, vice-president of the Min neapolis clearing house, a director of the Young Men's Christian Association, a member of the Minneapolis club, the Commercial club and the Minikahda Club and of the Minneapolis 247 Chamber of Commerce. In 1892 Mr. Decker married Miss Susan M. Spaulding, a daughter W. A. Spaulding, one of the old settlers of Minneap olis, a prominent member of the G. A. R., and distinguished for his military service in the 2nd Battalion Light Artillery. Mr. and Mrs. Decker have four children, Edward W., Jr., Margaret, Catherine and Susan. They are attendants of Plymouth Congregational church. GROSS, Francis A., president of the German American Bank of Minneapolis, is the son of Mathias and Mary Gross, the father being en gaged in the real estate business. Mr. Gross was born August 10, 1870 in the township of Medina, Hennepin county, Minnesota, but the family moved to Minneapolis the next year and he has spent his whole life here. He attended the public and parochial schools of this city and St. John's University, Stearns county, Minnesota. As a boy he clerked in his father's grocery. At the age of nineteen he entered the employ of the German American Bank in the capacity of mes- " ''% - ' I, PHOTO EDWARD \V. DECKER. 248 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS senger. From the position of collection teller, he was promoted to that of paying and receiving teller, to assistant cashier, cashier and at last to the presidency, the office which he now holds. Though he has never held political office Mr. Gross has been active in public affairs, especially on the North Side. He was the first president and is now ex-president of the North Side Com mercial Club. He is a Past Regent of the Royal Arcanum, a member of the Catholic Knights of America and of the Elks. In 1893 he married Ida K. Buerfening. Their children are Roman B., Francis B., Marie B., and Carl B. Gross. Mrs. Gross is the daughter of Captain Martin Buer fening and grand-daughter of Frederick Weinard, a pioneer who came to St. Anthony, now Min neapolis, in 1854. HARRISON, Hugh G., for many years a very prominent business man and banker of Minneapolis, was born on April 23, 1822, near Belleville, Illinois. He was the son of Thomas Harrison who migrated from North Carolina in 1803 and settled in Illinois, then an almost un known wilderness. His son Hugh was educated at McKendree college at Lebanon, Illinois, and in his early life was associated with his father and brothers in the milling business at Belle ville. In i860 with his brothers, Thomas A. and William, he moved to Minneapolis where he lived until his death on August 12, 1891. During this residence of thirty years,"Mr. Harrison was one of the most prominent citizens of Minneapo lis, a progressive and far-seeing promoter of solid business interests and an active participant in all things which made for the betterment of the city. In 1862 he with his brothers built the old Harrison block at the corner of Washington and Nicollet avenue. In 1863 he was associated with Joseph Dean in the lumber business and in 1877 T. A. and Hugh G.- Harrison with Mr. Dean organized the Security Bank of Minnesota, one of the oldest financial institutions of the city. Mr. Hugh Harrison was vice-president of the bank until the death of his brother, when he be came president and continued at the head of the institution until his death. Notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his banking interests Mr. Harrison took an active part in other business affairs, gave his name to one of the larger wholesale grocery establishments of the city and at the time of his death was vice-president of the Minneapolis Trust Company. He also took a very active part in the social, political and re ligious life of the city. For many years he served on the school board, was mayor of Min neapolis in 1868, served as director and treasurer of the Minneapolis Exposition and was a gen erous contributor to church and benevolent work. A prominent Methodist and member of the Hen nepin Avenue Methodist Episcopal church, he gave largely to that denomination, and took a deep interest in the work of Hamline university. Mr. Harrison was twice married. His first wife died on August 13, 1876, leaving five sons, Ed ward, George, Lewis, Hugh and Perry. On Oc tober 25, 1877 he married Mrs. Elizabeth W. Hunt of Allenstown, Pennsylvania, who survives him. HARRISON, Perry, vice-president of the Se curity National bank of Minneapolis, was born in this city on October 11, 1862, the son of Hugh Galbraith and Irene Amelia (Robinson) Harri son. He attended the Minneapolis public schools and the Northwestern University Preparatory school and at the age of sixteen began his experience in banking, entering the Security bank which had just been organized by his father and his uncle T. A. Harrison. Mr. Har rison began at the bottom of the ladder and learned the banking business thoroughly. Dur ing his thiry years connection with the Se curity bank it has become one of the most prominent banking institutions in the west. Mr. Harrison became cashier in 1891 and was made vice-president in 1898. In 1879 Mr. Harrison joined the first regiment, Minnesota national guard and was for some years a prominent mem ber of that