Search results

(12,101 - 12,104 of 12,104)

Pages

Title: Oak Grove Ladies' Seminary Catalog, 1910-1911: Fourth Annual Catalouge of the Oak Grove Lutheran Ladies' Seminary with Announcements for 1910-1911
Collection: Campus Histories and Special Collections

Title: Oak Grove Ladies' Seminary Catalog, 1908-1909: Second Annual Catalogue of the Oak Grove Lutheran Ladies Seminary with Announcements for 1908-1909.
Collection: Campus Histories and Special Collections

Title: A Half Century of Minneapolis:
Collection: Campus Histories and Special Collections
Search Result: A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS •\Y * "A" • * . ' „; • - " " * • ' -f% ?? 1 THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY IN THE EARLY DAYS OF MINNEAPOLIS AUGSBURG COLLEGE AND SEMINARY LIBRARY . MINNEAPOLIS 4, MINN. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Edited by HORACE B. HUDSON With Numerous Views and ...
Show more A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS •\Y * "A" • * . ' „; • - " " * • ' -f% ?? 1 THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY IN THE EARLY DAYS OF MINNEAPOLIS AUGSBURG COLLEGE AND SEMINARY LIBRARY . MINNEAPOLIS 4, MINN. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Edited by HORACE B. HUDSON With Numerous Views and Portraits .'M' - • MINNEAPOLIS THE HUDSON PUBLISHING COMPANY 1908 \ . ., * 1 * .„ • ". , Copyright 1908 by Horace B. Hudson Gjmijpanj? r ^ , 11*f MS" PREFACE " I N THE rise of Minneapolis is found one of the most remarkable instances of city building in this country. In less than the ordinary span of life Minneapolis has advanced from an obscure position as a frontier village to a conspicuous place among American cities—a city of about three hundred thousand people, with well established social and commercial institutions and worthily noted for its progressive atti tude in many lines of human endeavor. To tell the story of Minneapolis in concise form, making its salient features available for ready reference, has been the purpose in the preparation of this book. The general plan of the book has been that of grouping events of common interest rather than the chronological listing of happenings without regard to their relations and significance. With this design in mind the first seven chapters and the last are devoted to sketching several not definitely limited periods in the city's history, while Chapters VIII to XXVIII, inclusive, take up separate phases of the life and activities of the city, each account being in a measure complete in itself. In this method of treating the history of Minneapolis, much in the way of anecdote and reminiscence of the pioneers —which would find a place in a more extended work—has been, of necessity, omitted. Many side lights, however, are thrown upon the story of the city in the biographical sketches of men who have had a part in its building. These brief sketches will give an insight into the character of the people of Minneapolis which, possibly, could be ob tained in no other way, and will give to outsiders an explanation of many things which may seem to them incredible. Among the sources of information regarding the early history of Minneapolis, Col. John H. Stevens' "Personal Recollections of Minnesota and its People" has been found valuable as have the collections and other records and files of the Minnesota Historical Society's library which have been most courteously placed at the disposal of the writer by Mr. Warren Upham, secretary of the society, who has also contributed the chapter on "Early Explorers." Many suggestions and much information have been received from pioneers and the older people of the community and especially from Mr. George A. Brackett who has preserved many valuable records. Acknowledge ment is here made for all these evidences of kindly interest. It is impracticable to publish a work of this character on other than a subscription plan and the writer appreci ates the cordial cooperation of the men of Minneapolis which has made the publication possible. H. B. H. Minneapolis, October, 1908, 'f. CONTENTS ' I. II. ' III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. THE FOUNDATIONS OF MINNEAPOLIS THE EARLY EXPLORERS 14 FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION 19 THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT THE FORMATIVE PERIOD COURTS AND LAWYERS DENTISTRY XX. 4 XXI. . . . . 38 . 90 113 ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING XIV. XIX. . 69 MEDICINE - XVIII. . CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES XIII. XVII. . 59 MUSIC AND THEATERS ' XVI. . AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT X. XV. 25 50 EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS XTI. . THE FIRST COMMERCIAL ADVANCE IX. XI. 9 . . . ... . . . . . . . 124 . . . . 134 . . . . 181 213 NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING THE GROWTH OF BANKING . . . . . 217 . 236 REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 259 THE LUMBER INDUSTRY 296 FLOUR MILLING 327 GRAIN TRADE AND CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 353 VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES 385 T XXII. WHOLESALE TRADE . * XXIII. RETAIL BUSINESS < XXIV. TRANSPORTATION »• XXV. PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS . ... . 426 448 . . . . 462 . . 478 * XXVI. PUBLIC UTILITIES 518 » XXVII. SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES 527 XXVIII. HOMES AND SUBURBS OF MINNEAPOLIS * XXIX. THE CITY'S RECENT PROGRESSINDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 . . . . . . . 551 363 * LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS NOTE—This list includes only views and maps. Portraits are indexed alphabetically in general index. Page Page The Falls of St. Anthony in the Eirly Days of Minneapolis . . . . Frontispiece The Falls of St. Anthony in a Natural State 10 The Falls of St. Anthony at the Present Time 11 Map Showing the Travels of Groseilliers and Radisson . 15 Hennepin and Accault at the Falls of St. Anthony . 16 Carver's Sketch of the Falls of St. Anthony 20 An Early Idea of Northwestern Geography (Map) 21 Old Fort Snelling 23 The Treaty of Traverse Des Sioux . . 24 The First Map of Minneapolis . . . 25 The Government Mills of 1820-3 . . . 28 Colonel Stevens' House . . . . . 32 Bridge Square, Minneapolis., in 1851 . . 35 St. Anthony in 1851 37 The First Suspension Bridge ; 39 The Business Center in 1857 . . . . 41 Falls of St. Anthony in 1859 . . . . 42 West Side Mills in 1859 44 The Second Suspension Bridge . . . 53 Minneapolis About 1868 . . . . . 54 The Minneapolis Milling District About 1868 55 The Stone Arch Bridge . . . . . 61 First Baptist Church and Public Library . 62 The Campus of the University of Minnesota About 1890 63 The West Hotel 64 Loring Park—The First Large Central Park 66 The Metropolitan Life Building . . . 67 Two Churches of 1860 . : .... 70 Old Gethsemane Church . .... 71 First Baptist Church of 1868 . . . . '72 The Church of the Redeemer . . . . 75 Westminster Presbyterian Church . . 76 Young Men's Christian Association Building . 77 Young Women's Christian Association Building . . , . . . . . . . 77 Pillsbury House . 77 The Old Washington School . . . . 91 Typical Minneapolis School Building of Today . . 92 The First University Building . . . 93 The "Old Main" at the University . . 93 Entrance to University of Minnesota Campus 96 Library Building at the University . . 97 General View of the University Farm Buildings 97 Folwell Hall, University of Minnesota . 98 Pence Opera House . . . . . . 114 The Academy of Music . . . . . 115 The Grand Opera House . . . , . 116 The Handicraft Guild Building . . . 125 Fireplace in the Handicraft Guild . . . 125 In Mr. T. B. Walker's Art Gallery . . 127 Court House and City Hall . . . . 136 Law Building, University of Minnesota . 139 Minnesota College Hospital . . . . 182 Millard Hall . . . . . . . . • 183 St. Barnabas Hospital .< 184 The Minneapolis City Hospital . . .185 The Tribune Building 218 The Journal Building . . . . . . 220 The Northwestern Miller Building . . 222 R. J. Mendenhall's Bank . . .... , . 238 Old First National Bank . . .X . . 238 Old Security Bank . . . . . ... . 239 First Building of the Northwestern National Bank . . . 239 The Northwestern National Bank Building 241 The First National Bank Building . . 243 First Real Estate Office in Minneapolis . 261 Home Office of the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company . . . . 265 Saw Mills of Early Days . . . . . 297 The Old West Side Mills . . . . . 297 The East Side Mills as They Appeared About 1880 . . 299 The Lumber Exchange . . . . . 300 A Modern Minneapolis Saw Mill . . . 301 The Old East Side Flour Mills . . , 328 The First Washburn Mill . . . . . 329 After the Great Explosion of 1878 . . . 330 General View of the Flour Milling District of Today . . 334 First Chamber of Commerce Building^ . 354 Present Chamber of Commerce Building . . 356 Modern Type of Steel Tank Elevator . 359 Type of Brick Elevator . . . . . 360 Modern Tile Tank Elevator . . . . 361 Early Manufacturing Establishments . . 386 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Patre General View of the Minneapolis Threshing Machine Company's Plant . . . View of the Minneapolis Steel and Machinery Company's Works The Kilgore-Peteler Company's Manufacturing Plant Modern Type of Wholesale Building in Minneapolis . A Model Farm Implements Warehouse . A Modern Minneapolis Jobbing Building . The Largest Jobbing Building West of Chicago One of the New Wholesale Warehouse Types Retail District on Washington Avenue in 1869 George W. Hale & Co.'s Store, About 1880 The Old Market House . . . . . Upper Nicollet Avenue in the Retail District The First Department Store in Minneapolis Dog Train—One of the Earliest Means of Transportation Red River Carts Steamer "Minneapolis" at the Minneapolis Landing The "William Crooks"—First Locomotive 388 390 391 428 429 431 432 433 449 450 450 451 452 463 464 465 Page On the Minnetonka Electric Line . . . Express Boat on Minnetonka . . . . Train on the Old Motor Line . . . . Minneapolis General Electric Company Building The Minneapolis Exposition Building . At One of the "King" Fairs . . . . Opening of the First Minneapolis Exposition View at Minnesota State Fair . . . . The Masonic Temple Entrance to Lakewood Cemetery . . . An Old Time Minneapolis Home . . . View in Late Autumn on Park Avenue . A Modern Minneapolis Residence . . . A Residence Street—Groveland Terrace . A Type of Recent Residence Architecture . Lake Minnetonka The Shore at Ferndale, Lake Minnetonka . One of Minnetonka's Charming Residences Minikahda Club House—Lake Calhoun . The Old Round Tower at Fort Snelling— 1861-1908 . . . . . . . . Minnesota Soldiers' Home . . . . The Security Bank Building . . . . The Minneapolis Auditorium . . . . The Lower Dam and Rapid Transit Com- Running into Minneapolis . . . . The Villard Paiade of 1883 . . . . 467 468 pany's Power House . . Plymouth Congregational Church ChiCa ?a°tioIf l w a " k e e 469 St. Mark's Episcopal Church & St' F a t '' PaSSenger . . P r °P° s «> The Old City Hall Volunteer Firemen of 481 483 Campus ' ' P>»sbury Library Building . . . . . 486 488 490 519 519 519 The Minneapolis Gateway—Old City Hall in Foreground . . The Armory Proposed Plan for the Development of Minneapolis' Civic Center . . ... The Catholic Pro-Cathedral . . . . .... Minnehaha Falls . . .. The Mississippi River Gorge . . The Minneapolis Postoffice Building The First Horse Car Type of First Electric Car . . Standard Electric Car, 1908 . . .. .. . . .. .. 521 528 528 529 531 532 533 544 545 546 546 547 547 548 548 549 549 550 552 553 . 5S4 . • 555 Steel Arch"Bridge Over the Mississippi' River 479 1870 Pla"s . . 519 520 520 556 Enlarged University 557 558 558 559 560 / A Half Century of Minneapolis CHAPTER I THE FOUNDATIONS OF MINNEAPOLIS M INNEAPOLIS WAS literally, AS well as figuratively, founded upon a rock. A vast ledge of limestone resting on a stratum of sandstone and extending under the bed of the Mississippi river was the geological cause of the Falls of St. An thony ; and the falls with their potentialities of water power and resultant industries led to the settlement and development of Min neapolis. While, thus, the rocks which dammed the Father of Waters became the figurative basis of the city they also fur nished the actual physical foundation, for many of the structures about the falls rest directly upon this same limestone ledge; and rock, quarried from its numerous outcroppings, has entered into the substructure of practically every business and residence building in the city. Although the practical part which the ledge of Trenton limestone played in the determination of the site of Minneapolis and its earlier development, has been to some extent lost sight of, the figure of speech suggested has become more and more appropriate as the solid foundations of the city's many sided life have become more and more apparent. And these foun dations rest not alone on the great water power. The strategical location of Minne apolis as a commercial city was admirable. The site at the Falls of St. Anthony was peculiarly adapted to the building up of a receiving and distributing market—the mak ing of Minneapolis what it has since become —"the market city of the Northwest." When the city was founded the possibili ties of the northwest were quite unappreci ated but it was obvious to the clear visioned men of the time that some day the prairies would be peopled and that a market for their agricultural products and for the sup ply of their needs for manufactured articles, must arise. None of these pioneers foresaw the nearness of the dimly understood com mercial situation or the wonderful modifica tions in its development which would be wrought by the progress of invention and the change in social conditions. But they saw the fundamental advantages of the site and builded fearlessly and with faith in the outcome. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. Next to the water power, one of the primary elements in the city's earlier suc cess was its proximity to the pine forests of Northern Minnesota. Half a century ago the finest body of white pine on the con tinent was growing along the Mississippi river and its tributaries above Minneapolis, ready to be cut into logs and floated along the greatest natural logging stream in the country to the cheap power at the Falls of St. Anthony. The conditions were ripe for the production of lumber at a low cost— while at the west and southwest lay the treeless prairies, already being invaded by the settler, and ofifering a market for all that the Minneapolis saw mills could pro duce. Here then was a great industry al most ready made which furnished profitable employment while more permanent lines of commercial endeavor were being developed. HEAD OF NAVIGATION. It has been an axiom in commercial ge ography that the head of navigation on a river of considerable proportions is the natural site of a large city. Minneapolis occupied this position on the greatest of 10 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY IN A NATURAL STATE. Reproduced from the original water color made by Capt. S. Eastman probably about 1841, and now In the possession of the Minneapolis Public Library. It is the oldest sketch made by an artist and is regarded as reasonably accurate. American rivers. It is true that for some time navigation to the very doors of the city was uncertain, that for many years it has been interrupted altogether, and that the development of railroads has apparently reduced the proportional importance of riv er transportation; but the principle has re mained undisturbed and the sentimental ef fect (by no means to be disregarded) has been operative in all these years, and now in 1908 a new realization of the importance of water transportation and the near com pletion of river improvements suggests that this factor in the favorable location of the city will once more be extremely active in its development. western end of Lake Superior, Minneapolis has enjoyed the advantages of cheap trans portation to the Atlantic seaboard, to an equal extent with other cities situated on the lakes. That is, goods can be laid down in Minneapolis at practically the same cost as in Chicago, Milwaukee and other points some hundreds of miles further from the consuming districts than this city. In the same way flour and other agricultural prod ucts may be sent to the eastern and foreign markets under relatively advantageous conditions. This fact has been of immense significance and practical result in the com mercial strategy of the northwest. WATER TRANSPORTATION. Many other interesting and important conditions have entered into the solid foun dation building of the city. For instance, the immediate physical conformation of the surface about the Falls of St. Anthony was decidedly well adapted to city building. A shallow basin surrounded by low hills gave But while water transportation by river has been to some extent a dormant influ ence, water transportation through the sys tem of the Great Lakes has been a most potent factor in Minneapolis commercial growth. Located within 150 miles of the PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS- T H E FOUNDATIONS O F MINNEAPOLIS v'; " A •' ; > • V i' Vs.' 4:< 11 "1 THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY AT THE PRESENT TIME. This picturc gives but a partial view of the development of the water power and the mills and industries centered about the falls. It is also impossible in a view of the falls to give any adequate suggestion of the presence of a city of 300,000 inhabitants. ample room for wide streets, commercial and manufacturing sites and charming resi dence districts beyond. The surface was sufficiently rolling to provide natural drain age btit not so rough as to make improve ments expensive. A subsoil of sand and gravel was an element making both for health and convenience in all matters of city improvements both public and private. Broad valleys and easy gradients invited the entry of railroads. All the materials were at hand for the building of mills and homes, warehouses and railroads. An agreeable climate and a most productive soil invited settlement of both city and country. AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS. Of the characteristics of the agricultural conditions in the northwest a word must be said in passing. It is now a well established principle that any vegetable growth reaches its highest development at or near the most northerly limit at which it may be produced at all. This was not understood when Min neapolis was founded. It was, on the con trary, generally believed that the agricul tural possibilities of the northwest were very limited both as to variety and quality. The half century has disproved this theory, and in this refutation has been one of the most potent factors in Minneapolis growth. The instance of wheat alone is sufficient as an illustration. The first wheat for Minne apolis mills was brought from the south. Wheat growing in the northwest progressed slowly. Southern winter wheat was not adapted to northern conditions; the hard spring wheat produced here was regarded as inferior for flour making purposes. In this matter there has been a complete revo lution of belief. Hard northwestern spring wheat is now well understood to contain the most valuable food elements and with improved methods of grinding makes the best flour in the world. Other grains have passed through somewhat similar transi- 12 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS tions in esteem; and in the matter of grasses and forage crops it has been dem onstrated that those grown in the north have greater nutritive value than those produced further south and that animals fed on these products make better progress in Minnesota than when eating the same varieties of feed raised in more southerly regions. And so from a region popularly supposed half a century ago to be a halffrozen and nearly uninhabitable section of the country there now issue forth each year food supplies for many millions of people —products which to a large extent find their primary market at Minneapolis. AN OPPORTUNE HISTORICAL MOMENT. Still another stone in the foundation of Minneapolis may be said to be that of op portuneness. In no other half century of history could such a city as Minneapolis have been built. The city is the product of the age of the greatest inventions known to the world. At the time when the first rude buildings were being erected about the Falls of St. Anthony, the railroad—perhaps the greatest force in modern civilization— was in a state of crudity. The telegraph was but a dream while the telephone, elec tric light and all the other modern electrical inventions were unthought of. Even the application of steam power was in its in fancy. The wonderful inventions of ma chinery—from the sewing machine through all the list of domestic and factory appli ances and out again on to the farms to the modern harvester and thresher—all these were yet to be contributed to the comfort and progress of the race. Practically all of the inventions of machinery, implements and processes which now are so much a part of every day life as to be accepted as necessities without a moment's considera tion, had not then been conceived of even in the brains of the brightest men. Since 1850 these things which we regard as com mon necessities have been poured out to the world in a never ceasing stream and Minneapolis was founded just in time to receive the forward impulse which the in ventive half of the nineteenth century was to bring to the world. And the young city was in a position to receive the full benefit of the movement. Its settlers were the most enterprising members of the com munities which they had left. The new town had 110 traditions to set aside, no customs of long standing to overthrow. Things which were new and good were ac cepted immediately. The spirit of the peo ple was that of adaptability; it was their habit to instantly avail themselves of any thing which might be a stepping stone in progress and there was almost no element among the pioneers which represented the prejudice and unwillingness to change al ways found in older and more conservative communities. So as the city grew it was found in the front in the adaptation of the inventions of the time and frequently—as in the improvements in flour milling processes —itself led the world in splendid inventive achievement. It is possible that Minneapolis, if it had been founded twenty-five years earlier, would have lost the full effect of the wave of progress which so dominated its actual settlement and earlier decades of history. Other towns along the Mississippi river, established some time before Mineapolis, seemed to miss the spirit of the day and for many years lagged behind the pro cession of progress. For some reason they had become "set in their ways" and were unable to adapt themselves to new ideas. If therefore Minneapolis came into being at a particularly auspicious moment in the country's history, the city may have to thank a procrastinating government for de laying its birth. As will be told in a later chapter, the actual settlement of the site of Minneapolis was much delayed by the fail ure of the government to push treaties with the Indians and to open for settlement an unnecessarily large military reservation. CHARACTER OF THE PIONEERS. It has been claimed by some of the older residents of Minnesota that the state bene fited greatly through the fact that its early settlement took place coincidently with the period of the gold excitement in California. It was argued that the wilder and less sta ble elements of western emigration at that THE FOUNDATIONS OF MINNEAPOLIS time naturally gravitated to the coast while Minnesota attracted the more hardheaded and far-seeing - . Further they argued, that the lawless element went where the loose government of the mining camps offered opportunities for license while Minnesota attracted the law-abiding. There is un doubtedly much to uphold this theory. At all events the early history of Minnesota and especially of Minneapolis is peculiarly free from accounts of law breaking and crime. For some years after Minneapolis was founded there was no prison of any kind in the village and the erection of a "lock-up" was regarded as almost an un necessary expenditure of public funds. The 13 city was indeed fortunate in being settled by men of high character who gave a tone to the life of the settlement which was in valuable as time went on in attracting the right kind of people and became another solid stone in its foundation. These, briefly, are a few of the elements of strength which entered into the founda tion of Minneapolis. There have been many other influences on the development of the city's life and physical growth but in those which have been mentioned are found the most conspicuous reasons for the wonderful progress from wilderness to metropolis in less than the span of a human life. CHAPTER II THE EARLY EXPLORERS By Warren Upham, Secretary of the Minnesota Historical Society B EFORE the first white men came to make their homes within the area of Minneapolis, it had an interesting history during nearly two hundred years of the early explorations and fur trade. How long this region had been previously occupied by the aboriginal • Indian tribes, living by their hunting and fishing, their rude agriculture, and the native products of berries and wild rice, cannot be exactly as certained; but they had been here many centuries, apparently ever since the final melting of the continental ice-sheet, at the end of the Glacial period. Fragments of artificially chipped quartz, and occasional finished quartz implements, have been found by Prof. N. H. Winchell, Miss Frances E. Babbitt, Hon T. V. Brower, ana other col lectors, in the Late Glacial sand and gravel of the Mississippi valley plain at Little Falls, about a hundred miles north of Min neapolis, which are regarded as proof that men, probably ancestors of the Indians of today, were living there while the ice-sheet was melting away from the upper Mississ ippi basin and northern Minnesota. From the rate of recession of the Falls of St. An thony and the length of the Mississippi river gorge between the mouth of the Min nesota river and the present position of these falls, Professor Winchell thirty years ago computed that about 7,000 or 8,000 years have been required for the erosion of this gorge, eight miles long, which time, thus approximately determined, measures also the Postglacial period here, since the border of the ice-sheet was melted back past the site of this city. So long, therefore, the red men have probably lived here. Their only historic memorials, however, are the thousands of earth mounds, mostly used for burial, which are found near lakes and rivers through all this region, excepting north of the Great Lakes. The oldest of these mounds may have been made not long after the Ice age; but others were made doubtless during all the long time until the white men came, for Catlin noted that a burial mound was built near the Red Pipe stone Quarry in southwestern Minnesota about two years before his visit there in 1836.' The first white man who came to the mouth of Lake Superior and advanced be yond Lake Michigan into central Wiscon sin, was Jean Nicolet, in the autumn and winter of 1634-35, coming by the canoe route from the French settlements on the River St. Lawrence. FIRST WHITE MEN IN MINNESOTA. Only twenty years later Groseilliers and Radisson, coming also by canoes from Que bec and Montreal, appear to have been the first explorers to cross the area of Wis consin and reach that of Minnesota. The narratives of their far western expeditions, written by Radisson, who called them "voy ages," came into the possession of the Bod leian Library, at Oxford University, but remained practically unknown to historians during more than two hundred years, until in 1885 they were published by the Prince Society of Boston. By that publication these two French fur traders were made known to the world as the first Europeans to reach the upper Mississippi river and to traverse parts of this state, probably cross ing the area of this city. In their first western expedition, leaving the lower St. Lawrence in August, 1654, Groseilliers and Radisson spent the next THE EARLY EXPLORERS iifel. ROUTES OF GHOSIUUERS AND RADISSOU, 1655-S6MD J6S9 MAP SHOWING i 15 1 held 011 Prairie Island. With difficulty' Groseilliers and Radisson persuaded tjiem to undertake a large expedition to Montreal and Quebec, braving the expected attacks of the Iroquois. They left Prairie Island late in June, or about the first of July, and reached Lower Canada late in August, bringing furs of great value. THE TRAVELS OF RADISSON. so. GROSEILLIERS AND From the Minnesota Historical Society Collections. winter among the Indian tribes in the region of Mackinac and Green Bay. The narra tion relates, if I understand it rightly, that in the early spring of 1655, accompanied by about a hundred and fifty Indians, they traveled with snowshoes across southern Wisconsin to the Mississippi river near the site of Prairie du Chien, spent three weeks in building boats, and ascended the Missis sippi river to Prairie Island, between Red Wing and Hastings, arriving there about the first of May. Groseilliers stayed on the island through the summer and autumn, superintending the Indians in raising and storing corn; but Radisson went with a hunting party of the Indians, journeying southward to the Illinois river, and spent four months in going "from river to river." About the middle of June in 1656, a coun cil of more than eight hundred Indians was Three years afterward, in August, 1659, Groseilliers and Radisson, with a company of Ojibways and other Indians, started on their second western expedition, in which they probably passed by the future sit^s of Minneapolis and St. Paul. They spent twenty-two days in canoe travel, by the Ot tawa and Mattawa rivers and Lake Nipissing, to Georgian bay; stopped a few days for rest at the Sault Ste. Marie; and coasted along the south shore of Lake Superior to Chequamegon bay, arriving there probably near the end of September. Thence th^y marched four days southward through the woods to a lake about eight leagues in cir cuit, probably Lac Court Oreille, in north ern Wisconsin, where a council of the Hurons, Menominees, and other Indians, was held, with bestowal of gifts. After the first snowfall, late in October or nearly in No vember, the Indians separated to provide food by hunting. .; Early in January, 1660, the Hurons, and Groseilliers and Radisson, came together at an appointed rendezvous, a small lake, prob ably Knife Lake or some other in its vicini ty, in Kanabec county, Minnesota. A ter rible famine ensued, caused by deep snow fall and consequent difficulty of hunting and killing game. After the famine, twenty-four Sioux came to bring presents for Groseilliers and Radis son, and eight days were occupied with feasting. The Hurons, and delegations from eighteen tribes or bands of the Sioux, then met at a prairie or clearing chosen near the former rendezvous, apparently in the neighborhood of Knife Lake. Ceremonial feasting, athletic trials of strength and skill, singing, dancing, and bestowal of gifts, oc cupied the next three weeks; and a large party of Crees, being specially invited, joined in the later part of this great celebra- 16 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS tion of alliance with the French. This took place in the second half of March and be ginning of April. ON THE SITE OF MINNEAPOLIS. During April and May, Groseilliers and Radisson visited the Prairie Sioux, probably on the Minnesota river, traveling thither probably afoot by way of the Rum river, twenty-six days in coming down from Lake Superior. They brought, as in 1656, a very valuable freight of furs. The governor of Canada, Argenson, reprimanded them for going 011 this expedition without his au thority, and imposed very heavy fines, so that Groseilliers went to France to plead for redress, but in vain. The later history of these adventurous HENNEPIN AND ACCAULT AT THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. COPYRIGHT 1906 BY UOUGLAS VOLK From the painting by Douglas Voik in the Minnesota State Capitol. (By permission.) and down the Mississippi, but passing south to the Minnesota, by way of the series of lakes in the west part of Minneapolis, and returning, with a company of Ojibway trad ers in canoes, by the Minnesota, Mississippi, and St. Croix rivers. They reached Chequamegon bay in the later part of May. Soon after the first of June, they crossed the west end of Lake Superior, apparently about twenty or twenty-five miles east of Duluth, visiting the Crees near the site of Two Harbors. With a great escort, three hundred or more of the Indians in sixty canoes, Groseil liers and Radisson arrived at Montreal on the 19th of August, 1660, having spent brothers-in-law includes their renunciation of allegiance to France, the transfer of their service to English merchants, and leader ship in the grand enterprise of opening and establishing the Hudson Bay Company's fur trade. In the summer of 1673, eighteen years after Groseilliers' corn-raising on Prairie Island, the devoted missionary, Marquette, and his companion, Joliet, who was in com mand of the party, with five other French-' men, in birch bark canoes, voyaged down the Wisconsin river to its mouth, and thence down the Mississippi to the vicinity of the mouth of the Arkansas river. During more than two centuries they were regarded THE EARLY EXPLORERS 17 as the first, excepting De Soto, to explore the Mississippi. They returned along the placid Illinois river, and across the short portage to Lake Michigan near the site of Chicago; and Marquette wrote in the high est praise of the beauty of that region. About a week later, Hennepin was over taken, before reaching the Wisconsin river, by some of the Isanti warriors, who them selves went forward to the mouth of the Wisconsin in hope to meet the French and seize their goods, but found no one there. HENNEPIN'S TRAVELS. DU LUTTI WITH HENNEPIN AT THE FALLS. The two most noteworthy explorers con nected with the history of Minneapolis were Hennepin and Nicolet, separated from each other by a hundred and fifty-six years. La Salle, who in 1682 voyaged from the Illinois river down the Mississippi to its mouth, had two years earlier sent a party of three Frenchmen to explore the upper course of this river. The party consisted of Accault, the leader; Auguelle, who was a native of Picardy; and Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan missionary, who became the his torian of the expedition. Starting from La Salle's Fort Crfvecoeur the 28th day of Feb ruary, 1680, and taking in their canoe about a thousand pounds of goods for presents among the tribes that they would meet, they paddled down the Illinois river to its mouth and thence up the Mississippi. When Hennepin and his companions had spent nearly a month in the upward journey, they were met by a war party of Dakota or Sioux Indians in thirty-three canoes, who made the Frenchmen captives, and, turning back, brought them up the river to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul. There leaving the river, they went by land northward to the villages of this Isanti tribe in the region of Mille Lacs, where they ar rived early in May and were kept in cap tivity until the beginning of July. Afterward they hunted buffalo and start ed again up the Mississippi, when, late in July, they met Du Luth and several French soldiers, who had come from Lake Superior by the canoe route of the Brule and St. Croix rivers. They all then came back to the Isanti villages at Mille Lacs, where Du Luth the previous year had met these sav ages in council and endeavored to inform them of the benefits they must receive in trading with the French. Du Luth sharply reprimanded the savages for their captivity of Hennepin and his companions, and in the autumn, on the pretense of bringing goods to establish' a trading post, Du Luth, Hennepin, and other Frenchmen, were al lowed to depart, voyaging from Mille Lacs down the Rum river' (called the St. Francis by Hennepin) t and the Mississippi to the Wisconsin river, and thence up that stream and over portages to Green bay. - For this journey, which passed St. Anthony Falls and the site of Minneapolis, the chief of the Isanti tribe traced the route on a paper and marked its portages, this being probably the earliest mapping of any part of Minnesota. THE FALLS NAMED. Permission was then given to Hennepin and the Pickard to return in a canoe down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Wiscon sin river, where they hoped to find a rein forcement of Frenchmen, with ammunition and other goods, which La Salle had prom ised to send. Meanwhile Accault was left in captivity. On this return voyage, Hen nepin and his comrade, Auguelle, passed the Falls of St. Anthony, to which Hennepin gave this name in honor of his patron saint. LATER EXPLORERS. At some time about five to ten years after these journeys of Hennepin and Du Luth past this city area, Le Sueur, and probably Charleville with him, made a canoe trip far up the Mississippi river, apparently to Sandy Lake. They learned from the In dians at the limit of their journey that the sources of this great river were still far dis tant, consisting of many small streams and lakes. Later the Mississippi here was a frequent route of fur traders, and explorers came oc casionally to or past the Falls of St. An thony. Prof. N. PI. Winchell, the state ge ologist, in his report on this county, dis cusses in much detail the testimony of these 18 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS explorers concerning the recession of the falls, citing, after Hennepin, the description given by Carver in November, 1766, Pike, coming to the upper Mississippi and return ing in 1805 and 1806, Long in 1817, School craft in 1820, Keating and Beltrami in 1823, Boutwell and Schoolcraft again in 1832, Featherstonhaugh in 1835, a n d Nicolet in T 836- NICOLET'S GREAT WORK. Last and greatest of these, in his service of geographic exploration, was Nicolet, who is forever to be held in remembrance and association with Hennepin, in the names of the two finest business avenues of JEAN N. NICOLET. Reproduced from a photograph of an ivory painting presented to the Minnesota Historical Society by . Maj. Taliaferro in 1867. (1836) this city. His final map of the region that now comprises Minnesota and the eastern parts of North and South Dakota, pub lished in 1843, shortly after his death, is a marvel of accuracy, although prepared at that early time when the area of our state had no village, excepting Grand Portage, the settlement of the fur trading companies on the north shore of Lake Superior, and excepting also the village of the Ojibways at the narrows of Red Lake and a few groups of Dakota tepees on the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers. Joseph Nicolas Nicolet was born July 24, 1786, at Cluses, in Savoy; completed his studies in Paris, where, in 1817, he became an officer of the astronomical observatory; in 1819 he became a citizen of France, and in 1825, or earlier, received the Cross of the Legion of Honor. He was financially ruined by results of the Revolution of 1830, and came to the United States in 1832, to travel in unsettled parts of the South and West. Here his talent for geographic work was soon recognized and brought to the knowledge of the United States War De partment and Bureau of Topographical En gineers. Under their aid and direction, he made extensive exploring trips in the North west, including a canoe journey from Fort Snelling up the Mississippi, and by portages beyond Leech Lake, to Itasca Lake, thence returning down the whole course of the Mississippi to the fort, in 1836, and a trip up the Minnesota river and past Lake Shetek to the Red Pipestone Ouarry in 1838. He died in Washington, D. C., September 11, 1843. In the United States government reports and maps of his work, his name appears varyingly as I. N. or J. N. Nicolet; and it is given as Jean N. by Gen. Sibley, Dr. Neill, Prof. N. H. Winchell, and other writers of Minnesota history. Researches by Horace V. Winchell, however, in 1893 (published in the American Geologist for February, 1894) show that his name was Joseph Nicolas, as before noted. On July 26th to the 29th, 1836, Nicolet and his exploring party and Ojibway es cort were in camp at the Falls of St. An thony, which he also doubtless examined at many later times during his visits at Fort Snelling. In March, 1839, he made exact surveys of the falls and their vicinity, be lieving that the rate of recession of the falls would become a question of much interest. As was noted at the beginning of this chap ter, it is indeed found so by geologists, who therefrom, and from the similar recession of Niagara Falls, have computed approxi mately the duration of the present geologic period, since the end of the Ice age. CHAPTER!III FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION D URING the two centuries from the discovery of the Falls of St. An thony to the organization of the state of Minnesota, the lands adjacent to the falls passed through many claims of ownership and governmental jurisdiction. Not counting the original Indian occupants, the ground on which Minneapolis stands has belonged to four great nations and has been a part of nine state or territorial divi sions. France originally claimed the entire Mississippi valley and supported its claim by exploration and partial settlement. The overwhelming preponderance of French names (or corruptions of French names) in the earlier nomenclature of the region tes tifies to the diligence of the French explor ers. The defeat of France in Canada and the British occupation in 1760 brought the country east of the Mississippi river under English control and that west of the river was ceded by France to Spain in 1763. With the success of the United States in the Revolution, the British territory became the property of the new nation while twenty years later the Louisiana Purchase brought the western banks of the Mississippi under ; the same government. As Minneapolis lies |upon both sides of the river it occupies [ ground that has been the property at differ ent times of Spain, France, Great Britian and the United States. At the close of the Revolution the eastern bank of the Mississippi in the northwest was claimed by Virginia but the land was soon relinquished to the United States and shortly afterwards the Northwest Territory was formed from the United States posses sions west of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio river. Subsequent divisions brought the eastern bank of the Mississippi river at St. Anthony Falls under the juris diction of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin territories. In a similar process of political division the west bank of the Falls followed the territorial fortunes of Louisiana, Missouri, Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa. Had ever a city better claims for cosmopolitan origin? THE DAYS OF THE TRADERS. Through all this period, however, the changes had more geographical than gov ernmental significance. There was, in fact, no one to govern except the Indians who remained in undisturbed possession of their lands until the beginning of the last cen tury. Practically no attempts at the exer-s cise of governmental authority were made until the creation of the territory of Minne-| sota in 1849. the earlier days govern-! ment, so far as the aboriginal inhabitants were concerned, was represented by the fur JONATHAN CARVER. From an old portrait, 20 CAKVEli S SKETCH OF THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. Reproduced from the original plate in Carver's Travels published in Dublin in 1779. engraving of the falls. traders and the principal interest of the white men wais in the quantity of furs which might be brought out of the region at the least expenditure of property and human life—the latter frequently the least in con sideration. In the absence of civil authori ty the fur companies and their representa tives exercised a sort of pseudo-governmental control which was, on the whole, prob ably much better than nothing at all. The power obtained by the fur traders, however, was the cause of much difficulty later, the rival claims of British and American com panies being for a time a matter of as much moment, proportionally, as questions of fish eries and sealing rights in later days. CARVER'S TRAVELS. It was the hope of securing valuable trade which led to the first English explorations of this region. Soon after the French ces sion Jonathan Carver of Massachusetts traveled through the upper Mississippi val ley and in 1766 visited the Falls of St. An thony. His sketch of the falls was the first made and the first to be engraved; facts This is the earliest which give it interest notwithstanding its crudity and manifest inaccuracy. In 1783 the famed Northwest Compam* was or ganized and for many years was in almost absolute possession of the trade of the region west of Lake Michigan, though con stantly contesting its ground at the north with the British traders, who, taking advan tage of the uncertainty as to the boundaries and the remoteness of authority, continu ally invaded American territory. In these days of accurate geographical knowledge it is quite difficult to realize the crudity of northwestern chorography in the early days of the republic. At the close of the Revolution there were very indefinite ideas as to the boundaries of the regions which the United States had acquired and as late as 1795, as will be seen by the accom panying map published in Philadelphia, the conception of the arrangement of the phys ical features of the northwest was extreme ly vague. Although the Great Lakes had been fre quented by the French for more than a cen tury, the English and the American Colo- FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION nials had profited little in geographical knowledge by the explorations. The distorted outlines of the lakes in this map sug;"est not only an absence of any recent ex- 21 a more westerly source. The coal mine shown near the mouth of the St. Peters (or Minnesota) was probably inserted in the map on the authority of some trader or voy- c Be i s»A»TKwt» *•»' VJ. f 3 " C- X t c \u OUPoae^oj jmseon~2i- ^V7W.7£imiT0RY L,*.. W. tkeXjuck. Tkil-ul* AN EARLY IDEA OF NORTHWESTERN GEOGRAPHY. Prom Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, by permission of the publishers, Houghton Mifflin & Co., originally published in Scott's Gazetteer, 1795. plorations or surveys but also failure to make use of the data which must have been in the hands of the Frenchmen. As to the vicinity of Minneapolis it will be no ticed that the falls are indicated at the junction of two streams—one the "Lake river," flowing from Red Lake, while the Mississippi proper is shown to come from ageur who wished to embellish his story of adventure with a color of practical dis covery of mineral wealth. MILITARY OCCUPATION. . Interest in the Upper Mississippi became pronounced immediately upon the comple tion of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and 22 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS in 1805 Capt. Zebulon M. Pike of the United States army headed the first American mili tary expedition which reached the Falls of St. Anthony. Pike negotiated a treaty with the Sioux by which the United States ac quired a military reservation between the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers including the sites of Fort Snelling and Minneapolis. The exact extent of the reservation seems to have been quite indefinite and the boun daries were never accurately defined until after the Indian lands east of the Mississ ippi had been ceded in 1837. This led to misunderstandings and contentions and was the cause of much bitter feeling in later years. Had the government followed up Pike's treaty with exact surveys much trouble would have been avoided. The finally established line of the reservation, as far as it affected Minneapolis, was that of the western boundary which crossed from the Minnesota to the Mississippi river west of Lakes Harriet, Calhoun and Lake of the Isles arid reached the river at a point near Bassett's creek. This brought within the reservation- all of what is now the central business and' v residenee section of the city. Pike also visited many of the poaching fur ZEBULON MONTGOMERY PIKE. From Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America by permission of the publishers, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. • MRS. CHARLOTTE O. VAN CLEVE. Identffied with Minneapolis from 1819 when she was brought to Fort Snelling, an infant, by her parents Lieut, and Mrs. Nathan Clark. traders and expelled them or secured prom ises of allegiance. Difficulties among the traders continued, however, for many years. Not long after Pike's expedition the sec ond war with Great Britain broke out and the attention of government and the military department was diverted from the north west and it was not until 1817 that an offi cial representative of the United States visited the Falls. In this year Major Stephen H. Long of the Engineer Corps ascended the river and on his return gave a very complete description of the locality about the Falls of St. Anthony and of the Falls themselves, Avhjch he referred to as "a majestic cataract." In 1819 the government determined to es tablish a military post on the reservation secured by Capt. Pike and during the sum mer of that year an expedition arrived at the mouth of the Minnesota river.' Next year Fort Snelling was commenced. This was an event of much moment to the future FROM SAVAGERY TO CIVILIZATION Minneapolis. Fort Snelling was within eight miles of St. Anthony Falls and no one who reached the post on military or civic errand failed to visit the falls. In this way the fame of the locality and its possibilities as the site of a future city became widely known; while on the other hand, the pres ence of a garrison insured a certain degree of safety to intending settlers. Occupation by the white men was de ferred, however, on account of the con tinued possession of the lands by the In- 23 being a part of the Fort Snelling military reservation. It thus came about that Min neapolis, though standing on the most ad vantageous site for a city in the whole re gion, was retarded in development until practically the whole state of Minnesota had been opened to the immigrant. WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN. Just what might have been the result of different action on the part of the gov ernment it is now impossible to determine OLD FORT SNELLING. From a Daguerreotype made in early days and believed to be the earliest photographic view in existence. dians. It was not until 1837 that Gov. Dodge's treaty opened the way for settle ment east of the Mississippi; while the country west of the river was not secured until 1851 when the famous treaties of Tra verse Des Sioux and Mendota obtained for the settler all of what is now southern and central Minnesota. The way for the settlement of a great state had now been opened by successive treaties but the site of the larger part of Minneapolis—on the western bank of the Mississippi—still remained unavailable, it but it is obvious that a change in the chronological order of the land openings would have made a vast difference in later urban development in this locality. The es tablishment of the Fort Snelling military reservation at an early date prevented set tlement on the west bank of the Mississippi at the Falls of St. Anthony and Indian rights delayed settlement on the east bank until 1837 and on the west bank outside the military reservation until 1851. This order of events led to the settlement of St. Paul, on the east side of the river, in 1838, where- 24 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS THE TREATY OF TRAVERSE DES SIOUX. Reproduced from the painting by Frank B. Mayer (owned by the Minnesota Historical Society) from his original , sketches made during the councils and treaty in 3851. as the logical location for the new town was at Mendota on the west bank where Gen. H. H. Sibley had built his trading house some years earlier. But Mendota was shut off by lack of a treaty until 1851 by which time St. Paul had made such progress that competition was out of the question. But, had the upper part of the military reserva tion been opened for settlement in 1821 when Fort Snelling was founded neither Mendota nor St. Paul would have been thought of. Settlement would have been made naturally between the Fort and the Falls and by the time the Indian treaties were made in 1837 and 1851 the site of the only city in the vicinity would have been irrevocably determined. Had the reserva tion been opened as thus suggested the early Minneapolis would have stretched along the west river bank from Minnehaha to the Falls of St. Anthony with scant occupation of the "east side." And if a settlement had been made later at the site of St. Paul it would, in all probability, never have at tained much importance. There would have been a great administrative and commercial economy through the concentration of in terests in one city rather than a dissipation of energy and expenditure between two places but opinions will probably differ as to the desirability of such concentration as opposed to the advantages of competition and rivalry. CHAPTER IV THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT T HE exact date of a city's birth is not always easily determined. There is often a choice between the date of the erection of the first temporary dwelling or camp and the first permanent settlement. And these dates are frequently confused by changes and extensions of boundaries which in later days bring within the city limits places or buildings not originally considered. Minneapolis enjoys a full measure of uncer tainty surrounding its birthday. • It has been customary to fix the date of the beginning of this city at the time of the erection of Col. John H. Stevens' dwelling in 1849; but the old government mill of 1820 was undoubtedly the first structure built by white men within the present limits of Minneapolis. This mill was built by the soldiers stationed at Fort Snelling to supply lumber for the post and was in no sense a settlement. It stood upon a government military reservation, and no one had the right to settle in the vicinity. A dwelling was erected, however, in connection with the mill for the use of the soldiers detailed to the care of the place and here a soldier lived with his wife during some of the early years. Near the mill was the. farm where grain was raised and cattle pastured for the use of the post. with the most complete consecration to their difficult work. Obtaining the permis sion of the commandant at Fort Snelling they built their log house on the high bluff overlooking Lake Calhoun from the east on a spot afterwards occupied for years by a summer hotel, and now the site of a beautiful home. The eligibility of the site in the eyes of the Ponds was in the fact that it adjoined an Indian village which occupied the ground lying between Lakes Calhoun and Harriet. At about the time of its erection one of the brothers drew a rough chart of the region about the falls and fort which is probably the earliest map THE PONDS AT LAKE CALHOUN. The second building to be erected on ground now within the limits of Minneapolis was the rude log hut of the Pond brothers at Lake Calhoun. Samuel W. Pond and I Gideon H. Pond arrived at Fort Snelling in [ the spring of 1834 with the purpose of engaging in missionary work among the Indians. They were young men, reared in a Connecticut home and with no experi ence in the hardships of frontier life, but rm<zSe * THE FIRST MAP OP MINNEAPOLIS. Sketch of the vicinity of the Falls of St. Anthony and Fort Snelling, drawn by Rev. S. W. Pond in 1834. Reproduced by permission from "Two Volunteer Missionaries Among the Dakotas," by S. W. Pond, Jr. 26 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS on November 22, 1838. With the removal of the Indians from the reservation in 1840 the mission buildings became useless and they were torn down and the lumber used in the construction of new buildings on the Minnesota river. EARLY SQUATTER CLAIMS. As yet no permanent settlement had been made. The land upon the west bank of the Mississippi still remained a part of the Fort Snelling military reservation and until 1837 that on the east side was unceded by the Indians. In 1836 Major Plympton, an of ficer stationed at Fort Snelling, made a claim on the east side of the falls and put up a log cabin, but as the lands were not open for settlement the claim had no value. A similar claim was made in the following year by Sergeant Carpenter. But during 1837 the Dodge treaty was made, by which the Chippewa lands between the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers were ceded, and squat ter claims at once gave promise of being effective. The news of the treaty did not REV. S. W. POND. of the district now comprised in Minne apolis. About five years later the cabin at Calhoun was pulled down to furnish log:; for an Indian defense against expected enemies. In 1908 a tablet commemorating the Ponds and their work was erected in the vicinity of the original site of the cabin. STEVENS AT LAKE HARRIET. In 1835, one year-after the Ponds' arrival, the Rev. J. D. Stevens came to Minnesota as a missionary to the Indians and selected a location on the northwestern shore of Lake Harriet where two buildings were erected. These structures—a mission house and a school—stood but a short distance from the site of the present amusement pavilion. The school was the first building in Minnesota erected for educational pur poses. At the old mission house occurred the first wedding within the present limits of Minneapolis—that of the Rev. S. W. Pond to Miss Cordelia Eggleston, a sisterin-law of the Rev. Mr. Stevens. This was REV. GIDEON H. POND. THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT reach Fort Snelling until June 18, 1838; and then occurred the first "land rush" in Minnesota. The contestants were few but the outcome was momentous for Minne apolis. Franklin Steele, then sutler at Fort Snelling, outstripped his competitors and making a night march to the falls had a rude cabin erected and a claim staked out when the other would-be town site promoters arrived on the ground. FRANKLIN STEELE'S INFLUENCE. It was extremely fortunate for the coming city that this particular claim fell into the hands of such a man as Mr. Steele. Of much more than ordinary ability, of good family, and with social and business con nections