organization, resigning in 1887 as its lieutenant colonel. He is a republican in politics and in church affiliations a Methodist. He is a member of the Minneapolis club, the Long Mea dow Gun club and the Lafayette club. In 1887 Mr. Harrison was married to Miss Miriam Thom as at Hokendauqua, Pennsylvania. They have had four children. HAWLEY, Newton F., treasurer of the Farm ers & Mechanics Savings Bank of Minneapolis, was born at Springdale, Iowa, November 28, 1859. He was the son of N. J. and Delia (Canfield) Hawley. He attended the common and high schools at Tipton, Iowa, and Iowa College at Grinnell, from which he graduated in 1879 A. B. and received the degree of A. M. in 1882. He was admitted to the practice of law at Minne apolis in 1884 and was successively a member of the law firm of Hahn & Hawley; Hahn, Belden & Hawley; and Belden, Hawley & Jamison. Mr. Hawley continued in active practice until Janu ary 1, 1906 when he was elected treasurer (man aging officer), secretary and trustee of the Farm ers & Mechanics Savings Bank. He has been for years a trustee of Iowa College. During his residence in Minneapolis he has taken a very active part in municipal affairs and has had a strong influence in movements looking to bet ter municipal condition. He was a member of the charter commission of 1898 and again of the charter commission of 1906 and was a member of the board of education from 1899 to 1905. He is a republican but quite independent in local mat ters. Mr. Hawley is a member of the American Academy of political and Social Science, the National Municipal League and other organiza tions for the studying of social and municipal questions. He' is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial, Minikahda and Six O'Clock clubs. X* 'J vk 250 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS which he held in conjunction with the other of fice. The following year, however,' he resigned the cashiership to devote his time to the duties of the higher office, which he occupies at the present time. Mr. Jaffray is well-known in the local club and social life and is a member of the more prominent organizations, including the Min neapolis and Minikahda clubs. He takes an active interest in athletic sports, is a member of the Min neapolis and Long Meadow gun clubs and is an enthusiastic golfer. Mr. Jaffray is married and has a beautiful home on Mt. Curve Avenue. SAMUEL T. JOHNSON. Mr. Hawley was married at Minneapolis, Septem ber 5, 1884 to Miss Ellen M. Field. The family attends Plymouth Congregational Church. JAFFRAY, Clive T., for more than twenty years prominently associated with the banking business of Minneapolis, is a native of Canada. His father was W. Jaffray, a resident of Berlin, Ontario, and for a number of years the post master of the place. Clive T., was born at Ber lin and received his education in the Canadian, schools. Following the completion of his acad emic training, Mr. Jaffray entered upon a business career and gained his first experience in the bank ing business in the Merchants Bank of Canada. He entered the service of that institution in 1882 and was associated with it for five years, during that period acquiring valuable training. In 1887 he resigned his position to move to Minneapolis, where, shortly after his arrival, he accepted a clerical position with the Northwestern National Bank. He became bookkeeper in 1889 a n d two years later was promoted to the post of assistant cashier, which he held until 1895. In the latter year he was offered the cashiership of the First National Bank, which was then, as now, one of the leading financial institutions of the city. This position he accepted and has since been an of ficial of that bank. He was for nine years cashier and in 1905 was appointed to the vice-presidency JOHNSON, Samuel T., formerly vice-presi dent of the Minnesota National Bank of Minne apolis and now engaged in the lumber and manu facturing business, is a native of Indiana. He was born near Indianapolis, November 16, 1858. His father, Lawrence A. Johnson, was a practicing physician and of a family which was among the first settlers of Marion county. As a boy Mr. Johnson lived at home, attending the common schools and early entering business. He came to Minneapolis in 1884 and soon became identi fied with the public affairs of the city, following the family traditions—for his father and other progenitors had been active in the public service in various capacities. He served as vice-president of the Board of Trade which was later merged in the Commercial Club. Relief work during the Spanish-American war left Mr. Johnson in broken health and he had scarce recovered when in 1901 Gov. S. R. Van Sant appointed him Public Examiner and Superintendent of Banks for Min nesota. The appointment took effect January 1st, 1902 and came at a time when the office was first charged with the duty of examining the books of all corporations paying a gross earnings tax. Mr. Johnson's examination of the railroad ac counts showed over $1,000,000 unpaid taxes over due, of which he collected about $250,000 and left $500,000 or more in course of collection when he retired from office, the rest being cut off by the statute of limitation. The change which this investigation brought about