among the prominent people of his native state of Pennsylvania, Mr. Steele came west, at the suggestion of President Jackson, with the purpose of building up his fortunes in what he believed to be a part of the country offering great oppor tunities. His appointment as sutler came from President Van Buren. In those days this position was regarded as one offering excellent opportunities for young men in the new country where army posts were established; and a sutler, if a man of merit, was .on a social equality with the officers with whom he was associated. Mr. Steele, in accepting the position, had a definite purpose. And this he accomplished through the claim at the Falls of St. Anthony and his subsequent remarkable business achieve ments in the development of the water power and manufactures, and in commercial enterprises and real estate investment. Col. John H. Stevens says of him: "At the commencement of my acquaintance with Mr. Steele (1849) he w a s the foremost busi ness man in this part of the northwest. His numerous enterprises were distributed from the head of Lake Superior to the Iowa line and from the Mississippi to the Mis souri. Gentlemanly and generous, every member of the community was his friend." It was a man of this type who had much to do with the destinies of Minneapolis. For the next decade Mr. Steele could make little progress with his claim at the Falls; for the government, although owning 27 the land, delayed in opening it for legal entry. Through this period Mr. Steele's title was only that of a squatter, maintained by actual occupation and defense against claim jumpers. For years he hired a sub stitute to "hold down" his claim and in several instances the owner was obliged to buy off trespassers who had slipped in and taken possession during the absence of the rightful occupant. But Mr. Steele was the kind of man to maintain his position. The year 1847 found him still in possession, and at last he paid the government fees and obtained undisputed title. PIERRE BOTTINEAU. Meanwhile there had been many other claims made and lost in the vicinity. Car penter's claim of 1837 seems to have been recognized by later comers for he sold it in 1838 and it passed through various hands until it was purchased by Pierre Bottineau in 1846. This claim lay immediately north of Mr. Steele's, but like all the early claims, was quite indefinite as to boundaries. Bot tineau, though living in Minneapolis but a comparatively short time, was one of the most interesting characters connected with the early history of the city, and was very widely known throughout the northwest. Born in 1817 at a trading post on the Da kota prairies of a French father and Indian mother, he grew up a hunter and plains man by inheritance and training. At a very early age he became a guide and until the railroads penetrated the northwest con ducted many of the prominent parties of explorers and prospectors. After his mar riage in 1836 he spent more time in the settlements for a while and in 1845 came to the Falls, living in the village until 1854 when he moved to a farm in Hennepin county. A man of sterling character, ener getic, and of rare ability as a plainsman, he made and held many friends, and during the early days was one of the prominent men of the community. In fact, when the east bank of the Mississippi was finally opened for legal entry of land, he, with Mr. Steele, held the entire river frontage in the vicinity of the Falls. Claims had also been made by Joseph Rondo, Petit John, and 28 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS :•• j ' jtaLz* m ' ~ ';3S* THE GOVERNMENT MILLS OF 1820-3. Reproduced from the painting by James Fairman in the Minnesota Historical Society Galleries. others and there 'was more or less trading in the uncertain titles of these squatters, but the transfers were questionable as to legality, the considerations small, and the effects upon the development of the future village inconsequential. The Petit John claim covered the present site of the Uni versity of Minnesota. At one time it was owned by Bottineau but later came into the hands of Calvin A. Tuttle, one of the early pioneers. Immediately below this was a claim made by Pascal and Sauverre St. Martin, two brothers of Canadian French birth. Their land included a part of the present University campus and extended down the river rather indefinitely. This land afterwards became the property of Wil liam A. Cheever and Judge B. B. Meeker. PIONEERS OF '47 AND '48. Previous to 1847 all the claims about the Falls of St. Anthony were occupied only by half-breeds or Canadian French. Even Franklin Steele continued to live at Fort Snelling and employed the woodsmen or voyageurs to hold his claim. Several au thorities credit Charles Wilson with being the first American settler, but Wilson seems to have made his home at Fort Snelling. He was employed as a teamster by Franklin Steele and does not appear to have made any claim of land. In June of 1847 William A. Cheever arrived from Boston and pur chased the claim already mentioned. He was soon followed by others—Calvin A. Tuttle, Sumner W. Farnham, Caleb D. Dorr, Luther Patch and his son Edward, John Rollins, Charles W. Stimpson, Daniel Stanchfield, John McDonald, Samuel Ferrald, Robert W. Cummings, J. M. Marshall, Wm. R. Marshall (who afterwards became governor) and R. P. Russell. The last men tioned had been a trader at Fort Snelling for several years, and he became the first merchant of Minneapolis through the open ing of a small stock of goods at the Falls in 1848. This store was in one of the rooms of the house occupied by Luther Patch and his family, and Mr. Russell shortly after wards married Miss Marian Patch, their wedding being the first to be celebrated on the east side of the river. MANUFACTURING BEGINS. As soon as he secured title to his lands Mr. Steele set about improving the water • . -.;r 30 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS power. He sent to Maine for Ard. God frey to build a dam and sawmill, but with characteristic energy, commenced opera tions before the millwright's arrival. The lower end of Nicollet Island was denuded of a grove of elms and maples, and timber was hewed out by hand to construct the dam and mill frame. Other timber was brought down the river in the spring, and early in the year 1848 the first merchant sawmill at the Falls of St. Anthony was put in operation. This was the signal for a rapid growth of the village. The settlers of the previous year had been obliged to build log houses or haul their lumber over land from the St. Croix river. The govern ment sawmill on the west side had supplied a little lumber, but its capacity was very limited. During this year of 1848 such men as Bradley B. Meeker, Anson Northrup, John W. North, S. W. Farnham, Washing ton Getchell and Dr. John H. Murphy, all later prominent in the young city, arrived at the Falls. Surveys were commenced and PIERRE BOTTINEAU. plans for a city discussed among the prom inent settlers. Investigations of the pine lands north and northwest were made; the agricultural possibilities of the country were looked into and the probabilities of the opening of the region west of the Missis sippi river sifted. Upon such opening depended the future of the village at the Falls. The lands upon the east side of the river were not regarded as of as much agri cultural value as those on the west; and on the east there were already the settle ments at St. Paul and Stillwater—rival mar kets for the coming settlers. It was to the west that a tributary farming country must be developed. COL. STEVENS ARRIVES. The earlier settlers cast longing eyes at the immediate bank of the Mississippi on the west—still a prohibited country, it will be remembered, on account of the arbitrary maintenance of the military reservation by the government. This west shore was the j. most natural site for the city. Beyond it lay the beautiful country, stretching away towards the west—the now famous "park region" of Minnesota—fertile, well watered and offering subsistence for hundreds of thousands. The first successful attempt to obtain a foothold on the west side was made by the Hon. Robert Smith of Alton, 111., who through political influence obtained permission to occupy the old government mill and the house connected with it. Mr. Smith secured possession in May, 1849, but never lived on the property in person. Some time later he sent a representative who acted as miller; and by further exercise of influ ence he was enabled after a few years to secure a claim of land. In the meantime there had arrived at the Falls of St. Anthony a young man of twenty-nine, coming of sturdy New England ancestry, trained in the school of self-reliance in the new West, and seasoned in the Mexican war—a born pioneer and promoter. This was John H. Stevens, known to the older people of Min neapolis as "Colonel Stevens." He was of the type of men who spend their lives in the promotion of the interests of the many— the builders who build for the love of build- THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT ing, not for the hope of gain. Like many others since, Col. Stevens came to the north west in search of health. It was his pur pose to take up land and become a farmer. He reached St. Paul on April 24th, 1849, and came to the Falls of St. Anthony three days later, on his way up the Mississippi river to select lands. His party proceeded some distance up the river, but finding no lands to their liking returned to St. Paul, and some of the members went back to their eastern homes. But Col. Stevens remained and entered the employment of Franklin Steele in his business establishment at Fort Snelling. Within a month a plan for mak ing a claim on the west side at the Falls was arranged, and during that summer the consent of the Secretary of War was ob tained and Col. Stevens formally occupied the land lying immediately north of the Smith claim on the west shore. During the succeeding fall he commenced the erec tion of his house and completed and occu pied it on August 6th, 1850. THE STEVENS HOUSE. This first permanent dwelling in Minne apolis proper was a story-and-a-half frame structure with a wing of one story—a sim ple and unpretentious farm house, built as a home for a young married couple, and without a thought of the varied purposes for which it would be used, or that it would be preserved in a public park in after years, as a relic of the early days of a great city. When it was built its owner had no title to the land on which it stood. He simply had permission from the Secretary of War to occupy the land on condition that he main tained a free ferry across the Mississippi river for government troops and supplies. There was, of course, the understanding that if the lands west of the river were ever thrown open for settlement, Col. Stevens' claim would be recognized; but for six years he had not a line of writing supporting any claim of ownership. But Franklin Steele, Col. Stevens and other leading men in the settlement were in touch with influential men at Washington, and it soon became evident that it would be the policy of congress to reduce the size of the military reservation; while a 31 treaty with the Indians for the cession of their whole country west of the Mississippi river in Minnesota was almost certain of immediate consummation. Pressure was brought to bear from every direction to accomplish these two measures. And, while these negotiations were going on Col. Stev ens set about furnishing an object lesson which should help the cause by enlisting the assistance and approval of every visitor. I11 the summer of 1850 he "grubbed" and broke up about forty acres of land on the west river bank immediately above his house, and the next summer raised crops of wheat, oats and corn which would have done credit, he said, to central Illinois. Every one visiting the falls crossed to the west side to secure the view and was con fronted, immediately upon mounting the river bank, by fields of waving grain. These fields, Col. Stevens claimed, settled the destination of many an immigrant. They demonstrated the possibilities of western Minnesota and removed all doubts as to the fertility and productiveness of the region. Col. Stevens' farm was the first on the west bank of the Mississippi north of the Iowa line. He introduced the first herd of cows west of the Falls, excepting those held for the use of the troops. During the following year William W. Wales demonstrated in his own garden that all kinds of vegetables could be successfully raised in this climate. These things seem trivial at this day, but in the early fifties—when the northwest was still regarded as almost uninhabitable—they were of the utmost importance. It was nec essary to demonstrate by actual production that the crops of the middle states could be grown in Minnesota; otherwise the pros pective settler could not be convinced. PIONEER LIFE AT THE FALLS. Col. Stevens and Miss Frances H. Miller I were married at Rockford, Illinois, on May/ 10, 1850, and as-soon as their house was! completed, moved to the west side of the Falls, where they lived at first entirely with out neighbors, except those across the swiftrunning river. It is difficult to imagine the conditions under which this young married couple went to housekeeping on the site of Minneapolis less than sixty years ago. Their 32 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS house stood on the river bank on the site of the Union passenger station, and q'uite near the water. It was on a shelf or ter race about twenty feet above the water, but considerably below the general level of the ground farther back from the river, so that when approaching the house from the COLONEL STEVENS' HOUSE. Erected in 1S49-50; the first on the west side of the river. (From a drawing by A. Pournier in Stevens' Personal Recollections.) west only its roof and upper portions were visible. And this was the only dwelling inhabited by white people between the Falls of St. Anthony and the Rocky Mountains. Of Indians there was no lack. The illus tration, showing a group of Indian tepees, with Col. Stevens' house in the background, was reproduced from what was undoubtedly the earliest photograph taken on the site of Minneapolis and shows, much more graph ically than words can describe, the abso lutely primitive conditions under which the first family west of the Falls lived. The Indians' camp was about on the spot now known as Bridge Square—the common foot of Nicollet and Hennepin avenues. From this point westward extended the almost unbroken wilderness. In his "Recollec tions" Col. Stevens says of the Indians: The different tribes of Indians were never so numerous in the neighborhood as in 1850. A constant stream of Winnebagoes were coming and going. The different bands of Sioux re mained in camp several months on the high-lands just above the falls. They did not interfere with my stock, but made sad havoc with my garden. As a general rule the Indians respected the pri vate property of the whites residing outside of their own lands, but would occasionally confiscate the property of the missionaries. There can be no question but that the cussedness of these sav ages was frequently annoying to the missionaries. Of a particular visitation from the red men, Col. Stevens writes: The two lake bands of Indians, so called be cause they formerly lived on the shores of lakes Calhoun and Harriet, but then residing at Oak Grove (now Bloomington), encamped on the high land above the Falls for several weeks in July and August. They had considerable money left that they had received at the Traverse des Sioux treaty held a few weeks previous. They had brought their own canoes down the Min nesota river, and then up the Mississippi to the foot of the rapids, at which point they constantly crossed the river to the St. Anthony side for the purpose of trading. The Indians during their encampment were constantly on the alert, fearing an attack from the Chippewas, but they were so fond of trading, and the money they had left burned in their pockets to such an extent, that they were willing to risk their scalps at that time for the pleasure they experienced in ex changing their money for goods. They had previously given me the name of Mi-ni-sni—cold water—and were always friendly, supplying my family, at the proper season of the year, with game in abundance, but expecting, and always receiving pay therefor. To the credit of the traders in St. Anthony, there was never a drop of strong drink sold to the Indians, and as a consequence there was never any of them in toxicated. Col. Stevens' recollections of the early months at the first home in Minneapolis are of special interest; the following are extracts: The only way we could reach the house from St. Anthony was by taking a small boat, with two sets of oars, above Nicollet Island. The volume of water was so great, and the current so strong, we were fortunate if the landing was made any considerable distance above the rapids. Captain John Tapper, with his sinewy arms, required a strong assistant, with a capacious pan for bailing purposes, to make a sure crossing above the cataract. Pioneer housekeeping was not new to me, for I had long kept bachelor's hall in the lead-mines, but it was a novelty to my wife, who had been accustomed to the refining influences and conveniences of a well regulated New York household. Sometimes for weeks we would not see a white person: our only visitors were In dians.—•—Mosquitoes surrounded the house in such swarm's that smoke would not banish them. We usually received our letters and papers once a week. Fortunately I had a pretty good library, and Mrs. Stevens had a piano and other musical ': /.v.V; * -•,:: i--: 34 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS instruments, which had a tendency to banish from the little house most of the lonesomeness naturally incident to pioneer life so far from neighbors. OTHER EARLY SETTLERS. Next in order after Col. Stevens' claim came that of Charles Moseau, who obtained permission from the military authorities in the winter of 1849, and took up his resi dence on the southeast shore of Lake Cal houn. Soon afterwards, the Rev. E. G. Gear, chaplain at Fort Snelling, made a claim on the east shore of Lake Calhoun. John P. Miller, in August, 1851, secured the second claim near the falls—160 acres immediately adjoining Col. Stevens' location. On this claim he built a good house and farm build- 1 ings, although he had no title other than a permit from the war department. Dr. Hezekiah Fletcher, John Jackins, Isaac Brown, Warren Bristol, Allen Harmon, and Dr. A. E. Ames made claims during 1851, and were soon followed by Edward Murphy, Anson Northrup, Charles Hoag, Martin Layman, John G. Lennon, Benj. B. Parker, Sweet W. Case, Edgar Folsom, Hiram Van Nest, Robert Blaisdell and others, all of whom secured permits from the military authori ties. Prominent claim holders just outside the military reservation were Joel B. Bassett, Emanuel Case, Charles W. Christmas, Waterman Stinson, William Byrnes, Ste phen and Rufus Pratt, all of whom took up land in what is now North Minneapolis. During 1851, 1852 and 1853, many claims were occupied, although still without title or immediate prospect of title. It was even necessary to guess at boundaries (in the absence of all surveys by government) but Mr. Christmas, who was a surveyor, ran lines as he believed the government sur veyors would make them. These informal boundaries proved to be substantially cor rect when the final surveys were made in 1854. During three or four , years, the utmost confusion prevailed. Besides those who obtained permits from the army officials were other settlers who had no shadow of authority, and the claim shanties of these "squatters" were frequently destroyed by the officers and their builders ejected from the reservation. The administration of this authority was radical and was claimed to be tyrannical and charges of bribery were frequently made. Although there was prob ably much less corruption of officials than was charged, it seems indubitable that the • -h; • GOVERNOR WILLIAM R. MARSHALL. administration of the army officers was far from just, and that influences of some sort or other were active in securing opportuni ties for favored settlers. So unsettled was the situation that the claimholders finally organized an association with Dr. A. E. Ames, as president and Charles Hoag as secretary, and an executive committee com posed of the leading men of the settlement. Weekly meetings were held in Col. Stevens' house. The association was frankly com mitted to frontier justice; there was no law, and it w r as proposed to assert the rights of bona fide settlers and claimants on the basis of justice and equity as voted by the majority. So thorough was the organi zation, and so completely was it respected, 35 THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT Ei THE SWEET COLLECTION BRIDGE SQUARE, MINNEAPOLIS, IN 1851. Colonel Stevens' house is in the background, partly concealed by the bluff. The Indian tepees stood about where Bridge Square is now located. that only one instance of severe measures is recorded. One claim jumper received a well-merited flogging, and promptly disap peared from the region. However, there were a number of cases of disputed claims which were settled by compromise before possession could be secured. At the close of the year 1852 there were only a dozen houses on the land included in the original town site on the west side and there was as yet no appearance of a vil lage. The buildings were all farm houses or claim shanties and of necessity were located on the land claimed by the inhab itants; and were thus scattered over a wide area. This state of affairs continued for a while longer, for Congress passed a law reducing the Snelling reservation but made no provision for a survey and entry of the land. And it was not until the spring of 1855 that the claimants were enabled to pay their land fees and secure the long expected titles to their property. PROGRESS OF ST. ANTHONY. Meanwhile the village on the east bank of the Mississippi river was growing rapidly although it was conceded even then that the west bank must be the location of the greater part of the future city. As has been noted, the opening of the saw mill in 1848 started a miniature boom in building. Dur ing that year the population reached about three hundred. Wm, R. Marshall, whose arrival has been referred to, surveyed the town site, a post-office was established, the first school was opened (in a log cabin) and religious services were "commenced by the Rev. E. D. Neill, a Presbyterian clergyman who had located in St. Paul. Mr. Neill exer- 36 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS cised a most salutary influence upon the young settlement. He was a man of educa tion and refinement and at the same time quite able to turn his hand or mind to any of the needs of the frontier community— teaching school, lecturing, taking part in politics and serving the community in any capacity where his abilities were needed. Col. Stevens records the following arrivals at St. Anthony in 1849: John W. North, Dr. John H. Murphy, Reuben Bean, Judge Bradley B. Meeker, Dr. Ira Kingsley, Elijah Moulton, Charles Kingsley, James McMullen, Joseph M. Marshall, John Jackins, Wil liam P. Day, Silas and Isaac Lane, Francis Huot, L. Bostwick, Owen McCarty, Moses W. Getchell, Isaac Gilpatrick, J. G. Spe-nce, Lewis Stone, Rufus Farnham, senior, Rufus Farnham, junior, Albert Dorr, William Worthington, Elmer Tyler, L. N. Parker, William Richardson, Eli F. Lewis, Charles A. Brown, A. J. Foster, Charles T. Stearns, Stephen Pratt, William W. Getchell, Isaac Ives Lewis, J. Q. A. Nickerson, Ira Bur roughs, Samuel Fernald, William HB. Welch, F. X. Creapeau, N. Beauteau, John Bean, and Amos Bean. Gradually the young community took on the appearance of an eastern village. From log cabins the style changed to the white painted cottages of New England, where most of the settlers began life. One by one stores and shops were opened until the ordi nary needs of the villagers were supplied by local business enterprise. In 1851 the first newspaper made its appearance—the St. Anthony Express, published by Elmer Tyler and edited by Isaac Atwater, a young lawyer who had reached Minneapolis in the previous year and who was destined to be come a justice of the supreme court, and a prominent citizen of Minneapolis for nearly sixty years. Churches of several denomi nations were organized previous to 1853. The state university, provided for by the first territorial legislature, was organized— on paper—and a board of regents was appointed. The arrivals in 1851 included A. H. Young, afterwards for many years a judge of the district court, George A. Camp, prominent in the lumber business, John T. Blaisdell, Hiram Van Nest, William W. Wales, who had a large part in the affairs of the young city and lived to see it become a metropolis, Joel B. Bassett, a pioneer lumberman and long a well known citizen, Leonard Day and his sons, identified with lumbering for two generations, Dr. A. E. Ames, Emanuel Case, Sweet W. Case, Samuel Thatcher, Win. G. Moffett, David A. Secombe and many others. To enumerate all the arrivals is beyond the scope of this work. LAYING O'UT MINNEAPOLIS. Many of the settlers recorded as coming to St. Anthony only made it a stopping place until they could secure a foothold on the west side of the river. Col. Stevens was the first, and most of these mentioned in the preceding paragraph moved to the west side as soon as they could make claims. Some spent part of their time in St. Anthony and part on their potential farms. There was no opportunity for business on the west side while trade was brisk on the east shore. The situation made Col. Steven's uneasy and he was constantly importuned for permis sion to build upon his farm. At last in the spring of 1854 he employed Chas. W. Christ mas to survey a town site of over 100 acres. This survey covered the larger part of the present business center of Minneapolis of today and determined the general direction of the streets and their width. Col. Stevens had been familiar with New Orleans and patterned the new Minneapolis after the English portion of that city as it was in the early days. NAMING THE CITY. Immediately after the survey Col. Stevens began his liberal policy of giving away lots to people who would build and within a few months there was a village of parts centered about the present Bridge Square—then known as Bridge Street. The transfers of real estate were verbal. Col. Stevens had no title and could give none. Afterwards, when his preemption was completed he gave deeds to each lot owner. But though the people of the young city had no right to the ground on which they were building they had by this time secured a name. From the first there had been much discussion of this interesting matter. For a time All Saints seemed to be in favor, while Col. Stevens at first preferred Hennepin. Winona was THE PERIOD OF EARLY SETTLEMENT considered as were Lowell, Albion, Adasville and other more or less suitable titles. When the Fort Snelling reservation was reduced in 1852 Hennepin County was or ganized with a county seat on the west side of the falls—but there was no name for the county seat. The county commissioners selected the name Albion and it was so re corded but there was a great protest from the people and a few weeks later Charles 37 providing for the incorporation of the town of Minneapolis and it was more than two years afterwards, on July 20, 1858, that a town government was organized under the name. It thus remains a matter of individual choice or opinion whether Minneapolis had its birth with the erection of the old mill of 1820, the cabin of the Pond's in 1834, the Stevens house of 1849, the choice of a name by the inhabitants in 1852, the act providing . .... ST. ANTHONY IN 1851. Hoag invented and proposed the name "Minnehapolis"—a combination of Greek and Sioux. This name met with instant favor and—with the letter "h" eliminated— was formally adopted by the citizens of the village at a meeting held in Col. Stevens' house in December, 1852. But though thus adopted the name was not sanctioned by government until some time later. It was in 1856 that the legislature passed an act for incorporation in 1856 or the actual or ganization of government in 1858. But it is certain that the spirit of Minneapolis, as it has been known in later years, began to be manifest about the middle of the decade of 1850-60 when the settlers obtained actual title to their lands and when improvements of a permanent character began to be made. Then did the town first assert itself and give definite promise of its great future. CHAPTER V . THE FORMATIVE PERIOD W ITHIN the decade of 1855-65 the villages at the Falls of St. An thony received into their popula tion many of the men who were a few years later to make the name of Minneapolis fam ous through their commercial achievements. The foundations of many of the older banks and business houses were laid; definite plans for future commercial enterprises and trans portation routes were made. Of course, plans were crude and incomplete; but, on the whole, the men of this period had a very fair conception of the main lines along which Minneapolis was to develop in later years. It was during this decade that John S. Pillsbury came to Minneapolis and started a business which lives until the present time; that William D. Washburn commenced the improvement of the water power on a scale and with a comprehension which laid the foundations for a great milling industry; that that enthusiastic pioneer, Colonel Stev ens, gave away lots now worth millions, for the good of the town; that such men as H. T. Welles; C. H. Pettit, R. J. Mendenhall, Anthony Kelly, Eugene M. Wilson, George A. Brackett, Daniel R. Barber, Richard and S. H. Chute, John B. Gilfillan, S. C. Gale, C. B. Heffelfinger, T. A. Harrison, Hugh G. Harrison, E. S. Jones, William S. King, William Lochren, Charles M. Loring, Dorilus Morrison, W. W. McNair, J. K. and H. G. Sidle, R. J. Baldwin, E. B. Ames, Paris Gibson, L. M. Stewart, William P. Ankeny, Asa B. Barton, D. M. Clough, W. H. Lauderdale, James W. Lawrence, F. R. E. Cornell, Col. Cyrus Aldrich, Woodbury Fiske, Cyrus Beede, George E. Huey, Dr. P. L. Hatch, S. C. Robinson, O. C. Merriman, J. E. Bell, the Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker, C. E. Vanderburgh, Thomas Hale Williams, J. C. Reno, S. P. Snyder, W. W. Eastman, Fred L. Smith, the Rev. J. F. Chaffee and others later to become promi nent in the affairs of the city, cast in their lots with the frontier village and gave their best efforts to building up the place. Those were days when public spirit was rife; when everybody in Minneapolis worked for Min neapolis. It is said of this time that "the families who came here, from 1854 to i860', and laid the foundations of the Minneapolis to be, were in character and culture the choicest product of the east. No new settlement ever showed a larger proportion of college men and cultivated women. Indeed, it may be doubted whether the official and intellec tual status of Minneapolis has ever since averaged as high as during those six earliest years." BRIDGING THE MISSISSIPPI. One of the first ways in which the spirit of Minneapolis was manifested was in the con struction of a bridge across the Mississippi river. The Father of Waters had not, up to this time, been bridged at any point from its source to its mouth. Franklin Steele, Col. Stevens, Judge Atwater and others formed a company for the construction of a suspension bridge and in good time the bridge was completed and opened—January 23, 1855—when the event was celebrated with a parade and banquet at the new St. Charles hotel. This was not only the first bridge to span the Mississippi but one of the first long suspension bridges to be con structed in the country. AS THE CITY APPEARED IN '56. A recent historical sketch by the Rev. Charles L. Morgan has this picture of the village of Minneapolis in 1856: Paying our toll to the genial Capt. Tapper, we crossed the then brand-new suspension bridge, T H E FORMATIVE PERIOD and passing at its western end the home of Col. Stevens, the very first house built in the village, we climbed what was then a veritable hill past a few one-story buildings into the space long known as Bridge Square. Bridge Square was then a rolling prairie, ex tending between what were later Nicollet and Hennepin Avenues, and dotted with oak trees. At Second Street there was a depression which, 39 4. Brothers, but the whole tract from the bridge to Third St. in the center of which the Nicollet House now stands was then an unbroken pasture where a herd of cows and one or two savage bulls held undisturbed possession. The village at this time had three centers, so to speak, which were each struggling for su premacy; the earliest was in "lower town" where was the Land Office and Post Office, the second I V • •A';--. •••[, C .A . \ " r:,- ' ' <*• • -AA va r a ' -i A' •A* A: ' •^ •'AoA •• - , •=• A'rv; V : AA V AvA " A'-V,A-'';/^':A'>: •: ^ A A A ' A A AAA" AAA/fA'A/ AAaAA'A ; i ' A A A A A A A A A .A;,A . ' • -At:A.' - THE FIRST SUSPENSION BRIDGE. Prom a Daguerreotype made soon after the erection of the bridge. usually filled with water, served in spring for the navigation of rafts and in winter for a skat ing pond. Thence there was a gentle up grade to Third St., where began a heavy growth of woods extending over the ridge whose meandering wagon track became later known as Fourth St. Upon Bridge Square there was already one twostory brick building with "Law Office" conspic uous on its upper story and an irregular row of one and two-story stores extending part way be tween First and Second Streets,—or what be came Second street in later years,—for at this time no street was more than a wagon track or path and all the names were long since changed. At a point between Second and Third streets on the south side stood the livery stable of the Goff in the vicinity of Washington St. and Second Ave. South; and the third and more rapidly growing 011 account of the bridge, in Bridge Square. Just behind the cellar on Fourth St. where my father's house was soon to rise, we found the. still smoking embers of an Indian camp of the night before. FOUNDATIONS OF SCHOOL SYSTEM. The public school system of Minneapolis had its real beginning at a meeting held on November 28, 1855, when John H. Stevens, F. R. E. Cornell and J. N. Barber were elected school trustees and the legislature 40 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS was petitioned for power to leavy a tax to raise funds for the erection of a building. This led to the purchase of the site now partly occupied by the court house and city hall and the erection of the first "union school" which was succeeded, after a fire in 1864, by the Washington School, remem bered by many men and women of Minne apolis as the building in which they received their first schooling. At about the same time the promotion of the state university was taken up in earnest and plans were made for the erection of permanent build ings. On May 16, 1859, the first meeting for the formation of a library association was held. From this grew the Minneapolis Athenaeum and the present public library. Coincident with these efforts for educational advancement there was a vigorous growth of the religious life of the community. Many churches were organized and church build ings were erected with much zeal and boundless liberality. Newspapers were es tablished but as yet the older papers at St. Paul, having the advantage of location at the political center of the state and in an older community, overshadowed the jour nals published at the Falls of St. Anthony. COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. Immediately upon the perfection of the title to the town site Minneapolis experi enced its first real estate "boom" accom panied by a period of business activity which almost swept the promoters of the village off their feet. Immigration into Minnesota was just beginning to assume great proportions; the lands ceded by the Sioux in 1851 were now open to settlement and the people would occupy them, for the belief that Minnesota was a frozen and uninhabitable region was passing away. It was evident to the new comers that Minne apolis was to be a commercial center for the new country and they made haste to invest in building lots. The first real estate office was opened by Snyder & McFarlane in a small frame building on Bridge Square near the end of the suspension bridge. C. H. Pettit established a bank and land agency; R. J. Mendenhall entered the banking business as did Rufus J. Baldwin, the Sidles and others of lesser prominence. Mercantile establish ments multiplied by scores and speedily found themselves doing a large business. On the east side the Winslow House was erected in 1857 and the Nicollet House was opened in 1858—these hostelries giving the Falls adequate facilities for the entertain ment of visitors. Building contractors were overburdened with work and the capacity of the saw mills was taxed to supply the lumber demanded for improvements; but, though the actual growth of the village was very rapid, the larger part of the business was still the sale of lands and lots and the supply of necessities to settlers passing through to the farm lands beyond. DEVELOPMENT OF WATER POWER. Quite the most important work for Min neapolis at this period was the practical development of the water power afforded by the Falls of St. Anthony. This potential' resource qf the young city had lain prac tically dormant since the first efforts of Franklin Steele. There had been, it is true, an increase in the lumber sawing capacity and a beginning in flour milling in connec tion with the east side water power; but nothing had been done commensurate with the possibilities of the volume of water or the prospects afforded by the opening of the richest farming land in the country directly tributary to the new town. The develop ment of the lumbering and flour milling in dustries will be told more in detail in the chapters devoted to those subjects but it is proper to emphasize at- this point the im portance to Minneapolis of the work done during the later fifties. William D. Wash burn came to Minneapolis in 1856 and in 1857 w a s appointed secretary and agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company, a reorgan ization of an earlier company formed by Robert Smith who acquired the water power rights on the west side about the time Col. Stevens secured his claim. Gen. Washburn was a young man who had come out to Minneapolis from Maine to practice law. Finding better opportunities for his exec utive talents in the constructive work of the Mill Company he threw himself into the labor of building a dam and canal and, THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. 41 FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION THE BUSINESS CENTER IN 1857. View looking north from about Second avenue south and Fourth street. amid the most discouraging circumstances, pushed the enterprise to completion. His policy of offering liberal terms to persons who would construct flour and lumber mills tended to centralize the industry on the west side of the river and,gave the young city of Minneapolis a decided advantage over its neighbor, while the future of manu facturing as a whole at the Falls of St. Anthony was made more secure and its development hastened. This work for the city was done so long ago that few remain who were witnesses of it and few of the present generation are aware of the fact that Gen. Washburn, still an active citizen of Minneapolis, was the foremost factor in the beginnings of the milling industry at the Falls. It was the first of a series of great constructive enterprises which Gen. Washburn has undertaken which have been in the aggregate of incalculable benefit to Minneapolis. THE PANIC OF 1857-8. The work of constructing the dam and canal had not been more than well com menced before the financial panic of 1857 began to make itself felt in Minneapolis. This not only made this particular enter prise much more difficult but brought to all the business activities of the young city their first great discouragement. In com mon with the rest of the state, and, indeed, with many parts of the country, Minneapolis had overdone the work of promotion. The rush of population to the northwest and the rapid increase in values had turned people's heads. There was speculation of the wildest kind, and projects most chimerical were backed by the popular voice. It wanted only the general panic to cause the bursting of the bubble. Minneapolis suffered with the rest, although, perhaps, not as badly hurt as some other communities. For a time the situation seemed almost hopeless. Banks and business houses failed in num bers, many people were utterly ruined, and hundreds left the city to try their fortunes elsewhere. However, not all the banks or business men were bankrupt; some weath ered the storm in good order and with the improvement of conditions a year or so later, were able to do much for the develop ment of the community. There was a vast recuperative power in the town and in the northwest in those days, as now. No dis aster could be long continued in a district so naturally rich and so earnest in its work for development. All through the civil war, which followed hard upon the panic times, Minneapolis continued to grow, slowly, to be sure, but steadily, and while sending hundreds to the front, she contributed gen erously of men and means for the suppres- 42 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS sion of the Indian outbreak of 1862, which at first threatened to wipe out the entire white population. For a time the uprising injured Minneapolis, in common with the whole northwest, through the check to im migration which was the natural conse quence ; but this effect was to some extent counteracted by the concentration of gen eral attention upon the war which was then absorbing the whole energies of the nation. And after the Indians had been put down and punished and the history of the affair could be viewed from a better perspective, it became evident that the causes of the rising were unusual and not likely to occur again; while the Sioux had been so thor oughly subdued and scattered that any fur ther Indian trouble from any cause what ever, was well nigh impossible within the limits of Minnesota. THE CITY'S WAR RECORD. Out of an average population of about 7,000 during the war years Minneapolis and St. Anthony sent to the Federal army about 1,400 volunteers. This is about the ordinary ratio of adult males in any community and the figures appear extravagant unless it is remembered that the population of Minne apolis in the early days contained an un usual proportion of young men. It is true, however, that in the young cities the prog ress of commercial affairs was noticably re tarded through the absence of so many of the workers. Immediately upon the pres ident's first call for troops public meetings were held and, for the First Regiment of Minnesota Volunteers, Co. D, Capt. Henry R. Putnam, was raised in Minneapolis and Co. E, Capt. George N. Morgan, in St. Anthony. The story of the service of the famous "First Minnesota," culminat ing in its magnificent charge at Gettysburg, —when at the cost of two hundred and fif teen out of two hundred and sixty-two men who started in the charge, the devoted band probably saved the battle for the Union— has been often told. Capt. Morgan became a brigadier general and Capt. Putnam en tered the regular infantry. Other well known names are those of Major Henry D. O'Brien, Capt. James Bryant and Lieut. Wil liam Lochren. No companies for the second FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY IN 1859. View from about the center of the present flour milling district. The partially ruined building at the right is the old government flour mill. The Winslow House may be seen in the distance across the river. THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. regiment were raised here but its colonel, Horatio P. Van Cleve, afterwards a major general, became a citizen of Minneapolis when the regiment was formed and lived here during the remainder of his life. Capt. W. W. Woodbury of this regiment was a Minneapolis pioneer and many young men enlisted from here. In the Third Regiment were numerous volunteers from Minneap olis, including Dr. Levi Butler, the regi mental surgeon, and Hans Mattson who subsequently became its colonel. Minneap olis also sent many volunteers to the Fourth and Fifth regiments though raising no com panies complete. For the Sixth Capt. O. C. Merriman's Co. B and Capt. Joseph C. Whit ney's Co. D were both raised here as were Capt. George A. Camp's Co. A and Capt Richard Strout's Co. B of the Ninth. The city also contributed many other volunteers to the Seventh, Eighth, Tenth and Eleventh Infantry. Maj. George A. Camp was in the Eighth, Capt. Francis Peteler raised Co. S Second U. S. Sharpshooters. Another com pany was raised by Capt. Wm. F. Russell, and Capt. Eugene M. Wilson raised Co. A of the First Regiment of Mounted Rangers and Capt. George C. Whitcomb, Co. B of Hatch's Independent Battalion of cavalry. Maj. Christopher B. Heffelfinger of the First Regiment of Heavy Artillery had been a private in the First Infantry, rising by pro motion to a captaincy before his v transfer to the artillery. But to mention all the men of Minneapolis who served bravely in the war is manifestly impossible in a work of this scope. Many of the volunteers enlisted about the time of the Sioux outbreak of 1862 and saw their first service in the Indian campaign and so did not reach the South until nearly the end of the war. Upon the close of the war the veterans were welcomed warmly 011 their return to Minneapolis, the women of the city (who had been notably active in sending comforts to the soldiers at the front) taking a prominent part in the festivities incident to their return. In the autumn of 1865 General Grant visited the city and was given such a reception as might have been expected from a place which had contributed so generously to the rank and file of his'armies. 43 IMPORTANT LEGISLATION. • At about this time some very important national and state legislation served to' counteract the effects of the Indian troubles as well as to exercise other very pronounced influences on the future of Minneapolis. Up to the war period the hindrances to the rapid development of Minneapolis were the lack of a sustaining agricultural population and the impossibility, under existing condi tions, of establishing such a producing com munity in the region tributary to the city. One difficulty was the presence of the In dians who, while not regarded by the older Minnesotans as constituting an actual men ace to settlers, were still present in large numbers and were viewed with more or less suspicion by easterners who had not grown familiar with the savages by actual contact. The events following the massacre removed the Indians from the consideration. At the same time the new homestead law passed by congress in 1862 began to have effect. With the prospect of free government lands in view settlers were willing to brave In dian dangers both imaginary and real. Next to the absence of producing popu lation as a hindrance to development was lack of transportation facilities. Railroads had been planned in the later fifties but the panic had wrecked the companies leaving trails of unfinished grades and scandal in all directions. But with the promise of bet ter times railroad promotion was revived, and, fostered by wiser laws, gave hope, even during the height of the war, of an adequate transportation system within a few years. Besides roads fostered by state legislation there was 110W hope of a transcontinental line through the congressional charter of the Northern Pacific railway. At the same session of congress at which the homestead law was passed the grant of lands was made to the states for assistance in the establishment of agricultural colleges. This grant came to Minnesota at a time of almost utter hopelessness as to the future of the state university. •- Encumbered with debt and with the public finances in a crit ical condition there seemed no chance to save the institution. At this juncture John S. Pillsbury of Minneapolis was called to 44 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS what proved to be his life work—aside from his business and political services. Ap pointed a regent in 1863 he set to work almost single handed to save the university property and to make available the federal grant—an achievement which is recounted more at length in the sketch of his life which of the war. In spite of all backsets the two towns at the falls had grown steadily and in 1865 had a combined population of about 8,000—an advance of 2,000 since i860. The "Town of Minneapolis" (including the en tire township) had 4,607 people and the "City of St. Anthony" 3,499. The west side WEST SIDE MILLS IN 1859. From an old lithograph pronounced by pioneers to be accurate in location of buildings. The small building at the top of the bank near the center of the picture is the office of W. D. Washburn, then agent and manager for the Minneapolis Mill Company. appears elsewhere. In this undertaking Gov. Pillsbury was completely successful. It is telling but a small part of the story to say that he saved the university to Minne sota and Minneapolis, saved the United States grant which led to the building up in connection with the University of the fore most school of agriculture in the country— accomplishments which have had a profound effect directly and indirectly upon the his tory of Minneapolis. The state legislation in collection with this work was largely formulated by Gov. Pillsbury. MINNEAPOLIS I N 1865. Minneapolis, therefore, had every reason to be hopeful of the future in the last year of the river was already leading the east. In its physical aspects the dual village had changed little for several years. The center of business on the west side was still at Bridge Square and 011 the east shore Main street was the chief thoroughfare. There was little business west of Washington avenue. Most of the buildings were still of frame and presented the heterogenous appearance of the average small town where hasty construction without much regard to architectural appearance is the order of the day. The most important building in the town was the Central Block, just completed, and occupied by A. T. Hale & Co., clothiers, Laraway & Mills, grocers, and Wakefield & THE FORMATIVE PERIOD Plant, dry goods. At the corner of Nicollet and Washington avenues was the new Har rison "block" while the older half of the Nicollet house was the chief building in view looking westward. A dwelling house occupied the site of Temple Court and the principal residence sections were on north Washington avenue and on the streets and avenues southwest to Ninth or Tenth streets. At the milling district there was a small group of saw mills on either side of the river and several small flour mills. The Falls of St. Anthony still poured in un broken flow over the original ledge of rocks, scarcely changed in appearance since their discovery, except for the constant recession which a little later caused great anxiety and led to the entire reconstruction of the river bed. In September the Minnesota Central Railroad was completed to Minneapolis and gave the city its first rail connection with the territory south. In the first two months of operation this road carried from Minne apolis 2,625,000 feet of lumber and 10,950 barrels of flour. HORACE GREELEY'S OPINIONS IN '65. At the Minnesota State Fair of 1865, held in Minneapolis, the principal address was by Horace Greeley, then at the height of his fame as editor of the New York Tribune and known the country over as a patron of agri culture. Writing to the Tribune shortly after his visit to Minneapolis, Mr. Greeley spoke enthusiastically of the prospects of the place. The following are extracts from this letter: St. Paul has some 13,000 inhabitants, while this place, including St. Anthony Falls, across the river, has some 8,000; and there seems to be quite a jealous rivalry between them, which is absurd. The growth of railroads will soon ren der the difference unimportant save to the landspeculators of one or the other locality, and Min neapolis has advantage enough in her enormous yet most facile water .power, which may be made to give employment to a population of 100,000 souls. It has no superior but Niagara, and sur passes that inasmuch as the pineries above and the wheat lands all around are calculated to sup ply it with profitable employment. And these are but the rude beginnings. Already, beside a paper-mill and other such, a woolen factory is in full operation. Another such is nearly ready, and there is room and profitable business for a dozen more; and for cotton factories also. Nowhere on 45 earth are the beneficent influences of our Pro tective Tariff destined to be more signally, more promptly realized than throughout the Great West. And this city, as one consequence, ought to quadruple its population within the next ten years. This prediction was substantially fulfilled; for in 1875 ^e city had reached about 32,000 population, or four times that of the year of Mr. Greeley's visit. From the close of the Civil War to the present time the history of Minneapolis di vides itself quite naturally into three per iods ; the first was of about fifteen years during which the great industries of the city made their initial forward strides; which saw the construction of the framework of the transportation system of the northwest; which included the consolidation of Minne apolis with St. Anthony; and which brought the city through its second time of stress and discouragement ready for the most re markable chapter in its story. The second period extended from about 1880 to 1894 or '95 and was that in which the city made its most rapid growth both in population, busi ness and civic development. The first half of this period was almost meteoric in its brilliancy; the last half showed another ces sation of progress culminating in the busi ness depression of 1893 when Minneapolis, in common with the entire country, paid for mistakes made. Again there was a rest time and then opened the last period ex tending from the revival after 1894 to the present and including the most solid growth in every line of commercial, social and municipal activity. The division points be tween these periods were, of course, not clearly defined, the transition ordinarily covering several years. WASHBURN, William D., is a native of Maine but came to Minneapolis in 1857 and has thus been identified with the city for fifty years. During that time he has unquestionably exercised a wider influence upon the affairs of the city than any other man, has taken a most active part in the commercial, social and political life of the place, and has, in fact, been a powerful factor in the wonderful progress and development of the city of his choice* At the same time he has been conspicuous in state and national affairs, and has been peculiarly fortunate in supplement ing services of particular value to the nation, by giving to the northwest some of its most im- 46 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS portant public works. Gen. Washburn is descended from one of the oldest families in America—that of John Washburn who was secretary of the Plymouth colony in England ai.d who, sailing to the new world, afterwards married Patience, the daughter of Francis Cook, one of the Mayflower company. From these Puritan ancestors, Israel Washburn, born in 1784, was directly descended. His father served in the war of the Revolution, as did the father of his wife, Martha Benjamin, whom he married in 1812. They made their home on a farm in Livermore, Maine, and it was there that their sons were born and reared—a group of men who constituted, perhaps, the most distinguished family contemporaneously in public life in the United States. Of the eleven children there were seven sons all of whom have achieved prominence in public life. Israel Washburn, Jr., was elected to congress in 1850 when William, who was born in 1831, was but nineteen years of age. The young men had already become prominent in Maine state politics and Israel after serving five terms in congress was elected war governor of his native state in i860. Elihu B. Washburn served as congressman from Illinois from 1853 to 1869 when he was appointed secretary of state by President Grant. : During the Franco-Prussian war he was minister plenipotentiary to France. Cadwallader C. Washburn was in congress both before and after the . war, was a general in the union army and in 1871was elected governor of Wisconsin. Charles A. Washburn was minister to Paraguay; Samuel B. Washburn was a distinguished officer in the navy. The boyhood of Gen... Washburn was passed upon the farm home and at the schools of the vicinity—the ordinary experiences of the farmer's boy of the period. He fitted for college at Farmington Academy and in 1850 entered Bowdoin College, the alma mater of many distinguished Americans. He completed the four years course and graduated with the bachelor's degree and at once commenced th«e study of law. During this period he spent part of his time at Washington performing the duties of a clerk in the house of representatives, where he obtained his ; first acquaintance with the affairs of congress and with the public men of the time. Two of Mr. Washburn's brothers had already made their homes in the west and upon completing his law studies he determined to follow their example. It was not difficult to decide upon a location. Livermore had already sent men to the Falls of St. Anthony and his brothers Elihu and Cadwallader had acquired interests there and in Minnesota. He himself had great confidence in the future of the west and especially of Minnesota of which he had heard much. Upon his arrival in Minneapolis, on May 1, 1857, he opened an office for the practice of law but very shortly afterwards accepted the position of secretary and agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company—the corporation controling the west side power at the Falls of St. Anthony—and for some years devoted himself to the management of the business. His selection for this post was peculiarly fortunate. To the young man it gave immediate employment at a time when law business was scarce and unremunerative; and it brought him into close relations'with the leading men of the town and state and familiarized him with the possibilities of manufacturing at the Falls which became largely the basis of his future business success. To the young Minneapolis it gave the benefit, in the direction most needed, of the exercise of a remarkable executive ability. For the coming city needed most of all the development of the water power—then one of the largest powers known to exist. To this work Mr. Washburn applied himself with the utmost energy and despite many discouragements, including the financial depression of that year, he completed the west side dam before the close of 1858. Pursuing a policy of liberality towards manufacturing enterprises the young manager succeeded within a few years in building up the heart of the flour and lumber manufacturing district around this west side power dam. This was the nucleus of the greatest group of flour mills in the world— the corner stone of Minneapolis' future prosperity. Few of the people of Minneapolis of the present generation are aware of the debt the city owes to General Washburn for this, his first work in the city. President Lincoln appointed Mr. Washburn Surveyor General of Public lands in 1861 and it was while holding this office that the title "General" became so associated with his name that it has continued through all the various offices which he has held; and he is better known today as "General Washburn" than as "Senator Washburn." During his incumbency of the office Gen. Washburn became familiar with the wonderful timber resources of the state and after retiring from the position formed the firm of W. D. Washburn & Co., built a saw mill at the Falls and later one at Anoka, and until 1889 carried on a very extensive lumber business. In 1873 he entered flour milling and speedily became an important factor in the production of that Minneapolis staple. His interests in flour manufacturing were through the original firm of W. D. Washburn & Co. and Washburn, Crosby & Co. Subsequently in 1884, the firm of W. D. Washburn & Co. was merged in the Washburn Mill Company and in 1889 the flour milling division of this business was consolidated with the Pillsbury interests in the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company, forming the largest flour milling corporation in the world. At this time there were large accessions of English capital but Mr. Washburn retained, as he still does, a large interest and has been continuously one of the board of American directors of the properties, The Minneapolis Mill Company and the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. were also con- &J. 43 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS solidated with the new corporation which after wards completed the work of harnessing the power of St. Anthony Falls by the construction of a new dam and power a short distance below the main falls. But while Gen. Washburn has been a leader in the development of the water power and the two greatest manufacturing industries of the city, this has been but a small part of the activities of his life. With a genius for production he still had time and thought for the whole range of dis tribution, transportation, finance and the broad questions of political economy and statesmanship. During most of his life in Minneapolis he has had considerable interests in the financial insti tutions of the city, the wholesale business and in real estate. But as a railroad builder he is best known to the general public—aside, of course, from his political life. His first important rail road project was the outgrowth of the conviction, developed during the early seventies, that a rail road controlled by Minneapolis interests and leading into the southern part of the state and to northern Iowa, was essential to the control of trade. The Minneapolis & St. Louis railroad was the outcome of this situation. Gen. Washburn was the president of the company for some years and its promoter and executive during the build ing period. His next project was even greater— to build a Minneapolis railroad to a connection with tidewater ports, but entirely independent of the Minneapolis-Chicago lines, and the roads east of Chicago dominated by Chicago interests. Gen. Washburn retired from the presidency of the Minneapolis & St. Louis and, early in the eighties, commenced to agitate the greater project. The project was accepted with favor, for the city had felt very seriously the detrimental influences of the Chicago domination of freight rates; but at first the plan seemed impracticable. The idea was to build to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and there connect with the Canadian Pacific railway, but this involved construction of 500 miles of railroad through the unbroken forests of northern Wisconsin and upper Michigan—through, a terri tory which would supply practically no local business. It appeared that for years it would be necessary to depend for revenues almost wholly on the Minneapolis flour trade. But in this as in his other business projects, Gen. Washburn's con ceptions of the situation proved sound, and with indomitable energy he organized, financied and built the railroad—now the well-known "Soo Line." The line had hardly been opened to the Soo before a western line was planned and pro moted. This traversed Minnesota and North Da kota to a junction with the Canadian Pacific in the northwest and gave to Minneapolis another route to the Pacific. The development of this system was one of the most important commer cial events in the life of Minneapolis. Mr. Wash burn was president of the Soo Line during its five years of construction and until his election to the United States Senate. Notwithstanding the enormous demands of these great enterprises upon his time, strength and energy, Gen. Washburn almost from his first arrival in the state gave much time to the service of the public. In 1858 he was chosen a member of the first state legislature. I11 1866 he was elected to the Minneapolis school board and as sisted in the early development of the school sys tem which has become the pride of the city. Again in 1871 he was in the legislature and the year 1873 found him, at the urgent request of his friends, a candidate for the republican nomination for governor of Minnesota. After the close of the decisive vote in the convention it was claimed by his friends that two ballots had not been counted and these would have given him the nomination; but Mr. Washburn refused to con-, test the result. Six years of service in congress commenced in 1878 and only concluded when the Soo railway project claimed his entire attention. But on the completion of the road in 1888 he withdrew from the presidency and became a can didate for the United States senate and served for the following six years. In 1895 he was a candi date for re-election upon the assurances of those who afterwards opposed him, that there would be no opposition to his candidacy. This unex pected opposition took a form which it was im possible to oppose successfully with honor and Senator Washburn frankly admitted his defeat and great disappointment. As in all similar cases, however he quietly accepted the situation; he is not the type of man to pose as a disgruntled politician. To his work in congress Gen. Washburn brought a, thorough knowledge of his district, his state and the entire northwest. And not only a political knowledge, but a wide conception of its commercial needs, its undeveloped re sources and its possibilities. He had been promi nent in the rise of the two great manufacturing industries of the state and was familiar with all their details and their requirements in the way of supply of raw materials, transportation and ac cess to markets. He was master of the agricul tural conditions of the northwest. He had many ideas for the advantage of Minnesota which he set to work to develop as soon as he entered congress. Only a few of his undertakings can be mentioned. One of the most interesting was that of impounding the flood waters of the Mis sissippi river in reservoirs at the headwaters, to be gradually released during low water periods, thus maintaining an equal flow of water the year round. So certain was Gen. Washburn of the success of the plan and of its ultimate accom plishment that he had already, ten years before, personally entered the forty acres of land at Pokegama which he considered the key to the reservoir system. His personal endeavors in congress secured the first appropriations for this THE FORMATIVE PERIOD great river improvement which has been of incal culable benefit to navigation on the Upper Missis sippi and has facilitated the transportation of logs from the pine forests to the mills and inci dentally maintained an equal flow of water for the use of power. He also started the legislation which has improved the lower reaches of the upper Mississippi and with the completion of locks and dams now building, will open river navigation from Minneapolis to the Gulf. Of even more importance to Minneapolis and the northwest, perhaps, was his work in securing the first appropriation for the improvement of Hay Lake channel in the Sault Ste. Marie river—-the beginnings of the famous "twenty-foot" channel project which has revolutionized the carrying trade of the great lakes and wonderfully cheap ened the cost of handling freight to and from the northwest. Such great undertakings did not, however, engross his attention in congress to the ex clusion of national questions. Gen. Washburn took a very prominent part in the general affairs of the country and though never an orator or even a frequent speaker, was one of the clear-cut debaters of congress whose speeches were always regarded with attention and whose arguments had much weight. His habit of independent thought and action occasionally brought him into opposition to his party but events have usually demonstrated that it was the man and not the party which was in the right. For instance, in the consideration of the famous Lodge bill, gen erally known as the "force bill," Senator Wash burn stood alone on the republican side as an opponent of the measure, as wrong in principle and not calculated to accomplish the expected re sults. Although freely criticised at the time, Gen. Washburn's position is now that of the ma jority of clear thinkers in the country. He was in another case impelled to conflict with many party leaders when he championed the "anti-op tion" bill. For this measure Senator Washburn made a speech which received world-wide atten tion and it was this speech and his remarkable fight for the law that carried it through the sen ate. But perhaps the greatest speech of his life was that on reciprocity delivered in the senate in 1894 which stands, so fully did it cover the whole ground, as the best authority extant on the subject. 49 Since leaving the senate in 1895, Gen. Wash burn, although frequently mentioned in connec tion with the highest political honors, has not sought office. In 1900 he was the choice of his state delegation for vice-president. But he has steadfastly devoted himself to his business inter ests and has with characteristic energy built an other railroad and exploited a tract of 115,000 acres of agricultural and coal bearing lands in North Dakota. Gen. Washburn has travelled extensively dur ing his life and, with his long sojourns at Wash ington, has been absent from Minneapolis for long periods. But this has not prevented him and his family from filling a large place in the social life of the city. Within two years after settling in Minneapolis he returned to Maine and on April 19, 1859, was married to Miss Lizzie Muzzy, daughter of the Hon. Franklin Muzzy of Bangor. They have had six children, four sons and two daughters. Gen. Washburn's beautiful home, "Fair Oaks," has been for many years a center of social life and the place of entertain ment of many a distinguished guest. One of the founders of the Church of the Redeemer— one of the leading Universalist churches of the country—Gen. Washburn has always been one of its most prominent members and supporters. As president of the board of trustees of the Wash burn Memorial Orphan Asylum (founded by his brother, C. C. Washburn) Gen. Washburn has been prominent in the philanthropic and charit able work of the city, by 110 means confining himself to the duties and responsibilities of the institution named. When municipal undertakings were proposed he has always been ready to take a hand, as in the Minneapolis-exposition project, to which he was a large subscriber, and of which he was for several years president, and in the public library building movement, when he was one of a small group to contribute $5,000 each to the fund. The municipal campaign of 1906 found him as alert and active as ever, presiding at a great mass meeting on the eve of election and speaking repeatedly during the evening for good government and advanced municipal standards. Although past the age when many men lay down the cares of business life he still attends to his affairs with regularity and bears himself with the air of a man much his junior. CHAPTER VI. THE FIRST COMMERCIAL ADVANCE A S WAS shown in the preceding chap "B" mill then the largest west of Buffaloter, Minneapolis, after a period of considered at first an extravagant undertak • depression and quiet, was ready, at ing, but soon superceded by much larger the close of the Civil war, to take advantage mills. Gov. W T ashburn was a man of clear to the utmost of the season of general pros ideas and during his continuance in Min per.'iy which followed the cessation of hos neapolis milling set the pace for a group of tilities. It was stated that the special needs great millers. And they came to promin of Minneapolis were a tributary farming ence rapidly—Crocker, Barber, Dunwoody, population and transportation to and from Crosby, the Pillsburys, the Christians, and the east and into the outlying agricultural other men whose names went 'round the regions. Both these needs were supplied world on Minneapolis flour barrels. The in large measure within five years succeed story of milling is told in another chapter; ing the war. The disbanding of the armies only its influence upon the development of threw a great number of unemployed men Minneapolis can be mentioned here. And into every community and while many were what this influence was and what it ac immediately absorbed in the varied indus complished in the decade after the war, tries which they had laid down in '6i, many the: present generation of Minneapolitans turned to farming, charmed by the pros can scarcely realize. Previous to this time pects of free government land. Possibly the future of the northwest had been some many soldiers after four years of life in the what in doubt. Men who knew it well had open shrunk from the confinement of office, unbounded confidence in its resources and store or shop. At all events there was a future development but it remained to be tremendous immigration into Minnesota— proved to the world that what had been estimated at about 180,000 in the five years very generally regarded as almost a part ending in 1870—and the waiting prairie of the frigid zone could produce crops of farms were peopled and the golden wheat, • v r alue year in and year out; and that it could for which the water power at the Falls of produce them in sufficient variety to make St. Anthony had been looking, poured into it prosperous. It also remained to be dem onstrated that the spring wheat of the north the city. west could compete with the other wheats THE RISE OF FLOUR MILLING. At the close of the last war year there of the world as a food; and, further, that were eight small mills at the Falls of St. it could be ground into flour and transported Anthony and they produced in 1866 172,000 to distant markets in competition with barrels of flour. In the following year thir other flour, at a living profit. At the open teen mills ground 220,000 barrels. At this ing of the period the almost unknown spring point in the history of milling a new influ wheat flour was looked upon with distrust ence entered. For ten years Gov. C. C. in many markets of this country, and was Washburn of Wisconsin had owned an in quite unknown abroad. To the clear minded men of the time terest in the water power and he now saw that the time was ripe to enter manufactur wheat seemed the hope of the northwest. ing. His first venture was the Washburn They knew that good spring wheat could THE FIRST COMMERCIAL ADVANCE be grown here; but even the most advanced of them could not believe that corn, other coarse grains, fruits and stock raising would ever be generally a part of the farm program of the northwest. On wheat, therefore, they must depend; and they set about prov ing to the world that northwestern wheat and flour were unequalled. MILLING REVOLUTIONIZED. To a group of Minneapolis millers be longs much of the credit for the foundation laying of the seventies which established most solidly the great dual industry of the northwest and of Minneapolis—-wheat rais ing and flour milling. These men set about improving in every way possible the pro cesses of flour grinding. In 1870 every mill in Minneapolis was equipped with old-fash ioned mill stones and primitive purifying processes. Five years later the roller mill had come in; the middlings purifier had been adopted, and other valuable improvements and inventions brought into use. At the same time the self-binding harvester had cheapened the cost of production on the farm, and the extension of railroads and the opening of lake commerce had lowered the cost of marketing. The Minneapolis mill ers had revolutionized their business—and incidentally the milling business of the country; and this during a period of "hard times." And in 1878 they went abroad and found a foreign market for the first time in the history of the Minneapolis flour indus try. By that time they had proven con clusively that Minneapolis spring wheat flour was the equal if not the best of any in the world. Much stress is laid upon this development of the flour industry because it became then, and has ever since remained, the center of the industrial life of the city and the north west. Time is reducing its relative im ( portance; diversification of production in city and on farm is bound to still further lessen its position of leadership. But it will remain true that it was the. development of this dual industry in the seventies which made Minneapolis. Had it fallen behind and failed to make its point in the world, the northwest and with it the city, would have been much slower in its progress. 51 RAILROAD BUILDING. Coincident with the development of the flour milling business and in fact a necessary part of that growth, was the building of the early railroads of Minnesota. The Minne sota Central, opened to Faribault in 1865, was extended to Austin in 1867 and con nected with the "Milwaukee" for Chicago. The St. Paul & Pacific (now the Great Northern) built w r est, reaching the Red River valley in 1870 and about the same time the Lake Superior & Mississippi reached Duluth and gave the needed lake connection. Other lines reached out down the Minnesota valley and into southern Min nesota and in 1872 the short line to Chicago, via La Crosse, was completed. Seven years saw the essential eastern connections made and feeder lines for the city built into the principal farming communities then exist ing 1 . OTHER COMMERCIAL PROGRESS. Although the development of its trans portation facilities and the means of absorb ing the agricultural product of the outlying country was the first and most important work for Minneapolis, the town was by no means idle in other directions. The lum bering industry made enormous progress in this period, the output reaching 118,000,000 feet in 1870 and 195,000,000 feet in 1880. Other manufactures were not neglected and the wholesaling of merchandise first became a recognized factor in the com mercial life of the city. Retailing was still on a country town basis; the city had no great retail marts until after 1880. In bank ing the city made progress commensurate with its other development and most of the prominent financial institutions of today were founded, or took form, in this period of the city's history. CIVIC AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS. In matters pertaining to civic, social and religious affairs this part of the city's story is not as interesting as is its commercial progress. In fact commercialism seems to have dominated during this period more than at any other time in the city's history. The beginning of the period found Minne apolis lapsed from a town government to a simple township organization—quite suf- 52 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ficient, perhaps, during the war time quiet, period there was good cause for lack of but inadequate to the needs of the city of enterprise. a few years later. This was speedily OBSTACLES AND DISCOURAGEMENTS. realized and Minneapolis was incorporated For the period was one of curiously as a city in 1867. St. Anthony, which had been under a city government for a decade, blended progress and detention for Minne still maintained something of a position of apolis. In 1869 came the threatened destruc rivalry although the two places were prac tion of the water power through the under tically one, except in name, and it was evi mining of the limestone ledge forming the dent to all impartial observers that they Falls. Prompt action saved the situation, must of necessity unite within a short time. but the millers did not feel perfectly secure This necessity was reluctantly conceded in of the permanence of the power until the 1872 and the united city started on new completion of the government retaining municipal life under a new charter granted work in 1878. The decade of the seventies by the legislature. In 1874 the old city hall opened with much promise, but the panic at the junction of Nicollet and Hennepin of 1873 seriously crippled many north avenues and Second street was built. Pub western enterprises. Railroad building—the lic improvements and municipal depart hope of the city and of the state—was set ments remained in a very crude condition back, and most of the railroad corporations for some time although earnestly promoted were forced into reorganization or down by a few zealous and public spirited men. right bankruptcy. Business of all kinds The first waterworks consisted of a small was affected. The tide of immigration was pump and wooden mains. A good fire in part held back. And, as if financial dif department was organized but remained ficulties were not enough, the years 1875 until 1879 a volunteer organization. The to 1878 brought to the northwest the sooriginal suspension bridge—the main traffic called "grasshopper plague," which for a connection between the two sides of the time threatened to paralyze the agricultural river was replaced in 1875. Parks had been interests of three states. In 1875 this pest proposed from time to time but the most of locusts had reached such proportions as promising plans had been voted down by to destroy the entire crops in some parts a majority which seemed to be fearful of of the northwest; and no one knew where public expenditure. For some time after it would stop. Five years of total or partial the consolidation of the two cities the school destruction of crops reduced whole coun systems remained separate with consequent ties to. penury and led many farmers to lack of uniformity and co-operation. The abandon their lands; while immigration, university was making slow progress, fos under such conditions, of course, almost tered as best might be by Gov. Pillsbury mpletely stopped. and President Folwell, whose interest was Just at the close of this plague, early in constant, but for many years receiving 1878, a great disaster assailed the foodsmall support from the country districts of producing industry at the other end. This the state. In religious matters the people was the flour mill explosion in Minneapolis, at this time showed no lack of devotion but, attended with great loss of life and the as in public affairs, there was not the prog destruction of millions in property. The ress in organization and building which the five years had indeed been bad ones for the rapid growth of the city would naturally great wheat and flour industry of the north seem to have warranted. It should be west; and Minneapolis felt the effects in remembered too that with the increase of Vf'ull pleasure. population the older churches found them j ^ B u t , i f t h e b l o w h a d b e e n a s e v e r e o n e , selves charged with the duty of sustaining recovery from its effects was remarkably many missions, which, at first great bur rapid. The leveled mill walls rose again, dens, later became large self-supporting higher and stronger than before and the churches. And in the later years of the opportunity was embraced to equip the r T H E FIRST COMMERCIAL ADVANCE 53 SWEET COLLECTIOH THE SECOND SUSPENSION BRIDGE. Erected in 1875 to replace the bridge of 1855. It was torn down in 1889 when the present steel arch bridge was built. mills with even later and better machinery than that destroyed. The rebound from all other causes of depression was equally rapid; by the end of the decade of 1870-80 Minneapolis was physically and financially recuperated and alive with the spirit which 1 was to manifest itself so wonderfully dur\ing the coming years. PILLSBURY, John Sargent, for more than two score of years one of the leading and most valued of the citizens of Minneapolis, was born at Sutton, Merrimac county, N. H., on July 29, 1828, and died at Minneapolis, October 18, 1901. He was descended from Wm. Pillsbury who came from England in 1640 and settled at Newburyport, Mass., where he received a grant of land. One of Wm. Pillsbury's descendants went to Sutton in 1790 and established the New Hamp shire branch of the family. Mr. Pillsbury's father was John Pillsbury, a manufacturer, and long prominent in state and local affairs. His mother was Susan Wadleigh Pillsbury, who, like her husband, traced her ancestry back to early Puri tan stock. The son of these parents had so spe cial advantages. He grew up amid the ordinary conditions of a New England town in the early part of the last century. His education was lim ited to the village school which was not of the best. While still a boy he commenced to learn the printers trade but preferred merchandising and left the case to become a clerk in the general store of his older brother, George A. Pillsbury, who afterwards became prominent in Minneap olis. A somewhat .varied experience in mercan tile life brought the young man at the age of twenty-five to a belief that he was not only fitted for a mercantile career but that he would find better opportunities in the west. Accordingly in 1853 he traveled for some months and deter mined, after a visit to St. Anthony, to make the place his home. He engaged in the hardware business and was from the first successful. He was just becoming well established, however, when he experienced a catastrophe which would have broken most men. Scarcely two years after commencing business at St. Anthony, and in the midst of the financial panic of 1857, he lost about thirty-eight thousand dollars by fire. This not only wiped out all his accumulations, but left him under a heavy indebtedness. In the critical finan cial condition of the country, it would have seemed impossible to avoid hopeless bankruptcy; but Mr. Pillsbury had already so well established his credit that he was enabled to secure an ex tension from his creditors and at once resumed business. For five years Mr. Pillsbury had not p i! I I il! !ff ill l!i! I ill! II !F ~ - VI jS8 Si" \i !] fl IIfs i •o I "jfe 56 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS a single new suit of clothes—but in five years every debt was paid. Business success was cer tain to such a man. Building on this foundation he developed a commercial structure which had a prominent part in the industrial activities of the city and state for four decades. His retail hardware business was merged into a wholesale business which still exists as the largest in the northwest;., he became one of the first millers and later a member of the greatest flour manufac turing concern in the world; he dealt extensively in pine lands and was one of the largest manu facturers of lumber; he had a part in many of Jjjie-financial institutions established in Minneap olis during- his- active business life. But success ful as was Gov. Pillsbury's business career it is overshadowed, in an estimate of his life, by the other great work which he took up even before he had established himself on a firm commercial footing. Possibly on account of his own lack of early educational privileges, Mr. Pillsbury watched with keen interest the affairs of the University of Minnesota—an institution which was not more than a name at the time of his ar rival in the territory. Endowed by a congres sional land grant, the university existed on paper until 1856, when a building was commenced. Illadvised plans, followed by the financial crash of 1857, so involved the institution that the early sixties found it apparently hopelessly in debt, with an unfinished building and no prospect of ever establishing a faculty or offering education to the* youth of Minnesota. It seemed that the building and campus would be lost on a mortgage of nearly $100,000 and that the land grant would be diverted from its purpose. In 1863 Mr. Pillsbury was appointed a regent, of the university and shortly afterwards became state senator, and through his exertions a new law was passed placing the affairs of the institu tion in. the hands of three regents, with full powers to adjust its obligations on such terms as they might deem best, and as if they were their own. Such unlimited authority has seldom been, given a public board. But the situation was critical, and called for unusual measures. Every one predicted failure. But with iron will and a persistency which knew no defeat, Mr. Pillsbury entered on a campaign of adjustment of the claims. He sold lands, and with the cash com promised claims at such figures as might be ar ranged. The difficulties of such a task at such a time cannot be realized in these days. The lands offered were inaccessible; the creditors were widely scattered, and of many minds as to the value of their securities. The vexations and disappointments were almost unnumbered. Mr. Pillsbury rode thousands of miles through a new country, hunting up lands or showing them to creditors or buyers. He traveled to the East; he wrote letters innumerable. He brought into play all the resources of a skillful man of business. Notwithstanding the difficulties of the under taking, in four years he was able to report that the debt of the university had been cleared away, leaving intact thirty-two thousand acres out of the grant of forty-six thousand, and with the campus and building free of incumbrance. Gov. Pillsbury afterward made great successes in busi ness, and proved himself a clever and adept finan cier; but, considering the circumstances, nothing which he did in later years equaled this financier ing of the affairs of the bankrupt University of Minnesota. And it is no discredit to his asso ciates to attribute the success to him; it was well known at the time that his energy, his enthusi asm, his business sagacity, were the moving forces of the work. Following his achievement in relieving the uni versity of its financial burden, the institution was reorganized, a faculty was engaged, and the real work commenced. Governor Pillsbury remained a regent, and watched over every step of its progress during the remainder of his life. With out a liberal education himself, he had a very keen appreciation of the needs of an institution of higher learning. And here it should be said that, through reading and association, Governor Pillsbury finally became a man of education and high cultivation. Largely through his sagacity, the university has been fortunate in its presidents and faculty. Early in its career, the question of co-education came up. Mr. Pillsbury threw his influence to the side of equal educational advan tages to young men and young women. From the beginning, Governor Pillsbury was the finan cial guide of the institution. In the legislature he was able to accomplish much in influencing appropriations, and he was also the means of con solidating the land grant made directly to the university and that for the aid of agricultural education and experiment work. Meanwhile, there was often a scarcity of dollars for current expenses and other needs. But by this time Mr. Pillsbury was becoming a man of means; and these means were often at the disposal of the institution. When the experimental farm was needed in connection with the university and funds were lacking Mr. Pillsbury advanced the $8,500 needed. The land was afterwards sold for $150,000 and the proceeds used in buying the present university farm. In 1889 Gov. Pillsbury quietly handed the regents $150,000 to build a much needed science hall—perhaps the largest gift ever made to a state institution of learning. However, munificent as was the gift of Pills bury Hall, it sank into insignificance beside the gift of his own time and strength, which Gov. Pillsbury spent so freely during the thirty-eight years of his service as regent. A very conserva tive estimate made by his friends, is that he de voted one-fourth of his time to the affairs of the institution. This would mean ten years of actual time taken from business and other pursuits. His life long services to the University were recog- ,' . . . . 58 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS nized in 1900 through the erection on the campus of a statue of life size. In his earlier career, Mr. Pillsbury, in addi tion to his work for the university, was in al most constant political service. Within a year after reaching St. Anthony, he began a six years' term in the city council. From local service he went to the state senate, in which body he sat almost continuously for thirteen years. So con spicuous were his services and his fitness for re sponsibility that in 1875 he was nominated and elected governor, without any of the usual accom paniments of candidacy and canvass. This was the beginning of six years in the gubernatorial chair, for he was accorded three terms and might have had a fourth had he not positively refused to serve again. It has never fallen to the lot of a governor of Minnesota to be obliged to consider and handle so many diverse questions as arose during the incumbency of Governor Pillsbury. When he assumed office the so-called "grasshop per plague" was becoming a serious matter. It was characteristic of Governor Pillsbury that he went personally to the scene, investigated the ex tent of the calamity and the condition of the suf fering people and from his own means furnished relief in many cases. Returning to the state capi tal, he had facts of his own, which he laid before the legislature with such force as to secure prac tical legislation looking to the aid of the people and the destruction of the pests. During his term as governor, Mr. Pillsbury recommended and secured the passage of some of the best laws on the statutes of Minnesota. Among these were acts providing for a public ex aminer, a state high school board, and for estab lishing biennial sessions of the legislature. He had an unusual number of appointments to make •—in the supreme and district courts, and to other important offices; he was obliged to face the destruction of the state capitol by fire, as well as a similar loss of the principal insane hospital of the state; he was called upon to organize relief for the town of New Ulm, which was destroyed by a tornado near the close of his term. But the great work of his official life was his labor of removing from the name of Minnesota the stain of repudiation. Ill-advised legislation in the late fifties had led to the issue of over two million dollars' worth of bonds for the encour agement of railroad-building in the state. The panic of 1857 prevented the completion of the railroads contemplated, and, exasperated by the situation, the people of the state voted to refuse payment of the obligations. For twenty years the reproach of repudiation had rested upon the state. In his first message, Governor Pillsbury urged the payment of these bonds; and though met with indifference and violent opposition from political leaders, he continued to demand that the honor of the state be preserved. After overcoming the most tremendous obstacles in legislation and legal entanglement, Governor Pillsbury had the satisfaction, just before his term ended, of seeing the bonds matter adjusted and the word "repudia tion" removed from association with the state which he had served so long. The extent of Gov ernor Pillsbury's charity and benefactions will never be known. I11 the greater portion of cases, the fact of assistance rendered was known only to the giver and the recipient. To only a few, even, is it "known that a large number of young men have been helped through the University of Minnesota by the financial assistance of Gover nor Pillsbury. Among his conspicuous gifts in Minneapolis were an endowment of $100,000 for the Home for Aged Women and Children, and the erection, at a cost of $25,000, of a home for .young women working for small salaries, which was named for his wife, the Mahala Fisk Pills* toi^iIo_me. At the time of his death he had well under way a plan for a beautiful library building to cost $75,000, which was to be a gift to the city of Minneapolis, and especially intended for the use of the people of the "East Side." This build ing was completed and turned over to the city by Governor Pillsbury's heirs, and is known as ' "Pillsbury Library." Governor Pillsbury was married on November 3, 1856, to Miss Mahala Fisk, daughter of Captain John Fisk who came from England in 1837 and settled at Windon, Mass. Their children were four: Addie who became the wife of Charles M. Webster, and Susan M. who was the wife of Fred B. Snyder, Sarah Belle, the wife of Edward C. Gale, and Alfred Fisk Pillsbury. Both Mrs. Webster and Mrs. Snyder died some years ago. Alfred F. Pillsbury has succeeded to many of the business interests and responsibilities of his father, is president of the Minneapolis Union Elell vator Company, of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company and is a director in the Pillsjmry-Washburn Flour Mills Company. CHAPTER VII. AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT F OUNDATION laying for the time of Minneapolis' most rapid develop ment had been going on for years previous to 1880. Even disasters had been disguised blessings, for with recovery from each had come the feeling of security based on better methods and confidence that noth ing which might happen could permanently injure the progress of the city. And amid ail the discouragements of the middle seventies there had been continual growth in popu lation—a growth which was followed in the last two years of the decade by a rush of people which brought the total number of inhabitants up to 46,887 in 1880. This was a gain of 28,808 during the decade or more than 150 per cent, advance. In the same period the state had gained 341,000 people and settlers were following the railroads beyond the borders of Minnesota out over the Dakota plains and opening farms which should also pour their products into the Minneapolis market. Railroad construc tion had taken a new life with the late years of the seventies. Villard succeeded Cooke as the moving spirit of the Northern Pacific, and Hill secured control of the St. Paul & Pacific, converting it into the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad. From bankrupt and lethargic properties, these roads became at once virile elements in the development of the northwest. The forward movement in city and country was simultaneous and irresistible. COMMERCIAL RECOGNITION. The intimate connection between the country and that city which absorbs its products and exchanges them for the neces sities not raised at home, brings again to the front, as most significant and important in the new period of Minneapolis history, the events in the flour and grain business. It has been told that with the adoption of improvements in milling machinery, and the reconstruction of the flour mills after the explosion of 1878, the capacity of the Minneapolis mills was greatly increased while the product was demonstrated to be unequalled in quality. Still much re mained to be proved to the world. It was one thing to make the best flour and quite another to be certain that people, habitu ated to the use of another product, would adopt the new foodstuff. It also became evident that Minneapolis, to retain its place as the market for the products of the northwest, must be something besides a milling center. In other words, Minne apolis must be known throughout the world as a grain market as well as a flourmaking city, and it must be known that both the unground wheat, and its finished product were the best that could be pro duced. One of the most important events look ing towards the realization of these things was the organization of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce; a step which also had a forceful influence on the commercial development of the city in general as well as upon the establishment of Minneapolis as one of the great markets of the world. Previous to 1881 there had been no recog nized grain market in the city. The flour mills used much wheat and absorbed prac tically all the receipts. Through their Mil lers' Association they controlled prices and handling facilities. This was an excellent thing for the city at the beginning, but, as the northwest developed, and it became evident that there was to be a grain pro duction in excess of the capacity of the mills, the necessity of a public market at Minneapolis was recognized. The effects 60 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of the organization of the Chamber of Com merce were to put the grain business on a basis similar to that of other cities; to establish grades, to create a shipping busi ness, to secure, as time went on, state grad ing and weighing and inspection; to de velop terminal facilities; to bring, through country elevator lines, a large part of the northwestern farming district into close relations with the Minneapolis market; and, eventually, to make Minneapolis the greatest wheat market of the world. With in a few years Minneapolis received world wide recognition as a leading wheat market and flour-making point, and was thus ad vertised more effectively than could have been accomplished by any other means. RAILROAD SYSTEM COMPLETED. The reorganization of the Northern Pa cific and the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Mani toba railroads, referred to at the beginning of this chapter, was followed by their rapid extension to the' termini suggested by their names—the first to the Pacific at Puget Sound and the second to the Canadian bor der where connection was made for Winni peg. On the completion of the Northern Pacific in 1883 a jubilee was held in Min neapolis which had special significance. It was no mere ebullition of unintelligent enthusiasm. For the . Northern Pacific meant much more to (the city than the simple completion of a long line of rail road. With one exception, no railroad has been built in the northwest which had the strategic importance of the Northern Pa cific. It meant to Minneapolis the opening of the rich mountain states and of the Puget sound country to commercial rela tions, and, beyond that, gave a vision of the oriental traffic which later developed. It made possible the enormous extension of the grazing interests of North Dakota and Montana, which must find an outlet, as must the other industries of the far northwest, through the Minneapolis gate way. Other roads followed rapidly, and the "Manitoba" (later to be known as the Great Northern) commeflced a system of branches which brought the entire north western part of Minnesota, and the whole of North Dakota into intimate touch with Minneapolis. At this time there was also a great de velopment of the terminals at Minneapolis. The Union passenger station was built, and the stone arch bridge to furnish access to it. The "short lines" to St. Paul were opened and freight handling facilities were much increased in the city terminal yards. BUILDING THE SOO LINE. Even before the Northern Pacific was completed another equally important step was taken in the railway development of the northwest. This was the planning of the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & At lantic Railroad—now known as the Soo line. The organizing company was com posed of Minneapolis men, with General William D. Washburn, the promoter of the project, at the head. The significance of the undertaking was that it was a Min neapolis road, built to relieve Minneapolis from the influences of other cities upon eastern connections, and to establish an independent all-rail route to the Atlantic seaboard. Incidentally, a new "lake and rail" route was opened and a vast new country in northern Wisconsin and Michi gan was brought into direct connection with Minneapolis. This project grew on the promoters' hands, and within a few years after the Soo was opened, in 1887, a western line was built to connect with the Canadian Pacific and open a competitive route to the Pacific northwest. The construction of the Soo line was a very good example of the "Minneapolis idea," as it came to be known in the eight ies. The Minneapolis idea was briefly "all together for the city's good." At that time any project which was regarded as of ad vantage to Minneapolis was taken up with the utmost enthusiasm. Minneapolis men worked together in every emergency and to gain any purpose which seemed to be of public value. Their purses were always open for the city's welfare. THE EXPOSITION. One of the most remarkable instances of the working of the Minneapolis idea was the founding of the exposition. In 1885 AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT many of the large cities of the country were conducting annual expositions. It was believed that such an institution would be of great benefit in advertising Minneapolis and drawing visitors who would thus come into closer relations with the city. On Oc tober i i , 1885, a public meeting was held, at which $100,000 was subscribed towards the project. Incorporation followed imme diately, and the public was asked to sub scribe to the capital stock of $300,000. 61 period there was no federal building in the city, although the need was great, and the subject was being agitated. With the characteristic delay incident to government projects, it was 1882 before the site was purchased, and 1889 before the present building was occupied. Before the federal building was completed, the old courthouse —a patchwork of additions—had become quite inadequate, and in 1887 legislative authority was secured for the erection of THE STONE ARC H HHJDOE. The principal railroad entrance to the Union Passenger station. Every dollar needed was secured in Minne apolis. By the following August, a build ing costing $325,000 was completed, and in September an exposition was held, which was attended by 338,000 people. To ac complish this undertaking, obstacles of all kinds were overcome by sheer force of will and energy. Eor a number of years annual expositions were held with success; they served their purpose for the period. GREAT-PUBLIC UNDERTAKINGS. The building of the exposition was but one of a great number of public enterprises to which a large part of the energy of the people of the city was devoted during the decade of 1880-90. At the opening of the a joint courthouse and city hall. Com menced in 1889, this building has been only recently completed, although occupied in part for years. Its cost is over $3,000,000. Other buildings of a public or semi-public character received cordial support. The Public Library building, Masonic Temple, Young Men's Christian Association build ing and numerous homes and asylums are examples of this spirit of providing the necessary institutions of a great city with suitable accommodations. MUNICIPAL IMPROVEMENTS. During this period, general municipal improvements were for the first time un dertaken in a broad way. Until the be- » 62 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ginning of this period there was not a mile of any kind of pavement on the streets of the city, while most of the sidewalks, even in the business center, were of wood. After the original dirt streets came the era of wooden blocks. From early in the eighties until after the business depression of 1893 not much else was laid down in Minne apolis, except a considerable amount of granite in the lower part of the city arouml the wholesale houses and railroad depots. Cedar blocks, laid on pine boards which rested on sand, went down by the mile. It was cheap, quick and perhaps the best that could be done under the circumstances. A good sewer system; a complete water works system (except a purification plant) ; a modern fire department—these were brought into existence within a few years. T H E PARK SYSTEM. Another and most creditable evidence of the progressive spirit of the period was the formation of a board of park commis sioners and the acquisition of the larger part of the area of the park system as it is today. For this Minneapolis has to thank two elements—the refined, intelligent taste which conceived the park plan, and the en thusiastic public spirit which eagerly seized upon the idea and helped it along because it was a good thing for the city. The board of park commissioners was established by law in 1883, and at once began to secure valuable property which it was desirable fo preserve for the public use. The earliest work included the acquisition and improve ment of the shores of the lakes in the south western part of the city, and of a connect ing drive to Minnehaha Falls.- Extensions of this work have brought into the system the banks of the Mississippi river for some miles below the Falls of St. Anthony, and many small tracts of land in various parts of the city. The park system has been one of the strongest influences in building up municipal pride, and is generally regarded as one of the best public investments Mir neapolis has made. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH AND PUBLIC LIBRARY. Two buildings marking the progress of the city in the eighties. AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL MATTERS. It was characteristic of a population largely of New England origin that the first forward movement of this period was in connection with the public schools After the consolidation of Minneapolis and St. Anthony in 1872, the two divisions d the city retained their separate school 01 ganizations for six years—this also prob ably the outgrowth of the New England idea of local control of the schools. But a continuation of this plan was, of course 63 main building and a small agricultural building, no structural equipment had been added to the institution. In 1880, Presi dent Folwell recommended a plan of ap propriations, but nothing was done until 1883 when the University farm was pur chased. This was followed in 1886 by the Mechanics Arts building, and in 1889 by the Law building, and by Gov. Pillsbury's great gift of Pillsbury Hall. In 1884, Presi dent Cyrus Northrop was called to the presidency and commenced an administra- THE CAMPUS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA ABOUT 1890. Pillsbury Hall is the prominent building at the left. not feasible in a large city, and in 1878 legislation was sought consolidating the schools under a general school board. From this time forward the progress of the school system was rapid. To 110 branch of the city's affairs has the public given such close attention or such willing expenditure, and there has been a particular pride in main taining the schools—buildings, equipment and teaching force at a high standard. Shortly after the reorganization of the school system the development of the uni versity was taken up in earnest. Although a state institution, the university had been largely fostered by Minneapolis people. But since the completion of the original tion of unequalled success. What the uni versity has meant to Minneapolis as a con stant influence for culture and the higher things of life is well understood by those who have watched its growth and the city's development. One phase of this influence was the or ganization in 1883 of the Minneapolis Soci ety of Fine Arts, headed by Dr. Folwell of the University. Annual art exhibitions and the maintenance of an art school have been the contributions of this organization to the higher development of the city. Dur ing the decade of the eighties, architecture first began to be seriously considered in its effects upon the life and affairs of the city. « 64 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Public buildings began to take on some architectural beauty and dwellings showed the evidence of a cultivated taste. Minne apolis was finding time to turn from the struggle for existence and the accumulation of wealth to the consideration of the refine ments of life. The art society found its home in the Public Library building—another great achievement of this aggressive period. A library was needed, and it was decided to connection that the period of the middle and later eighties was perhaps the most prolific in church building that the city has seen. With few exceptions the larger and older churches of the leading denomina tions occupied new structures at some time in this period. During this time the mem bership of Minneapolis churches was in creased enormously through the coming of thousands of communicants from other cities. Religious and charitable work THE WE§T HOTEL. Erected in 1883-4. have the best possible. To supplement a public issue of bonds, $50,000 was sub scribed by citizens and a building costing $270,000 was completed in 1889. An older private library, the Athenaeum, was made the basis for a general public library, and the institution was organized under the direction of Herbert Putnam, now librarian of congress. It has been characterized as one of the best of the libraries of its class in the United States. made great progress. The Young Men's Christian Association, originally organized in 1866, made rapid growth and before the close of the period was housed in its hand some building at Tenth street and Mary Place. St. Barnabas, the Northwestern, St. Mary's and other hospitals were built at this time. The Associated Charities was organized and the first steps towards sys tematizing and making more effective the city's benevolences were taken. CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES. MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS. The history of the churches is found in another place; it is sufficient to say in this The city entered the eighties working under the old charter of 1872, granted ;;-V" U. .Vv;. 66 LORING PARK—THE FIRST LARGE CENTRAL PARK. It was acquired and Improved immediately after the organization of the Minneapolis park board in 1883-4. when the two towns were consolidated. Already this document was loaded with amendments and was found to be com pletely outgrown. A new charter was granted in 1881—a .consolidation of various amendments and special acts with the old charter—but so changed as to be prac tically a new organic act. But in a short time it was also amended almost beyond recognition and proved to be quite inade quate to the needs of a large city. The demands upon municipal officers in those days of abnormal growth were heavy and it is a matter of wonder that there was no serious municipal scandal during the en tire period. This was the more strange in that the rapid influx of population brought to the polls at each succeeding election a sufficient number of voters quite unac quainted with the municipal affairs of the city, to hold the balance of power. It is not surprising, therefore, that the adminis tration of affairs swung from one party to another and from "wide open" to "law en forcement" with startling frequency, and no apparent cause. The city council, con fronted by problems of finance and con struction seldom equaled under such circumstances, as a general thing performed its duties with business sagacity. Many men of fine business ability were members of "the body. Others of lesser talents or perverted talents, are better forgotten. Es pecially towards the end of the period un der consideration, when the city was be coming large and its business attractive to the predatory, were men of uncertain tra ditions beginning to find their way into the council. The appointive and elective of fices included some of the best who have served the city. A CITY I N VILLAGE GARB. If any criticism can be passed upon the attitude of the people of the city in munici pal matters during this time, it may be said to be due to their failure, still, to re gard their city as more than a village. And if this was true of the administration of public affairs it was equally true of the physical aspects of Minneapolis at that time—a fact frequently remarked by visi tors. "Minneapolis is a beautiful place, but looks like an overgrown village," was a not infrequent comment. This criticism was not ill-founded. Since Col. Stevens first laid out the original town site, no one, apparently, had taken pains to consider the AN ERA OF BROADER DEVELOPMENT question of guiding the further physical de velopment of the city. Additions were laid out and joined to the city much as it hap pened, and generally, it would appear, with particular regard to the promoters' ideas, and with no consideration of the public in terest or the future of the city. This was, perhaps, inevitable at a time when every one was struggling for foothold and each man was busy with his private affairs, or with promoting the general success of the city. It was a struggle to "get there"—to use the phraseology of the time—the meth od was not of so much consequence. But the acceptance of addi tions arranged so as to produce irregularity and confusion of streets, was not as serious as the absence of plan for the ar rangement of public grounds and buildings. Minneapolis missed its first great opportun ity in 1865 when it voted down the acquisition of Nicollet Is land for a park at a nominal cost. Other good park propo sitions were defeated later, but the second great opportunity lost was in the eighties, when a large number of public build ings being under consideration, the city failed to group them around a common civic center, or, at the very least, to provide some suitable setting for each. And if this inattention to the ; aspect of things prevailed in public matters it could not be expected to be absent in private undertakings where m o n e y considerations usually predom inated. Business buildings were put up without any re gard to the fitness of things and dwellings were apparently dropped into building lots much as it happened. It was also the custom, as the busi ness structures encroached on the residence portions, to move One of the disturbed dwelling house to more distant parts of the 67 city. In the eighties the streets were not infrequently obstructed with these travel ing homes—many of them in a condition which would warrant instant demolition. But since it was a problem to house the people who wanted to live in Minneapolis, can the Minneapolitans be blamed for sav ing everything that offered a roof for the protection of more "population?" The gibes of visitors were met cheerfully and Minneapolis w£nt on her way content for the time to be called an "overgrown village." I 1:1 n i u THE METROPOLITAN LIFE BUILDING. the first of the large ofllce buildings which were built during the middle eighties. Known until re cently as the Guaranty Building. 