in the system of railroad reports for taxation has added over $125,000 a year to the taxes now being paid. During his incumbency not one of the 400 state banks under his supervision failed to comply with the law and no defaults occurred among county or state officers. Undertaking the first exhaustive examination ever made in the state auditor's of fice, Mr. Johnson developed claims of hundreds of thousands of dollars in state timber and tres pass cases but lost to the state by reason of the statute of limitations. But he also found claims amounting to over $200,000 not yet outlawed, which have been collected, and others for some $500,000 more are in process of collection, having been affirmed by the supreme court. His action in enforcing claims against the various individuals and corporations was met with tremendous op position but, notwithstanding, he proceeded for THE GROWTH OF BANKING the three years with his work—and the courts have sustained the position taken by him and the legislature has passed laws making the recurrence of such evasions impossible. The legislature of 1903, by unanimous resolution, and Gov. Van. Sant's message to the legislature of 1905 both publicly recognized the "services and persist ence" of Examiner Johnson in the performance of his general duties and in investigating the rail road taxes and timber trespasses, saying that as a result "many needed reforms in the conduct of the state's business had been adopted." The Gov ernor further said: "I take this occasion to publicly commend the untiring energy and faithfulness of Hon. S. T. Johnson, who has for the past three years served the state in the capacity of Public Examiner. His devotion to duty and his desire to preserve the interests of the people, have caused him to step beyond the mere routine of his office, and to meet the greater requirements of the law. Not contented with disposing of new matters as they arose, he went back to matters that were years ago deemed closed and brought to light the fact that the people had been unfairly dealt with by persons and corporations. The result is that the state will receive hundreds of thousands of dol lars which otherwise would have been lost to it. The energy and devotion to duty of Mr. John son may well be emulated by all who serve the people." This work of Mr. Johnson's has resulted in timber trespass and railroad tax dodging becom ing a lost art in Minnesota. Upon leaving the office of public examiner, Mr. Johnson was called to the active manage ment of the Minnesota National Bank as vicepresident, retiring on January 1, 1907, to enter the lumber business, at the same time becoming a director of the Peoples Bank. Mr. Johnson is a Mason, Knight Templar, Shriner and a member of the Park Avenue Congregational Church. While in the banking department, he was twice elected president of the National Association of State Bank Superintendents, and is now an honorary member of that body. He was married March 11, 1880, to Miss Katherine Starr, a daughter of John Starr, an old resident of Indianapolis. They have one son, Everett Starr Johnson. The family home is 1724 Logan avenue south. McRAE, Alexander A., cashier of the South Side State Bank, is a native of Canada, the son of James Roy McRae and Flora McRae, and of a family which was among the pioneers of Glencoe, Ontario, the place of his birth. He was born on January 27, 1870, passed his childhood and early youth at home, attended the public and high schools of the town and in 1889 came to Minnesota. He first entered the service of the First National Bank of Little Falls as book keeper. Three years later he assisted in the or ganization of the Bank of Hutchinson at Hutchin son, Minnesota, and served as assistant cashier 251 from its organization until September 1, 1899, when he assumed the cashiership of the South Side State Bank which he was instrumental in organizing. Since that time he has remained in the active management of. the bank which has been very prosperous. He has taken a leading part in the promotion of public interests and has served as president of the very active and efficient South Side Commercial Club. In politics he is a re publican although independent in municipal mat ters. Mr. McRae was married on June 3, 1896, to Jean Adair Thomas. They have three children, Douglas, Allister and Marion. The family at tends Park Avenue Congregational Church. MATTSON, Edgar Lincoln, banker, was born in Minnesota thirty-seven years ago and has spent practically all his life in Minneapolis. His father was Col. Hans Mattson, a distinguished citizen of the state who came to Minnesota in 1852, and was prominent in pioneer days as well as serving later in public life. Col. Mattson won his title in the War of the Rebellion as colonel of the Third Minnesota. After the war he was prominent in state politics and served for several terms as secretary of state. Later he was consul general in India under presidents Garfield and Arthur and held other public trusts. His son Edgar attended the Minneapolis public schools, leaving the Cen tral high school at the age of 17 to enter the banking business. He has been connected with the Swedish-American National Bank since its organization in 1888, commencing as a messenger and holding nearl