68 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS . At the beginning of this era in the his tory of Minneapolis the city knew nothing of the many public, services which now are regarded as absolute necessities. There were, it is true, a few miles of narrow guage street railway, on which one-horse "bob tail" cars were operated. The first great development was the construction of many miles of additional lines to meet the needs of the rapidly growing city, but about 1890 the entire system was replaced by a modern electric system. In the same way the sys tem of gas supply grew from a small plantin 1880 to a very large system before the close of the period. CHANGES IN BUSINESS METHODS. The modern electrical inventions and public utilities came just in time to meet and assist certain tendencies which had not developed at the beginning of the period in question. The office building came in— made possible by the telephone, the mod ern elevator, and the system of rapid tran sit to suburban manufacturing plants. And thus the city in a few years found its busi ness methods revolutionized. The lumber and flour industries were centralized in the great office buildings, as were, to a large extent, the other manufacturing lines of the city, while the actual manufacturing plants were gradually being pushed out towards the suburbs, forced by the requirements of more room, better light, trackage facilities and lower valued real estate. Business was finding itself. Banks and financial institu tions began to draw together into a com mon center; wholesale trade, instead of being scattered along the retail streets, took definite quarters, while the retail dis tricts became more accurately defined and decidedly more exclusive. After 1885 the great retail stores of the present day began to come to the front—the department store idea had reached Minneapolis. This period was notable for great cele brations, festivals and conventions. The celebration of the completion of the North ern Pacific railroad in 1883 has already been mentioned. In 1884 the national encamp ment of the G. A. R. was held in Minne apolis—the first great gathering of the kind in the city. In connection with the exposi tion there were carnival events, and in 1891 the bountiful crops and general prosperity of the northwest was celebrated with a Harvest Festival, unique in its extent, com pleteness and appropriate features. A mon ster parade depicted the industries and re sources of the city in a way which attracted wide attention. The auditorium afforded by the exposition building made possible some great conventions, notable among them being the national Christian Endeav or convention of 1891 and the republican national convention of 1892. In these af fairs Minneapolis won a reputation for hos pitality which has made the place a favorite convention city ever since. PHENOMENAL POPULATION GAINS. In the decade ending with 1890 Minne apolis advanced from a population of 46,887 to 164,738. This was a gain of 117,851 or 251 per cent., something quite unpar alleled in the history of municipal growth up to that time. The average gain of about 12,000 people a year would not have been excessive for a city starting with a large population; but it must be remembered that Minneapolis commenced the decade with only 47,000. As the heavier growth, proportionally, was in the first part of the decade, it is probable that Minneapolis ac tually gained 25 to 30 per cent, in popula tion in some of those earlier years. Before considering the last period in the history of Minneapolis—the period opening with the recovery, from the general depres sion of 1893—some special phases of Min neapolis life and activities will be taken up under appropriate headings. CHAPTER VIII. CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES T HE first religious organization in this vicinity was a Sunday school estab lished in 1823 at Fort Snelling. The first religious work undertaken within the present limits of Minneapolis was that of S. W. and Gideon H. Pond who settled upon the shores of Lake Calhoun in 1834 and com menced work among the Indians. A year later the Rev. J. D. Stevens came to Lake Harriet where the first building ever used for religious services within the present city limits was erected. The work at Lake Har riet was distinctly missionary and never advanced to any form of organization. It was connected, however, with the pres ent church history of Minneapolis in an in teresting way. A Presbyterian church was organized at Fort Snelling in 1835 a i l d a s Mr. Stevens acted as its pastor, its services were frequently held at Lake Harriet. In 1840 the Rev. S. W. Pond became pastor and in 1849 it was reorganized and took the name of Oak Grove Presbyterian church with the Rev. Gideon H. Pond as pastor. In this period the church has been described as "migratory" and for thirty years "had no permanent place of worship." In 1862 the name was again changed to the "First Presbyterian Church of Minnesota at Min nehaha." In the meantime Mr. Pond began to hold services at Colonel Stevens' house at the Falls and in 1853 the First Presby terian church of Minneapolis grew out of this work. It did not flourish in the early days and in 1865 was reorganized, consoli dated with what was left of the Minnehaha church, and has since been an active organ ization. Through the absorption of the older society it can claim to be the oldest church in the state and city. MEN OF THE PIONEER PERIOD. The Ponds did much for the early re ligious life of the community. They were on the ground more than a decade before St. Anthony was settled and they welcomed the newcomers and assisted in religious work. Equally useful were the pastors al ready settled in St. Paul. In 1849 the Rev. E. D. Neill of St. Paul, who has been de scribed as- "a Presbyterian with Episcopal tendencies," came every fortnight to St. Anthony and held services which devel oped into the organization of Andrew Pres byterian Church. The Rev. Matthew Sorin organized the first Methodist class in 1849 and soon afterwards the First Methodist church was formed with the Rev. Enos Stevens as missionary in charge. Congre gationalism found a beginning with the work of the Rev. Charles Secombe who commenced home missionary effort in 1850. The First Congregational church was or ganized in 1851 with twelve members. The Rev. E. G. Gear, chaplain at Fort Snelling, held Episcopal services at the Falls as early at 1849 but the first regular services looking to the founding of a church were held by the Rev. Timothy Wilcoxson who came as a missionary in 1850. The first parish was organized in 1852—the beginning of Holy Trinity Episcopal church. The Rev. J. S. Chamberlain assumed charge of the parish and local missionary work in 1852 and in 1856 organized Ascension parish on the west side of the river; and on August 5th the corner stone of a church was laid by Dr. Gear at the corner of Fifth street and Seventh avenue south. At this moment there was on the way to Minneapolis a young deacon who had just graduated and was sent west to assist Mr. Chamberlain in missionary work. This was David Buel Knickerbacker—a man destined to take a most prominent and useful place in the re ligious life of Minneapolis and the north west. Upon his arrival he was given entire A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS as missionaries on salaries which would not now be regarded as compensation for day labor. ORIGIN OF THE LARGER CHURCHES. TWO CIIURCIIES OF 1830. Old Westminster and Plymouth churches as they were first erected 011 Fourth street. View taken l'rom Hennepin Av. charge of Ascension parish and in a few weeks the name was changed to Gethsemane. For many years it was the center of Episcopalianism in Minneapolis and most of the other churches of the denomination grew out of mission work undertaken by Bishop Knickerbacker. Catholic activities began with the work of Father Ravoux in 1849 when a building was commenced in northeast Minneapolis on the land now oc cupied by the Church of St. Anthony of Padua. The Baptist denomination began organized church life in 1850 when the First Baptist church of St. Anthony was formed. It is now Olivet Baptist church. The Rev. W. C. Brown was the first pastor. In 1851 the Rev. C. G. Ames organized the First Free Baptist church on the east side. It later moved across the river and is still an active organization. The Rev. J. C. Whit ney became pastor of the lyrst Presbyterian church of Minneapolis in 1853. These men of the pioneer days were a devoted, self-sac rificing band. Many of them were sent out Few of the churches first founded have become the larger churches of the present time. For the most part the great churches of the several denominations grew out of later beginnings. For instance Westmin ster Presbyterian church was not organ ized until 1857 and its first church building was not erected until i860. This building stood on Fourth street between Nicollet and Hennepin where the Hotel Vendome now stands. Plymouth Congregational church, organized only a few months before West minster, built at the corner of Fourth street and Nicollet avenue. A11 illustration shows the old Plymouth and Westminster build ings as they appeared when Fourth street was in the residence part of the city. In 1857 St. Marks mission chapel was estab lished in North Minneapolis but was re moved in 1861 to the corner of Fourth street and Hennepin avenue where the first serv ice of St. Marks Episcopal parish was held upon its formation in 1868. The First Bap tist church was organized in 1853 but had no house of worship until 1858, when it built at Third street and Nicollet avenue what was at that time the largest church in the town. Ten years later this church erected a new building at the corner of Fifth and Hennepin where the Lumber Ex change now stands. The Church of the Redeemer (Universalist) grew out of an organization effected, at a meeting held in 1859 when W. D. Washburn, still a prominent member, presided. The Rev. Dr. James H. Tuttle became its pastor in 1866, remaining for many years. Augustana Swedish Lutheran church was organized in 1866 and Trinity Norwegian and Danish in 1867. The Church of the Immaculate Conception was the first Catholic church built on the west side of the river. The present structure, erected in 1872, succeed ed a small frame building put up three years before. For twenty years Father James McGolrick was pastor of this church, mak ing it a power in the denomination and 7A CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES RT. REV. DAVII) IJ. KNICKERBACKER. Bishop Kniekerbacker was the first rector of Gethsemane Episcopal clim-ch and prominent in the early church history of Minneapolis. himself taking an active part in the affairs of the city. In 1889 he was appointed Bishop of Duluth. The Christian church, or Church of the Disciples, had 110 organiza tion in the city until 1877 when the Port land Avenue Church of Christ was formed. It has become one of the leading churches of the denomi nation in the West. 71 ling organizations to positions of promi nence and erected permanent and frequently very costly structures. Plain old-fashioned church buildings, very simply furnished, gave place to handsome modern buildings, luxurious in every appointment. It is told of the bishop then in charge that he hesi tated to dedicate the old Centenary Method ist church upon its completion in 1866, be cause of what he regarded as its extrava gance in fittings and furnishings. To those who can remember what seems, at this day, the extreme simplicity of the old church the evolution in ideas as to church building: is manifest. Somewhat anticipating the general move ment Plymouth Congregational church and the Church of the Redeemer occupied new buildings in the middle seventies—the for mer building the familiar landmark at Eighth and Nicollet (only removed in 1907) and the latter erecting the first of its build ings at Eighth street and Second avenue south. Westminster Presbyterian church built at Seventh and Nicollet in 1882; Gethsemane Episcopal church built at Ninth street and Fourth avenue south in 1883; the Central Baptist built in 1883; Immanuel Baptist in 1884; the Swedish Mission Tab ernacle in 1885; the first Baptist and First Unitarian in 1887 ; the First Congregational and Holy Rosary Catholic in 1888; the First Presbyterian, Park Avenue Congregational, Oliver Presbyterian and the Church of KELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES OF THE EIGHTIES. After the foundation laying of the early days there was a period of moderate growth a n d progress, followed, during the later seventies and the decade 1880-90, by a time of most r a p i d growth in all denomina tions. In this period churches grew from strug- . tmt OLD GETHSEMANE CHURCH. Fifth street and Seventh avenue south. 72 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the Redeemer (rebuilding) in 1889; An drew Presbyterian, Wesley Methodist, and St. Stephens Catholic in 1891 ; the Portland Avenue Church of Christ in 1893. These are some of the prominent church buildings of the period. They are mentioned in a group to show the rapid growth of the time, when every denomination in Minneapolis was making great strides in membership, wealth and aggressive church and mission work. An important phase of the development of church matters at this time was the estab lishment of many churches of the Scandi navian denominations. Previous to 1880, the Scandinavian population, though rap idly increasing in numbers, had made no very marked impression on the church life of the city. It is quite impossible to mention all the names associated with Minneapolis pulpits at this period. At its opening Bishop Knickerbacker was finishing his long rec torship at Gethsemane Episcopal church. In 1883 he was elected bishop of Indiana. Bishop McGolrick was still pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception. The Rev. Dr. Robert F. Sample completed an eighteen years' pastorate at Westminster Presbyterian church in 1886; the Rev. Dr. Charles F. Thwing, now president of West- FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH OP 1868. This building stood at Fifth and Ilennepin on the site of the Lumber Exchange. REV. ROIIHRT I". SAMPLE, D. I). ern Reserve University, Cleveland, received 652 members into Plymouth Congregational church in a four years' pastorate ending in 1890; the Rev. Dr. Wayland Hoyt began his notable pastorate of the First Baptist church; Bishop Cyrus D. Foss was resident bishop of the Methodist church until 1888; the Rev. Dr. J. F. Chaffee, who had first been stationed in St. Anthony in 1857, became pastor of the new Hennepin avenue M. E. Church in 1879 a n d three years later was made presiding elder; the Rev. Dr. David J. Burrell occupied Westminster Presbyterian pulpit for four years; in 1888 Rev. Dr. C. J. Petri began a long pastorate at Augustana Swedish Lutheran church; the Rev. Edwin Sydney Williams completed in 1883 an eight years' pastorate at the Park Avenue Congre gational Church (then the "Second") and for some years thereafter devoted himself to city mission work with great success; the Rev. Dr. T. B. Wells for a decade was the notable rector of St. Mark's Episcopal church; the Rev. Father Tissot in 1888 ended a long service at St. Anthony of CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 73 Padua; the Rev. Lars J. Jerdee has filled the pulpit of the Immanuel Norwegian Lutheran church ever since 1889; the Rev. G. H. Trabert began in 1883 a pastorate at the St. Johns English Lutheran church which has continued to the present; the Rev. E. A. Skogsbergh was pastor of the Swedish Mission Tabernacle and is still at the head of this great church; the Rev. Dr. -Tuttle was still in the pulpit of the Church of the Redeemer—and so this list might be prolonged to great length. It was a time of brilliant service and masterly labors and accomplishments. The city grew so rapidly at this period of its history that the responsibilities of the church people were felt very heavily. The obligation to furnish religious teaching and church services to the newcomers caused an activity in establishing Sunday schools, missions and chapels never equalled before or since. Each denomination had its church extension organization. The spirit of the REV. REV. JAMES F. CIIAFFEE, D. D. EDWIN SIDNEY WILLIAMS. times entered into this work; the word "hustle," so well understood on the streets of Minneapolis in the eighties, became a part of the churchman's terminology. Some one has said that the phrase "Churches built while you wait" would also have been appropriate at that time. One instance is vouched for. The committee of one denom ination, deciding at a certain meeting that a church was needed in a particular locality, within fifteen days had a lot purchased, a church building erected, a congregation in stalled therein and a minister in charge. The growing importance of the city as a religious center naturally led to its selec tion as the meeting place of many im portant conventions and gatherings. J In the middle eighties the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church met here; in 1892 the National Council of the Congregational churches; in 1895 the general Convention of the Episcopal Church. The Christian En- 74 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS REV.. JAMES II. .TUTTLE, D. D. deavor convention of 1891 was one of the largest religious gatherings of the time. The more prominent denominations have from time to time entertained their great national associations of a missionary char acter. These meetings have brought to the city the leaders in the religious life of the country. THE CHURCHES OF TODAY. After the financial troubles of '93 the churches of Minneapolis were for a time obliged to retrench as severely as the busi ness houses. Some temporarily lost mem bership and building projects were largely held in abeyance. These conditions rapidly passed away and during the decade past the religious affairs of the city have been in a most prosperous condition. The building activity of the eighties has been duplicated with a more pronounced tendency to per manence and advanced ideas in church architecture. Westminster Presbyterian church lost its beautiful building at Seventh and Nicollet by fire and in 1898 occupied its present structure at Twelfth and Nicollet— one of the largest and finest churches in the West. Plymouth Congregational church and St. Marks Episcopal church sold their down town property to build most beautiful spec imens of church architecture further out. The Second Church of Christ, Scientist, erected a handsome church at Second av enue south and Eleventh street—the largest of a group of churches testifying to the rapid growth and importance of this de nomination in the past decade. In 1908 the corner stone of a Pro-Cathedral was laid by the Catholics of the city. This will succeed the present Church of the Immaculate Con ception. It will be a magnificent structure of solid granite. The main nave will exceed in size those of the cathedrals of Europe, except that of St. Peter's at Rome which is exactly the same width, and there will be seats for 2,500 people. The people of Fowl er Methodist church completed their hand some building in 1907 and many lesser structures all over the city have testified in late years to the devotion, prosperity and enterprise of the church people of Minne apolis. There are now about two hundred church buildings, including missions and chapels, in the city and the membership approximates 75,000. With the rounding of the half century of Minneapolis the early churches have begun to celebrate their golden anniversaries. These occasions have been of great inter est. Notable among them have been the celebrations of Gethsemane Episcopal church in 1906 and Plymouth Congrega tional and Westminster Presbyterian in 1907. ALLIED ORGANIZATIONS. The building of churches, the maintenance of services and the internal life of the churches generally, has been but a part of the activities of the church people of the city. Outside of regular church organiza tion every class of religious, charitable and philanthropic organization which would tend to give practical force to the principles of Christianity, has been heartily supported. The Young Men's Christian Association of the city of Minneapolis was organized in 1866. For many years it occupied rented CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 75 and is the second largest Y. W. C. A. in the United States. It owns at 87 South Seventh street a building and lot valued at over $125,000, equipped with all that is nec essary for the maintenance of a lunch room, reading room, gymnasium, rest rooms, class rooms and a hall for entertainments and lec tures. A branch lunch room is maintained in the wholesale district and at the two places about 750 young women lunch daily. Almost as many are enrolled in the edu cational and Bible classes. With the Wom an's Christian Association the Y. W. C. A. sustains a Travelers Aid work and a Tran sient Home for Girls and Women is main tained—the two forming one of the most practical philanthropic undertakings- in the city. The general secretary is Miss M. Belle Jeffery. The Woman's Christian Association was founded in 1866 as the Ladies' Aid Society and took its present name in 1868. For forty years it has been an active charitable and philanthropic force, doing a wide range of work, including personal visitation and relief of the poor, and the maintenance of the Woman's Boarding Home at 52 South Tenth street and the Pillsbury Home at 819 Second avenue south. The association also manages the Jones-Harrison Home for the care of aged women and aged ministers and their wives and joins with the Y. W. C. A. in the Travelers Aid work. The president is Mrs. E. M. La Penotiere. 3,400 A J*Av A THE CHURCH OP THE REDEEMER. quarters which gave place about 1892 to the handsome building at Tenth street and Mary place, now free of debt and valued at $175,000. The building is fully equipped for the religious, social, educational and phys ical culture work of the organization. Its night school is attended by from 700 to 800 young men and boys. Its officers in 1908 are, president, J. S. P'orteous; vice presi dents, E. W. Decker and E. L. Carpenter; recording secretary, G. A. Gruman; treasur er, T. M. Martin, and general secretary, S. Wirt Wiley. Not less interesting and successful is the Young Women's Christian Association, founded in 1891 and growing more and more rapidly until it has a membership of HOMES AND ASYLUMS. The Washburn Memorial Orphan Asylum was founded in 1886 under a bequest of $375>°°° from the late Governor C. C. Wash burn of Wisconsin as a memorial to his mother. Gen. W. D. Washburn of Minne apolis, brother to Governor Washburn, who has always been at the head of the board of trustees, gave twenty-five acres of land at Nicollet avenue and Forty-ninth street on which was erected a building costing $75,000, the remainder of the bequest constitut ing a permanent endowment. C. E. Faulk ner is superintendent. The Catholic Orphan Asylum at Chicago avenue and Forty-sixth street was erected some twenty years ago to care for the or- A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 76 phans of the denomination. It is an effi cient institution and well supported. The Home for Children and Aged Wom en was founded in 1881, and installed in its present building in 1886. It has been the special care of some of the benevolent ladies of the city and has received generous financial support as well as personal service. Bethany Home, the Home for the Aged, and as a memorial to their parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Pillsbury, and is admirably equipped for social settlement work. Henry F. Burt is head resident. Unity House, 1616 North Washington avenue, developed from work undertaken by members of the Church of the Redeemer, but is now a co-operative settlement devoting itself largely to reach ing the children with helpful agencies. Miss ! WESTMINSTER PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Chas. S. Sedgwick, Architect. the Sheltering Arms are all well established and effective. The Minnesota Soldiers Home, while not maintained by the people of the city, is one of the institutions in which much interest is felt. Its grounds are upon the Mississippi river bluffs adjoin ing Minnehaha park—one of the most beau tiful spots in Minnesota. Settlement work has been undertaken in the city at three centers. Pillsbury House, 320 Sixteenth avenue south, grew out of the work of Bethel mission, established by Plymouth Congregational church in the early eighties. The beautiful building was the gift of Charles S. and John S. Pillsbury Caroline M. Crosby is head resident. In the autumn of 1908 Wells Memorial House at 116 North Eleventh street was opened under the auspices of St. Marks Episcopal church. The Associated Charities of Minneapolis was organized in 1884, largely through the instrumentality of George A. Brackett, who remained its president for many years. The plan of work is similar to that of such asso ciations everywhere—the principles of en couragement to thrift and self support and intelligent co-operation among the charit able being prominent. Frank L. McVey is president and Eugene T. Lies secretary. CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 77 sion work is beyond individual treatment. The first large work was that undertaken by the City Mission of 1883 on South Wash ington avenue, of which the Rev. Edwin S. Williams, was superintendent. In 1895 the Union City Mission was organized as an undenominational institution. In 1902 it occupied its present quarters in the St. James Hotel building at Washington and Second avenues south, where are maintained a hotel, lodging house, mission hall, employ ment bureau, baths and laundry. T. E. Hughes has been for years the president and C. M. Stocking, superintendent. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. Clias. S. Sedgwick, Architect. The Board of Charities and Corrections of the City of Minneapolis is composed of five commissioners, of whom the mayor is one and is charged with the care of the poor department, the workhouse and the city hospital. Richard Tattersfield is sec retary of the board. . In a city so well organized for charitable and philanthropic work it is of course, quite impossible to mention every organization, In fact each church has its society; each lodge its committee. In the same way misYOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. Win. Channing Whitney, Architect Many^ of the hospitals of the city are of a charitable character, but as their wojrk is largely professional they are mentioned in the chapter on the Medical Profession. PILLSBURY HOUSE. Bertrand & Chamberlin, Architects. BUSHNELL, Rev. John Edward, pastor of Westminster Presbyterian Church, Minneapolis, and a leading- exponent of Presbyterianism in Min nesota, was born in Old Saybrook, Connecticut, October 21, 1858, son of John F. Bushnell of that place. He attended the village schools and pre pared for college at the Morgan School of Clin ton, Connecticut, and graduated at Yale College in 1880. After taking his theological course at Yale Theological Seminary, he took a post grad- 78 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS nell was married to Florence A. Ellsworth, of Brooklyn, New York, and to them have been born three sons,—Ellsworth, John Horace and Paul Palmer. CLEARY, Rev. James M., for many years in charge of St. Charles Catholic Church, Minneap olis, was born in Boston, September 8, 1849, the son of Thomas and Julia Cleary. He came to the Northwest with his parents while a child and was educated in the public schools of Walworth county, Wisconsin, St. Francis Seminary and Col lege, Milwaukee, and at St. Lawrence College, Calvary, Wisconsin. He entered the priesthood July 8, 1872. He has been widely known as a public lecturer and has taken a prominent part in temperance work, being for many years president of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of Amer ica and vice-president of the Anti-Saloon League of America. He has been the president of the Minneapolis Home Protection League, and is a member of the Catholic Knights of Wisconsin, Catholic Order of Foresters, and the Knights of Columbus. While in Minneapolis he has taken a prominent part in the discussion of all civic questions and is always to be found on the side of temperance, saloon restriction and all prac tical good government movements. He is a member of the Commercial and Six O'Clock Clubs. REV. JOHN E. BUSHNELL, D. D. uate course in critical studies. He received his first call to a pastorate from the Congregational church of Fairfield, Connecticut, where he re mained four years, going in 1888 to the Presby terian Church at Rye, New York, of which he was pastor for six years. This was followed by a pastorate of six years at the Phillips Presbyterian Church, of New York City, when he was called to the Westminster Church, of Minneapolis, the largest and most important church of that de nomination in the city. Under Dr. Bushnell, Westminster is organized for effective work and its influence is both dynamic and pervasive. It is a church which does things and the great structure which the congregation erected in place of the one destroyed by fire about ten years ago, is strongly suggestive of enduring strength and achievement. During Dr. Bushnell's pastorate the church has greatly increased in membership and holds a position as one of the leading or ganizations of the denomination in the country. Dr. Bushnell received the degree of "D. D." from New York University in 1898. He is a member of various collegiate and clerical societies and literary organizations. In June, 1887, Dr. Bush FAULKNER, Charles Edward, superinten dent of the Washburn Memorial Orphan Asylum at Minneapolis, is descended from a long line of ancestors among whom were men prominent in the colonial period. Patrick Falconer of Edin burgh who came to America late in the seven teenth century was born in 1859 and the records show that he was married October 2, 1689, at New Haven to Hannah, daughter of Deputy Governor William Jones of New Haven and granddaughter of Governor Theophilus Eaton of New Haven Colony. Patrick Falconer was a citizen of Newark, New Jersey, member of First Presbyterian Church of Newark, New Jersey, and the records of his will showed that when he died, in 1692, he left extensive properties in New York and New Jersey. In course of time the orthog raphy of the family name was changed. Ed ward Faulkner, father of Charles E., was a mer chant at Earlville, Madison county, New York, at the time of his son's birth, July 12, 1844. His wife was Abigail Doolittle Beach. She was de scended from John Beach who lived in New Haven, Connecticut, as early as 1643, and who signed the Wallingford Covenant and received allotment of land under this document. Mr. Faulkner's grandfather was the Rev. Lyman Beach who served in the war of 1812. During his early boyhood the family moved to Mansfield, Pennsylvania, where Charles attended school at Mansfield Classical Seminary until the breaking out of the Civil war, when he at once enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in April, CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 1861. While serving on the Peninsula he was taken prisoner, June 30, 1862, and confined in Pemberton Warehouse and on Belle Island. Af ter the expiration of his enlistment two years later, he served in the commissary department until the close of the war. On June 27, 1867, he was appointed a registration officer under the reconstruction acts and served in Virginia during the most interesting portion of the reconstruction period. Mr. Faulkner next went to Kansas, es tablishing himself at Saliny in April, 1869. He at once entered actively into public affairs, served as deputy county treasurer three years and as county treasurer four years, was a mem ber of the legislature for two terms, and from 1876 to 1887 was a member of the board of trus tees of the Kansas Senate Charitable Institutions. His interest in charitable and philanthropic in stitutional work brought him the appointment in 1887 of superintendent of the Soldier's Orphan Home at Atchison. After filling this post for ten years he was called to the superintendency of the Washburn Home which he has managed with ability for the past decade. He was pres ident of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections at Topeka in 1900 and in 1902 president at the Minnesota State Conference of Charities and Corrections at Rochester. Mr. Faulkner 011 September 6, 1871, married Clemen tina A. Coryell, daughter of Rev. Vincent M. Coryell, at Waverly, New York. Like her hus band, Mrs. Faulkner is descended from a long line of forebears. Her grandfather, Emanuel Coryell, served in the Revolution and her great grandfather of the same name was the owner of Coryell's ferry across the Delaware under a patent from George II. Mr. and Mrs. Faulkner have two sons, Dr. Coryell Faulkner and Charles E. Faulkner, both living in Minneapolis. Mr. Faulkner is a republican in political affiliation. HALLOCK, Leavitt H., the pastor of Ply mouth Congregational church, Minneapolis, from 1898 to 1907, was descended from the best early New England ancestry on both sides, and was born at Plainfield, Massachusetts, August 15, 1842. He was the youngest son of Elizabeth Porter Snell Hallock, lineal descendent of John Alden and cousin to William Cullen Bryant. His earliest paternal ancestor in America was Peter Hallock who landed at Hallock's Neck, Long Island, in 1640, the source of all the Hallocks in this coun try. Dr. Hallock's grandfather was Moses Hal lock, for forty-five years the pastor of the only church in Plainfield, Massachusetts, where he edu cated more than three hundred students for col lege, many of whom became noted men in the land, fifty of them ministers of the gospel and seven foreign missionaries. Dr. Hallock's father, Leavitt Hallock, served his town and state in several capacities of public trust, with honor and fidelity, and Dr. Hallock 79 has justified his honorable ancestry by his own record. Graduated from Williston Seminary, and from Amherst college in 1863, at the age of twenty-one, he took his theological course at East Windsor Hill and at Hartford, closing his fourth year in 1867. From his graduation until 1892 he held successive pastorates in Connecticut and in Maine, preaching for sixteen years in the. former state and ten years as pastor of Williston Church, Portland, Maine, and in Waterville. Thence he was called to the First Church of Tacoma, Wash ington, which he served for more than three years, and then became preacher and instructor at Mills College, California, until called to Ply mouth church, Minneapolis. Politically, Dr. Hallock belongs to the con servative branch of the republican party. He has always been active in moral reform and to his efficient work for tcmperance western Con necticut was greatly indebted during his ten years successful pastorate -in West Winsted. Dr. Hallock has been honored by the degree of "Doctor of Divinity," conferred by* Whitman College, Washington, in 1893: .election as cor porate member of the American Board of Com missioners for Foreign Missions in the same year, which position he still holds: membership in both international councils of the Congrega- CHARLES E. FAULKNER. 80 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS •* • iii 3I S" 5 ' - ''«rv •>, • ,< • LEAVITT H. HALl.OCK tional body, held respectively in London, Eng land, in 1891, and in Boston, in 1899. Dr. Hallock was married in June, 1867, to Martha B. Butler, of Brooklyn, New York, who died in October, 1873, and was the mother of his two children, Harry Butler Hallock, a business man of Cincinnati, and Lillian Huntington, wife of Geo. R. Campbell, M. D., of Augusta, Maine. On the 3d of October, 1888, Dr. Hallock mar ried Miss Ellen M. Webster, of Portland, Maine, who was associated with, him in the work of Plymouth church. JERDEE, Rev. Lars J., pastor of Immanuel Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Min neapolis, was born in Lekanger, Norway, on January 2, 1859. His father, who was a farmer, migrated to America in 1861 and the family lived in Dane county, Wisconsin, for some years, Lars attending the public schools and a Norweg ian church school in the vicinity. When seven- Decorah, Iowa, and graduated in 1882 with the degree of B. A. He had determined to become a teen years of age he entered Luther College at clergyman and entering Luther Seminary at Madi son, Wisconsin, to pursue his theological studies, completed the course and graduated in 1885. In the same year he was ordained and entered upon his ministerial work in Polk county, Minnesota, where he organized ten Lutheran congregations and did mission work in general. Mr. Jerdee remained in Polk county until 1889 when he was called to Immanuel Norwegian Lutheran Church in Minneapolis, where he has remained as pastor ever since, taking a leading part in the affairs of his denomination of the Northwest. Since 1891 he has been one of the directors for home missions and for about the same length of time has been one of the board of visitors for Luther Seminary. From 1890 to 1898 he was treasurer of the Minnesota district of the Norwegian Evangelical Church of America. He has been president since 1896 of the board of Enclist mis sions. Mr. Jerdee was a member of the com mittee editing a new explanation of Luther's catechism, published in 1904, and for the trans lation of Luther's catechism into English, pub lished in 1906. During his pastorate in Minne apolis he has also had charge of Santiago and South Santiago in Sherburne county, Gethsemane Church, Minneapolis, Brooklyn Church in Hen nepin county, and Bergen Church in McLeod county and was prime mover in organizing St. Johannes Evangelical Church in Minneapolis. He belongs to the Synod of the Norwegian Evan gelical Lutheran Church of America. Mr. Jerdee was married in 1886 to Miss Turine Husevold of Cyrus, Minnesota. They have had five children —three sons, Joseph C., now studying at Luther College, at Decorah, Iowa, and Theodor Ruben, who died, and a third son also named Theodor Ruben, a student at Minnesota College; and two daughters, Thina and Laila Tonette, the first of whom died while a child. KNICKERBACKER, David Buel, was one of the pioneers of religious work in Minneapolis and the Northwest and one of the most con spicuously useful and successful clergymen which the Episcopal church sent into the Northwest in the early days. Bishop Knickerbacker was born at Schaghticoke, New York, February 24, 1833. His father, Herman Knickerbacker, inherited a large fortune from his father Johannes Knickerbacker, and for his lavish hospitality was called the "Prince of Schaghticoke." He was a lawyer of ability, occupied a seat on the bench of the county and represented his district in congress. The son was given a liberal education and graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, in 1853. He then took a theological course and graduated from the General Theological Seminary in 1856. The young deacon was at once appointed by the Board of Missions in New York as a missionary assistant in Minnesota and with his young bride CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES he arrived in Minneapolis in July of the same year. He was placed in charge of the Ascension parish—a name shortly afterwards changed to Gethsemane, under which the strong church of that name developed. The future bishop's salary was at first $500. The church had but five com municants at the beginning; it had no church building—although the original structure at Fifth street and Seventh avenue south was completed during the year. Bishop Knickerbacker's work was for a time of missionary character, serv ing a number of points in association with Rev. Mr. Chamberlain. By the following spring, how ever, his work in Gethsemane had so strength ened as to require his constant services, his out side missionary work, for which he afterwards became so famous, becoming from that time in cidental to his work in Gethsemane. By this time the communicants had increased from five to fifty-three in one year. On July 12th, 1857, Bishop Kemper made a visitation of the parish, and Mr. Knickerbacker was ordained to the priesthood. Under Mr. Knickerbacker's rector ship Gethsemane church grew very rapidly. At the end of five years the number of communi cants had increased to 102 and the church was in a very flourishing condition. In i860 Rev. Mr. Knickerbacker commenced his outside mis sionary work, holding services more or less reg ularly at Crystal Lake, Anoka, Hassan, Water- REV. LARS J. JERDEE. 81 ville, Mahnomin, Monticello, Clear Water, Big Lake, Rockford, Eden Prairie, Fort Snelling and Bloomington. In 1863 he says, "There is no limit to church extension in this vicinity save the ability and strength of one clergyman to do the work." In 1869 he organized the "Brother hood of Gethsemane" to assist him in this field of church work. Harvest Home Festivals were inaugurated and a Free Church Reading Room opened and maintained on Washington avenue, corner of Nicollet, afterward removed to Geth semane Parish House. In 1870 Rev. Mr. Knick erbacker, having accepted his election as Dean of "Seabury Divinity School," resigned his rec torship but, on the urgent protests of the vestry and congregation to himself and the Bishop, was induced to remain. After the chaplain at Fort Snelling left in 1866, Mr. Knickerbacker and his helpers maintained services at the Fort and occasional services at the Indian village of Mendota. This was continued for more than ten years. On the first Sunday of the month a goodly number of Sioux Indians from Men dota generally appeared at Gethsemane and re ceived the Holy Communion. After service they received a feast of baker's bread furnished by the rector. This custom continued all through the remaining rectorship of Mr. Knickerbacker and for many years after. In 1873 Mr. Knickerbacker received the degree of D. D. and four years later was elected missionary bishop of Arizona and New Mexico. He did not sever his connection with Gethsemane church, however, until 1883 when he was elected Bishop of Indiana. He had then served as rector of Gethsemane for twentyseven years and had seen the church grow from five to 274 communicants and with 1,000 souls in the parish. Meanwhile numerous missions established through his efforts had developed into independent churches. In the same year the corner stone of the new Gethsemane church building at Fourth avenue south and Ninth street was laid. Bishop Knickerbacker was consecrated Bishop of Indiana on October 4, 1883, and died December 31, 1894, at Indianapolis. His life and work in Minneapolis endeared him to a very large number of people, as his influence and service extended much beyond the boundaries of his own parish and of denominational lines. He was a man of great personal magnetism, warm sympathies and broad views and was loved by people of all classes. JOYCE, Isaac Wilson, (Bishop Isaac Wilson Joyce, D. D. LL. D., one of the Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church) was one of -the most conspicuous figures of the denomination to which he belonged. He was born October 11, 1836, in Colerain township, Hamilton county, Ohio; the son of James W. and Mary Ann Joyce, and the grandson of William and Hannah Joyce, of Dublin, Ireland. To this inheritance of Irish blood was doubtless due something of his unusual charm in public address, and his genial spirit 82 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS which made him everywhere a favorite. As a into many sections of the country never before youth many obstacles were in the way of his invisited by a bishop. His administration in China tellectual training; his poverty, the opposition of resulted in a spiritual quickening unsurpassed his family, the ridicule of his associates; but he anywhere in the world in modern times. The loved books, he was an enthusiastic student and church in that far away quarter of the globe has persistently availed himself of every opportunity felt the impress of this visit to the present day, to secure coveted knowledge. He taught school and it is the judgment of many on the field that to pay his way at Hartsville, Indiana, the dethe gigantic strides made in China in recent years, nominational school of the United Brethren are largely due to his administration and influChurch. He alternately taught school and went ence. Returning he visited Malaysia, making a to college for several years; finally winning his zigzag journey across India, meeting the Central A. M. degree at Asbury (now De Pauw) UniConference at Lucknow, preaching everywhere versity. Later Dickinson College gave him his a stop was made. In 1903-4 he was in charge of Doctorate - while the University of the Pacific the missions in South America, giving them honored itself and him by the LL. D. He was unusually painstaking attention and administralicensed to preach by the United Brethren tion. Church, but in 1857 united with the Methodist During his residence in Minneapolis his broad Episcopal Church, and in 1859 was admitted into catholicity was peculiarly manifest. He devoted the Northwest Indiana Conference. As a very himself without reserve to the interests of his young preacher he became pastor of some of the own denomination, yet, at the same time exhibitleading churches in this conference, and during ed a spirit of deep sympathy with all forms of the ten years following promotions and honors Christian work. He was particularly solicitous came rapidly. At thirty-three he was presiding for the weaker churches, and it is a matter of Elder of the East Lafayette district, then pastor official record that he visited and ministered unto of Trinity Church, La Fayette. His health besomething like one hundred of the smaller comcame somewhat impaired, and he was prevailed munities throughout the northwest where no upon to fill the pulpit of Bethany Independent Bishop before him had penetrated. In these genChurch, Baltimore, for one year. In that cliuinely missionary visits, he frequently paid his mate he rapidly regained his health, but, though own expenses, and never received compensation that church earnestly solicited him to become its for services rendered. On Sunday morning, July settled pastor, he returned to Indiana, and in 1877 2nd, 1905, while preaching at Red Rock Camp was appointed to old Robert's Chapel, GreenMeeting, he suffered a partial paralytic stroke, castle. Here he was enabled to erect a commodiHe evidently felt a premonition of the approachous church which today is a monument to his ing end for he abruptly changed the thread of untiring zeal and energy. In 1880, at the close of his discourse, as he grasped a piller for support, his term in Greencastle, he was elected to Genhe said, "I have preached this gospel around the eral Conference, meeting in Cincinnati, out of world and it has always met the needs of men." which grew his transfer to the Cincinnati ConThe Bishop was married in 1861 to Caroline ference, and his first appointment to St. Paul's Walker Bosserman of La Porte, Indiana, who church in that city. After serving this important died in 1907. Their only son, Colonel Frank M. church for a full term, he was sent to Trinity Joyce, is a resident of Minneapolis. Church, which he also served for a full term, and , was then reappointed to St. Paul's. In 1886 he . MERRILL, Rev. George Robert, was born was the official representative to the General ~ and educated in the East, though a great part of Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada, his work has been in the West. The family from held in Toronto. In 1888 he was elected to the which Mr. Merrill is descended has been estabEpiscopacy by one of the largest votes, up to lished in America from the time of its early that time, ever given to an incumbent of that . colonization,—his ancestors emigrating to this office. For two quadrenniums, from 1888 to 1896, country with the Puritans and settling at Newhis Episcopal residence was Chattanooga, Tennesbury, Massachusetts. His parents were Robert see, where he greatly impressed the church by his Merrill, a ship joiner and builder and Ann (Babpower as a preacher and his skill as a leader. son) Merrill, who lived at the time of their son's During this time he was Chancellor of Grant birth at Newburyport, Massachusetts. The son University for five years, and for four years was born on December 26, 1845. He was brought president of the Epworth League, and also held up at Newburyport and there began his educathe conferences in Europe and Mexico. The tion, attending the public schools and graduating General Conference of 1896 transferred him to in 1861 from Brown high school. In April, 1862, Minneapolis, which was his Episcopal home until he entered Amherst College, and owing to his • the time of his death. The first two years of careful elementary work was able to join the class this time he was under appointment to visit and which had entered the College in the fall presupervise the churches in the Orient. He visited ceding his matriculation. In addition to his coland carefully examined the work of the denomlege work Mr. Merrill taught school at East inat'on in Japan, Korea and China, penetrating Corinth, Maine, at Beemerville, New Jersey and 4 ftAC. 84 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS liEV. UEOltftE U. MERRILL, D. D. in the high school at Amherst. He graduated in 1865 with the degree of B. A. The additional honorary degree of M. A. ad eundem was later awarded him by Amherst. Following his gradua tion in 1865 he was offered a position as in structor in the Academy at Blue Hill, Maine, and taught in that school for two semesters. He then began his theological studies, entering Ban gor Seminary at Bangor, Maine. The course in that college was supplemented by further study along theological lines at the Seminary at Rochester, New York, and under President E. G. Robinson, D. D. During the time devoted to acquiring his education, Mr. Merrill filled, in the interval of his study, various positions with busi ness houses, as a grocer's clerk, a supply-teacher in the grade school at Newburyport and an as sistant mail carrier. For some time he was lo cated at Fortress Monroe and Hampton, Vir ginia, where he carried on the work of the American Missionary Association among the Freedmen after the close of the Civil War. He completed his theological studies and was ordained at Henrietta, New York, for the Congregational ministry on January 2, 1867, after short pastorates in New York, Michigan and Maine, he received a call from the First Congregational Church of Painesville, Ohio, where he remained for eight years. In 1886 he resigned and moved to Min neapolis to become the pastor of the First Con gregational Church, of which he continued in charge for more than twelve years, resigning in 1898 to accept a call from the Levitt Street Church of Chicago. Since 1900 he has been the Superintendent of Home Missions, for the Con gregational Denomination of this city and has devoted his whole time and energy to the ad vancement of this work. In addition to his work as a clergyman Mr. Merrill has always been in terested in educational work, and has served as a trustee of various schools and colleges at dif ferent times, among them Hallowell Classical School in Maine; Lake Erie College, Ohio; Chi cago Theological Seminary and Carleton College at Northfield; and in 1893 received from Ripon College, Wisconsin, the degree of D. D. His work has also included his connection for several years with the International Sunday School ex ecutive committee as a member and the secre tary. In political faith Mr. Merrill is a republi can. He was married on May 1, 1867, to Eunice Thurston Plumer of Newburyport, Massachu setts, after whose death he was again married on June 19, 1885, to Miss Mary Morse House of Paynesville, Ohio. By his first wife he had three children: John Ernest Merrill, president of the Central Turkey College at Aintab, Turkey, Asia; George Plumer Merrill, pastor of Prospect Street Church in Newburyport, Massachusetts, and Mary Merrill, now the wife of Dr. W. L. Burnap of Pelican Rapids, Minnesota. From his later mar riage there are four children, Eunice House Mer rill, now the wife of Rev. Harold B. Hunting of Rochester, Wisconsin, Robert Charles, Laura Alice and Marjorie Annie Merrill. MORRILL, Rev. Gulian Lansing, pastor of the People's Church of Minneapolis, was born on December 1, 1857, at Newark, New Jersey, the son of Rev. D. T. Morrill and Alida L. Morrill. The father was a Baptist clergyman for fortyfour years, a native of Vermont and a cousin of Senator Lot Morrill; the mother was of the Lan sing family, of Holland Dutch descent. A clergy man's family is very likely to be brought up in many towns but it happened that a considerable part of Mr. Morrill's youth was spent in St. Louis, where he studied in the public schools and graduated from the high school, and where he first developed the marked talent for music, which, but for parental training and his own later inclination, would have made of him a profes sional musician rather than a minister. While still almost a boy he studied the organ with the best masters available, receiving the highest com mendation from Prof. E. M. Bowman. In later years he has by no means abandoned the organ and has many times combined the offices of preacher and organist. He has played on some of the most noted organs in this country and during his wanderings abroad has been privileged to perform upon famous instruments in old Eu ropean cities. Mr. Morrill began his study of theology at Shurtleff College and afterwards graduated from the Baptist Theological Seminary CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES 83 at Chicago. He took post-graduate work in He brew and philosophy under Dr. Wm. R. Harper and Dr. G. W. Northrup. Coming to Minneap olis he became pastor of the Calvary Baptist Church and remained during ten years, during which time the new church edifice was erected. Later he was pastor of the Chicago Avenue Bap tist Church for three years. He has filled pastorates at Anamosa, Iowa, Denver, and Owensboro, Ken tucky. During his early pastorate in Minneapolis. Mr. Morrill took a practical interest in the affairs of the city and particularly in the amelioration of the condition of the masses—the unchurched and unchurchable. He had an active part in the work which ended in the removal of the Washington avenue dives and made possible the establishment of the Union City mission. He has always stood for temperance reform and the restriction of the liquor traffic. In 1903 Mr. Morrill established the People's church as "a place for all creeds, classes and conditions of non-church-going peo ple." Services have been held in the Masonic Temple, Unique theater and Auditorium and the pastor has brought to his aid the orchestra, organ, soloist and chorus as well as art in the form of lantern pictures illustrating the subjects of his discourses. His methods have been original, unique and sometimes sensational, (not what would be required in the ordinary church work) but they have been concededly effective in his REV. CARL J. PETRI, D. D. field. Mr. Morrill has made his work a clearing house for the churches of the city, sending those persons wishing permanent membership to one or another of the denominational churches. In J 881, on December 14, Mr. Morrill was married to Miss Ada B. Wilkinson at Chicago. They have two sons, David W. Morrill and Lowell Lansing Morrill. It has been Mr. Morrill's constant habit to write and speak outside his clerical labors. He has lectured extensively on many subjects and has written several books on subjects growing directly out of his experiences in pastoral work, in music and in travel abroad. An extensive tour in Africa, Palestine, Asia and Europe a few years ago provided material for "Tracks of a Tender foot," a humorous and graphic account of per sonal experiences and observations. : REV. GULIAN L. MORRILL. PETRI, Carl Johan, one of the most distin guished clergymen of the Lutheran Church in this country, was born at Rockford, Illinois, June 16, 1856. His father was a tailor of that town and the son received his early education at the Rockford public schools, later attending the Augustana College at Paxton, Illinois, with the class of 1877. In the latter year he graduated with the degree of A. B., being a member of the first class sent out from that institution, and in 1884 received the degree of A. M. from the same college. During his college work he made es- §6 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS pecial study of the modern and classical lan guages and history, devoting particular attention to classical English and at the completion of his course was particularly proficient in these branch es. One year after leaving Augustana he moved to Minneapolis. At that time it was his inten tion to continue his English studies for the pur pose of becoming, at the request of the board of directors, an instructor in that subject at Augus tana College. He entered the University of Min nesota and for a year put his energies to the study of English and Anglo-Saxon; following which he returned to the East, locating at Phila delphia, from which place he had received a call to take charge of a Swedish Lutheran congrega tion. This position he held for several years. In the University of Pennsylvania he again re sumed his studies in English and history shortly after his location in Philadelphia, at the same time attending Dr. Krauth's lectures on philoso phy. He was ordained to the Swedish Lutheran ministry in 1880 1 . He returned to the West four years later and became one of the faculty of Gustavus Adolphus College, at St. Peter, Minnesota, as an instructor of history. In 1888 Dr. Petri was called to Minneapolis to assume the re sponsibilities of the largest congregation of his denomination in the city—the Augustana Swedish Lutheran Church. This was the beginning of a long and successful pastorate. During his resi dence in Minneapolis, Dr. Petri has been active in educational and public work as well as in his religious connections. He has served as a member of the board of directors of Gustavus Adolphus College and was a member of the first board of directors of the Minnesota College, Minneapolis, and still serves on that body, being the vice president. For a number of years he has been the vice president of the Minnesota Conference of the Swedish Augustana Synod and is now secretary of the Board of Missions of the Conference. In 1881 he was one of the founders of the "Augustana Observer," a Luth eran religious p>per—the first of its kind to be published in the English language by the Swedes in this country. At a later period he was also associated with the editorial department of an English Sunday school paper issued under the direction of the church and is now a member of the Board of Publication of the Synod at Rock Island. He was the originator and a prin cipal promoter of the celebration in 1888, at Min neapolis, of the two hundred and fiftieth anni versary of the landing of the Swedes in America during the seventeenth century. Likewise he was active in arranging the celebration, in 1893, of the three hundredth anniversary of the Upsala Decree, being also the first scholar to translate this decree into the English language. In the same year he was a member of the advisory council of the religious congress at the World's .Fair. He is a member of the Institute of Civics; and was one of the most influential organizers of the Swedish hospital in 1898 and the first pres ident of the board and of the hospital associa tion. Dr. Petri was married in 1880 to Miss Christine Anderson, of Rattvik, Delarne, Sweden, the ceremony being performed in the historical Old Swedes' Church, or Gloria Dei Church, in Philadelphia. They have six children. The The ological Seminary of Rock Island, Illinois, con ferred upon him, in 1899, the degree of D. D. Dr. Petri has always been conspicuous in the counsels of his church. He is fluent and con vincing in debate and courteous and engaging in manner and his influence is commanding; and he is frequently called uipon to lecture throughout the Northwest in connection with various lecture courses. POPE, Rev. Edward Ritchie, was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts, June 25, 1855. Here his parents, W. G. E. and Anna F. Pope, were born and here his ancestors lived from the earliest settlement of the place. His paternal ancestor in this country came to Plymouth in 163O', and on his mother's side the first ancestor in this country was John Coggeshall, the first governor of Rhode Island. His great grandfather was a Major in the Revolutionary War and his grand father an officer in the war of 1812. Mr. Pope's early life was spent in New Bedford, where he was prepared for college in the Friend's Acad emy; in 1872 he entered Harvard College but left in the middle of his junior year, going to San Francisco, where he studied law and was ad mitted to practice. In 1882 he entered the Bap tist Theological Seminary at Morgan Park, Illi nois, (now connected with the Chicago Univer sity) and graduated in 1885. From there he went to Carbondale, Illinois, and in 1887 came to Roch ester, Minnesota, serving the Baptist Church as its pastor for rftore than six years. In January, 1894, he came to Minneapolis, having been elected superintendent of Baptist State Missions under the appointment of the Minnesota Baptist State Convention and the American Baptist Home Mission Society and this position he has filled ever since. In' December, 1885, Mr. Pope was married to Ella Krysher of Carbondale, Illinois. Five daughters have been born to them, four of whom are living. PURVES, Rev. Stuart Ballantyne, the rector of Holy Trinity Church of this city since 1894, is of English parentage and birth, though he received his theological education for the most part in this country and has, since his ordination, been engaged in clerical work in Minnesota. His father was Richard Purves, a civil and mining engineer, who practiced his profession with good success in England, and who at the time of his son's birth was located at Maryport. Stuart Ballantyne Purves was born at Maryport on July 3, 1862. The early part of his life was de voted to his education in England, and he ob tained his preparatory and classical training un- A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS S7 is associated with several of the fraternal orders, being a Blue Lodge Mason, a Royal Arch Mason, a Knight Templar and a member of the Mystic Shrine. In 1893 Mr. Purves was married to Miss Mary Wilson, daughter of the Rev. E. Stuart Wilson, D. D. They have three living children— Stuart St. Claire, Marjorie Elizabeth and Audrey Katherine Ballantyne—one, Dorothy Marion, having died in infancy. . RI5V. STUAKT B. PUItVES. der the instruction of private tutors and a taste for study was developed which afterwards re sulted in his preparation for the ministry. He came to the United States and became a resident of the state which has for nearly twenty years been the field of his endeavor. Mr. Purves con tinued his education here and following his in tention to take up the work of a clergyman, he entered the Seabury Divinity School at Faribault, which had been founded by the pioneer Episcopal missionary and bishop, the Rt. Rev. Henry B. Whipple. Mr. Purves completed his theological studies at Seabury and graduated in 1889 with the degree of B. D. During the same year he was ordained to the ministry by Bishop Gilbert of Minnesota and immediately began his clerical services as the missionary at Redwood Falls, Minnesota. He continued the work there for some time, and then received a call to the St. Peter's Church of St. Paul, and was the rector of that parish until 1894. At that time he was called to the rectorship of the Holy Trinity Episcopal Church of Minneapolis and has since been its pastor. During the years of his service in the Twin Cities Mr. Purves has been not only successful in the work of his own parishes but has been the head of several movements of in terest to the clergy and public to which he has lent an energy and enthusiasm which show him to possess the necessary qualities to fill the re quirements of the position he holds. Mr. Purves ROBERTS, Rev. Stanley Burroughs, for a quarter of a century a Presbyterian minister of New York and Minnesota, is descended from old New England families. Both his paternal and maternal grandparents came from the New Eng land states and settled in western New York among the earliest pioneers of that region and there were born the parents of Stanley Burroughs. These were William M. Roberts and Betsey B. Roberts. His father was a farmer at Phelps, On tario county, New York, and Stanley B. was born on the farm on August 12, 1855. He grew up at the place of his birth and began his education in the neighboring district school and then en tered the Phelps Union & Classical School there completing his preparatory training. It was his intention to study for the ministry and he began his college work at Center College, now Central University, at Danville, Kentucky. He took up theological studies and after completing the work at the Danville institution, where he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, he entered upon an other course of study at the Presbyterian Theo logical Seminary at Auburn, New York. He graduated from that school in 1882. Shortly fol lowing his graduation he was ordained to the gospel ministry in the Presbyterian Church by the Presbytery of Utica, New York, and since that time has been engaged in fulfilling the duties of a constant and pleasant service in his profes sional life. Before his graduation from the Au burn Seminary he received an appointment as pastor of a parish at Vernon Center, New York, and remained there after his ordination until 1887. In the latter year he resigned and accepted a call to Dundee, New York. For four years he carried on the work at Dundee and then moved his home and church associations to Utica, New York, and there held a pastorate from 1891 until 1899. After having preached for eighteen years in New York he received a call from Minneap olis to fill the position of pastor of the Bethlehem Presbyterian Church of this city, which was ac cepted and Minneapolis has since been his home and the scene of his religious endeavors. In 1904 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity at McAllister College. Mr. Roberts has been continuously connected with the Bethlehem Church and has not only built up a strong and influential parish but has taken great interest and done much active work in the general church work of the city. Since beginning his profession al life Mr. Roberts has been constantly in charge of some parish and aside from his vacations has 88 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS occupied his pulpit, with but one exception, every Sabbath for more than twenty-five years. He is also a promoter and supporter of all movements for improvement and progress; has often spoken from the lecture platform in the cause of good citizenship and temperance; and is active in the Department of Missions in the Northwestern Bible and Training School. Mr. Roberts was married on December 27, 1882, to Miss Mary Louise Hall of Waterville, New York. Four sons and one daughter have been born, Stanley Hall, Gladys Isabel, Harold Percy, Edward Carleton and Theodore McQueen. SATTERLEE, Rev. William W., one of the most prominent clergymen in the Methodist Epis copal Church of Minneapolis, was born at La Porte, Indiana, on April 11, 1837, and died on May 27, 1893, at Athens, Tennessee. His father was Ossian Satterlee and his mother Susan Curtis Satterlee. The family is descended from the Satterlees of Suffolk, England, and direct descent is traced from Rev. William Satterlee of St. Ides, Devonshire, England. The Satterlees who came to America were among the settlers of the dis trict of Wyoming, New York, historically famous in Revolutionary tim<;s. Mr. Satterlee's ances tors were participant;! in the Revolutionary and Indian wars. Although born in Indiana, Mr. Sat terlee's boyhood was largely spent in Wisconsin where lie attended the pioneer country schools and, as was customary, devoted most of his time to farm work. While still a very young man he was converted at meetings of the Wesleyan Methodists and acted as an exhorter among the churches of that denomination. He had, how ever, determined to study medicine and the ear lier part of his life was spent in practice which was later combined with work as a preacher. He moved to Minnesota and practiced medicine and occupied frontier pulpits for three or four years while living in Le Sueur county and at the end of this period in 1867 joined the Methodist Episco pal conference and became regular pastor of a church in Waseca. He served this church for two years, one in St. Cloud and the First Metho dist Church at St. Anthony for two years each, and at various times supplied, as pastor, the churches at Delano, Sauk Rapids, Anoka, Rich field and Seventh Street, Minneapolis. In 1873 Mr. Satterlee became deeply interested in the temperance movement and from that time until his death devoted much of his time to temper ance work. He was secretary of the state prohi bition organization for years and was an active leader in the party, standing at various times as party candidate for mayor of Minneapolis, for congress and for governor. In 1886 he was elect ed to the chair of Political Economy and Scien tific Temperance in the Grant University in Athens, Tennessee, a position which he occupied during the remainder of his life. In his earlier life Mr. Satterlee was an ardent abolitionist and member of the Whig party and later a republican. An injury to his left arm prevented military serv ice during the war although he twice offered his services. Later he was drafted but in all three instances was rejected. He was married on De cember 25, 1856, at Woodstock, Wisconsin, to Miss Sarah Stout, who survives him. Their living children are, a daughter, Mrs. L. H. Everts, and three sons, M. P., W. E. and F. E. Satterlee, all living in Minneapolis. Two other children, Mrs. James Pye and Harry R. Satterlee, died some years ago. SHUTTER, Rev. Marion D., D. D., the pas tor of the Church of the Redeemer, was born at New Philadelphia, Ohio. His father, the- Rev. Peter K. Shutter, a minister of the Baptist church, has held various charges in Ohio and Michigan. His pastorates were always successful, for he was a man of great natural ability and a very ef fective speaker. His father was of English ex traction, while his mother was of French descent, a combination well adapted to produce a success ful orator. His wife, Dr. Shutter's mother, was of early Dutch descent. Her name was Alethia M. Haag. Her father was a fine scholar and had charge of his grandson's early education. He was twelve years of age before he was allowed to go rl •A .4 A .4 :% REV. WILLIAM W. SATTERLEE. CHURCHES AND PHILANTHROPIES to the public schools. In the meantime he had learned, in the village printing office, to set type, and with this craft he had in a practical way a knowledge of spelling, punctuation, grammar and the use of capital letters. When sixteen years of age he entered the preparatory department of the Denison University at Granville, Ohio, and attended the institution until the close of the sophomore year. As he was thrown largely 011 his own resources he was frequently obliged to teach school to earn money to go on with his studies. Mr. Shutter's junior and senior years of 4he college course were taken at the University of Wooster, Ohio, where he graduated in 1876. Without funds to go further, the young divine began to preach at a cross-roads in Western Reserve, Ohio, at the rate of $200 a year. Soon he added another preaching station, twelve miles distant, and each Sunday used to drive twentyfour miles, preach three times, attend a Sunday School, teach a class and eat his lunch as he drove across the country. Although it was hard work he enjoyed it. At the end of two years he left two flourishing churches, each supplied with a pastor, and went to Oberlin to take his theo logical course. He remained there nearly two years and then completed his studies at the Baptist Seminary at Morgan Park, Chicago. On the day of his graduation in 1881 he was called to supply the Olivet Baptist church of Minne apolis which led to a successful five years' pas torate during which the church erected and paid for the finest church building on the east side of the river up to that time. In the mean time Dr. Shutter's theological views had been changing. The church was in a flourishing con dition and practically out of debt. But he felt that he could no longer occupy a Baptist pulpit. He notified his church of the fact, and withdrew from the church and the denomination, having nothing in view as to his future course. Immediately after the publication of his letter of resignation, the young pastor received a kind note from Dr. James H. Tuttle, pastor of the Church of the Redeemer, whom he knew only by reputa tion, inviting him to call and confer. Dr. Shutter did so and set forth fully and frankly the con clusions at which he had arrived. Dr. Tuttle ex pressed a belief that Mr. Shutter could work with the Universalists, and asked him to preach in the pulpit of the Church of the Redeemer. Hs spoke several times, with the result that he became Dr. Tuttle's assistant with the understanding that either party might, at the end of six months, with draw from the arrangement. The six months have now lengthened to a score of years. For five years Dr. Shutter was Dr. Tuttle's assistant. On the completion of the old pastor's twenty-fifth year of service, in 1891, he was made pastor emeritus for life and Dr. Shutter was made pas tor, a position which he still holds with great acceptance to the people and with distinguished 89 REV. MARION D. SHUTTER, D. D. success, not only as a pastor, but as a publicspirited citizen who is in the forefront of every movement promising the betterment of the peo ple individually, or as a body politic. The Min neapolis Kindergarten Association was organ ized in his study. Dr. Shutter drafted its con stitution. In 1897 he founded the Unity House Social Settlement and is at present chairman of the board managing the work. He was one of a committee with Dr. C. M. Jordan and ex-Mayor Gray to establish public play grounds in the city. He is a director of the Board of Associated Charities. He believes that it is better to be with the constructive forces in a city than to indulge in denunciation of evil from the pulpit. In addition to his large and increasing church work, he is the author of six books which sell well and steadily. Their titles are: "Wit and Humor of the Bible," "Justice and Mercy," "A Child of Nature," "Applied Evolution," "How the Preachers Pray," and a "Life of Dr. Tuttle," his predecessor. His work on "Applied Evolu tion" attempts to interpret modern thought in terms of religion, and has won the praises of such scientific authorities as John Fiske and David Starr Jordan. CHAPTER IX. EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS A S WAS mentioned in the chapter on Early Settlement, the first school • of any kind in the territory now oc cupied by Minneapolis was'the Sioux Indian school established on the shores of Lake 'Harriet in 1836. Soon after the settlement of St. Anthony Miss Electa Backus taught a private school in a frame shanty on Second street, and about 1850 the first public school of the village was built near by and was taught for a time by a Mr. Lee. In 1851 the preparatory school of the University of Minnesota was erected and was opened in November by the Rev. E. W. Merrill. A school census taken soon afterwards showed that the village even then had one hundred and eighty-five children of school .age. On the west side the first public scbool was opened on December 3, 1852, in a small house erected by Anson Northrup near the corner of Third avenue south and Second street. The teacher was Miss Mary E. Mil ler and about twenty pupils attended during the winter. This *w'as a district school. The first district had been organized to in clude the whole of Hennepin county on No vember 29. Edw. Murphy, Dr. A. E. Ames and Col. Stevens were the first school trus tees. The summer term of 1853 was taught by Miss Mary A. Scofield. by the courthouse and city hall) and here was erected a school house which was said to be "the best building of the kind north of St. Louis." After some delays this school, the original Union school, was opened in the spring of 1858 with a full corps of instruc tors of whom George B. Stone was superin tendent and principal, and the following were teachers: Miss S. S. Garfield, Mrs. Julia A. Titus, Miss H. E. Harris and Miss Adeline Jefferson. At this time there were three hundred and twenty pupils. Prof. Stone was regarded as an excellent teacher and is given credit for establishing the early school system on a high plane. In 1864 the old Union School building was burned and was replaced by the Washington School which occupied the same site until torn down to make way for the courthouse in 1889. The other buildings were added dur ing the 6o's and early 70's, the average for some time being about two buildings per year. In 1871 the system made a decided gain when O. V. Tousley was secured as superintendent. He served for fifteen years and did much to establish the school system on a sound basis. Until 1878 the schools of St. Anthony and Minneapolis remained en tirely distinct as separate systems. FOUNDATIONS OF A SYSTEM. In 1878, six years after the consolidation of the two cities, it was decided that the welfare of the schools demanded a single Central organization and by legislative act the Board of Education of the City of Min neapolis was created and given the entire control of all the public schools of both places. This was the true beginning of the public school system of today for it made possible the development of a modern sys tem which had been impossible while the The real foundation of the public school system of the city was laid in a town meet ing held on November 28, 1855, at which nearly every resident of the village was present, and when it was determined to organize a properly graded school and erect a school building. After securing legisla tive authority a site was secured on Third avenue south between Fourth and Fifth streets (one-half of the block now occupied THE MODERN SCHOOL SYSTEM. EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS THE OLD WASHINGTON SCHOOL. This building was erected in 1865 on Third avenue south < where the court house and city hall now stands. 91 educational matters and have long enjoyed a reputation for a high standard of school work. The buildings of 1878 have nearly all disappeared and most of the sixty-five structures of to-day represent advanced ideas in school construction. During this time the problems of finance and superin tendence have been very difficult, and the city has been fortunate in being served on the board of education by some of the strongest business and professional men resident here. With the rapid increase in population it has, at times, seemed almost impossible to provide sufficient school rooms, for while the people have warmly supported the school system, the impossi bility of raising enough money by taxation and bond issue to keep pace with the build ing necessities has been manifest. During the thirty years the schools have had but three superintendents. Prof. Tousley re signed in 1886 and was succeeded by Prof. John E. Bradley, who served until 1892, when he resigned to accept a college presi dency. He was succeeded by Prof. C. M. Jordan, who had been for a number of years principal .of the Adams school. Dr. Jordan has been repeatedly re-elected to this post, which has added responsibilities and re quires greater skill and ability from year to year. The city now has five high schools. The oldest is the Central, erected in the early 8o's, of which John N. Greer is principal. The other high schools are the South, North, East and West, of which J. O. Jorgens, Waldo W. Hobbs, Wm. F. Web ster, and A. N. Ozias are respectively the principals. two comparatively small districts remained independent. The first board of education under the new law was composed of Dorilus Morrison, Winthrop Young, S. C. Gale, George Huhn, Sven'Oftedal, Chas. Simpson and A. C. Austin. Mr. Morrison was elected president and Sven Oftedal, secretary. Prof. Tousley continued as superintendent, and was largely responsible for the reorganiza tion of the system. The buildings in ex istence at that time were the Washing ton, Jackson, Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Franklin, Adams, Sumner, Humboldt, Win THE UNIVERSITY. throp, Everett and Marcy. There was no Before Minnesota had been organized as high school building. The total enrollment of pupils was 5,215 of which one hundred a territory the people had determined that and ninety were in the high school division. one of the institutions of the coming state There were ninety-eight teachers. should be a university. It was even settled From this has developed in thirty years the that Minneapolis (or St. Anthony) should present Minneapolis school system with an be the home of the future school. This un equipment of sixty-five buildings, a teaching derstanding was ratified in 1851 by the first force of over one thousand, a total enroll territorial legislature which passed a bill ment of about forty-five thousand pupils drawn by John W. North of St. Anthony, with four thousand of these in the high creating the university, locating it at St. schools. In these three decades the schools Anthony and naming Isaac Atwater, J. W. have kept abreast of modern progress in Furber, Wm. R. Marshall, B. B. Meeker, 92 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS A 4- : , t ,* I:--' S I r<Jk. S TYPICAL MINNEAPOLIS SCHOOL BUILDING OF TODAY. Douglas school, corner of West Franklin and South Dupont avenues. Socrates Nelson, Henry M. Rice, Alexander Ramsey, Henry H. Sibley, C. K. Smith, Franklin Steele, N. C. D. Taylor and Abram Van Vorhees as the first board of regents. The board organized by the choice of Mr. Steele as president, Mr. North, treasurer and Mr. Atwater, secretary. The board was without funds but the act provided for the creation of a permanent fund from the pro ceeds of an expected land grant from con gress. The grant proved to be only about 46,000 acres and there was little prospect of immediate realization of cash from the lands. In this emergency the people of St. Anthony set about building the university themselves. Franklin Steele gave a site and $2,500 was subscribed with which a twostory frame building was erected in which a school was opened on December 1, 1851. This school was designated as a "prepara tory school" for the university, the people being confident, evidently, that by the time any students were "prepared" the higher institution would be ready to give them instruction. The Rev. E. W. Merrill was in charge of this school. After three years it was discontinued and a similar experi ment in 1858 proved equally unsuccessful. Meanwhile, in 1854, the older portion of the present campus was secured and in 1856 the first building was commenced, the re gents discounting a future bright with ex pectations of income with which to pay for the structure. But the panic of '57 found the building in course of erection, and though it was finally finished, it stood for eight years encumbered with debt while the regents strove to solve the problem of sav ing the institution for the state. Gov. John S. Pillsbury's work for the Uni versity began at this time. Called to the regency in 1863 he proposed a special board of regents clothed with extraordinary pow ers to sell lands and liquidate indebtedness. With John Nicols and O. C. Merriman, Gov. Pillsbury was intrusted with this work. EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS THE FIRST UNIVERSITY BUILDING. Tliis shows the original section of the "Old Main" building as it was about 1869. For four years Gov. Pillsbury strove against countless discouragements. It is no dis credit to the other members of the board to say that he was the life of the body and that his counsel, persistence, sagacity and constant courage brought through what would in other hands have proved a hope less undertaking. In 1867 he reported the university out of debt. Creditors had been induced to accept lands, or cash as might be, claims had been compromised in various ways, patriotism had been appealed to, in fact every resource of an unusually re sourceful man had been used to bring about settlements. The university was at once reorganized and consolidated with the new agricultural college started under the Morrill grant, and plans for beginning college work were formulated. In 1867 the long vacant build ing was repaired and furnished and a pre paratory school was opened with W. W. Washburn as principal. Prof. Washburn opposed co-education but he was overruled by the regents and the question has never been raised again. In 1869 the regents felt that they were ready for further organi zation and Col. William W. Folwell was called to the presidency. The college opened that year with thirteen freshmen students, two of whom completed the four years course and made the first graduating class in 1873. 93 The administration of President Folwell continued fifteen years and constituted the first natural period of the history of the university as a working institution. The university was most fortunate in securing the services of such a man as Dr. Folwell for the time of organization. Born on a New York farm, a graduate of Hobart Col lege, class of '57; his education supplement ed by study and travel abroad and profes sorships at Hobart and Kenyon; with four years' service in the war, during which he rose to the highest official grade in the en gineer corps—with all these broadening in fluences, he came to Minneapolis at the age of thirty-six, young enough to be full of energy and initiative, not old enough to have lost any youthful enthusiasms and sympathies. To him the university is in debted for its organization. In 1869 the American university as it is today was un known. Dr. Folwell looked into the future and determined to make the Minnesota in stitution a university in fact. He also planned to make the university a part of a complete system of public instruction; how well this idea has been carried out is now a matter of general information. It is impossible within the limits of this sketch to trace in detail the work of the THE "OLD MAIN" AT THE UNIVERSITY. This view shows the newer part of the original building erected in 1875. It was subsequently partly destroyed by fire and later views do not show the cupola. 94 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS first fifteen years. Much was experimental; in the nature of things there was difference of opinion and more or less faculty dissen sion. During most of President Folwell's incumbency, the preparatory department was the larger part of the institution; but at its close this department was giving way to the state system of high schools (carry ing out Dr. Folwell's idea of a homogeneous and interdependent state school system) and the policy which opened the way for a broad university development had obtained general acceptance. In all Dr. Folwell's ad ministration the university was housed, practically, in one building. The front sec tion of the "Old Main" building, as it was known for years-, was built in 1875 an d soon afterwards an agricultural building was put up. President Folwell urged the adoption of a liberal policy of building and extension and in 1880 formulated a plan for new buildings, based on an appropriation of $30,000 a year for ten years. Although de ferred on account of other demands upon the state treasury, the plan was finally car ried out substantially as recommended. In 1883 Dr. Folwell determined to satisfy his individual taste for student and teaching work, rather than executive details, and re signed, immediately accepting the chair of political science, which he filled until 1906, when he resigned to devote himself to lit erary work. With 1.884 opened the administration of President Cyrus Northrop which has con tinued until the present time. Again the regents had been most fortunate in the choice of an executive. Dr. Northrop was a Yale graduate of '57, and of the law de partment in '59, and had been admitted to the bar in i860. After brief experiences in politics and journalism (editing the New Haven Palladium in 1863) he accepted a chair at Yale and was professor of English Literature in 1884 when he was called to Minnesota. A man of the highest ideals—• educational, civic and religious—a speaker of exceptional eloquence and ability, pos sessed of a rare sense of humor, and a mas ter of diplomacy in his relations with men, he seemed to have most of the qualifica tions for the difficult post. When he ac cepted the work and straightway gave evi dence of unusual executive ability the re gents were more than satisfied with their choice. President Northrop found the university with one building and three hundred and ten students, about half of them doing pre paratory work, only three departments, and 16 professors. Income was still small but the appropriations called for in 1880 began to come in. The organization of depart ments and the erection of buildings was the large work in hand. Only the outlines of the colleges and de partments can be traced here. In 1870 the college of engineering, metallurgy and mechanic arts was created and at first in cluded the agricultural college. The latter was separated in 1874 but remained a very unimportant part of the university, even after the purchase of the university farm in 1881, until 1888 when the school of agricul ture was added to the department. Since that time the success of the department has been wonderful and the school and college have become models in the field of agricul tural education. A group of buildings valued at about $700,000 has been developed and the capacity of the equipment is constantly taxed. Dean W. M. Liggett was at the head of this department from 1896 to 1907, at the same time being director of the experiment station—a work entrusted to the university by the state. After the agricultural college was set off the college of engineering and mechanics arts developed very slowly un til it secured its first building in 1886. The school of mining was subsequently added, but afterwards made a separate department. The ore testing works were built in 1895 and the school of mines building in 1903. These departments had developed direct ly out of the original organization. The new departments came in as follows: Medi cine in 1884, growing out of the Minnesota Hospital College established in 1881 as a private school; Law in 1888, organized by Dean W. S. Pattee, who has continued for a score of years its head; Pharmacy in 1892; Dentistry in 1893; Chemistry in 1904. The professional schools are described more at length in the chapters on the several sub- • ^ " •V : • / • , ' • ' ' ';::i- 'v/- 96 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS jects of Courts and Lawyers, Medicine and Dentistry. At first building appropriations were grudgingly made by the state legislature; in fact so scarce was money in the univer sity treasury that Governor Pillsbury from his own resources erected Pillsbury hall in 1889. The Law building was added in the same year, the Chemical Laboratory in 1891, the Main Medical building in 1893, the Li- ment as regent for life. For nearly forty years he gave time and thought, counsel and action, probably fully one-third of his time being devoted to the institution he loved so well. He was honored just pre vious to his death by the erection by the alumni of a bronze statue upon the campus. From the thirteen students of 1869 the university has grown to an enrollment of above four thousand; from a single building -.ten# .?> • ENTRANCE TO UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA CAMPUS. This gateway was erected as a memorial to Gov. John S. Pillsbury by his heirs. brary in 1895, the Armory in 1896, the Physics building in 1901, the Mining build ing in 1903; and Folwell Hall in 1907. Many other lesser buildings have been erected. Of the gifts, next to Pillsbury Hall, Alice Shevlin Hall (the women's building), presented by Thomas H. Shevlin, is the most conspicuous. But the best gift ever received by the uni versity was the free life-long service of Gov. John S. Pillsbury. After his first great work for the institution in the sixties, Gov. Pillsbury continued until his death in 1901 a regent, much of the time president and in 1895 honored by the legislature by appoint- and campus of uncertain value, the property has increased to about $3,000,000 value and the permanent invested fund amounts to $1,400,000. The library contains 85,000 vol umes ; the buildings are equipped with mod ern apparatus. The standards of scholar ship have advanced until the institution ranks with the leading universities of the country. On the other hand, the university has become the head of the educational sys tem of the state, the courses in grammar and high schools being arranged so that a student may pass from one to the other and into and through the university with out break or special preparation outside the EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS 97 The present board of re gents is composed of: Cy rus Northrop, LL. D., exofficio; Hon. John Lind, Minneapolis, president; Hon. John A. Johnson, St. Peter; Hon. John W. Olsen, Albert Lea; Hon. Chas. A. Smith; Hon. Thos. Wilson; Hon. B. F. Nelson, Minneapolis. Hon. A. E. Rice, Will„: mar; Hon. Pierce Butler, St. Paul; Hon. Henry B. Hovland, Duluth; Hon. S. M. Owen, Minneap olis; Hon. W. J. Mayo. LIBRARY BUILDING AT TIIE UNIVERSITY. Rochester; C. D. Decker, regular courses. In recent years the atti Austin, secretary of the board. tude of the state has been much broader The executive officers of the university and with a general understanding of the ad are: Cyrus Northrop, LL. D., president; vantages of the university it has received Ernest B. Pierce, B. A., registrar; Jas. T. a most liberal support. Gerould, B. A., librarian; John F. Downey, Realizing the almost unlimited possibili M. A., C. E., dean of the College of Science, ties of growth before the university, the Literature, and the Arts; Frederick S. regents, in 1907, determined to secure more Jones, M. A., dean of the College of Engin land for the campus before the cost became eering and Mechanic Arts; Eugene W. Ran prohibitive. A legislative appropriation was dall, dean and director of the Department of obtained and some ten blocks of land were Agriculture; Wm. S. P'attee, LL. D., dean purchased. Following this acquisition a of the College of Law; Frank F. Wesbrook, competition was held which produced many M. A., M. D., C. M., dean of the College of excellent plans for the future development Medicine and Surgery; Eugene L. Mann, of the enlarged campus. While no immedi B. A., M. D., dean of the College of Homeo ate work is to be done all future improve pathic Medicine and Surgery; Alfred Owre, ments will be made in harmony with some D. M. D., M. D., dean of the College of Den plan for the general treatment of the whole tistry; Frederick J. Wulling, Phm. D., LL. great campus tract. M., dean of the College of Pharmacy; Wm. v GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNIVERSITY FARM BUILDINGS. The work of the department of agriculture of the university as well as that of the experiment station is carried on at this farm about two miles from the university campus. 98 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS R. Appleby, M. A., dean of the School of Mines; Geo. B. Frankforter, Ph. D., dean of the School of Chemistry; Geo. F. James, Ph. D., dean of the School of Education; Henry T. Eddy, C. E., Ph. D., LL. D., dean of the Graduate School; Ada L. Comstock, M. A., dean of Women. PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. During the fifties a number of private schools were opened, including St. Mary's School for Young Ladies, under the care of the Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain, and an academy conducted by Prof. D. S. B. grown up, fostered and assisted by the church people of this city. Many of the prominent citizens of the decades following the war were interested in the founding and maintaining of Bennet Seminary, at which many of the young ladies of that period received their education. Such men as Dorilus Morrison, C. E. Van derburgh, Chas. A. Bovey, W. D. Wash burn, C. H. Pettit, and W. H. Dunwoody were identified with its work as trustees. Another school which made a successful record from 1879 to 1890 was Judson Female Seminary, founded by Miss Abby A. Jud FOLWELL HALL, UNIVERSITY OP MINNESOTA. From the architect's sketch. The last building added to the group on the campus, named in honor of Dr. W. W. Folwell, the first president and long a professor. Johnson. About the same time Miss Lucy D. Holman conducted a private school and only a little later Prof. F. H. Folsom maintained a select school in St. Anthony. Most of these earlier schools had no per manence, but they served to show the willingness of the community to encour age the best things in education. It was not long before this tendency manifested itself in certain denominational undertak ings which have developed into institutions for higher education either in the city or vicinity. In this way Carleton College, at Northfield, Hamline University and Macalester College, midway between Minneapo lis and St. Paul, Augsburg Seminary, and other denominational institutions have son. E. D. Holmes became principal of the Minneapolis Academy in 1884 and devel oped it into a preparatory school which has been maintained to the present time. After the discontinuance of the older schools for girls and young ladies which have been mentioned, Stanley Hall, an English and classical school, was opened in 1890 by Ol ive Adele Evers and Elizabeth Wallace. After a time Miss Wallace withdrew and the school has since, been conducted by Miss Evers. Graham Hall, a school for girls, was established about ten years ago and is now conducted by the Misses Bartlett and Ruble. The city has been especially fortunate in the character of its professional schools and EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS these are mentioned in the appropriate chap ters. Among the denominational schools, those of the Catholic church have taken a prominent place. In addition to the ordin ary parish schools conducted in connection with the several churches a high school for boys is maintained and excellent girls' schools are well sustained. AUGSBURG SEMINARY was organized at Marshall, Wisconsin, but was moved to Minne apolis in 1872. It was originally a theological school only, but after coming to Minneapolis its scope was broadened to include preparatory, collegiate and theological departments. Very soon after its removal to Minneapolis Sven Oftedal became a member of the faculty and was made president of the board of trustees. The success of the institution has been due largely to his energetic efforts and intelligent leadership. It has developed from a weak and struggling school to one of strength and great influence in the denomination and among the educational institutions of the northwest. The late professor George Sverdrup was president for many years and was considered one of the best school men among the Scandinavians in the United States. The Seminary is located at Seventh street and Twenty-first avenue south where it owns a block of ground and where it has several buildings in cluding a modern structure completed in 1902 at the cost of $45,000.00. There are at present about 175 student enrolled. The faculty is com posed of the following members in order of their appointment, S. Oftedal, Prof. Emeritus, J. H. Blegen, W. M. Pettersen, J. L. Nydahl, H. A. Urseth, H. N. Hendrickson, A. Helland, S. O. Severson, George Sverdrup, Jr., and Wm. Mills. ST. MARGARET'S ACADEMY. Almost thirty years ago the Sisters of St. Joseph, a Catholic order of women, founded in Minneapolis the Holy Angels' Academy, a young ladies' boarding and day school. ' It is situated at Seventh avenue north and Fourth street, where it has a fine tract of ground and two large build ings, one of which is occupied by the recitation, class and study rooms, the other, the convent proper, being the home of the Sisters and the dormitories of the boarding scholars. The work and plans of the school advanced so rapidly that they outgrew the capacity of these quarters and in 1907 the academy under the name of St. Mar garet's, and as a day school only, occupied build ings more fitted to the growing needs of the school, on North Thirteenth street between Hawthorn and Linden avenues. The property which has been acquired by the order, consists of three buildings in which are maintained a high school department, a music department, and a commercial and grades department. The pur pose of the academy is the higher education and training of girls and their preparation for college '99 work; and the curriculum includes every branch of study necessary to the complete accomplish ment of these ends. Each department is super vised by efficient and experienced instructors and covers most thoroughly the work which comes within its provinces. The music department in cludes both vocal and instrumental instruction and the methods of study pursued in the famous conservatories both of this country and Europe are used in the daily work. The scope of the are used in the daily work. The scope of the pupil in the art department is almost unlimited, as the course includes studies in water color, oil, crayon and china decoration, carried on under the direc tion of instructors whose talent and knowledge assure the pupil the most careful training. In the academic course of study are taken up all the subjects usually handled by the intermediate or preparatory school and the preparation for college work is complete. The graduate of St. Margaret's is not required to take the customary examinations to obtain admission to the colleges of the country but is admitted on the record of her studies in the academy. Not only is this done by the exclusive girls' colleges of both east and west but by a number of the co-educational institutions, including the University of Minne sota. The endeavors of the school have been most successful since it establishment and it has drawn its pupils not only from the two cities but the entire Northwest and for many years has justly been regarded as one of the important sources of education and culture of this locality, many of the best families being desirous of plac ing their daughters within its influences. The Sisters, by their earnest efforts, have done much to give the academy the standing it now holds among the best schools of its class. BENSON, Arthur Fleming, was born near London, Canada, February 2, 1871. His parents, William and Maria Benson, came of a family that settled early in the province of Ontario. Mr. Benson's father is a Methodist minister. The early years of Mr. Benson's life were spent in Canada and in the Canadian -public schools he received his elementary education. When he was. twelve years old the family moved to Michi gan. After completing a grammar and high school course Mr. Benson entered the Michigan state normal college, from which he graduated in 1896 as president of the largest class which the college had ever sent out. In addition to holding the chief executive office of his class, Mr. Benson was during the four years of his college life a most active member of the several literary soci eties of the college. In this school, Mr. Benson received his training for the various positions as instructor which he has successively filled, and was especially fortunate in being, for a time, a pupil of Dr. Putnam, one of Michigan's most noted educators. After completing his normal studies, Mr. Benson entered upon the duties of principal in the schools at Pontiac, Michigan, and 100 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS later acted in like capacity at Owosso and Grand Rapids in the same state. In 1903 he came to Minneapolis to accept the principalship of the Seward school, one of the largest in the city, and holds that position at the present time. During the summer months, however, Mr. Benson re turns to Michigan to instruct in the summer in stitutes of that state. Mr. Benson has always been prominently identified with measures of pro fessional advancement in the towns where he has resided. In connection with the Seward school he has organized the "Young Citizens' League" —a club of pupils for instruction in civic govern ment and improvement. Mr. Benson is a mem ber of the Minneapolis Teachers' Club, the Schoolmasters' Club and the Minneapolis Prin cipals' Club, and holds in each organization the chairmanship of a prominent and active commit tee. He also holds membership in the Hennepin County Juvenile Protection League. Mr. Ben son belongs to the Fowler Methodist Church, of which he is an officer and the superintendent of the Sunday School. BOSS, Andrew, was born June 3, 1867, in Gilford township, Wabasha county, Minnesota, son of Andrew and Janet Boss, who came from Scotland. He was brought up on his father's farm, attending the common schools and doing farm work until he was twenty-two. He then entered the Agricultural high school of the University of Minnesota, from which he gradu ated and in which he was a teacher for twelve years. He has been for several years active in the' management of the university farm and in experimental work. Mr. Boss is professor of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, in the Uni versity of Minnesota and is well known as an earnest promoter of liberal education in the sci ence and practice of modern agriculture and in the organization of farmers' clubs and institutes. He is a member of the State Agricultural Soci ety; of the State Horticultural Society; Farmers Club; Secretary of the Live Stock Breeders' As sociation and member of the American Breeders' Association. 'Mr. Boss is a Congregationalist in his church affiliations. He was married in 1891 to Evalena La Mont, of Wabasha county,- Minnesota, They have five children—Hazel V., Elna V., Mabel E., Kenneth A., and Wallace L. M. EDDY, Henry Turner, dean of the graduate school, University of Minnesota, was born at Stoughton, Massachusetts, June 9, 1844, the son of Rev. Henry and Sarah Hayward (Torrey) Eddy. He graduated from Yale University with the degree of A. B. in 1867 and from Sheffield Scientific School with the degree of Ph. B. in 1868 and later received the degrees of A. M., Yale, 1870; C. E., 1870; Ph. D,, 1872, Cornell; LL. D., Center College, 1892. Professor Eddy studied at Berlin in 1879 and at Paris in 1880. His educational work has extended over forty years. After graduating from Yale he was in structor in field work at Sheffield Scientific School, 1867-68; was instructor in Latin and mathematics at the University of Tennessee, 1868-69; was assistant professor in mathematics and civil engineering at Cornell University, 186973; was adjunct professor of mathematics at Princeton, 1873-74; was professor of mathemat ics, astronomy and civil enginering at the University of Cincinnati, 1874-90; was dean of the academic faculty, 1874-77 and 1884-89; and was acting president and president elect of the same university in 1890; and was president of Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Indi ana, 1891-94. In 1894 Dr. Eddy came to Min nesota as professor of engineering and mechan ics at the university and was made head profes sor of mathematics and mechanics in the college of engineering, 1907. Since 1905 he has been dean of the graduate school. Dr. Eddy is a member of many learned societies, including the American Philosophical Society, American Asso ciation for the Advancement of Science (vice president of mathematics and physics, 1884), American Mathematical Society, American Phys ical Society, Society for Promotion of Engineer ing Education (president, 1896), Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi college fraternities. He is the author of Analytical Geometry; Researches in Graphical Statics; Thermodynamics; Maximum Stresses and Concentrated Loads, and many other scientific and technical papers in the trans actions of the various enginering societies. Professor Eddy was married at New Haven, Connecticut, on January 4, 1870, to Miss Sebella E. Taylor. They have five children. GEROULD, James Thayer, librarian of the University of Minnesota, was born on October 3, 1872, at Gofifstown, New Hampshire. He is the son of Samuel L. Gerould, D. D., who had a pastorate in Gofifstown, and of Laura E. (Thayer) Gerould. The family is of Huguenot origin, the first ancestors of James Thayer in this country having left France to come to America in 1685. Mr. Gerould received his train ing for college at Cushing Academy at Ashburnbam, Massachusetts. He attended Dartmouth College, taking the classical course and graduat ing in 1895 with the degree of A. B.; and followed this with a year's post-graduate study in the same institution. He then went to New York city, to take charge of the Library of the Gen eral Theological Seminary. This position he re tained but a year, however, resigning in 1897 when a position as assistant in the library of Columbia University was tendered to him. This he accepted, taking charge of one department. He remained at- Columbia for three years as the head of this department and then in 1900 was appointed chief librarian of the University of Missouri, at Columbia, Missouri, a position which he filled for six years. He came to Minneapolis in 1906 to become the li brarian of the University of Minnesota. Mr. 102 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Gerould is a member of the American LibraryAssociation; the American Historical Associa tion. the Bibliographical Society of America. Among the local organizations with which he is associated are the Bryn Mawr Golf Club and the Six O'Clock Club; On September 18, 1900, he was married to Miss Mary Aims Chamberlain, daughter of Roswell H. Chamberlain of Chester, New York. GREEN, Samuel B., since 1888 the professor of horticulture and forestry at the University of Minnesota, is a native of Massachusetts, having been born at Chelsea in that state. On the ma ternal side of the family he is of Dutch descent, his mother's ancestors coming from Holland to settle in this country, and his father's lineage was traceable through a long line of English forebears. He is the son of Thomas Green and Anna E. Green; his father for fifty years was a merchant in Boston. Samuel B. spent his boy hood in Chelsea and acquired a good elementary training in the local schools, and having finished his preparatory courses determined to continue his education in the Massachusetts Agricultural College. With the class of 1879 he entered that institution, and there received his first training in the lines of horticulture and forestry in con nection with which he has since become so wellknown. Completing his studies he graduated JOHN N. GREER. from his college in 1879 and was awarded a de gree of B. S. He worked nine years in horti cultural lines before coming to Minnesota, in 1888, where he was appointed professor of Horticulture and soon afterwards professor of Horticulture and Forestry in the University of Minnesota. Since that time he has carried on the work of his de partment with characteristic energy and ability and beyond his duties as instructor has found time for much general work in connection with the forestry movements and progress of the country, being as well, a frequent contributor to the journalistic field. Among his more important commissions was an appointment to take the sole charge and management iof the department de voted to the horticultural and forestry exhibit of all the state experiment stations and agricultural colleges of the country at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1904. At that time the specimens and exhibits under Professor Green's care attracted much notice and were awarded one grand prize and in addition a gold medal. Professor Green has been for many years one of the most active supporters of the Min nesota State Horticultural Society. In 1890 he was the secretary of that organization and in 1907 was elected the president. He has been also the chief executive officer of the St. Anthony Park North Improvement League for many years and is the vice-president of the Citizens' League of St. Paul, an organization which has accomplished much in that city for municipal bet terment and advancement. Professor Green has written extensively on forestry and kindred top ics; Amateur Fruit Growing, Vegetable Grow ing, Forestry in Minnesota, Principles of Ameri can Forestry, Farm Windbreaks and Shelter Belts, Outlines of Greenhouse Laboratory Work and the various bulletins of the Minnesota Ex periment Station being among the best known of the books and sketches of which he is author. Professor Green is a member of the Congrega tional Church of St. Anthony Park. In 1887 he was married to Miss Alice C. Hazelton of Wellesly, Massachusetts, and they have one adopted child. GREER, John N., son of Nathan and Rebecca Logan McGrew Greer, was born on his father's farm in Scott county, Iowa, April 17, 1859. At the age of twelve years, by the death of his father, he was obliged to take charge of the farm —a responsibility which he met with eminent success, continuing his studies in preparation for the higher education which was the object of his ambition in the period of his district school ex perience. Later, he attended the public schools of Davenport, Iowa, and graduated at the high school, valedictorian of his class, after which he taught school in Scott county until 1879, when he entered Iowa College. He received, when he graduated in 1882, the degrees of A. B. and B. S. for extraordinarily good work in his classic and scientific course during the three years he was EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS at the college. In 1885 he received from the col lege the degree of M. A., and when he entered the law office of Cook & Dodge in Davenport, he had made a record of devotion to study and kindly good fellowship and manly recognition of the value of athletics as an offset to close ap plication to study, which students can profitably follow elsewhere. After studying law with Cook & Dodge for a year, preparing himself for the practice of law, he took a position with a tele phone company at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and a year later he began the work to which he seems to have been instinctively called, that of an in structor and director of students. After serving as principal of a public school in Davenport, Pro fessor Greer was called to the North Side High School of Minneapolis as principal in 1888, and, in 1892, he accepted the corresponding position in the Central High School of Minneapolis, suc ceeding Prof. Crombie, a notably fine educator, and soon getting in real sympathy with teachers and students and showing his natural adaptation to discharge the difficult obligations of the im portant position. If the legal profession lost a brilliant advocate when Prof. Greer entered the ranks of educators of youth, the educational in terests of the public have certainly been well and wholesomely served by such a man as he. Prof. Greer was married in 1884 to Sarah Elizabeth Russell, daughter of Hon. Edward Russell, of Davenport, Iowa. They have three children— Edward Russell, Margaret R., and Abby E. GULLETTE, Albert Martin, principal of the Prescott school, Minneapolis, is a native of In diana, but he is of French Huguenot ancestry. The family originally came to this country from Germany, where they had fled from persecution in France. They settled first in the Shenandoah Valley and later in the southeastern part of In diana. Albert's father was a Methodist minister —John Columbia Gullette; his mother a de scendant of a prominent English family. The first ten years of his life were spent in his native town of Brownston, Indiana (where he was born on June 2, 1873) amid such surrounding as Ed ward Eggleston has described in his writings, and he was of the stock and training which have produced a "Hoosier Schoolmaster." His edu cation, however, was obtained in Minnesota. He attended the high schools at Moorhead and Crookston, the Moorhead state normal school, Hamline University, the Northwestern Universi ty, and graduated at the University of Minnesota. Since 1889, when he first came to Minneapolis, he has been more or less identified with the life of the city. His educational training brought him into contact with specialists in the science of edu cation, and gave him perhaps a broader view and a better grasp of its problems than could have been secured in any other way. In the course of his school and college work he acquired business experience as for much of the time he made his 103 ALBERT GULLETTE. own way, earning his living "arid paying his own college expenses. During this period he was for a time a member of the teachers' agency firm of E. O. Fisk & Co. Since graduation he has fol lowed his profession and for the past two years has been principal of the Prescott school. Mr. Gullette is married and has two children. His wife was Miss Kate E. McKnight Of St. Paul. Though not in any sense a politician, Mr. Gul lette has taken a good citizen's interest in poli tics and has served for two years as, a council man in the village of Robbinsdale as well as tak ing part in party caucuses and conventions. He was the first president of the Robbinsdale. Com mercial Club and a member of the North Side Commercial Club of Minneapolis. He belongs to the Masonic order. " ' HALL, Christopher. Webber, son' of Lewis and Louisa Wilder Hall, was born February 28, 1845* 3t Wardsboro, Windham county, Vermont. Like a good many other American boys, who are born on farms with limited- family resources to full back upon, and who have ambitions reaching beyond the farm's, horizon, young Hall absorbed all that the district school of his neighborhood could bestow upon him and continuing to reach further in the region of knowledge in the neigh boring academies at Townsend and Chester, he succeeded in matriculating at Middlebury College, 104 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS eiiuisToniKK w. HALL. Hall meantime served as Assistant Geologist on the Geological Survey of Minnesota, and as Assistant United States Geologist since 1884. He served for thirteen years as the valuable secretary of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, and more recently for several years as its presi dent. For many years he has edited the Academy's Bulletins, and in every way has large ly had direction of its work. Professor Hall has written much on scientific and educational subjects, more than 100 articles standing over his name in the scientific literature of the country. He has especially distinguished himself in his revelations of the geological fea tures of the state. His latest work in this direc tion has been exerted in the preparation of an extended work in a series of volumes on the geography and geology of Minnesota, the first volume of which, The Geography of Minnesota, has already appeared and received a most flatter ing reception. He has also for several years been engaged on the U. S. Geological Survey in the preparation of reports on the underground water resources of the state, one of which is now in press. He married again in 1883. His wife, who was Mrs. Sophia Haight, daughter of Eli Seely, of Oshkosh, Wisconsin, died in 1891, leaving an infant daughter. The professor is a member of the lead ing scientific societies of this country. He is an independent republican, and has never sought nor held political office. He is a member of the Con gregational church. Vermont, where lie graduated in 1871. His sci entific tendencies had developed so conspicuously that he won the botanical prize and two Waldo scholarships, and was assigned the scientific ora tion at the commencement and was honored by election to membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society. After graduation, Mr. Hall was called to the principalship of the Glenn's Falls (New York) Academy and, after a year there, he went West and became principal of the Mankato, Minnesota, high school and, in 1873-75, filled the responsible position of superintendent of the Owatonna city schools. In 1875 his ardent interest in scien tific studies led him to devote himself more en tirely to them and he went to Leipsic, Germany, with his bride, who was Miss Ellen Dunnell, daughter of Hon. Mark H. Dunnell of Owatonna. His wife died in a few months, but Mr. Hall continued his studies until the close of 1877, when he returned to the United States. His first work after returning was the delivery of a course of lectures on zoology at Middlebury College. Re ceiving an invitation to become a member of the faculty of the University of Minnesota, he ac cepted it and, in the spring of 1878, he took the chair of geology, mineralogy and biology. Reor ganization of the departments on account of the great development of the work, promoted him to the Deanship of the College of Engineering, Metallurgy and the Mechanic Arts in 1892. Dean JONES, Frederick Scheetz, dean of the col lege of engineering of the University of Minne sota, was born at Palmyra, Missouri, April 7, 1862. His parents were Dr. George C. Jones (who served as a surgeon in the Union army) and Caroline Ash Scheetz. The family is of French descent, Prof. Jones' great grandfather coming to America with Lafayette, as his staff surgeon. Prof. Jones early boyhood was spent in Chicago and Missouri but he prepared for col lege at Shattuck School, Faribault, Minn., and graduated from that institution as valedictorian of his class. At Yale he took the classical course graduating A. B. in 1884 with honors. From Yale he came directly to the University of Min nesota with President Northrop and has been in the University ever since, except when abroad. He held the chair of Physics for twenty years. During this long service he has had leave of absence which has given him opportunity for study at the University of Berlin and for courses in electrical engineering at the Royal Polytechnic, Berlin and the Swiss Polytechnic, Zurich. In 1890 he received his A. M. degree at Yale. His work at the University of Minnesota has been marked with unusual success. As a teacher he has been exceptionally efficient and as an organ izer and executive he has displayed much ability. The new physical laboratory was built under his direction and he was instrumental in securing the EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS gift of Northrop Field to the University. He is very fond of sports and has been active for years in the management of student athletics. Dean Jones is a member of the American Physi cal Society, the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of many scientific and literary socie ties. In 1906 he was elected president of the University of South Dakota but did not accept the position. In 1908 he was elected dean of Yale University and will go to that institution in 1909. Professor Jones is a member of the Episcopal Church. He was married in 1890 to Mary Weston Gill of Kirkwood, Missouri. They have two children—George Gill Jones and Ellen Bodley Jones. JORDAN, Charles Morison, superintendent of the public schools of Minneapolis, was born at Bangor, Maine, November 12, 1851. His father, Nelson Jordan, was a teacher in Western Maine for several years and afterward was a merchant at Bangor and was engaged later in farming, lumbering and manufacturing in that state until 1874. He then went to Massachusetts and came in 1877 to Minnesota where he operated a large farm in the southern part of the state and spent his last days in Minneapolis, where he died in 1895. The family forebears in America came from England in 1639 settling on Richmond's Is land, Maine. On the maternal side the ancestors were Scottish, the American descent being from Wiliam Morison who came from Scotland in 1740, settling in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Dr. Jor dan's mother was a sister of Dorilus and H. G. O. Morison, early settlers in Minneapolis. Dr. Jor dan received his early educational training in the public schools of Maine and prepared for college at Westbrook Seminary later entering Tufts Col lege from which he graduated in 1877, valedic torian of his class. Upon graduation he secured the principalship of the Bangor high school at a competitive examination, and two years latei he was made superintendent of the lower grade schools of Bangor. In 1883 he resigned his posi tions at Bangor and accepted the principalship of the Winthrop school of Minneapolis. The same year he started the East high school, con ducting it in the Winthrop school building. In 1884, having been transferred to the Adams school, he initiated the work of the South high school, conducting it in the Adams building. Dr. Jordan's working capacity was further tested by the devolution upon him of the supervision of the evening schools of the city. In 1892 he was elected to the responsible office of superintendent of the public schools of Minneapolis for three years and to this position he has since been five times reelected for the triennial period. In 1892 Dr. Jordan received from Tufts College the Ph. D. degree. He is a member of the Zeta Psi college fraternity and has received the honor of mem 105 bership in the Phi Beta Kappa. He has been president of the National Council of Education and president of the National Association of Superintendents; is a member of the Sons of the Revolution and is a Mason of the Thirty-second Degree. He has also been president of the Citi zens Staff of John A. Rawlins Post, G. A. R. Dr. Jordan was married on May 7, 1895, to Miss Maud Grimshaw, daughter of Robert E. Grimshaw, of Minneapolis. To them two children have been born; Helen Dorcas (February 9, 1896) and Mildred Salome (August 17, 1899). LIGGETT, William M., prominently identi fied with the educational affairs of the state, was born in Union county, Ohio, in 1846. He at tended the common schools but at the age of seventeen enlisted in the 96th Ohio Volunteers and served during the remainder of the war.. Re turning to Ohio he became connected with the Bank of Mairysville and was twice elected county treasurer of Union county. He took an active part in the National Guard service and was colonel of the 14th Ohio National Guard and in command of the battalion that cleared the streets of Cincinnati during the great riot of 1884, when he was severely wounded. In the same year he came to Minnesota and in the past twenty-five years has given most of his time to the service of the state, including eighteen years as regent of the state university, twenty years a director of WILLIAM M. LIGGETT. 106 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the state agricultural society, two terms as chair man of the state railroad commission and eleven years as dean of the state agricultural school and director of the experiment station. During Dean Liggett's incumbency the agricultural department of the university developed into the foremost work of its kind in this country. Col. Liggett was married on July 3, 1876, to Miss Mathilda R. Brown. They have four children. NACHTRIEB, Henry Francis, son of Chris tian and Friedericka Diether Nachtrieb, was born near Galion, Ohio, May 11, 1857. His parents came from Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1848, sev eral of Christian's brothers having preceded him. One of the brothers fought in the war for the Union and gave his life for his adopted country. Christian engaged in the tanner's business a few years and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church after surviving shipwreck on Lake Erie, and, after some years of successful work, he engaged in the flour milling business in Galion, Ohio, relinquishing it, after some years of success, on account of a disastrous explosion, and returned to the ministry. Coming to Min nesota in 1878 he became a member of the Min nesota Conference and now lives in Minneap olis in honorable retirement. Prof. Nachtrieb's mother was the daughter of an honored citizen of Heilbron am Neckar, near Heidelberg, Ger many, and has, during her long life as a min ister's wife, shown the most admirable qualities which have made her to be loved and honored wherever she has lived. Prof. Nachtrieb's boy hood was spent in Galion and other places in Ohio and in Allegheny City and Pittsburgh. He was trained in a private German elementary school and in the public schools, conscientious in his school work, while passionately fond of nature and all outdoor enjoyments and showed himself manly and courageous, withal not being free from an element of prankishness, as a little offset to his severe Teutonic training. He re ceived the higher education at German Wallace College and Baldwin University and took his degree of B. S. at the University of Minnesota, class of 1882; became assistant in the Biological Laboratory of John Hopkins University in 188384 and Fellow in 1884-85, when he was called to the University of Minnesota as instructor under Professor C. W. Hall. In 1886 he was made professor of Animal Biology, a new department, subsequently having charge of the zoological work of the Geological and Natural History Sur vey of Minnesota, and was appointed curator of the zoological museum. Since his connection with the university, Prof. Nachtrieb has been a strong factor in the promotion of the organ ization and work of the institution. He was prime mover and organizer of the General Alum ni Association of the university, and advisor on the organization of various Scientific institu tions and societies and is a member of the American Society of Naturalists; of the Central Branch of the American Society of Zoologists; of the American Breeders' Association; Ameri can Association of Anatomists; American As sociations of Museums; the Washington Academy of Sciences; fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the IJsi Upsilon fraternity and the honor societies of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi. Prof. Nachtrieb is president of the General Alumni Association of the state university and a member of the St. Anthony Commercial Club. He is a member of the Hennepin Avenue Metho dist Episcopal Church. He was married June 21, 1887, to Anna Eisele, of Buffalo, New York. To them three children have been born, of whom one survives, a daughter, Margaret. OFTEDAL, Sven, president of the board of trustees and professor of theology of the Augs burg Seminary in Minneapolis, is a native of Nor way, born at Stavanger, on March 22, 1844. He studied at the best schools of the country and re ceived the most complete education which his broad-minded Christian parents could procure for him. He attended the College at Stavanger, where he received his academic training, and after this preparatory course entered the Univer sity of Norway at Christiania in 1862. He re mained in that institution a year, taking up philo sophical studies, and passing, at the completion of his course, what is known as the "examen philosophicum." For several years he made a special study of languages, ancient and modern, both at home and abroad, but suddenly changed his plans and began the study of theology. In 1871 he took and passed his theological examina tions. Professor Oftedal was not in sympathy with the organization and practice of the estab lished church of Norway, so did not care to take a place among its clergy, but when a call came to occupy a newly created chair of theology in the Augsburg Seminary he realized that it offered a splendid field for his endeavors and accepted the position. Augsburg Seminary had been founded in! 1869 at Marshall, Wisconsin, for the training of ministers for free Lutheran churches, and had moved in 1872 to Minneapolis. Professor Oftedal came to this city in 1873, and now for thirty-one years has held the position of theologi cal professor at that institution. He was elected president of the board of trustees soon after his connection with the school began and has been the most active and sincere supporter and promoter of the seminary at all times, , and by his earnest work and straightforward character. has gained the esteem of his faculty, students and friends. For ten years he was a member of the school board of Minneapolis, being for four years its president and on account of his active work in establishing high schools throughout the city, has been called "the father" of the present high school system of Minneapolis. He was also for ten years a member of the library board, during that time being chairman of the library commit- EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS 107 tee, and the hardest worker for the organization and establishment of the system of branch libraries. OZIAS, Albert Newton, principal of the West high school, was born in Preble county, Ohio, July 2, 1849, the son of George and Elizabeth Ozias. His ancestors came from Alsace Loraine before the revolution and took part in that struggle on the side of the colonists. Mr. Ozias' father was a farmer and his boyhood was spent on the farm with the usual schooling during the winter months. He prepared for the work of a teacher at the National Normal School at Lebanon, Ohio. Some years later he attended the state university of Ohio and received a Bach elor's degree in 1889 and a Master's degree two years later. Mr. Ozias began teaching at the age of twenty-three when he was appointed prin cipal of the West Des Moines high school. After six years of . service there he resigned to accept the department of science in the Central high school of Columbus, Ohio, following the distinguished teacher of science, Dr. T. C. Mendenhall. He remained in this position for six teen years. He then resigned and in 1897 ac cepted the principalship of the Racine high school and three years later was appointed to the South high school of Minneapolis. Mr. Ozias remained at the head of the South High for nine years and his successful work in that DAVID II. PAINTEIt. school was recognized in May, 1908, by his ap pointment to the new West high school, des tined to be one of the largest schools of the city. Mr. Ozias is a member of the Commercial Club and of the Fraternal Mystic Circle in which order he has held for twenty years the office of supreme trustee. He is a member of Hennepin Avenue M. E. Church. In 1877 Mr. Ozias was married to Marie Louise McKenzie and they have three daughters—Helen, Alice and Mildred. ALBERT NEWTON OZIAS PAINTER, David H., principal of the Adams school, is a native of Ohio. He is of ScotchIrish descent, although the family has lived in America for many years and the preceding gen erations came from Virginia. His father is a prominent and successful farmer. He was a teacher in his early life and has always been active in promoting the educational interests of his community. During the Civil War he served in the 135th Ohio infantry. Mrs. Painter was a teacher, also, in her early life and it is worthy of remark that of a family of six boys and four girls all were teachers except one daughter. The subject of this sketch was born on a farm near Newark, Ohio, November 11, i860. He attended country school, village high school, and com pleted his schooling at the Normal University, Ada, Ohio. He taught country schools, and was for six years principal of the village high school at Martinsburg, Ohio. In 1895 he came to Min- 108 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS W1LIIELM M. I'KTTERSEN. neapolis, having been appointed principal of Adams school, which position he still holds. Mr. Painter's sphere of activity has not been limited to public school work. In addition to his spe cial work as principal he has had a prominent part in organizing and supervising the city vaca tion school for a term of years; and is active in several organizations which have for their object the civic betterment of the community. Mr. Painter was married in the early nineties to Miss Carrie J. Young of Mt. Vernon, Ohio, now de ceased. Two children were born to them, Carl W. and M. Louise, the latter deceased. He was again married in June, 1907, to Mrs. Vida Shore Smith of Minneapolis. In political faith he is a republican. The family attends the Baptist church. PETTERSEN, Wilhelm Mauritz, since 1886 a professor at Augsburg Seminary, Minneapolis, was born at Mandal, Norway, on December 16. i860, the son of Thorn Pettersen and Athalia Pettersen. After graduation from the high school the son spent some time at sea, receiv ing a mate's navigation certificate at the age of eighteen. He early developed a fondness for books, nature and out door pursuits and while a very young man traveled extensively, visiting nearly all the European countries, Africa, South America and Mexico before coming to the United States in 1882. Mr. Pettersen came to Minneapolis in the fall of 1882 and entered Augs burg Seminary, from which he graduated in 1884, supplementing this course with one year of the ology and one year at the University of Minne sota where he studied philology and international law. In 1886 he became a member of the faculty at Augsburg and has been successively professbr of languages, mathematics, history and Nor wegian literature. In connection with his col lege work he has found pleasure in extensive reading, study and writing. A special aptitude for learning foreign languages was recognized in his early youth and this has developed into a talent for the study of languages and Profes sor Pettersen is versed in the Germanic and Romance languages, and has written much in. eluding a volume of poems and a poetic drama in Norwegian and from time to time a fugitive verse in English. He is recognized as one of the foremost Norwegian poets in the United States. He is now especially interested in historical studies. Professor Pettersen was affiliated with the democratic party from 1886 to 1908, but recently frankly stated that his views on the larger political questions had so changed that he would hereafter be a member of the republican party. His attitude toward public affairs is that of a citizen rather than a party man and in 1905 he was induced to become alderman from the eleventh ward, Minneapolis, on the platform of good municipal government, and has given the city intelligent and devoted service. Professor Pettersen is a member of the Norwegian Luth eran Free Church and has been its vice president for two years although not an ordained minister. He was one of the founders and for several years president of the Scandinavian Young Men's Christian Association in South Minneapolis and is a strong advocate of temperance. He is a member of the Odin Club and other local organ izations. Professor Pettersen was married in 1885 to Gunda Marie Nygaard and they have had six children. Mrs. Pettersen died in 1908. RANDALL, Eugene Wilson, dean of the agri cultural department of the University of Minne sota, was born at Winona, Minnesota, January 1, 1859, the son of Albert B. and Maria (Jayne) Randall. He graduated from the Winona State Normal School in 1879 and in the following year became principal of the Morris (Minnesota) high school, which he organized under the then new state high school law. After two years he re signed to become publisher and editor of the Morris Tribune and in 1888 disposed of his paper and devoted himself to agricultural and mercan tile interests at .Morris, also serving as post master from 1891 to 1895. In the latter year he was appointed secretary of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society and served for twelve years, during which the Minnesota State Fair grew from an insignificant position to be the first in the country. In 1904 Mr. Randall was appointed re- EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS gent of the University of Minnesota and served on the board until 1907 when he was appointed dean of the agricultural department. He has throughout his life been deeply interested in agriculture and in the development of agricul tural education and has brought to his present work a large acquaintance with practical agricul ture as well as an unusual executive ability. Mr. Randall is a member of the Minneapolis Com mercial Club, of the Six O'Clock Club, of the Masonic fraternity, of the A. O. U. W. and other orders. On March 16, 1882, he was married to Eudora A. Stone at Morris. They have three sons and one daughter. The family attend the Methodist church. Mr. Randall is a republican in political faith. REYNOLDS, Myron Herbert, a leading American veterinarian, was born November 5, 1865, at Wheaton, Illinois, son of Gardner W. Reynolds, a well-known nurseryman and botanist originally from New York state, and Mary Budd, of the same state. M. H. Reynolds received his early education in Iowa, whither his parents had removed, and entered the Iowa State Agricultural College at Ames. He graduated when under twenty years and took the B. S. A. degree, sup plementing it by the veterinary course, graduat ing D. V. M. He then took a medical course at the Iowa College of Physicians and Surgeons, EUGENE W. RANDALL. 109 graduating M. D., and concluded his studies with a course of Pharmacy, receiving the degree of Ph. G. On the recommendation of the Dean of the Veterinary Department of the Iowa State College, Dr. Reynolds was offered the lecture ship of the Minnesota State Farmers' Institute, which position he filled until 1893, when he was elected to the chair of Veterinary Science in the University of Minnesota, and was given charge of the Veterinary Division of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at St. Anthony Park. He was appointed a member of the State Board of Health in 1897, and was the first veterinary sur geon appointed on that board. He was made chairman of a committee on infectious diseases of animals, and, shortly, was made Director of the Veterinary Department of the State Board of Health, the veterinary sanitary work of which soon became a standard. He took an active part in the creation of the present State Live Stock Sanitary Board in 1903 and has since retained an active relation with this board, which is now recognized as one of the two best supported and efficient state live stock sanitary organizations in America. In 1900 Dr. Reynolds was elected to the Deanship of the Division of Veterinary Science of the Iowa State College, but declined the honor. Dr. Reynolds has written many im portant station bulletins and has made important contributions to veterinary literature, as "Hypo dermic Cathartics," "State Control of Hog Chol era," "State Control of Glanders," "Hog Cholera and Swine Plague," "Azoturia," "Bovine Tuber culosis," "Haemorrhagic Septicaemia." His text book, "Veterinary Studies," has been adopted by many state agricultural colleges. He edited for many years the annual reports of the American Veterinarian Association. He is a member of The American Veterinary Medical Association, The American Medical Association, The Ameri can Public Health Association, The Minnesota State Veterinary Association, The Minnesota State Medical Association, The Ramsey County Medical Association, and other scientific bodies. Dr. Reynolds is a member of the republican par ty; a member of the Congregational church; and a Mason, including the Shriner's degree. He has been twice married; in 1893 to Miss Eva M. Kuhn of Iowa, who died within a few months. In 1897 he was married to Miss May I. Shaw, daughter of Professor Thomas Shaw of the Uni versity of Minnesota. To them have been born four children. ' SNYDER, Harry, professor in the University of Minnesota, was born in Cherry Valley, New York, on January 26, 1867, the son of David W. Snyder and Mary Ann (Harter) Snyder. His father was a man of unusual mechanical skill and natural ability and, though a farmer much of his life, was in later years a railroad superintendent and constructor of bridges and woodwork. On both sides of the family the ancestors were Eng lish and early Dutch settlers of the Mohawk 110 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Valley and participants in French and Indian war, the war of the Revolution and the war of 1812. Professor Snyder received his education at the country schools, the graded school at Her kimer, the Clinton Liberal Institution at Fort Plain and at Cornell University which he entered in 1885. At Cornell he took the scientific course paying particular attention to chemistry and at the end of his sophomore year was made assist ant to Dr. Caldwell, the head of the chemistry department, a position which had always been held by a graduate student. During the next two years Professor Snyder became thoroughly fa miliar with laboratory methods, particularly along the line of agricultural chemistry which was a subject not then generally taught in Ameri can colleges. When he was graduated in 1889 he received honors for chemistry and his gradua tion thesis received honorable mention. He was at once appointed instructor at Cornell and in 1890 assistant chemist at the Cornell University Experiment Station. His work brought him into prominence and during the next year he was called to the position of chemist of the Minne sota Experiment Station and in 1892 was also appointed professor of agricultural chemistry in the University of Minnesota. Professor Snyder's work at the Minnesota Station during the past sixteen years has been notable. He has issued numerous bulletins of a very practical character dealing with soils, farm and dairy products and human foods. His work in soil analysis has been carried farther than in many other experiment stations. He has been a frequent contributor to technical journals and agricultural papers. He has published three text books which have passed through several editions—Soils and Ferti lizers, The Chemistry of Plant and Animal Life, and Dairy Chemistry—all issued by the press of the MacMillan Co. Some of Professor Snyder's works have been translated into other languages. He has been president of the Association of Of ficial .Agricultural Chemists and other scientific organizations. He has carried on extensive nu trition investigations with wheat and flour in co-operation with the United States Department of Agriculture. Professor Snyder was married in 1890 to Miss Adelaide Churchill Craig, daugh ter of Rev. Dr. Austin Craig, formerly president of Antioch College, Ohio. Professor Snyder is a member of the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, I. O. O. F., R. A., member of the American Chemical Society, Society for the Promotion of Agricul ture, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Sigma Xi. WASHBURN, Frederick Leonard, was born at Brookline, Massachusetts, April 12, i860, son of Nehemiah and Martha Parmelee Washburn. His father was a native of Livermore, Maine, and a business man. Mr. Washburn's early life was spent in Brookline and he prepared for college at the Roxbury Latin School, from which he en tered Harvard University, graduating B. A., in 1882, receiving the M. A. degree in 1895 (Thay er Scholarship). He devoted his attention at Harvard to the important studies, biology and entomology, and further pursued his studies at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, as a gradu ate student. In 1887-88 he was appointed in structor in Zoology at the University of Michi gan; was Entomologist at the Oregon Experi ment Station 1889-95, and was Professor of Bi ology in the University of Oregon 1895-1902. He was appointed State Biologist of Oregon in 1899. In 1885 and 1886, under the direction of the State Geological and Natural History Survey, he made a collection, with data, of Minnesota birds. The results of this work appear in the Report of Dr. Hatch, published in 1882. In 1902, he was ap pointed Professor of Entomology in the Uni versity of Minnesota; Entomologist of the Min nesota Experiment Station and State Entomolo gist of Minnesota. Mr. Washburn is a member of the American Society of Naturalists, Fellow of the American Association for the Advance ment of Science, and other scientific bodies. He was married on December 27, 1887, to Frances L. Wilcox of Minneapolis, and two daughters, Mar tha and Alice, have been born to them. WEBSTER, William Franklin, son of William Wallace and Malvina Woodworth Webster, was born May 23, 1862, at Clearwater, Minnesota. His father was a merchant of that town, and the boy attended the village schools until the age of fourteen, when he became a cle;rk in the store. In 1880-81 he attended the Minneapolis Academy; and the next year he entered the University of Minnesota, from which he was graduated in 1886, with membership in Phi Beta Kappa. After graduating, Mr. Webster taught school at Buffalo, Minnesota, for a year, in 1887-8 he taught in the Minneapolis night schools, at the same time at tending the Minneapolis Medical College. He was superintendent of public schools for two years at Rushford, Minnesota, and in 1890-93 held a similar position at Moorhead, Minnesota. In 1893 he became principal of the East high school of Minneapolis where he still remains. He is the author of several works on the English lan guage and allied topics. Mr. Webster is a mem ber of the Congregational church. On August 7, 1890, he was married to Mary Alden Powell. They have three children, Ruth, Juliet and Marian. WESBROOK, Frank Fairchild, pathologist and bacteriologist; born in Brandt county, On tario, July 12, 1868. Oldest son of H. S. Wesbrook, formerly mayor of Winnipeg, and Helen Marr (Fairchild) Wesbrook, both of United Em pire loyalist lineage. Educated public schools of London, Ontario and Winnipeg, Manitoba; de gree B. A., medallist University of Manitoba, 1887,, M. A., M. D., C. M. 1900; studied at Mc- EDUCATIONAL AFFAIRS Gill University, 1889; interne, Winnipeg General Hospital, 1890, and railway surgeon, C. P. Ry, Banff, Alberta; worked in pathology and bacteri ology King's College, London; Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, 1891, and University of Cambridge, Eng land, 1892 to 1895, where he held the appointment of John Lucas Walker, student in Pathology; worked in Hygienisches and Pathologisches In stitutes University of Marburg, Germany, 1894; held the chair of Pathology, University of Mani toba, 1892-1894, returning from Europe to give short courses; worked in Pathological Labora tory, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, Eng land, 1895. October, 1895, called to University of Minnesota as Professor of Bacteriology; 1896, was made Professor of Pathology and Bac teriology, University of Minnesota, which posi tion he still holds and was appointed Dean of the College of Medicine and Surgery of the Uni versity in 1906. He was appointed a member of the Minnesota State Board of Health in 1896, and served until 1900, and has beeh direc tor of the Laboratories of that Board since 1896. He is also a member of the ad visory board of the Hygienic Laboratory of the U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service; an honorary member of the Massachu setts Association of Boards of Health and be longs to the following associations and societies: Association of American Physicians; Association of American Pathologists and Bacteriologists; London Pathological Society; Pathological So ciety of Great Britain and Ireland; American Medical Association; Society of American Bacteriologists; American Public Health Associa WILLIAMS, Henry Lane, son of Job and Kate Stone Williams, was born at Hartford, Con necticut, July 26, 1869. His father is principal of the School for the Deaf at Hartford. His direct ancestors came to New England from Eng land and one of them, Richard Williams, founded the town of Taunton in Massachusetts in 1642. The descendants of this branch took part in the Colonial wars and in the War of the Revolution and in the War of 1812. Henry L. is the first member of the direct descendants to locate per manently out of New England. He attended the Hartford grade schools and prepared for college in the Hartford high school where he received the prize for his graduating oration on the theme "The Prospects of China." He was fond of all outdoor exercise and was instinctively athletic in his tendencies and had a passion for canoeing, a favorite trip with his sailing canoe being down the Connecticut River to Long Island Sound and along the Sound from New Haven to Watch Hill. He graduated from Yale in 1891. During his career at the university, while distinguishing him self as an all-around athlete and a record-breaker in various specialties, he maintained an excellent rank in scholarship and at graduation received a place on the appointment list. He was one of 111 HENRY L. WILLIAMS, M. D. the editors of the Yale Daily News during his last two years. He taught school after leaving college for a year at the Siglars Preparatory School at Newburgh on the Hudson and, while there athletically diverted himself by coaching the first West Point football team that' beat An napolis. Later, when studying medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, he had charge of the athletic sports at the William Penn Charter School, the largest private day school in Phila delphia. In 1893 he wrote a book jointly with the Medical School he was a member of the A. A. Stagg, now of Chicago, entitled "Treatise on the American Game of Football." While in Alpha Mu Pi Omega medical fraternity and of the D. Hays Agnew Surgical Society, and, on graduation, received the prize for dissection. He entered the Howard Hospital of Philadelphia in 1895 and served as resident physician there for one year. The next year he began the practice of medicine in Philadelphia and for the next four years was quiz master in the Medical Institute at the University of Pennsylvania on physical diagnosis and pathology, and on gynaecology and obstetrics. He was also an instructor in gynae cology at the University and a member of the staff of the Philadelphia Maternity Hospital, pathologist to the Howard Hospital and patholo gist to the Gynaecological Department of the Philadelphia Polycliriical Hospital. Since Dr. 112 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Williams came to Minneapolis, in 1900, he has been Director of Athletics at the state university holding one of the foremost positions as coach in Western football; and is an instructor in the Medical School, and actively engaged in the prac tice of medicine. Dr. Williams was appointed in 1907 to a position on the staff of the City Hos pital, taking charge of the gynaecological depart ment. He is now clinical instructor in gynae cology at the University medical school. He has, since he graduated in medicine, made four trips to Europe for post graduate study and investi gation, spending considerable time at Berlin and Vienna in the specialties of gynaecology and sur gery. He is a member of the Pennsylvania So ciety of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America. He is a member of the Commercial Club, of the St. Anthony Commercial Club, of the Roosevelt Club, of the Hennepin County Medical Society and of the American Medical As sociation. Dr. Williams is a republican in poli tics. He was married on November 24, 1897, to Miss Nina Meadows Boyd, of Maryland, and they have one son, Henry L. Williams, Jr., born Au gust 31, 1898. WULLING, Frederick John, dean of the Col lege of Pharmacy of the University of Minnesota, was born on December 24, 1866, at Brooklyn, New York. In 1870 his father's family moved per manently to their summer home at Carlstadt, New Jersey, a suburb of New York City. Here' Frederick graduated from grammar and high' school and business college. In 1884 Frederick took a position with college privileges with Dr. C. W. Braeutigam, of Brooklyn, devoting part of his time to work in Columbia University and to technical translations from French, German, Spanish and Italian Journals. He duly passed the senior examinations in pharmacy and allied branches before the boards of New York and Brooklyn, and of New Jersey, before he gradu ated from New York College of Pharmacy in 1887 at the head of his class, taking the gold medal and a hundred dollars in gold. During these years he also attended lectures at the Col lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia. In 1886 he was appointed lecture assistant to Professor Bedford, the foremost pharmacist of the profession, a year later to an instructorship, and in 1890 he was made assistant professor ol pharmacy in the New York College of Pharmacy. In 1887 he made a European tour, visiting the principal universities of the continent and taking up post-graduate work in Munich, Berlin, Goettingen and Paris and after his return, in the Hoagland Laboratory of Bacteriology. In 1889 he made another trip to Europe, taking advanced work in chemistry at Munich. In 1891 he was called to the chair of Inorganic Pharmaco-Diagnosis at the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy, which he held until he was called to the Uni versity of Minnesota in 1892, to organize a de partment of pharmacy. Professor Wulling was made the dean of the pharmacy faculty and an executive officer of the university and has given his whole time to the work. In 1894 he made a tour of Scotland, England, France and Belgium, coming in touch with the prominent scientists and educators of those countries. Between 1893 and 1898 he continued his studies at the state uni versity and received the degrees Ph. D., LL. B. and LL. M. In addition he has taken during his extensive college work the degrees of Ph. G., Ph. C., and F. S. Sc., and has done considerable original research work. Dr. Wulling is a fre quent contributor to scientific journals and has published several larger works—in 1891, the Evo lution of Botany; in 1892, Medical and Pharma ceutical Chemistry; Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds, published in Merck's Report from 1899-1900; a Course in Law for Pharmacists; and upwards of four hundred papers and essays on kindred subjects. He is a member of numerous professional societies; president of the North western Branch of the American Pharmaceutical Association; chairman of the Scientific Section, Minnesota State Pharmaceutical Association; ex ecutive officer of the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, and numerous other organizations. Dr. Wulling was married on Sep tember 15, 1897, to Miss Lucile Truth Gissel of Brooklyn, New York. CHAPTER X. MUSIC A DECIDED musical taste devel oped itself in the villages at the Falls - of St. Anthony within a few years of their settlement. As early as 1852 there were three singing schools in St. Anthony and in 1853 the first singing school in Hen nepin county was organized at Minneapolis under the direction of B. E. Messer and was supported by a public subscription headed by Colonel Stevens. It is not to be sup posed that the work of this pioneer singing society was of an advanced class but the movement showed the desire for music and a willingness to support musical endeavors As the years passed many cultivated people from eastern cities were added to the popu lation at the Falls and music became a prominent part of the social and religious life of the young settlement. There was always a glee club, singing school, or choral society in which the young people gathered and music was made an effective part of the church services. One of the oldest and best remembered groups was the old Plymouth church choir which was composed of Sam uel C. Gale, Harlow A. Gale, Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Cushman and Joseph H. Clark, and which not only made the musical part of the church service notable, but took the lead in the concerts and musical occasions in the young city. The gentlemen of the choir formed a male quartet which was in vited to many political meetings and was particularly prominent in the life of the state during war times. E. M. Bowman, later to become a mu sician of national reputation, lived in Min neapolis for a few years as boy and young man and an old handbill announces a grand concert, given as a "complimentary benefit" to E. M. Bowman in 1866. On this occa sion Mr. Bowman was "assisted by the Min THEATERS neapolis Cornet Band and Orchestra and the following ladies and gentlemen: Mrs. Whitney, Mrs. Cushman, Dr. J. A. Bowman, Mr. Cushman, Mr. R. P. Olmstead, Mr. S. V. Morris, Miss Barton, Miss Varney, Mr. Barton, Mr. J. H. Clark, Mr. H. A. Gale, Mr. A. M. Benham, the whole under the direction of A. M. Benham." For a long period few musical organiza tions were established which proved to have any permanence. An exception was the Harmonia Society formed by the Germans of the city in the early seventies and still an active choral society. Peter Rauen was a prominent president in the early years and Ludwig Harmsen, Richard Stempf and other well known musicians were among the leaders. One of the most important of the societies of the many which have passed out of existence was the Minneapolis Choral Society which was organized in 1876 and for five or six years did very creditable work. It drew into its membership many of the singers of the Harmonia society. George R. Lyman was president and Mr. Harmsen the first director and such well known musical people as Henry Chase, Charles B. and George B. Eustis, A. A. Guiwits, Henry Elliott, George Harrison, Joseph H. Clark, Dr. Bowman, Col. Charles W. Johnson, Mrs. F. A. Chamberlain, Gen. C. McC. Reeve and others were prominent in its ranks. This society was the first to give in Minneapolis such music as the Seasons, the Creation and works of a similar character in a thoroughly artistic manner. Its mem bership ranged from fifty to one hundred. The Choral Society and other organizations kept the taste for chorus music alive and occasionally, something in the way of a musical festival was attempted, with aug mented chorus and orchestra and soloists 114 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of reputation as special attractions. A not able occasion of this kind was that of 1884 when, upon the completion of the first drill hall and auditorium at the university, Chris tine Nilsson was the star at a festival which was very creditable to the city. During the eighties David Blakely promoted various musical undertakings; Danz' Orchestra was organized by Frank Danz, Jr., and for years gave weekly concerts at the old Harmonia Hall, and the original Apollo Club was formed. In this decade many of the prom inent musicians of the city came here— Willard Patten, H. S. Woodruff, Herman Zoch, Heinrich Hoevel, Gustavus Johnson, the Lachmunds, Fraulein Schoen-Rene, Clarance A. Marshall and others. With the early nineties more permanent organization and better results crowned the labors of the musical people. The Minne apolis Philharmonic Club was organized out of the remnants of older singing societies and began its development into the present excellent choral club—pronounced by the best authorities to be the equal of any in America. Emil Oberhoffer became its con ductor in 1901 and has brought the organ ization to a high degree of perfection. Through the coming of Mr. Oberhoffer Min neapolis also obtained an orchestra of the highest merit. The Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra was organized in 1903 and under Mr. Oberhoffer's leadership has obtained first rank not only in this country but among the orchestras of the world. Both these or- PENCE OPERA HOUSE. First Minneapolis theater; erected In 1867. ganizations are supported by hearty public commendation and liberal subscription. The Apollo Club, organized in the eighties and reorganized in 1895, is a male chorus, under the leadership of H. S. Woodruff and takes a prominent place in the musical life of the city. The Ladies' Thursday Musicale, another organization of the nineties, has done as much as any to promote music al culture. A recent organization, the Uni versity Musical Federation, seeks to pro mote the cause of music in the state university, with the purpose of secur ing the establishment of a musical de partment; for, notwithstanding the rapid growth of musical interest in the last two decades there has not been as much atten tion to musical education in the public in stitutions as would be desirable. The sub ject has been almost ignored in the univer sity and although music has been taught for years in the public schools it has not been given the recognition which the importance of the subject demands. PUBLIC SCHOOL MUSIC. One of the earliest teachers of music in the schools was Charles Marsh, a prominent musician of the city during the seventies. He was organist at the Church of the Re deemer and pianist for a time for the Min neapolis Choral Society. After Mr. Marsh came D. and J. W. Shryock of a family which contributed much to the musical life of the city. Next came O. E. McFadon who was supervisor of music for thirteen years, assisted for a part of the time by Stiles Raymond. Mr. McFadon brought a prac tical knowledge of school conditions to the work, and did much towards putting the music in the schools on a par with other subjects. During his regime the pupils of the schools were heard in many public con certs. In 1898 Mr. McFadon retired to enter another profession and was succeeded by Miss Helen M. Trask, who now holds the position. Miss Trask prepared for this special line of work by years of music study in the east and took a special preparatory course at Lexington Institute under Henry Holt and Alfred Hallam. She came to the work here at a time when public school MUSIC AND THEATERS music was just beginning to be taught along more pedagogical lines than the ab stract and technical methods of the past per mitted; and she was not slow to adapt the more advanced methods to Minneapolis schools. Consequently greater interest has been aroused among the children, and an improved standard of teaching gained among the teaching corps. Another impulse toward improvement has come through the establishment of a training class for prospective supervisors or special teachers of music, which has been conducted each summer at the university by Miss Trask. This course was organized three years ago and is already one of the most potent agencies at work in the state for the uplifting of the standards of music teaching. During the past nine or ten years the school children have taken part in many public entertainments, but in none with greater success than in the final concert at the time of the opening of the Auditorium, when a thousand children from all parts of the city and from all grades above the third took part under the leadership of Miss Trask. PRIVATE MUSIC SCHOOLS. The Northwestern Conservatory of Music was organized in 1885 and in 1891 it was purchased by Clarence A. Marshall who was its director until 1906 when he disposed of his interests and the school under the same name became the musical department of Stanley Hall though maintaining a separ ate organization. The Minneapolis School of Music, Oratory and Dramatic Art was established in 1898 by Gustavus Johnson who conducted it until 1907 when it passed into other management. In 1908 Mr. John son established the Johnson School of Music, Oratory and Dramatic Art. These institutions have given Minneapolis addi tional reputation as the musical center of the Northwest. The number of musical students in the city is now very large. THEATERS AND MUSIC HALLS. In the days when the singing school was the highest musical development of the city and the only theatrical companies visiting 115 WrM • '"in* I THE ACADEMY OF MUSIC. Second theater in Minneapolis. It stood at Washington and Hennepin. Minneapolis were such as might be expect ed to penetrate into a wilderness three hun dred miles beyond the railroad, Woodman's Hall, at the corner of Second avenue south and Washington avenue, was the only place of public amusement. After a time the first of the halls styled Harmonia Hall, was constructed at Second avenue north and Second street, and this in turn was followed by another Harmonia Hall at Washington and Nicollet. When, in 1867, the Pence Opera House was erected at the corner of Hennepin avenue and Second street, Minneapolis felt that she was reach ing metropolitan conditions. The Academy of Music, built in 1871 at the corner of Washington and Hennepin where Temple Court now stands, was the principal theater and concert hall until 1883 when it was remodelled into an office build ing. Its passing, was on the occasion of the opening of the Grand Opera House, built as a part of the Syndicate Block, on the Sixth street front and opened on April 2, 1883. This was a handsome theater and for years presented attractions which many Minneapolis people recall with great pleas ure. Two theaters were built in 1887—the Lyceum, opened in September with a not- 116 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS upon the immense stage. The auditorium is of strictly fire-proof construction through out. It is equipped with a four-manual pipe organ, the fourth in size in the country. Since its completion this building has been used for the concerts of the Philharmonic club, the Minneapolis Symphony orchestra, the Apollo club, for grand opera and many theatrical and musical engagements of all kinds. The auditorium serves to emphasize the high estimation in which things musical are held by the people of Minneapolis. THE GRAND OPERA HOUSE. able engagement of Booth and Barrett, and the Bijou Opera House, opened on October 31, as a popular priced theater. It was built by Lambert Hays of Minneapolis and has always been under the management of Theodore Hays. The Metropolitan Opera House was opened in 1894 as the Peoples Theater. For a year it was a stock com pany house, and then became the Metro politan Opera House, succeeding to the theatrical fortunes of the Grand, which went out of business and was soon dismantled. Vaudeville had never been tried in Minne apolis as a regular seasons attraction until the building of the Orpheum theater in 1904. BERGQUIST, John Victor, (J. Victor Bergquist) musician, was born at St. Peter, Minnesota, May 18, 1877. His father, C. F. Bergquist, came from Sweden, in the early seventies, and built up by his industry, a good business in hardware and lumber. As a boy,' his son, Victor, after some years in the Minneapolis public schools, started out on a business life in the employ, first, of the Glass Block, and later, of the Minneapolis Gas Co. His bent toward music was so marked, how ever, that he soon found the way to gratify it by a course in the musical department at Gustavus Adolphus College of St. Peter, Minn. From this he graduated with honors at the age of eighteen, having won the gold medal in an organ contest at THE AUDITORIUM. Until 1905 Minneapolis had no place suit able for concerts where a large audience was to be expected. This want was sup plied by the erection of the Minneapolis Auditorium by the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company of Minneapolis, after plans by Bertrand & Chamberlin, and at a cost (including the site and the adjoin ing office building) of about $400,000. It is a beautiful building with a frontage of no feet and a depth of 220 feet, a seating capac ity of 2,500 with room for a chorus of 400 J. VICTOR BERGQUIST. MUSIC AND THEATERS 117 the college. Four years of study with the lead ing teachers of music in Minneapolis were fol lowed by about three years of foreign study at Berlin and Paris in the studios of such instruc tors as Grunicke, Scharwenka, Berger and Guilrnant. It was during this European stay, while witnessing the Passion Play, that Mr. Bergquist was first inspired by the idea of his oratorio "Gol gotha." He was not able to find time to develop this until the fall of 1904 when he began the vocal score. The work went on at intervals during the next twelve months and was not completed until November of 1905, nor presented until April 6, 1906. During this year and a half of more or less absorption in his project, Mr. Bergquist was acting as organist of Augustana Lutheran Church, principal of the piano department of Gustavus Adolphus College of St. Peter, director of the male chorus of the United Church seminary, and organist to the Apollo Club besides maintaining his position as director of the Cecilian Studios. A great worker and full of musicianly enthusiasm, Mr. Bergquist has written several other composi tions for organ, piano and voice, but "Golgotha" is his last and most important work; and one which has excited much local interest as a work of power and promise. Mr. Bergquist belongs to the Odin Club. He was married to Emilia Elvira Johnson, June 7, 1905. IIEINKICII IIOEVEL. S. CLAY GILBERT. HOEVEL, Heinrich, Jr., musician, is of Ger man parentage and nationality, born near Bonn, on the Rhine, June 22, 1864. His father, Hein rich Hoevel, indulged the evident talent of his son for music, and gave him the opportunity of cultivating it by instruction in the best studios of his native place. Bonn, as the birthplace of Beethoven, is full of musical traditions, and com petent teachers abound. When Heinrich, Jr., was seven years old, he received his first violin as a Christmas present, and taught himself to play upon it familiar airs, but it was not until he was sixteen that his father began to consider his son's musical abilities anything but an accomplishment or needing more skillful training. Finding that the bent for the musician's life was a permanent tendency, he then sent his son to Cologne Con servatory. The first professional engagement of the musician after graduation was as first violin in the Alhambra orchestra in London in the fall of 1883. The Alhambra (now a music hall) was then opened for English opera and the first opera played was Geo. Frederic Clay's "The Golden Ring." During the same period he also played as first violin at the Crystal Palace under the leadership of Manns. The necessity of military service called him back to Germany after a year in England. He served out his army term and then spent several years on the Continent as a member of various orchestras and as conductor 118 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of musical organizations. In the former work, he played under such orchestral leaders as Anton Seidl and Ferdinand von Hiller—the latter a man who had the reputation of being the best edu cated musician of his time. Mr. Hoevel came to Minneapolis in 1889, and made his first public appearance at Dyer's Music Hall, January 6, 1890, with the Lachmund String Quartette of which he was solo violinist. Mr. Hoevel has been a favor ite with both his audiences and his associates in musical work, and has had eighteen successful years in Minneapolis. He has been identified with chamber music to a great extent and par ticularly with string quartette work. HUNT, Hamlin Harry, the son of T. J. Hunt of Ellington, Minnesota, was born in that town on June 5, 1866. He is descended from old New England families that originally had their homes in Vermont. He spent his early life in Dodge Center, Minnesota, and there received his school education. He then entered Carletpn College, Northfield, Minnesota, and began a literary and musical education. He graduated from the School of Music at Carleton in the year 1884, and immediately entered upon his musical career. He went to Winona and for three years taught music, at the same time holding the position of organist at the First Congregational Church. He then went to Berlin for two seasons, where he further pursued his musical studies. Upon re turning to this country he located in Quincy, Illinois, and for six years was organist of the Congregational church and director of the Quin cy Conservatory of Music. He again went to Berlin for a year and afterwards studied the organ under Guilmant in Paris. He finally com pleted his studies and returned to this country, coming to Minneapolis in September, 1898, where he became the organist at St. Mark's Episcopal Church and later at the Plymouth Congregational Church, where he has now been for- eight years. Each year Mr. Hunt has made a practice of giv ing a series of free organ recitals and as director has produced in the church services many choral works of fine character that have contributed much to the cause of good music and have won for him the appreciation of the music lovers of the city. He was also selected to give three or gan recitals at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo and two on the large organ at the St. Louis Exposition. He was appointed in 1906 organist of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. Mr. Hunt believes in the teachings of the Con gregational church. He was married on April 16, 1895, to Miss Laurina J. White in Quincy, Illinois. They have no children. JOHNSON, Gustavus, was born in Hull, Eng land, on November 2, 1856. He is the son of Peter Johanson, a native of Sweden, and Henri etta Hole, daughter of Admiral Hole, who first distinguished himself in the English navy as alieutenant under Lord Nelson. Admiral Hole came of an old English family and entered the navy about 1795, served through several notable battles among which was the battle of Trafalgar, was promoted to the rank of admiral, and at the time of his death in 1870 was the oldest officer in the navy. When Mr. Johnson was three years old his family moved to Stockholm, Sweden, and there he spent his early life, began his education and graduated from the Stockholm high school. His musical talent marked out a career for him and he studied the piano and theory of music under the leading masters of the art. He entered the Schartau business college of Stockholm and graduated in 1874. A year later he emigrated to America and after staying for a short time in the East, came to Minneapolis, where with the excep tion of three years spent in Wisconisn he has since lived. He began his musical work as an instructor and concert pianist, and for a quarter of a century has been known as one of the fore most musicians of the Northwest, and has been the instructor of a number of pianists who rank high in their art. In 1898 he established the Johnson School of Music, Oratory and Dramatic Art, which became the largest institution of its kind in the city, with an average enrollment of nearly five hundred pupils. Mr. Johnson is also well known as a composer, mostly of piano selec tions but he has also written much for other in struments as well as for the voice. His greatest works are a trio for the piano, violin and cello and a concerto for the piano and orchestra. Mr. Johnson is a member of the Minnesota State Music Teachers' Association and in 1906 was president of that organization. He was married in 1882 to Miss Caroline Frances Winslow, a di rect descendant of Governor Edward Winslow who played so important a part in Colonial events. They have one child, a daughter, Laura Louise, born in 1890. MARSHALL, Clarance Alden, for many years director of the Northwestern Conservatory of Music in this city and one of the well known musicians of the Northwest, was born on May 15, 1859, at Marlboro, Massachusetts. He is the son of Alden B. Marshall, a contractor and builder, who served during the Civil War and later located at Newton, Massachusetts, where h^ was well known, and highly respected by his fellow townsmen. Clarissa Hemenway, mother ^f Clarance A., was the daughter of a prominent family of Framingham, Massachusets, and was, as well as Mr. Marshall, Sr., of old Colonial par entage, the ancestors of both families having settled in New England with the Puritans. Clar ance Alden passed the early years of his life in Marlboro, but when he was nine years of age the family moved to Newton, Massachusetts, where a splendid school system offered excellent chances for an education. Mr. Marshall there attended the public schools, and graduated from the high school in 1877, and the following year 119 MUSIC AND THEATERS entered Harvard College as a special student of music and art. After a six years course there during which he was under the instruction of John Knowles Paine and others, he continued his studies in Boston under famous instrumental and vocal artists, and finally became associate conductor with Carl Zerrahn, of the Handel and Haydn Oratorio Society. For some time he was engaged in Watertown, Roxbury, Boston, Dor chester, Bangor, Waterville, Augusta and other New England towns, as choir director and or ganist and the director of choral societies. In 1887, he came west to Saginaw, Michigan, to take charge of a choir and three choral organizations, but the climate affected his health, so the fol lowing winter was spent in Nashville, Tennessee, where he was choir leader and vocal instructor in a large young ladies' seminary. He was the organizer and promoter of the most successful musical festival ever held in Nashville, in the year 1889. In the fall of that year he took charge of the chorus and orchestra of the Mozart Society of Richmond, Virginia, and during the two years he remained there, was prominent and active in the musical progress of the city, arranging semi monthly concerts and managing two large and successful musical festivals. In 1891 he came to this city and purchased the Northwestern Con servatory of Music and assumed its direction. For fifteen years he successfully managed the school, the annual attendance having increased from one hundred and thirty in 189-1, to more than five hundred pupils. In the summer of 1906 he disposed of his interests in the conservatory. While in Minneapolis he has also held positions as organist and choir master of Westminister Presbyterian, Gethsemane Episcopal and the First Congregational churches, and in other ways has been active and influential in the promotion of music in the Northwest. Mr. Marshall be came a member of the Immanuel Baptist Church of Newton, Massachusetts, when a boy, and still retains the membership. He was married in 1891 to Miss Marion Howard of Waterville, Maine, and they have one daughter. OBERHOFFER, Emil Johann, a leading mu sician of the northwest, was born near Munich, Bavaria, in 1867. His father was a successful or ganist, composer and conductor in the Bavarian provinces. H'is mother also came of a musical family and a brother as well as two sisters were musicians. Emil very early showed musical tal ent and when a child of ten years could play the organ and violin with wonderful ability and taste. He had at this time, beside the strict surveillance of his father, the most helpful instruction of Cyril Kistler, since renowned as the composer of a number of operas. During a six years' course at a literary college following, Mr. Oberhoffer continued his musical studies under the best pri vate teachers obtainable, in pianoforte, organ, violin, voice, and in an excellent school and IiMIL OHEKIIOKFEK. church orchestra not only became acquainted with all orchestral instruments, but had ample opportunity to try out his talent as conductor, which was thus early recognized. About this time he also took a thorough course of theoret ical studies under the Rheinberger regime. Spe cializing as a pianist he later spent some time in Paris with the famous technique expert Isadore Phillip. After the completion of his studies he came to New York but remained there only a short time, leaving the musical directorship of a prominent college to establish himself in the west. He first came to St. Paul where he soon attained a prominent position as a teacher, lectur er, concert giver and conductor. In 1897 he spent seven months in Europe in study and ob servation and in the fall of the same year was called to the position of conductor of the Apollo Club of Minneapolis. At the same time the Schubert Choral Association and Schubert or chestra were formed in St. Paul under his direc tion. In 1901 Mr. Oberhoffer became conductor of the Minneapolis Philharmonic Club which soon attained a leading position among the choral societies of the country. The necessities of the development of musical life and culture in the city soon brought about the suggestion from Mr. Oberhoffer that an orchestra be formed and with the assistance and support of the lead ing men of Minneapolis the Minneapolis Sym- A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 120 II FLORENCE E. PARKS. phony Orchestra was established in 1903 and has since been the most prominent musical organiza tion in the northwest. The phenomenal suc cess of the club and orchestra under Mr. Oberhoffer's direction has led to the engagement of his services for a term of years and the practical perpetuation of the musical progress which has already made Minneapolis the center of musical education in the Northwest and given her a reputation for musical culture quite unprecedent ed in the east. Besides his activities as conduc tor, Mr. Oberhoffer. finds time for a group of advanced pupils in pianoforte-playing; he has been organist and director of the music at the Church of the Redeemer for the past few years and holds the chair of music at the state uni versity. PARKS, Florence Estelle, born in Ohio, Trumbull county, is a descendant of a long line of musical ancestors, particularly on the side of her father, Henry Clay Peck, who came of old colonial stock, his mother's father having been Abram Crawley, a major in the Revolutionary war and one of those who engaged in the "Boston Tea Party." The mother of Mrs. Parks was El len E. (Sanford) Peck, a descendant of Nathaniel Greene and who enjoyed the distinction of having been one of the early teachers of President McKinley. Mrs. Parks gave evidence at an early age of marked musical talent, being capable of singing at sight difficult compositions at the age of four—the system then in use being numerals written upon the staff instead of notes. System atic instruction for her musical education began when she was six years old, her studies embrac ing piano, theory of music, harmony, counter point composition for both organ and voice. Mrs. Parks received voice training from the best in structors in Chicago and New York and various cities of Europe, and has enjoyed wide experi ence in oratorio, concert and church singing. For the past fifteen years Mrs. Parks has been a resident of Minneapolis and actively engaged in the musical life of the city. During these years Mrs. Parks has devoted her time and study prin cipally to the "art of teaching." Her wide ex perience as a student and singer has given her a knowledge and comprehension of the many various methods which, blended with her indi vidual ability, renders her most efficient as a vocal instructor. For the past twelve years Mrs. Parks has had full direction of the music in St. Charles Church. For several years she was in charge of the vocal department of Stanley Hall and at different times was instructor in Macalester College and the Johnson School of Music. Mrs. Parks has been an active member of the Thursday Musical since its beginning, and at dif ferent times has been a member of the executive board and program committee. She is now di rector of the Students Quartettes and Choral Club and her work with them is most successful. PATTEN, Willard, was born at Milford, Maine, on May 26, 1853. His father, Daniel Hall Patten, a building contractor, was of Irish des cent, who had been before taking up his con tracting work, an unprofessional musician, choir master, violinist and vocalist of considerable tal ent, and from whom Mr. Patten inherited his ar tistic instincts. His mother was Elizabeth Jones, born in Canada but of Welsh descent. Mr. Pat ten resided in Bangor, Me., during his early life, and because of a weakness of the lungs when about sixteen years old he took up calisthenics and voice culture. He left high school before completing his course to take private lessons in English literature and music. His musical work included notation, theory, thoroughbass and musical analysis and later he studied ensemble training and the art of conducting, the latter under Carl Zerrahn of the Handel and Haydn So ciety of Boston. He then began his musical ca reer, teaching, conducting musical conventions, and composing, producing his first operetta in 1881. Through Dr. Eben Tourgee, the director of the New England Conservatory, he was offered a position in that institution, but declined, and came west in 1883, establishing himself in Minne apolis as a solo singer and teacher of voice cul ture. In 1889 he produced the opera, La Fianza, with pronounced success; and afterwards several MUSIC AND THEATERS short pieces. He continued his studies and in 1896, after spending more than a year in the se lection and arrangement of the text, composition, and score, he completed his oratorio, Isaiah, and on January 27, 1897, it was given its initial per formance at the Metropolitan theater, before an audience that included all the musicians and music lovers of the two cities and the northwest. This achieved remarkable success and established Mr. Patten's reputation as a musician. The fol lowing year he was appointed conductor of the re-organized Philharmonic Club, a position he held for three years, resigning to devote his at tention to further composition. He has since completed two large choral works based upon historical data, the first entitled "Star of Empire" and the second "Foot-Stones of a Nation." He is at present bringing to completion a cantata in modern form on the subject of the Resurrection. Mr. Patten is actively interested in musical edu cational movements and has recently been in strumental in establishing twelve singing schools, each under the care of a competent musician, and his connection with the general advancement of music quite as much as his personal successes show the influence his work has had upon the musical progress of the northwest. Many of his compositions, among them his oratorio Isaiah, have obtained wide popularity for their true merit and become better known each year, but Mr. Patten is too serious in his art to seek com W1LLARD PATTEN. 121 mon-place applause, seeking rather to earn the commendation of his peers, in which he has fully accomplished his aims. Mr. Patten was married in 1875 to Miss Alesta Virginia Hebberd, in Ban gor, Maine. They have had one daughter, Ruth Elizabeth, who died in 1901. WILLIAMS, James Austin, one of the prom inent concert tenors and voice instructors of Minneapolis, is a native of England and is by birth the descendant of an old established Welsh family, which is traced back among the inhabi tants of Wales for more than four centuries. From these ancestors was^ descended Enoch Williams who located at Mitcheldean, Gloucester shire, England, and there established a stone business, which developed into a flourishing and extensive enterprise. He was married to Augusta Parry, and his son, J. Austin, was born at Mitcheldean, England, on April 19, 1876. Six years later the family left England to come to America and located at Stonewall, Manitoba, Can ada. There J. Austin, received his education, at tending the public schools and after completing his academic studies began the study of music and the training of his voice. For a time Pro fessor Dore of London, England, was located at Winnipeg, Canada, and Mr. Williams continued his vocal studies under his instruction, and for a time his vocal training was directed by Professor Chambers, also of London. In 1905 he was a pupil of Professor M. B. de Bor of New York, and at intervals during the last eight years has studied with a number of the foremost teachers and musicians in the Twin Cities. At the present time, in addition to his teaching and concert work, Mr. Williams is receiving further train ing under the supervision of Dr. Rhys-Herbert, the well known composer of this city and now the organist at the Hennepin Avenue Methodist Church. Since moving to Minneapolis a few years ago Mr. Williams has taken an active part in the musical affairs of the city and is now identified with several of the more important musical organizations. For one year he was the director of the choir of Fowler Methodist Church and at the present time holds the same position with the De la Salle choir. For three years he has had the direction of the Boys' Glee Club of the Central High School and under his charge that organization has achieved a cred itable local reoutation. He was a member of the Apollo Club for several years and now is a member and one of the board of directors of the Philharmonic Club. Mr. Williams has been ex tensively connected with vocal church music and has done tenor solo and choir work in ten of the larger churches of the citv and is now in his fourth year as tenor of the choir at the Church of the Redeemer. In addition to this work he is active in concert and recital work and takes a general interest in the promotion and support of measures that tend to the musical development of Minneapolis. 122 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS cessfully in the great European musical centers, Fraulein Schoen-Rene came to this country and has for some years made her home with her sister, Marie Schoen, in Minneapolis. For some time she was instructor in the University of Min nesota and was the founder and musical director of the University Choral Union, which has done splendid work. Fraulein Anna Eugenie SchoenRene has taken a prominent part in the promo tion of musical culture in Minneapolis. She is a member of the Union des Arts et des Sciences, of Paris, France, and a member of the "Deutsche Buchnen genossenschaft," of Berlin. Fraulein Schoen-Rene has been earnestly besought by many of her friends to return to the operatic stage, as her health has been greatly improved in Minnesota. ANNA E. SCHOEN-RENE. SCHOEN-RENE, Anna Eugenie, is a native of Prussian Poland. Her father was at one time secretary of agriculture and forestry of the im perial province of Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, and an officer of the. Guards. At his death the Emperor William, who was his close friend, promised to care for his eight children and through his kindness Fraulein Schoen-Rene was enabled to prepare for the profession of a singer in grand opera, which was her absorbing ambi tion. She graduated from the Royal Academy of Music in Berlin, receiving half the prize offered by the Mendelssohn family to the most promising student and devoted it to the completion of her musical education in Italy. She studied with Francesco Lamperti, Sen. of Milan in voice cul ture, and with Madame Viardot and Maestro Garcia in Paris, making her debut in Berlin under the auspices of Princess Friedrich Carl, of Prus sia. She was engaged to sing at the Royal Opera House of Saxe-Altenburg through the Duke of that Duchy, and soon became a musical favorite, meeting many famous musicians and composers, as Brahms, Rubenstein and Liszt. With marked ability she played the leading roles in "Don Juan," "Daughter of the Regiment," "Carmen," "Faust," and other operas. After singing suc WOODRUFF, Henry Seymour, the son of Henry and Lucy A. (Rollo) Woodruff, was born at Cortland, Cortland county, New York. His father was, though a merchant, a man of musical taste and on his mother's side he was connected with a family of musicians. His mother was, during her early life, an instructor on the piano and her grandfather was a musical conductor. Mr. Woodruff began his education at the State Normal School at Cortland and studied music in Syracuse. When he was fifteen years of age he served as organist in the First Baptist Church of Cortland and later went to Cincinnati to study for six years under Henry G. Andres, Herman Auer, Bush Foley and Louis Ehrgott. For the most of this time he was organist of St. Paul's M. E. Church of Cincinnati. During this period he was also active in organ recital work. In 1886 he came to Minneapolis to fill a six weeks engagement as solo organist at the first Exposi tion and was so impressed by the opportunities of the city that he decided to locate here. Short ly after the close of the Exposition Mr. Wood ruff received an appointment as organist of the First Baptist Church, then just completed, and served in that capacity for six years, during four of which he also acted as choir master. About this time he opened a studio and gave instruc tion in piano, pipe organ, and voice culture. Upon the founding of the Apollo Club in 1887 he was appointed director for their first two sea sons and for three years held a like position with the Philharmonic Club. Again in 1902 he be came musical conductor of the Apollo Club and has held the position since that time. Mr. Wood ruff has given many organ recitals and done much concert work in Minneapolis, St. Paul and other cities of the northwest. In 1893 he served as organist at the Church of the Redeemer, but afterwards returned to the First Baptist Church. In 1897 he studied in Paris with Delle Sedie, the celebrated voice teacher and upon his return ac cepted the position of organist and choir master -MUSIC AND THEATERS of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, with which he is still connected. Mr. Woodruff was married in 1899 to Miss Corice Colburn, one of the younger artists of this city. ZOCH, Herman, son of Carl Frederick, and Augusta Kunau Zoch, was born in Theerkeute, Prussia. He is descended from a landed family, his paternal grandfather, a distinguished officer in the war of 1813, having held an estate in Silesia. Carl Frederick Zoch was the director of the estates of the Polish Count Dzieduszicki, and on one of these estates in the province of Posen his son Herman was born. He began his edu cation with a private tutor, later studying in the state gymnasium at Halle, Saxony, and then graduating from the Thomas gymnasium at Leipsic. His musical career which his native ability gave promise of being so brilliant com menced in the Royal Conservatory of Music at Leipsic, where he studied the piano under Carl Reinecke, Jadassohn and Coccius, the first two being his instructors in counterpoint and compo sition. He finished a six-year course in three years receiving at his graduation the first prize in piano playing. He studied for several months in Paris, and then for two years was in Munich where he associated with the leading musicians of the day and performed for Joseph Rheinberger that famous composer's piano concerto, op. 94, which he later introduced at concerts in Berlin and Leipsic. He toured through the principal cities of Germany, Leipsic, Berlin, Munich, Vi enna, Gotha and others, and gave a series of piano recitals that added much to his rapidly increasing reputation as an artist and pianist. He left Ger many in 1883 to come to America and a year later located in Minneapolis where he has been en gaged as a teacher of piano and in concert and recital work. Since 1889 he has made three con cert tours and has given piano recitals in Bos ton, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Syracuse, St. Louis, Indianapolis, Louisville, Cincinnati, and played at the Music Teachers' National Convention at Cleveland in 1892. During the time he has re sided in Minneapolis he has given some four score recitals, not including recitals in St. Paul, Duluth and those of his eastern trips; among which have been three Beethoven evenings, com 123 prised of the last five sonatas of that master, Bee thoven's Emperor-Concerto in E Flat with Or chestra twice, four Brahms evenings, one Schu bert evening, and in the fall of 1906 he gave in one evening the forty-eight "Songs without Words" by Mendelssohn. Mr. Zoch has won an enviable reputation as an instructor of the piano and is recognized as a performer of great merit. His programs, on which appear such names as Beethoven, Schuman, Chopin, Brahms, Liszt, Rheinberger, Rubinstein, Handel, Henselt, Joseffy, Jensen, Raff, Tausig, Scarlatti, Heller, Wagner, Reinecke and others, reveal his wonder ful repertoire, and give some insight into the con tinuous labor at his art that has given Mr. Zoch a place in the front rank of present day musicians. HERMANN ZOCH. CHAPTER X I . ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING A S in most western cities—or new cities in any land—Minneapolis gave tardy ^-recognition to things artistic. Utility was the first consideration in the young city and during all her earlier years the strife for gain shut out thought of the beautiful. However the city was often visited by artists attracted by the picturesque location and surroundings. As early as 1848 Henry Lewis, an artist of some reputation in those days, visited St. Anthony and made sketches of the falls, and afterwards executed a number of paintings, some of which are still in existence in Minneapolis. Another early visitor was Frank B. Mayer, who was present at the Indian treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851, and afterwards made a painting which hangs 111 the Minnesota State Historical Society's gallery. Capt. Seth Eastman, whose water color sketch is undoubtedly the earliest painting of the Falls in existence, was commandant at the Fort in 1841 and was employed by the government in the fifties to make sketches illustrating Indian life and customs. In the nature of things it was many years before it was possible for an artist to establish himself permanently in the city, and it was not until 1883"when the-Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts was organized, that art began to have a definitely appointed place in the city's life. The formation of the society was largely due to the efforts of Dr. W. W. Folwell, then president of the university, who with twenty-four others, were the charter members. For several years the society only held annual exhibitions but in 1886 the School of Fine Arts was opened under the direction of Douglas Volk who brought to the undertaking at Minneapolis a high order of ability, and whose early work gave abundant promise of his later distinction as an artist. For several years the school occupied temporary quarters. Upon the completion of the publie library in 1889 the school occupied rooms in the building and has since remained there, gradually increasing its student body and occupying more space from year to year. Mr. Volk was succeeded in 1893 by Robert Koehler who has since remained in charge of the school with continued success, This school maintains classes in antique art, still life, portrait painting, water colors, and departments for decorative design, handicrafts and architecture. There are now about two hundred students. Annual exhibitions have been maintained and for some years exhibitions of art photography have been held occasionally. In 1895 the Chalk and Chisel club was formed. The name was afterwards changed to the Arts and Crafts Society and the organization has the honor of being the oldest of the arts and crafts societies of the country. Its purpose includes the development of all the lines of art work and bi-annual exhibitions are held. Among its active members is Miss Mary .Moulton Cheney, who is president in 1908. The great interest in the revival of art in handicraft made possible the institution of the Handicraft Guild which has developed rapidly and in four years occupied a building erected especially for its use. It has taken a most efficient part- in the development of artistic taste in the city, Besides maintaining and conducting a school of design in which there is instruction in pottery making, metal work, leather work, book-binding, wood work, wood carving, wood block printing, water color and other arts, the guild maintains permanent exhibition and sales rooms. In the building ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING is a beautiful assembly hall and the Guild is to a large extent the center of aesthetic activity in Minneapolis. Its organization and rapid progress is largely due to the work of Misses M. Emma Roberts and Flor ence Wales, president and secretary, res pectively. Miss Roberts had been for some years supervisor of drawing in the public schools of the city and is responsible for the excellent progress which has been made in the schools notwithstanding many ob stacles. Miss Wales had been a teacher of art in the Central high school and is an ac complished artist in water color. Another artistic influence is that of the Craftshouse where the art work of Mr. John S. Bradstreet finds expression. Mr. Bradstreet has long been identified with the art life of the city and gives special attention to interior decoration and furnishing. The Craftshouse, like the building of the Handi craft Guild, is architecturally beautiful and unique. When the public library building was planned the study of art was given broad consideration, and in addition to arranging for the housing of the School of Fine Arts an art gallery was provided for and an art book room established. The art gallery has grown from small beginnings to be a col lection of much merit and is enriched by loans of excellent pictures owned by private collectors. In the building there is also an admirable collection of plaster casts of statuary. Mr. T. B. Walker has built up the largest private art collection in the city. It is in a spacious gallery connected with his residence at Eighth street and Henne- 125 mi FIREPLACE IN THE HANDICRAFT GUILD. pin avenue, where it is open to the public during the daylight hours throughout the year. Mr. Walker has taken great interest in all art development in the city and is one of the most prominent private collectors in the West. Public and official recognition of art has been slow and first found expression in the formation of the board of park commission ers; although it is not to be supposed that all who assisted in the promotion of the park system understood that they were cul tivating the artistic development of the city. The Art Commission of the city created in 1901, was a tardy recognition of the need of selection and discrimination in the pos sible purchase or acceptance of works of art. This commission is composed of E. C. Chatfield, president, and Robert Koehler, Wm. Channing Whitney, Edward C. Gale and John S. Bradstreet—all men who have been prominent in the art development of the city. ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING. THE HANDICRAFT GUILD BUILDING. The distinct advances made in the last twenty years in matters architectural is one of the most gratifying phases of Minne apolis development. The numerous exam ples of refined taste in residence, commer cial and public buildings, reflect the influ ence of a group of intelligent and progres sive architects. With the increase of wealth and the advance of culture there is a growing tendency to give the architect free rein in planning both business and residence structures. It has come to be un derstood that architectural beauty may 126 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS have a commercial value and that a building of the most beautiful bridges in the West* which conforms to the canons of good taste The steel arch bridge uniting the east and need not necessarily be more expensive than west divisions of the city at the foot of one which offends. Some very admirable the main thoroughfares is a well designed examples of good business buildings have •and substantial structure; while the Lake been erected in Minneapolis in the past street bridge over the Mississippi river is half-dozen years. No attempt to illustrate noted for its graceful lines. this development will be made in this chap Education in the engineering profession ter; but some of the notable buildings of has made decided progress while in the city will be found pictured throughout architecture little has been done. An at the pages of other chapters, in appropriate tempt was made to establish a course in connection. Minneapolis architects have architecture at the university but it did taken a large part in the aesthetic develop not meet with success. On the other hand ment of the city, working prominently in the College of Engineering is one of the the art society, for the guild work and on most important in the institution. Its the park commission. Landscape architec courses cover civil and mechanical engineer ture has been given much attention in more ing and all their subdivisions of municipal recent years; many of the best modern res and sanitary engineering, structural en idences of the city are particularly effective gineering, electrical engineering, railway through their admirable settings. At pres and highway engineering, etc. The Min ent the only architectural organization of neapolis Engineers Club is an active or the city is the Minneapolis Architectural ganization with rooms at 17 South Sixth Club, formed in 1907 by the younger men street. of the profession. It has rooms at 116 BERTRAND, George Emile, of the firm of South Fourth street. A. R. Van Dyck is Bertrand & Chamberlin, architects, was born in president and there are some forty mem Superior, Wisconsin, on June 22, 1859, the son bers. of A. G. and Marie (Landry) Bertrand. He-re The engineering profession is of course ceived a public school.education and studied the closely affiliated with the architectural profession of architecture in Boston and Min neapolis, spending several years in offices of group, especially in the specialties of struc leading architects. He has been engaged in the tural steel and concrete work which are now practice of his profession since 1881 and estab taking a very prominent place in building. lished himself permanently in Minneapolis in It happens that Minneapolis is the home of 1886, and in 1896, with Arthur B. Chamberlin. very extensive structural contracting firms formed the present firm. Mr. Bertrand is a director in the State Institution for Savings. In which require engineering ability of a high political affiliations he is a republican and he is order. As one of the great water power a member of the Masonic Order and of the Com cities of the world Minneapolis has em mercial and Six O'Clock Clubs. He is also a ployed the best hydraulic engineering talent member of the Minnesota Chapter American In of Architects. Some years ago he served and resident representatives of this divis stitute as a member of the Minnesota Light Infantry, ion of the profession are consulted from the first company of militia organized in the every part of the continent. In municipal state. Mr. Bertrand was married in September, construction, bridge building and the like, 1888, to Miss Lillian Stoddard, a native of In the best abilities in this department of diana. They have two daughters, Claire and Marie. engineering are called into service. In the BOEHME, Christopher Adam, was born in work of the engineer the practical is apt to take precedence over the aesthetic, so Minneapolis, on January 16, 1865. His parents were Gottfried J. and Eva Boehme, his father that it is worth recording that some of the being a general contractor and hardware mer prominent engineering work in Minneapolis chant. Mr. Boehme was educated in Minneap does not lack in beauty. The stone arch olis, attending the public schools, the high bridge which affords rail entrance to the schools and the University of Minnesota. After graduation he entered the office of W. B. Dunnell, union passenger station is not only a re a well-known architect of the city where he re markable engineering achievement but one mained for fourteen years and rising to a position ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING 127 IN MR. T. B. WALKER'S ART GALLERY. of responsibility as Mr. Bunnell's assistant. In 1896 he opened an office of his own, beginning a practice which has grown steadily. Five years ago he formed a partnership with Mr. Victor Cordelia under the name of Boehme & Cordelia, and this association has proven very successful. The firm has planned some of the best of recent structures in the Northwest. Mr. Boehme is a member of several organizations—the North Side Commercial Club, the Knights of Pythias Lodge, of the Royal Arcanum and the St. Anthony Turn Verein society. On May 21, 1891, he married Miss Martha Oeschger of La Crosse, Wisconsin, and they have three children, two daughters and a son. BRADSTREET, John Scott, comes of the very best New England—or for that matter, Old Eng land—stock, his father's name, Bradford Bradstreet, proclaiming his descent from two men whose names are among those most honored in Colonial history—William Bradford the Pilgrim father who came to America in 1613 and was the first governor of Plymouth Colony; and Hum phrey Bradstreet, who came from Ipswich, Eng land, in 1634, a n d was representative in 1635. John S. Bradstreet, whose mother, the wife of Bradford Bradstreet, had been Miss Susana Pickard-Scott, was born at Rowley, Old Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1845, and graduated from the Putnam Academy at Newburyport. The first years of Mr. Bradstreet's business life were spent with the Gorman Manufacturing Company, in whose offices, at Providence, he held a responsible position, until early in the seventies, he decided to come West, and selected Minneapolis as his place of residence Here he has lived for thirty years, and in the course of that time has exercised a most beneficial influence on the artistic life, not only of the city, but of the Northwest. On first coming to Min nesota, he was associated in business with Edward C. Clark, but he soon embarked for himself, and continued alone until he formed a partnership with Edmund J. Phelps, under the name of Phelps & Bradstreet. On the dissolution of the partner ship, the Thurbers of the Gorham Manufacturing Company, became interested with him, and the new firm was known as Bradstreet, Thurber & Co. For the last six years F. H. Waterman has been associated with him in the extensive and very successful organization whose headquarters are in the beautiful Craftshouse, a building, which, 128 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS republican in political belief and is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial and the St. Anthony Commercial Clubs; is a member of the Masonic Order, Khurum Lodge, Scottish Rite Masons and Zuhrah Temple of the Mystic Shrine. On January 18, 1885, was married to Miss Georgia Wood. They have four children. JOHN S. BRADSTHEET. both in its exterior and interior is entirely unique, resembling in its character and the influence which it exerts on the public, an Art Institute, rather than a place of business. Mr. Bradstreet has traveled widely, having made many visits to Japan, collecting and studying Japanese art, as well as having been around the world, and being familiar with most of the European countries. He is a member, in addition to most of the local clubs, of the Asiatic Society of London and the National Arts Club of New York, and has given valuable services to the public as member of the Minneapolis Park Board, having had the honor or naming the latest acquisition to the park system, "The Parade," and is also member and vice presi dent of the Municipal Art Commission. CHAMBERLIN, Arthur Bishop, of the firm of Bertrand & Chamberlin, architects, was born at Solon, Ohio, in 1865, the son of Anson B. and Martha M. Chamberlin. When he was two years old the family moved to Milwaukee where the father entered the employ of the Chicago, Mil waukee & St. Paul Railway. Mr. Chamberlin's early boyhood was spent at Milwaukee and he has lived in Minneapolis since 1882, completing his education here and at an early age entering an architect's office. He has followed the profes sion for twenty-three years, joining Mr. Bertrand in the present firm in 1898. Mr. Chamberlin is a COLBURN, Serenus Milo, of the architec tural firm of Kees & Colburn, was born at Ansonia, Connecticut, October 12, 1871, the son of Richard R. and Letitia (Terry) Colburn. He received a public school education and when fifteen years of age came west and obtained employment at Minneapolis as draughtsman in the office of James C. Plant. He remained with Mr. Plant for five years and after wards filled the position of head draftsman in several architectural offices. In 1898 he be came associated with Frederick Kees in the present firm, an association which has been very successful. Among the buildings which they have designed are: Donaldson Building, Minne apolis Chamber of Commerce; Northwestern Na tional Bank; Powers Building; Donaldson's Glass Block; Deere & Webber Building, and buildings of the Advance Thresher Company; J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company; Great Northern Implement Company; Emerson & Newton; Bement, Darling & Company, and many large residences. Mr. Colburn is a mem ber of the American Institute of Architects and of the Commercial and Automobile Clubs. He was married in Minnesota in 1899 to Miss Har riet E. Whitcomb. CORDELLA, Victor, of the architectural firm of Boehme & Cordelia, is a native of Austrian Poland but for many years has now studied and practiced his profession in Minneapolis. He was born on January 1, 1872, at Krakow, in Austrian Poland, the son of Marian and Florence Cordelia. His father was a sculptor who was desirous that his son should have a good academic and pro fessional education. The boy was sent to the graded schools of Austria, obtained his prepara tory education in the high schools and then en tered the Royal Art Academy at Krakow where he studied for some time. Later he was a stu dent of technology under Professor Michael Kowalczuk at Lemberg. Coming to the United States and locating in St. Paul he began his architectural training in the office of Cass Gilbert. Since that time, about eighteen years ago, he has been engaged in building an office practice. Following his connection with Mr. Gilbert he was associated with several architects of this city—W. H. Dennis, W. B. Dunnell, and Charles R. Aldrich. Five years ago he joined C. A. Boehme in the present firm of Boehme & Cor delia, which handles an extensive line of work in the local field. Mr. Cordelia was married to Miss Ruth Maser of Canton, Ohio, on Septem ber 15, 1902. ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING FANNING, John Thomas, civil engineer, is the son of John Howard and Elizabeth (Pridde) Fanning. His family on both sides is of old New England stock, as he is a descendant of Edmund Gilbert Fanning, the first of the name in America, who came from Ireland in 1652 and settled near New London, Connecticut; and of Lieutenant Thomas Tracy who settled in Con necticut in 1636. Capt. John Fanning, the sixth in line from Edmund and the grandfather of John Thomas, was a veteran of the Revolution ary war. Mr. Fanning was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on December 31, 1837. He com menced his education in the public and normal schools of Norwich and later studied architec ture and engineering. At the outbreak of the Civil war in 1861 he enlisted in the Third regi ment Connecticut Volunteer Infantry and served the full term of the regiment. After the close of the war he was commissioned a lieutenantcolonel in the Connecticut National Guard, for merly having held a lieutenancy. He opened an office in Norwich, and from that time till he came to Minneapolis was engaged in the planning of public and private buildings, mills, bridges and water supply systems throughout JOHN T. FANNING. 129 the New England States. In 1872 he moved his office to Manchester, New Hampshire, to super vise the installation of the public water supply. He also designed several of the principal build ings of that city and while he resided there was a member of the board of education and chair man of the high school committee. He was employed to report on an additional water sup ply for New York, Brooklyn and other cities of the Hudson valley, and in numerous instances has been retained as an expert witness in water and drainage cases. About 1885 he received a commission to report on improvements in the system of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company and one year later moved his office to Minneapolis. From this point he has supervised many large engineering operations in the west. He was appointed engineer and agent of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company in 1886; and later was the engineer of the Great Falls, Montana, and Helena, Montana, water powers on the Missouri river, and of the Spokane water power on the Spokane river. Col. Fanning also devised a plan for draining 3,000 square miles of the famous Red River Valley wheat land and at different times has been consulting engineer of the Great Northern, the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba, and Minneapolis Union Rail ways. He has been a patentee of several in ventions connected with his profession—a slow burning building construction, a steam-pumping engine, steam boilers, water valves, and turbine wheels. In 1873 he invented and constructed the first wood-stave pipes such as are now extensive ly used in public water supply and sewerage works. Mr. Fanning's energies have not, how ever, been directed entirely to the practical side of his work. He has been an occasional lecturer at the University of Minnesota and before tech nical societies; and has written numerous papers on technical subjects. He is the author of "A Treatise on Hydraulic and Water Supply En gineering," which reached the sixteenth edition in 1906. He is a member of a number of the professional organizations of the country; an ex-director of the American Society of Civil Engineers; an ex-president of the American Wa ter Works Association; a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; honorary member of the New England Water Works Association; and a member of the En gineers Club of this city, the Franklin Institute and several other scientific societies. Politically he is a republican. On June 14, 1865, he was married at Norwich, Connecticut, to Miss Maria Louise Bensley and they have a son and two daughters, Rennie Bensley, Jennie Louise, wife of Thomas A. Jamison, and Clara Elizabeth, and was for many years a well known business GILMAN, James B., chief engineer of the Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company, is the son of one of Minnesota's pioneer settlers, and was born and educated in this state. His father, 130 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS James B. Gilman, was a native of New York, man in his section of the state. He resided, prior to his removal to Minnesota, at Danville and was engaged in the foundry business. In the year 1848 he disposed of his interests in New York and moved to Minnesota, locating in Dakota county, remaining in the state until the out break of the Civil war, when he enlisted with the famous First Minnesota, and served with that regiment for three years. Following his muster ing out of service, Mr. Gilman, Sr., returned to Dakota county and was living there at the time of his son's birth on January 28, 1872. The mother of Mr. Gilman, Jr., was Laura C. (Foster) Gilman, who was born in Massachusetts and had moved to Minnesota with her family in the early pioneer days. Mr. Gilman spent the early years of his life at the place of his birth and received his elementary education in the schools of Dakctfa county. In 1880 he came to Minneapolis and entered the public schools, after which he attended the University of Minnesota, taking up the engineering course. He completed his studies in 1894 and graduated with the class of that year, taking a civil engineering degree. In addition to ranking high in his technical studies, Mr. Gilman was especially well prepared along practical lines to begin work in the engineering field, by ex perience with surveying parties with which he had worked for parts of two years before his ;.v>v JAMES B. OILMAN. graduation on the survey of the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie railroad. The Soo was at that time doing construction work on the right of way between this city and Portal, North Da kota, and Mr. Gilman obtained not only valuable practice in engineering, but also had an oppor tunity to acquaint himself with the greatest grain producing region in the country. Shortly after his graduation in 1894, Mr. Gilman accepted a position as engineer with the Gillette-Herzog Manufacturing Company, which was afterwards merged in the American Bridge Company, one of the largest manufacturers of steel construc tion work in the world. Mr. Gilman was ad vanced to the office of engineer of the Minneap olis plant and cqntinued in that position until February, 1907. He then resigned to accept the post he now occupies as chief engineer of the Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company, one of the largest business enterprises of the Northwest and one of the most extensive structural steel and machinery plants in the country. Mr. Gilman's f work covers a large field, as the firm does in all sections of the country, a general construction business which gives him unlimited scope for the application of his technical knowledge and prac tical experience of the engineering science. He is a member of the Minneapolis Engineers Club, of which he is past president, also a member of the St. Anthony Commercial Club. Mr. Gilman, although well known among his business and social associates, has never been active in po litical affairs, as an office holder. As a private citizen, however, he is a republican and supports the principles of that party. On June 14, 1899, Mr. Gilman was married to Miss Alice A. Hayward and they have one daughter—Dorothy Gil man. GILES, Robert Tait, a foremost artist in the designing of stained and leaded glass, is a nat ive of England, born at Gateshead on Tyne, May 1, 1872. His father, Peter Giles, was, at the time of his son's birth, a building contractor of Gates head. Robert Tait passed his early life in that town and when still a boy began his artistic education. He attended the art school located in his home town, the Gateshead School of Art, and graduated from that institution, later taking a course in the Rutherford School of Art at Newcastle on Tyne, where he completed his studies when about fourteen years of age. A natural talent for the work developed rapidly under capable instruction, and at the finish of his work in both schools was awarded certificates of excellence, and won a scholarship at the South Kensington School of Art, in London. After leaving school he was for two years engaged in architectural drawing, and then turned his atten tion to stained and leaded glass. He served an apprenticeship for seven years in the various de partments of that handicraft; designing, drafting and painting—during this time being under the direction of W. H. Drummond, T. R. Spence and M. H. Marsh, the latter being a member of the ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING 131 stained and leaded glass in that organization. He is in addition a member of the Empire Club of St. Paul, and the Church Club of Minnesota. Mr. Giles was married on February 2, 1903, to Miss Belle Wheeler and they have two children, Isabel Wheeler and Robert Eldon. Mrs. Giles is, as well as her husband, a local artist of con siderable importance. The family attends Gethsemane Church. ROBERT T. GILES. Royal Academy. Having mastered this art, Mr. Giles left England to come to the United States, and located at Chicago, remaining there for about four years. During that period he was associated with the principal firms of Chicago as artist, but nine years ago he resigned the position he was holding at the time and came to> Minneapolis. In 1903 he established the firm of R. T. Giles & Company, and conducted a stained and leaded glass business in all its branches. Mr. Giles was the proprietor of the concern and under his direction the company was a success, both from a material standpoint and in building up a reputation for the excellence of its work. In fact the business reached such proportions and so many large commissions were received that larger facilities were needed and on October 15, 1907, Mr. Giles consolidated with the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company of Min neapolis, and became director of the art depart ment of the company. Mr. Giles during the time of his residence here has been interested in a number of the movements connected with the advancement of the arts and handicrafts, and is a member of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, holding also the position of instructor of HEWITT, Edwin Hawley, architect, prac ticing in Minneapolis, was born at Red Wing Minnesota, on March 26, 1874. He is the son of Charles N. and Helen R. Hewitt. His father, Dr. Hewitt, is a distinguished surgeon, a native of Vermont, a graduate of Hobart College and Al bany Medical school and a veteran of the Army of the Potomac with which he served during the war as surgeon in chief of a division. His son Edwin spent his boyhood at Red Wing, attended Hobart College for one year and then returned to Minnesota and completed his college course at the University of Minnesota. While at the University he attended the Minneapolis School of Fine Arts at night and during vacations worked in the office of Cass Gilbert, architect, then of St. Paul. After graduating from the University of Minnesota he devoted a year to post graduate work in the Institute of Technology and then en tered the office of Shepley, Rutan & Collidge, architects, of Boston. After three and a half years with this firm, Mr. Hewitt married and went at once to Paris where he took the com petitive examinations for entrance into Ecole des Beau Arts. His standing in this examination placed him at the head .of the list of foreign ap plicants admitted and within one place of heading the entire list of foreign and French. After four years of work at Paris with side trips for study tc England, Spain, Switzerland and Italy, he gradu ated and returned to America in the fall of 1904. After a few months he opened an office in the Lumber Exchange in Minneapolis but finding the quarters inadequate after two months of practice, moved to larger rooms at 14-15 North Fourth street. Here he remained for eighteen months and then decided to build an office for his own perma nent use and erected the attractive and artistic of fice building which he now occupies at 716 Fourth avenue south. Mr. Hewitt is a director of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, a member of the governing board of the State Art Society, a member of the Beaux Arts Society of New York, and belongs to the Minneapolis Club and the Minikahda Club of this city. HUNT, William S., who has been a practic ing architect of the city since 1888, was born in Wisconsin, at the town of Delavan, on May 1, 1861, the son of Dr. Henderson Hunt and Sarah Ann (Barlow) Hunt. The members of his fam ily on his mother's side were prominent in their professions and held various important public offices. Stevan A. Barlow was for two terms 132 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the attorney general of the state of Wisconsin. John W. Barlow was an officer of the regular army and held the rank of brigadier-general. Dr. Hunt was a practicing physician at Delavan, and his son remained in that town during the early part of his life and began his education in the local schools. When he was sixteen years of age the family moved to Beloit and he then entered Beloit College, taking the scientific course. He graduated with the class of 1880. It was his intention to follow the profession of architecture and went to Chicago and pursued his architectural studies for three years. • To complete his training he then entered the office of one of the prominent architects of Chicago and filled the duties of office student. He came to Minneapolis and resumed his studies there until 1888. In that year he began an independ ent practice which he has continued with suc cess. He has planned and designed a number of large buildings in the city. In politics he is a republican. He is a member of the Odd Fel lows. Mr. Hunt was married in 1885 to Miss Caroline Park Graves, who died on October 8, 1902. On May 29, 1906, he was again married to Miss Barbara C. Maurer. They have no children. Mr. Hunt attends the Episcopal church of which he has always been a member. JONES', Harry Wild, was born June 9, 1859, in Michigan, son of Howard M. Jones, a Baptist clergyman. He is a grandson of Dr. S. F. Smith, author of "My Country, 'Tis of Thee," the na tional hymn, and great-grandson of Dr. Hezekiah Smith, a chaplain in the army of the Revolu tion. Mr. Jones received his educational training at Providence Rhode Island, in the University grammar school, and took his A. B. degree at Brown University in 1882. From the university he went to Boston, where he continued his prepa ration for the profession of architecture. Mr. Jones from Boston came to Minneapolis and con tinued his work with Plant & Whitney. He has, since he began business on his own account, de signed many structures for business and residence purposes, presenting the necessary features of utility and solidity, together with a high order of architectural beauty, such as the Cream of Wheat building, the warehouses of Butler Broth ers, and of Wyman, Partridge & Co., and the residences of F. W. Clifford, and George H. Dag gett and James Quirk. Mr. Jones was professor of architecture in the state university in 19001902, and he was for twelve years a member of the park board. He is a member of the Com mercial Club, the Six O'Clock Club, and the Minnetonka Yacht Club. He was president of the Technology Club of Minnesota in 1904 and presi dent of the Minnesota Chapter of the American Institute of Architects in 1898-99. Mr. Jones is a member of the Calvary Baptist Church. He was married in 1883 to Miss Bertha J. Tucker, of Boston, and three children have been born to them—H. Malcom; Mary W.; Arthur Leo. KEES, Frederick, of the firm of Kees & Colburn, architects, was born at Baltimore, Mary land, on April 9, 1852, the son of Frederick and Eva (Schmidt) Kees. He attended the public schools of Baltimore, and at an early age entered the office of E. G. Lind, a Baltimore architect, as draftsman, where he continued, with the ex ception of a brief period in Chicago, until 1878. He then came to Minneapolis, and after a short experience in the office of L. S. Buffington, com menced business for himself, first as Kees & Fiske and later as a member of the firm of Long & Kees, and since 1901 of the firm of. Kees & Colburn, and during this long professional service has been identified with many of the most prom inent structures in the city, including the Syndi cate Block, First Baptist Church, Court House and City Hall, Public Library, Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, Northwestern National Bank, Powers Block, Donaldson's Glass Block, and buildings for Deere & Webber, Advance Thresher Company, J. I. Case Thresher Com pany and others. Mr. Kees was a member of Company A, First Regiment, Minnesota National Guard, for five years. He is a Mason, thirtysecond degree, Knight Templar, Shriner, and a. member of the B. P. O. E. In politics he is inde pendent. He was married in Minneapolis in 1881 to Miss Florence Smith. FREDERICK KEES. ART, ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING NUTTER, Frank H., was born April 20, 1853, at Dover, New Hampshire, son of Abner J. and Hannah (Roberts) Nutter. The father was a school teacher for over fifty years, one of those New England educators who builded character out of the plastic material which came within their professional reach. Frank H. spent his early life in Boston and vicinity attending the public schools and the Eliot high school which was founded in 1692 by John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians, "for the free education of any white or Indian boy." Mr. Nutter studied civil and land scape engineering in Boston for several years under eminent specialists like Joseph H. Curtis and F. L. Lee and, after engaging in business on his own account for a couple of years, removed to Minneapolis in 1878, and from 1880 to 1890 in company with Mr. Frank Plummer carried on business under the firm name of Nutter & Plum mer. Since the dissolution of this partnership, Mr. Nutter has engaged in the landscape engi neering work alone. Upon the organization of the Minneapolis Board of Park Commissioners in 1883 Mr. Nutter was appointed Park Engineer, a position which he held until 1906, when he resigned to devote his attention to his private business, and his son F. H. Nutter, Jr., was appointed to fill the vacancy. Mr. Nutter's activities extend over a wide field. He has- designed private grounds in New York, Virginia and Cali fornia, in Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota and in Manitoba, and other states and also makes a spe cialty of parks and cemeteries. Mr. Nutter is a republican in politics and is a member of the Minneapolis Society of Civil Engineers, of the State Horticultural Society, of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and of the American Civic Asso ciation. He is a member of the Congregational church. He was married in April, 1881, to Carrie F. Alden. To them have been born three chil dren. Frank H. (the present Park Engineer), Willard A., assistant of his father in professional work, and Hannah A. SEDGWICK, Charles S., was born in Cas tile, New York, May 9, 1856, the son of Samuel Sedgwick, afterwards superintendent of public schools at Oberlin, Ohio. Samuel Sedgwick was one. of a prominent family of Stockbridge, Mas sachusetts, and during his boyhood was, with his brothers, intimately associated with Cyrus, David, Dudley and Henry Field, afterwards distin guished members of the Field family, whose home adjoined that of the Sedgwicks. Charles Sedg wick was one of three brothers. He received a common and high school education in Oberlin and Poughkeepsie, New York, and soon after the family removed to Binghamton, New York, he entering the employment of Isaac G. Perry, a well-known New York architect, in 1872, and remaining with Mr. Perry twelve years, rising during that time from apprentice boy to foreman, 133 draughtsman and assistant, having in charge the construction of many large and important build ings in New York state and Pennsylvania. In 1884 Mr. Sedgwick severed his connection with Mr. Perry and came to Minneapolis, opening an architectural office in the Hurlburt building on Nicollet avenue, and later in the Collom build ing on Fourth street, and in 1903 moving into the Lumber . Exchange, where he still remains. During his twenty-four years' practice in this city he has planned many public and business buildings and many churches and residences, prominent among which are the Young Men's Christian Association Building, State University Library Building, Dayton Building, Boutell Build ing, Westminster Presbyterian Church, Andrew Presbyterian Church, Park Avenue Congrega tional Church, etc. He has also planned many fine buildings and churches in other cities. One of the largest is the Second Congregational Church of Waterbury, Connecticut. In addition to his regular business, Mr. Sedgwick is publishing a book of house designs, which is advertised in leading magazines and is sold in all parts of the country, being the medium through which the planning of houses and buildings is secured for different localities. Mr. Sedgwick is publishing a descriptive page, with illustration of house and plan, monthly in the Home Magazine of In dianapolis, and Northwestern Agriculturist of Minneapolis, and a weekly contribution to the "Actualides" of Lima, Peru, South America. He is also publishing house plans weekly through an Eastern syndicate in many of the leading Sunday newspapers, covering over twenty-two states and Canada. Mr. Sedgwick has not specialized on any particular branch, but has extended experience along all lines of architectural work. WHITNEY, William Charming, was born at Harvard, Massachusetts, April 11, 1851, son of Benjamin F. Whitney. After the usual rudi mentary educational training, he entered the Lawrence Academy at Groton, Massachusetts, and passed to the higher education in the Massachusetts State College and graduated with the class of 1872. He then devoted his attention to the study of architecture, for which he had an instinctive love and taste, and in Boston's art schools and architects' offices and in independent study, he developed the taste and original qualities of perception of architectural proprieties which have characterized his work in Minneapolis. Mr. Whitney is a republican in politics and is a Fellow of the American Insti tute of Architects, a director of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, a member of the Art Com mission of Minneapolis, and a member of the Minneapolis Club. Mr. Whitney was married on October 6, 1881, to Alma C. Walker, of Watertown, Massachusetts, and to them have been born two daughters. CHAPTER XII. COURTS AND LAWYERS I N THE earliest days of its history, Minneapolis seems to have done quite well without courts or lawyers. It appears to have been an unusually peaceful community for a frontier village, as there are no records of serious crime committed in the early pioneer days and there was an entire absence of spirit of litigation among the inhabitants. It is a matter of history that the first term of court convened within the present limits of the city found abso lutely no cases to be tried. Previous to the organization of Minne sota Territory in 1849, there were no courts available had there been litigants without number. The east side of the Mississippi river had passed successively through the jurisdiction of the French and English and of the territories of Indiana, Illinois, Michi gan and Wisconsin. Under the latter gov ernment two terms of court had been held at Stillwater, but the potential Minneapolis had not participated. On the western bank of the Mississippi there was judicial authority as early as 1835 or 1836, when Henry H. Sibley received from the governor of Iowa a commission as justice of the peace with jurisdiction ex tending from below Prairie du Chien to the British possessions on the north. Gen. Sibley's power was almost unlimited and his acts were never called in question by higher authorities, but, being a man of high character, there is no thought that he ever misused his power, although the exigencies of frontier conditions seemed to make it necessary that the representative of the law should not always confine himself to exact limits of authority. Among certain of the settlers it was firmly believed that Justice Sibley had the power of life and death, which was perhaps just as well. Minnesota became a territory of the United States on March 3, 1849. The or ganic act provided that the judicial power of the territory should be vested in a supreme . court, district courts, probate courts and justices of the peace. The first of these tribunals was constituted in the ap pointment by President Taylor of Aaron Goodrich of Tennessee as chief justice and David Cooper of Pennsylvania and B. B. Meeker of Kentucky as associate justices. Governor Ramsey issued a proclamation dividing the territory into three judicial dis tricts; the first , lying between the Missis sippi and St. Croix rivers, the second be tween the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, and the third composed of the remainder of the territory, or that part south of the Minnesota river. Judge Goodrich was as signed to the first district, Judge Meeker to the second, and Judge Cooper to the third. Under these appointments and assign ments the first term of court in the terri tory of Minnesota was held at Stillwater on the second Monday of August, 1849. At this time the first grand jury of Minnesota was impaneled, and ten indictments were found. But when the second district court was convened in the following week in the old government mill at the Falls of St. An thony, it was discovered that absolutely no cases were to be tried, while the first grand jury in this district could find no work to do. Franklin Steele, the St. Anthony pio neer, was foreman of this first grand jury. PIONEER LAWYERS. The absence of legal business did not, however, deter lawyers from coming to Min neapolis. The first lawyer to establish him self was Ellis G. Whitall, who opened an office on the east side in 1849; the second was John W. North who came early in 1850. COURTS AND LAWYERS 135 advancement in the pioneer days it may be cited that Judge Welch was chosen justice of the peace and while in that office was ap pointed to the supreme bench of the state. During the early fifties such well-known names as William Lochren, J. B. Gilfillan, F. R. E. Cornell, C. E. Vanderburgh, E. S. Jones, W. D. Washburn, R. J. Baldwin, W. W. McNair, L. M. Stewart and Eugene M. Wilson were added to the roll of the local bar. From this time on the rapid growth of the city and the numerous accessions to the bar make enumeration in detail impos sible. In does not appear that after the first unproductive session of court in 1849, an Y judge attempted another for several years, but in the meantime the people of St. An thony established, under the territorial law, a justice's court, electing to the office Lardner Bostwick, who had arrived at the Falls in 1850. Judge Bostwick had no legal edu cation, but he was of unquestioned honesty and practical common sense and had the confidence and love of his constituents. He meted out justice after his own fashion for JUDGE ISAAC ATWATER. many years, being re-elected from time to Mr. North was a forceful man who took a time. Many cases of considerable import very prominent part in the early history of ance, and which were not properly in the the young city. The third attorney to jurisdiction of a justice's court, were come here was the late Judge Isaac At- brought before Judge Bostwick and tried water. He arrived in October, 1850, and and decided with no question from any with Mr. North formed the first law part one. Judge Bostwick's court was held for nership. Judge Atwater was even then a many years in a small frame building at versatile and progressive man. He had a the corner of Main street and Second ave hand in the foundation laying of the city nue northeast. In 1856 Judge Bostwick and never lost interest in matters pertaining was admitted to the bar and in after life he to the public welfare. Before he had been served the city and county in various public in the state a year he was appointed upon capacities. the board of regents of the University of In 1853 the territorial legislature passed Minnesota, and in 1857 was elected associ an act directing that two terms of court be ate justice of the supreme court. Mean held each year in Hennepin county. The while he had edited newspapers, invested first term held pursuant to this law con in real estate and taken an active part in vened on April 4, 1853. There was, of local and territorial politics. Later he course, no court house, and the commission served in the city council and on the board ers secured the use of a parlor and two of education. bed rooms in the house of Anson Northrup, Soon after Judge Atwater came D. A. on First street, near Fourth avenue south. Secombe, who was a leading member of the At this term the lawyers present were Isaac bar until his death in 1892. In 1852 Wil Atwater, D. A. Secombe, E. L. Hall, James liam H. Welch arrived in St. Anthony. As H. Fridley and George W. Prescott. The an instance of the opportunities for rapid county attorney was Warren Bristol. The 136 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS COURT HOUSE AND CITY IIALL. clerk of the court was Sweet W. Case, and the foreman of the grand jury impaneled was Dr. A. E. Ames. The subsequent terms of the district court, until the erection of the courthouse at Eighth avenue south and Fourth street, were held in a frame building on Bridge Square. THE FIRST COURTHOUSE. The building, of the first courthouse caused great commotion in the village, owing to the rival claims of the upper and lower town. The latter won and the court house was built at Eighth avenue south. The first term of the district court held in the new courthouse of 1857 w a s presided over by the late Judge Flandrau. Upon the organization of the state, next year, James Hall of Little Falls became the first judge of this, the fourth judicial district, which then included thirteen counties besides Hen nepin. With the admission of Minnesota to statehood, in 1858, came many changes in the courts. The judicial office was made elective and the supreme judges ceased to serve on the district bench. During the first year of statehood eighty-nine lawyers were enrolled in the office of the clerk of the supreme court as members of the bar COURTS AND LAWYERS of the state. This number increased very rapidly. Provision was also made for the establishment of other courts at the pleasure of the legislature. This power led later to the establishment of courts of common pleas and municipal courts. As the constitution provided for only one judge to a district, the growing needs of the fourth district were met by the 'gradual lopping off of outside counties. But in 1872 it became necessary to provide for larger business, and a court of common pleas was created, with Austin H. "Young as judge. After a few years this extra court was found cumbersome, and it was merged in the district court. There were then two judges of the district court. Judge Charles E. Van derburgh had been elected in 1859 and had retained the position ever since; holding it, in fact, until his elevation to the supreme bench in 1882. In 1881 the business of the district had so greatly increased that the legislature authorized an additional judge, and William Lochren was appointed to the position by Governor Pillsbury. These three judges occupied the bench for much longer terms than any others who have ever served the district. The court house of 1857 was outgrown at a very early date. Numerous additions gave temporary relief but added to the unsightliness of the structure, and in 1887 for mal steps were taken towards the erection of a suitable building. The legislature of this year intrusted a commission with the duty of purchasing a site and erecting a building to be used jointly by the city and county as a courthouse and city hall. The members of this commission were William D. Washburn, Charles M. Loring, John C. Oswald, John Swift, Oliver T. Erickson, W. S. Chowen, David M. Clough, Lars Swenson and Titus Mareck. To these were sub sequently added George A. Brackett, E. F. Comstock and E. M. Johnson. Upon the resignation of Mr. Loring, John DeLaittre was appointed. After some negotiation, the block bounded by Fourth and Fifth streets and Third and Fourth avenues south was secured and the work of con struction was commenced in 1889. The county side of the building was practically 137 JUDGE A. II. YOUNG. completed and opened for use in November, 1895. It is one of the finest courthouses in the country and cost over $3,000,000. FEDERAL COURTS. Minnesota was constituted a judicial dis trict of the United States immediately upon its admission, but terms of the United States courts were always held in St. t*aul until 1890, when the district was sub-di vided. . Since then the court has been held during stated terms in the federal building in Minneapolis. The first Minneapolis law yer to receive appointment to the U. S. dis trict bench was Judge William Lochren, who had long served as judge of the state district court. He was appointed in 1896 and served until 1908, when he resigned, and Milton D. Purdy of Minneapolis was appointed his successor. Eugene M. Wil son and Eugene G. Hay have represented the Minneapolis bar in the list of U. S. dis trict attorneys. 138 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS JUDGES OF THE DISTRICT COURT. The judges of the fourth judicial district since the organization of the state have been these: James Hall, May 24, 1858, to October 1, 1858; Edward O. Hamlin, Octo ber 1, 1858, to December 31, 1858; Chas. E. Vanderburgh, January 1, 1859, t o January 1, 1882; A. H. Young, January, 1877, to January, 1891; John M. Shaw, January 13, 1882, to January 8, 1884; M. B. Koon, Jan uary 8, 1884, to May 1, 1886; John P. Rea, May 1, 1886, to March 5, 1889; William Lochren, November 19, 1881, to May, 1893; Henry G. Hicks, March 16, 1887, to Janu ary, 1895; Frederick Hooker, March 5, 1889, to September, 1893; Seagrave Smith, March 5, 1889, to May, 1898; C. M. Pond, Novem ber 18, 1890, to January, 1897; Thos. Canty, January 5, 1891, to January, 1894; Robert D. Russell, May 8, 1893, to October 20, 1897; Robert Jamison, September 19, 1893, to December 1, 1897; Charles B. Elliott, January, 1894, to October 4, 1905; Henry C. Belden, January, 1895," to May 5, 1897; David F. Simpson, January 5, 1897, to Janur ary, 1909; Edward M. Johnson, May 5, 1897, to January, 1899; John F. McGee, October 20, 1897, to November 19, 1902; Willard R. Cray; November 19, 1902, to January, 1905 ; William A. Lancaster, De cember 1, 1897, to January 2, 1899; Alex ander M. Harrison, May 19, 1898, to Janu ary, 1905 ; Chas. M. Pond, January 2, 1899, to January, 1905; Frank C. Brooks, January 2, 1899, to January, 191 1; Andrew Holt, January 2, 1905, to January, 191 1; Horace D. Dickinson, January 2, 1905, to January, 1911; John Day Smith, January 2, 1905, to January, 191 1; Frederick V. Brown, Octo ber 4, 1905, to January, 1913. During, the territorial period Sweet W. Case was clerk of the district court. Under the state government the clerks have been as follows: H. A. Partridge, H. O. Ham lin, J. P. Plummer, George H. W. Chowen, D. W. Albaugh, L. Jerome, J. A. Wolverton, E. J. Davenport, C. B. Tirrell, George G. Tirrell, C. N. Dickey, A. E. Allen. During the period from 1867 to 1872 the office of city justice was held by Judge Charles H. Woods, H. A. Partridge, D. Morgan, J. L. Himes, and Henry G. Hicks. The names of the city attorneys for old St. Anthony, Minneapolis and the consoli dated city after 1872 will be found in the list of city officials in the chapter on Public Affairs and Officials. Frank Healy, the present incumbent, was appointed in 1897 and is now serving his twelfth year of ser vice—by far the longest term of any city attorney since the beginning of the city. Since 1888 the term of office has commenced on January 1 and has been for two years. THE MUNICITAL COURT. WILLIAM S. PATTEE. Dean of the College of Law, University of Minnesota. Soon after the consolidation of the two cities an act was passed, in 1874, establish ing a municipal court in Minneapolis. This court was given much larger jurisdiction than the city justices. Grove B. Cooley was elected municipal court judge in 1874 and served until April, 1883. In 1877 the busi« ness of the court had so increased that a special judge was provided, and Reubin Reynolds was appointed and served until 1879. Francis B. Bailey was then appointed and held the office until April, 1883, when COURTS AND LAWYERS 139 X: FROM THe SWEET COLLECTION LAW BUILDING; UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. he was elected regular judge for the term expiring Jan. I, 1889. At the same time Stephen Mahoney was elected special judge. George D. Emery was elected judge for the term commencing January 1, 1889, and Judge Mahoney was re-elected special judge at the same time. Upon the resignation of Judge Emery, in 1891, Charles B. Elliott was appointed to the office for the unex pired term, and was re-elected in 1892. He served until January 4, 1894, when he was appointed to the district bench and Andrew Holt was appointed as his successor. In 1896 William A. Kerr was elected special judge to succeed Judge Mahoney. In 1901 H. D. Dickinson succeeded Judge Kerr and in 1905 both Judge Holt and Judge Dickin son were elevated to the district bench and Edward F. Waite and C. L. Smith were ap pointed to fill the vacancy. In the fall of 1906 Judge Waite was elected judge of the municipal court for the full term and Judge Smith was elected special judge at the same time and both are now serving on the bench. The first judge of probate in Hennepin county was Joel B. Bassett, who was elect ed in 1852. It appears from the records that during his two years' service only one person died who was possessed of any prop erty requiring the care of the court, and no estates were administered. Judge Bassett was succeeded by E. S. Jones, who held the office for four years. Lardner Bostwick was judge of probate in i860 and 1861, and N. H. Hemiup from 1861 to. the close of the year 1870. The succeeding judges were these: Franklin Beebe, 1870-1875; E. A. Gove, 1875; P- M. Babcock, 1876 and 1877; John P. Rea, 1877 to 1882; A. Ueland, 1882 to 1887; F. Von Schlegel, 1887 to 1890; Francis B. Bailey, 1890; J. R. Corrigan, 1891 and 1892; John H. Steele, 1893—1896; 140 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS building, but an appropriation of $25,000 was soon secured and the original law building was erected in time for the open ing of the fall session of 1889. This build ing has since been greatly enlarged to meet the growth of the student body. An enroll ment of sixty-seven students during the first year was followed by a rapid increase until the college has become one of the lead ing law schools of the country. In 1895 the course of study was length ened from two to three years. There was some fear lest this change should prove too radical, as this was the first western school to propose such a forward movement; but other schools soon followed the example. In the same year of 1895 a graduate depart ment was organized leading to the degree BAR ASSOCIATIONS. of LL. M. This course of study included In 1883 the Minneapolis Bar association the subjects of general jurisprudence, politi was organized with the purpose of building cal science, constitutional history and juris up a substantial and permanent law library. prudence, and some others which vary from Its first president was the late E. M. Wil year to year as necessity requires. Those son, and it had a membership of forty-six students only are admitted to this course leading lawyers. It has since grown in who have received their degree of B. L. In strength, and its library—long housed in 1898 a third course consisting of advanced Temple Court—has now found a permanent work in comparative jurisprudence, Roman home in the courthouse. law, the philosophy of jurisprudence and The Hennepin County Bar association political science was organized. No definite was formed in 1896, in recognition of a de time was prescribed within which the work mand for an organization which should in required for graduation should be per clude all reputable members of the profes formed, but students are permitted a rea sion in Hennepin county, and with the sonable time to prepare and present their avowed objects of advancing the science of final theses, the acceptance of which by the jurisprudence, promoting the administra faculty entitles the candidate to the degree tion of justice and upholding the honor of of D. C. L. the law. The body has no regular meet The faculty of the college of Law is as ings, but is called together from time to follows: Cyrus Northrop, president; Wil time as needs arise. liam S. Pattee, dean; A. C. Hickman, James Paige, Henry J. Fletcher, Edwin A. JagLEGAL EDUCATION. gard, Howard S. Abbott, Robert S. Kolliner, In 1888 the College of Law of the Uni Hugh E. Willis, Hugh V. Mercer, Homer versity of Minnesota was established and W. Stevens, Charles W. Bunn, Christopher was opened on September 11, with an ad D. O'Brien, and Jared How. The special dress by Dean W. S. Pattee, who had been lecturers are John Lind, Charles B. Elliott, called to the head of the school and who A. B. Jackson, T. D. O'Brien, John W. Wil has since continuously devoted his time and lis, William F. Lancaster, Rome G. Brown, abilities to its interests. At first the law Daniel Fish, Edmund S. Durment, John F. department was quartered in the old main McGee. Frederick C. Harvey, 1897 to 1907; George R. Smith, 1907. Since the organization of the state, Hen nepin county has had eighteen county at torneys. The complete list follows: James R. Lawrence, November 1, 1858; W. W. McNair, May 5, 1862; J. B. Gilfillan, May, 4, 1863; George R. Robinson, May 1867; J. B. Gilfillan, May, 1869; David A. Secombe, May, 1871; J. B. Gilfillan, March, 1873; James W. Lawrence, January 1, 1875; W. *E. Hale, 1879; John G. Woolley, 1883; Frank F. Davis, 1885; Robert Jamison, 1889; L. R. Thian, 1891; Frank M. Nye, 1:893; James A. Peterson, 1897; Louis A. Reed, 1899; Fred H. Boardman, 1901; A1 J. Smith, 1905. COURTS AND LAWYERS ABBOTT, Howard Strickland, son of the Rev. Abiel H., and Mary Ellen Strickland Abbott, was born Sept. 15th, 1863 at Farmington, Minn., and spent his boyhood in Minnesota. His father be came a member of the Minnesota Methodist Church Conference, which he joined in 1855, con tinuing to be an active clerical worker until his death in 1903. The son Howard came near being a victim of the Sioux Indian massacre in 1862, his father being then stationed at St. Peter. When fourteen years old he taught school, and, after preparation at the Minneapolis Academy, he en tered the state university, graduating in 1885 with the degree of B. L. He studied law in Minne apolis with James D. Springer, then general solic itor for the Minneapolis & St. Louis and the "Soo" railway companies, and was admitted to the bar, after oral examination by the Supreme Court, in April, 1887. After admission, he was appointed assistant general solicitor for the M. & St. L., and "Soo" railways and, in 1890, be came assistant counsel for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe R. R., at Chicago and then at St. Louis. From 1886 to 1890 he was secretary of the Wisconsin, Minnesota & Pacific Ry. Co., and in 1897 succeeded W. D. Cornish as special master in chancery of the Union Pacific Railway Company, then in the hands of receivers. He devoted himself for the next four years to the task of closing up the affairs of that corpora tion, which involved the solution of many dif ficult problems and the supervision of the proper disbursement of many millions of dollars paying claims and operating the road besides writing de cisions as to disbursements and questions of policy which were in no case reversed on appeal. Mr. Abbott, upon the termination of this work, came to Minneapolis and was appointed Stand ing Master in Chancery, U. S. Circuit Court, District of Minnesota, and has lectured on public and private corporations and civil law in the law department of the state university. Mr. Abbott is the author of several valuable works on the law of corporations, the most recent being a three volume work on municipal corporations, which has received the highest encomiums from judges and lawyers as a discussion of rare schol arship and analytical acuteness. Mr. Abbott has also distinguished himself as a bond and security expert and an authority on railway ques tions. He is now a director of the Minneapolis Trust Co., and a member of the executive com mittee. The family, which is descended from George Abbott of Rowley, Mass., who came to this country in 1632, can boast of many members who have done notable work in literature, as the historian J. S. C. Abbott, Jacob Abbott, noted as an educator and writer, and Austin and Ben jamin Vaughn Abbott as lawyers and the distin guished Dr. Lyman Abbott, who are near rela tives of Howard S. Abbott. Mr. Abbott is a member of the Minneapolis, the Minikahda and the Lafayette Clubs and a 141 HOWARD S. ABBOTT. member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon college fra ternity. He attends St. Marks Episcopal Church and is a member of the vestry of that parish and one of the trustees of the Diocese of Minne sota. He was married on June 28, 1898, to Mary Louise Johnson, of Racine, Wis. To them two children have been born, Emily Louise and Howard Johnson. ALBERT, Charles Stanley, lawyer, is a Pennsylvanian, born at Williamsport, July 10, 1872, and the son of Allen D. and Sarah A. (Faber) Albert. Until he was sixteen he went to the common schools of Wilkesbarre—to which city his parents removed when he was four—and of Towanda, where he lived between ten and sixteen. His father then took a post as a government offi cial at Washington, D. C., and his son Charles studied law in the office of Worthington & Heald and attended the law school of Columbian Uni versity, (now George Washington University). He graduated from Columbian with his LL. B. in 1892, and LL. M. in 1893, then came to Min neapolis and entered the office of Benton, Rob erts & Brown, attending the University of Min nesota law school in the winters of '93-'94- He received his LL. B. from this in 1894. Between 1897 and 1900 Mr. Albert was in partnership with W. E. Dodge. After Mr. Dodge's appointment as general attorney for the Great Northern Rail- 142 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS way, with headquarters at St. Paul, he formed a partnership with Rome G. Brown. Mr. Albert is a gold democrat. He belongs to the legal fra ternity of Phi Delta Phi and to the American, State, Hennepin County and Minneapolis Bar associations, and is a member of the Minneapolis, Minikahda, and the Lafayette clubs. He is un married. As a member of the firm of Rome G. Brown and Charles S. Albert he is attorney for a large number of corporations in Minneapolis and in Minnesota. ANKENY, Alexander Thompson, son of Isaac Ankeny and Eleanore Parker Ankeny, was born at Somerset, Pennsylvania, December 27, 1837. After receiving in his native town a common school education he attended the Disciples' College at Hiram, Ohio, and later an academy at Morgantown, West Virginia, and Jefferson College at Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He then received an appointment at Washington in the office of the United States Attorney General, Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, at the same time reading law there. He was admitted to the bar at Somerset in April. 1861. During the war he held a position of more than ordinary trust in the War Department under Hon. Edwin M. Stanton. Mr. Ankeny came to Minneapolis in April, 1872, and for some years was connected with thq* lumber firm of W. P. Ankeny & Bro. In 1878 he resumed law prac tice and has since continued therein. During his g, a BRUSH, PHOTO ALEXANDER T. ANKENY. residence in the city he has been identified with its best progress and development. He has fre quently been a candidate of the democrats, in 1890 coming within a few votes of election as one of the district judges. In 1896 he was the party candidate for mayor. From 1886 to 1895 he was a member of the board of education, and for the last four years of the term was its presi dent, also being ex-officio a member of the li brary board. From 1899 to 1903 he was presi dent of the state normal school board. Mr. An keny was one of the incorporators of the Ma sonic Temple Association in 1885, and for sev eral years has been president of the board. He is identified with the Portland Avenue Church of Christ and is one of its three trustees. Mr. Ankeny was married at Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1861, to Miss Martha V. Moore. Four children now grown reside in this city, the eldest daughter, Mrs. Chester McKusick, having died at Duluth, Minnesota, in 1900. Mrs. Ankeny died here May 27, 1904. ARCTANDER, Ludvig, lawyer, was born at Skien, Norway, on January 3, 1863, the son of August H. and Caroline Ahlsell Arctander. His father was a college professor at Skien. The Arctander family is one of the old families of Norway and one whose members have taken an active part in the intellectual and political life of the country for four hundred years. A cousin, Sophus Arctander, is a member of the present Norwegian cabinet and was one of the chief actors in the movement which resulted in the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden. As a boy Mr. Arctander attended the high school and college at Skien and received the degree of M. A. at the University of Christiania in 1881. In the same year he emigrated to the United States. He first went to Willmar, Minnesota and taught school in Kandiyohi and Renville counties during 1882, '83 and '84; edited the Willmar Argus in 1885 and all this time de voted himself to the study of law. He was ad mitted to the bar in 1885 and in January, 1886, commenced practice in Minneapolis. His twenty years of practice have been closely devoted to his profession and he has given little time to outside pursuits. His only participation in poli tics has been as an independent voter and citizen —so much so that he has no party affiliations and has never taken any active part in political campaigns or filled public office. Mr. Arctander was married in 1903 to Mrs. Dolly Miller. They have no children. AUSTIN, Charles D., lawyer, is the son of David Austin, a Maine farmer. He was born April 26, 1856, at Belgrade, Kennebec county, Maine. He was brought up on his father's farm to which he returned for his vacations while fit ting for and attending college. During a portion of the time he was attending college he spent 143 COURTS AND LAWYERS against an entryman, which was carried to the Supreme Court of the United States by him and where his contention was finally sustained, was a very important case and one of general inter est. On June 1st, 1893, he moved to Minneapolis and formed a partnership with Judge Bailey, which continued until his death. After that he was in partnership with Judge Pierce for several years, but is now in business for himself. Mr. Austin is a Republican. He is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Minneapolis. By his marriage to Adelaide J. Van Vleck, Jan uary 25, 1888, he has one child—Van Vleck Aus tin. BARDWELL, Winfield W., was born July 18, 1867, at Excelsior, Hennepin county, Minnesota, son of William E. and Araminta Hamblet Bardwell, his father being an engineer. After attending the common schools and academy at Excelsior, Winfield entered the office of Harlan P. Roberts in Minneapolis as stenographer and clerk, and then took a course of law at the State University, receiving from that institution the degree of LL. B., and the supplementary degree of LL. M., for the required graduate work. Since 1891 Mr. Bardwell has been engaged in the practice of his pro fession, first in partnership with James M. Burlingame, as Burlingame & Bardwell, and later with C. L. Weeks, as Bardwell & Weeks, and SWEET, PHOTO CHARLES IX AUSTIN. his vacations in teaching school to defray ex penses. He attended the Wesleyan College but did not complete the course there. In the year 1880, upon the advice of his brother, Horace Aus tin, Ex-Governor of Minnesota, then Register of the United States Land Office at Fargo, Dakota, he started for Fargo reaching therein the spring of that year. At that place he entered the gov ernment service in the Land Office where he re mained for about one year while looking for a suitable place to locate permanently. He located at Lisbon, Ransom County, Da kota Territory (now North Dakota) on July 5th, 1881, when the town was forty miles from the nearest railroad station. This section of the country was just being developed and he did a large land and loan business from the outset. Having been admitted to the bar in 1882 he en gaged in the practice of law in addition to his other business. He was a member of the territorial legisla ture during the session of 1884-5, the stormy ses sion at which an attempt was made to remove the capital from Bismarck. He held several other offices having been mayor of Lisbon, a member of the board of education, besides holding several minor offices. As a lawyer, Mr. Austin was en gaged in important litigation. The Hewitt case, involving the right of the Northern Pacific Rail road Company to select indemnity lands as SWEET, PHQTO WINFIELD W. BARDWELL. 144 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS with the American Express Company. In 1885 he matriculated at Williams College, and grad uated with an A. B. degree in 1887, winning the Van Vechten prize, awarded to the best ex tempore speaker of the graduating class by the popular vote of the students and faculty. He moved to Minneapolis and the following year commenced to qualify himself for the legal pro fession by studying law in a Minneapolis law office and in 1889 was admitted to the bar. Mr. Baxter began his active legal practice in 1890 at Minneapolis, and in 1906 was appointed gen eral counsel for the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, a position he now holds. In 1891 Mr. Baxter was married to Miss Gertrude Hooker of Minneapolis, and they have three children, Beth, Helen and John, aged respec tively fifteen, eleven and four years. Mr. Baxter is a member of the Commercial Club, the Six O'clock Club, the American Bar Association and the Minneapolis Bar Association of which he was for fifteen years secretary. BLEECKER, George Morton, was born at Whippany, New Jersey, on November 19, 1861, being descended from one of the earlier Knicker bocker families who settled on Manhattan island. He attended the public schools and Whippany Academy, and after coming to Minneapolis, in 1883, entered the University of Minnesota and continued special work during that and the fol- SWEET, PHOTO" JOIIN T. BAXTER. latterly he has practiced alone. Mr. Bardwell was a member of the legislature in the sessions of 1903-1905, and chairman of the Hennepin county delegation and of the committee on insurance in 1905. He introduced and put through bills for general salary adjustment of Hennepin county officials and introduced a bill placing city clerk, assessor and engineers on the elective basis, but the measure did not pass the senate. Mr. Bard well is a member of the Commercial Club, of the Masonic Order, and the Royal Arcanum, Secre tary of the Hennepin County Bar Association, and member of the executive committee of the Minneapolis Bar Association. Mr. Bardwell is a member of the Park Avenue Congregational Church. He was married in 1892 to Edith May Champlin and three children have been born to them, Mildred I., Charles Champlin and Marion A. BAXTER, John T., general counsel for the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, was born at Berlin, Wisconsin, on October 15, 1862, the son of Thomas Baxter and Susannah (Lewis) Baxter. He acquired a grammar and high school education at West Salem, Wisconsin, and then entered Ripon College at Ripon, Wis consin, for a preparatory course. He studied there for three years, taking a prominent part in the oratorical work of his school; and at the same time held a position as express messenger 8WECT, PHOTO GEORGE M. BLEECKER. COURTS AND LAWYERS lowing year. His legal education was acquired in. the law department of the University of Michigan, which he entered in 1885. After graduating in June, 1887, Mr. Bleecker returned to Minneapolis and was admitted to the bar of Minnesota in December of that year, and has practiced in this city continuously since that date. With the exception of three years, from 1894 to 1897, when he was associated with Edward E. Witchie, Mr. Bleecker has practiced alone. His clients include a number of the larger corpora tions of the city and state and his practice ex tends into the state and federal courts. Mr. Bleecker has not taken an active part in political affairs, but has had a lively interest in good poli tics, and has twice been called upon to serve the public. He served as clerk of the Probate Court of Hennepin county during the years 1891 and 1892, and was also a representative in the State Legislature during the session of 1893, and would probably have received further honors had he not been a democrat living in a republican dis trict. Mr. Bleecker is married (his wife was Mary Frances Martin) and the family attend the Episcopal church. He is a member of several oi* the social and fraternal organizations of the city, including the Masonic and Odd Fellows bodies and the Order of Elks. BRIGHT, Alfred H., general counsel for the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Rail road, was the son of Thomas Bright and Jane (Crittendon) Bright and was born at Adams Cen ter, New York. Thomas Bright was of English birth, coming to New York when ten years of age and removing, in 1850 to Wisconsin where his son attended the common schools and the state university from which he graduated in 1874 with the degree A. B. and L. B. Two years later he was admitted to the bar. He practiced law in Wyoming from '84 to '87. In '87 he went to Milwaukee, where he was solicitor of the Mil waukee and Northern Railway Co. until 1891. During his residence in Milwaukee he was a member of the law firm of Williams, Friend & Bright. In 1891 he came to Minneapolis to ac cept the position of general solicitor of the Min neapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie railway, or the "Soo Line" as it is more familiarly called. This office he filled until in February, 1908, he was appointed general counsel for the same line, the office which he now holds. Mr. Bright is a republican in political faith, and though not a politician, takes a lively interest in public affairs. In Wyoming he was for four years prosecuting attorney of Fremont county but he has not held office at any other time. Since coming to Min neapolis he has taken a special interest in educa tional matters and has been considered as a de sirable candidate for the board of education. He is one of the board of directors of the Associated Charities and is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. A Universalist, he is affiliated with the Church of the Redeemer. He married 145 Emily Haskell September 15, 1887. They have four children, Elizabeth, George Noyes, Katherine, and Agnes. BROWN, Frederick Vaness, was born on March 8, 1862, in Washtenaw county, Michigan. He lived on his father's farm until he was seven years old, when the family moved to Shakopee, Minnesota. After attending the public schools and studying for one year at Hamline University, he was employed for two years as storekeeper for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Rail road in St. Paul, after which he read law in the office of Hon. H. J. Peck in Shakopee and was admitted to the bar at Shakopee in June, 1885. He practiced his profession there for four years, after which he removed to Minneapolis where he engaged successfully in general practice. On October 1, 1905, Mr. Brown was appointed by Gov. Johnson Judge of the District Court to fill the vacancy caused by the election of Judge El liott to the supreme bench. In the following year, 1906, at the regular November election, he was re-elected to the same office. Mr. Brown is a democrat in politics; is a member of the Masonic Order and of the B. and P. Order of Elks, and a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial Clubs. On April 7, 1903, he was elected presi dent of the State Bar Association. He is a mem ber of the First Unitarian Church. On Novem ber 10, 1886, he was married to Esther A. Bailey at Prescott, Wisconsin, and to them have been born two children, Jessica M. and Howard Selden. BROWN, Rome G., former president of the Minnesota State Bar Association, and a well-known lawyer, was born at Montpelier, Vermont, June 15, 1862. He is the son of Andrew C. and Lucia A. (Green) Brown, and on his family tree appear some of the most noted names of colonial his tory—among them those of Chad Brown and of the Putnams and Stoddards. When Mr. Brown was born, his father was editor of the Vermont Watchman. Later he was in the insurance and telephone business but is now retired. The son was educated at the Montpelier common and high schools, and graduated with honors from Harvard University in 1884. Bringing his A. B. home with him to the law office of the Hon. Ben jamin F. Fifield, after three years of study there, he was admitted to the Vermont bar, October 24, 1887. Two months later he came to Minneapolis and entered the office of Benton & Roberts, be coming a partner after three years of practice, under the firm name of Benton, Roberts & Brown. On Col. Benton's death, January 1, 1895, the part nership was dissolved and Mr. Brown practiced alone, building up from that time a large general practice. On May 29, 1895, he was admitted to practice in the United States Supreme Court. Since January 1, 1900, his firm has been Rome G. Brown and Charles S. Albert. A large part of his professional work has been given to questions of water power and of riparian rights on lakes and 146 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS v fe •* m ^ x ROME G. BItOWN. streams. He is attorney for the Great Northern Railway, having charge of that company's legal business in five counties of Minnesota, including Minneapolis and Hennepin county. In all, Mr. Brown represents some dozen corporations, lo cated chiefly within the state of Minnesota and dealing mostly with public utilities. He has writ ten several monographs upon important public questions, among them "The Pollution of Lakes and Streams" and the "Question of Establishing a Three Years' Course for the Degree of A. B. at Harvard," the latter in connection with the work of The Associated Harvard Clubs. Both of these last have had a wide circulation, though among different circles, throughout the country. He belongs to the leading social and business clubs of Minneapolis, is a member of the Loyal Legion, vice-president of the Minnesota Harvard Club, of the American Bar Association for Min nesota and president of the Vermont Association of Minnesota. On May 26, 1906, he was elected president of The Associated Harvard Clubs, an organization representing all the leading Har vard clubs in the United States. Mr. Brown be longs to the First Unitarian Church. He was married on May 25th, 1888, to Mary Lee Hollister, of Marshfield, Vermont, and has two chil dren—a son and daughter. CAIRNS, Charles Sumner, has practiced law in Minneapolis since 1883, when he came to the city from Decatur, Illinois. He is of remote Scotch-Irish descent on the paternal side. Wil liam Cairnes or Careins was a Scotch-Irish Pres byterian who came to this country in the year 1774, and settled in Maryland, at what is now the town of Jarretsville, some distance north of Baltimore. From him Mr. Cairns is a direct descendant. Wm. Cairns, Jr., son of the head of the American branch of the family, was born and raised in Maryland. He fought in the war of 1812; was afterward married and made his home at Jarretsville, remaining there until a few years after his son, Robert, was born. He moved to Ohio and became a farmer of Muskingum county; and his son Robert (father of Charles) followed the same occupation as well as en gaging in mercantile pursuits for a time at New Concord. The ancestors of Mr. Cairns upon his mother's side were numbered among the Puritan colonists of rocky New England, Samuel Haynes having come to America in the ship Angel Gab riel which was wrecked on the Maine coast in 1635. He was a founder and selectman of Ports mouth, New Hampshire, and his descendants were prominent colonists, who were among the number that served under Washington during the War of the Revolution. Mary A. Haynes, mother of Charles S., was a remarkably talented woman, who accomplished considerable in liter ary and journalistic fields, and published a book of poems for private circulation. Her younger brother, Judge John Haynes, was a distinguished jurist of California. Charles Sumner was born near Duncan's Falls, Muskingum county, on July 4, 1856. His education began in the district school, where he acquired his preparatory train ing, then entered the Muskingum College at New Concord, Ohio, and graduated with the class of 1876, taking an A. B. degree, and after post graduate work was awarded the degree of M. A. It had, since boyhood, been his ambition to study for a legal career, and with that end in view he entered the, law offices of Roby, Outten & Vail at Decatur, Illinois, reading law with that firm about a year. He continued his legal studies in the law department of the University of Michi gan, graduating and taking an LL. B. degree in 1882. Soon after leaving college he entered into a partnership with Judge William E. Nelson, but in the following year came to Minneapolis and determined to remain here and practice his pro fession. He formed another partnership, in this instance with David S. Frackelton. After & period of five years, this connection was severed and, for the most part, Mr. Cairns has since practiced alone. Mr. Cairns is a republican in politics; an enthusiastic worker in the party af fairs of the state; and in 1893 was elected to the state legislature, where he became prominent through the introduction of a bill for the direct nomination of political candidates by the people —the foundation of the primary election law COURTS AND LAWYERS adopted in 1899, which latter act he drafted for the most part. In 1896 he was an alternate dele gate to the National Republican convention which met in St. Louis and nominated William McKinley for president. At the time of the twelfth United States census he was appointed supervisor for the fifth congressional district of Minnesota, filling the office most successfully. He was a member and a director of the Board of Trade and as a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club he has always taken an active part in its public work. Mr. Cairns was married to Miss Frances V. Shellabarger, a daughter of an old Illinois family and graduate of the Wesleyan College, Cincinnati. They have two sons, Mil lard S. and Carl A. The family are members of the Westminster Presbyterian Church of which he is a ruling elder. CARLETON, Frank H., was born at New port, New Hampshire, October 8, 1849, the son of Henry G. Carleton, who was for many years a banker at that place. The family is of English descent and traces its line back to Sir Guy Carleton. As a boy Frank H. Carleton attended the public schools of Newport, later preparing for college at Kimball Union Academy at Meridan, New Hampshire. He entered Dartmouth College in 1869 and completed the course with the class of 1872. Like many New England young men he SWEET, PHOTO FRANK H. CARLETON. 147 largely worked his way through college. He taught at various places, at one time being principal of an academy in Mississippi. After leaving college Mr. Carleton was for awhile city editor of the Manchester (N. H.) Daily Union. He then came west, first finding employment in Minneapolis as a reporter on the Minneapolis News, and later as city editor of the St. Paul Daily Press. But he wished to study law and after a year with the Press he entered the office of the late Cushman K. Davis and C. D. O'Brien where he read law, at the same time serving as clerk of the municipal court. Five years later his health failed and he resigned his position and made a trip to Europe. When he returned he served a short time as private secretary to Gov. John S. Pillsbury—at the time when the famous railroad bond matter was reaching final settlement. With the expira tion of Gov. Pillsbury's last term in office Mr. Carleton found a desired opportunity to enter ac tive law practice and moved to Minneapolis, form ing a law partnership with the late Capt. Judson N. Cross and Judge H. G. Hicks. This firm has continued to the present time with but one change in name—it became Cross, Hicks, Carle ton & Cross when Norton M. Cross, son of Capt. Cross, was admitted to partnership. In the course of his professional career Mr. Carleton has been called upon to handle much special litigation and to act as administrator and trustee in many im portant cases. He has never engaged actively in politics but has been a lifelong republican and has served the public in office, first as assistant city attorney, from 1883 to 1887, and later as a member of the library board. During his service in the city attorney's office he had charge of much litigation arising from the passage of the famous patrol limits law and successfully combated all suits brought for the annulment of that ordi nance. Mr. Carleton has been for many years one of the trustees of Park Avenue Congregational church. He was married in 1881 to Ellen Jones, only daughter of the late Judge E. S. Jones. They have had seven children. CHILDS, Clarence H., is a native of Iowa. He was born August 19, 1858, at Tipton, Cedar county, the son of Eugene Childs, a merchant, and Caroline S. Childs. His boyhood was spent at Fort Dodge, Iowa, where he attended the dis trict and high schools, afterwards going to Michi gan University from which he graduated with the degree of Ph. B. in June, 1882. Very soon after he came to Minneapolis and commenced the study of law with James D. Springer, general solicitor of the Minneapolis & St. Louis railway. Upon being admitted to the bar in 1884 he com menced general practice and has followed his profession continuously since that time and since 1901 has been examiner of titles under the Torrens law in Hennepin county. Mr. Childs' po litical affiliations are with the republican party. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Minikahda Clubs. On June 6, 1889, he was married 148 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 1894 was a member of Company I , F i r s t Regi ment, M. N. G. I n politics he is independent a n d progressive, especially in local matters. Mr. Child is a member of the First Unitarian church of which he has f o r many years been a trustee. H e was married on July 5, 1 8 8 4 , t o Miss Alice W e b b e r of Rumford, Maine. T h e y have four children, Sherman W., Emily, Marjorie and Lewis W . C R A N E , J a y W., was born in the village of Perry, New York. H i s father was the Rev. Stephen Crane, D. D., a Universalist minister for over forty years, now deceased. Mrs. C. J a n e Crane, widow of Stephen, and mother of J a y W., now lives in Minneapolis a t the home of her son. Mr. Crane passed the early years of his life in New York, where he attended the public schools and later entered the high school a t Hillsdale, Michigan, f r o m which he graduated. After com pleting his preparatory work Mr. Crane entered Lombard College a t Galesburg, Illinois. H e took up the study of law shortly after his graduation from the Galesburg institution, and was admitted to the bar a t Columbus, Ohio, in 1 8 9 0 . F o r t w o years prior t o 1 8 9 0 , Mr. Crane had been engaged in teaching in Illinois and in the public schools of Norwalk, Ohio, and until 1 8 9 1 continued t o hold his position a s a n instructor in t h a t city. Since that time Mr. Crane has been continuously engaged in the work of his profession, and has carried on a general practice successfully. T h o u g h S. R. CHILD. t o Miss Sarah M. Henshaw. T h e y have one son, George H . Childs. T h e family attends St. Mark's Episcopal Church where Mr. Childs has been a vestryman f o r some six o r seven years. C H I L D , Sampson Reed, was born on Septem ber 2 2 , i 8 6 0 , a t Paris, Oxford county, Maine. H e was the son of Lewis W a s h b u r n Child and Emily Reed Child. H i s father was a farmer. Mr. Child's boyhood was spent a t Rumford, Oxford county, Maine, where h e attended the public schools after which he fitted f o r college a t North Bridgton academy, Maine. Graduating f r o m the academy in 1 8 8 0 he entered Bowdoin college the same year and completed his course in 1 8 8 4 , with the degree of A. B. Mr. Child a t once came west and commenced t h e study of law in Minneapolis with the late J u d g e Seagrave Smith a n d the late Samp s o n A. Reed. H e was admitted t o the bar in 1 8 8 6 and has since been in active practice of his profession in Minneapolis. Mr. Child has been constantly interested in the public affairs of the city and though never an office holder o r office seeker has been identified with various move ments looking t o the improvement of municipal and social conditions. H e was appointed a mem ber of the first Minneapolis charter commission a n d has since taken part in the campaigns looking t o the adoption of a n improved charter for the city. H e has been f o r years a member of the Academy of Natural Sciences and from 1 8 8 9 t o JAY W. CRANE. 14$ COURTS AND LAWYERS he has applied himself closely to his legal work he has also been a strong political worker. He is a republican and is associated with several organizations interested in the advancement of the party; among them being the Fifth Ward Re publican Club, of which he is president, and the Garfield Republican Club. He was a member of the Hennepin county republican campaign com mittee for many years. The Minneapolis Com mercial Club also includes him in its membership. Mr. Crane is a Universalist, and is a member of the First Universalist Society of Minneapolis (the Church of the Redeemer), of which he is clerk. He is not married. CRAY, Willard Rush, for thirty years a mem ber of the Minneapolis bar and formerly a judge of the district court, is a native of Vermont. He was born on May 5, 1853, at Highgate, Frank lin county, and the son of Carlos Lawrence Cray and Sarah Spooner Cray. The family is traced back to Scotch and English ancestors, whose descendants settled in New England in early times. Carlos Cray was a farmer and his son grew up amid the surroundings of the New England farm life of that period, attended the traditional little red school house and inter spersed his years of higher schooling with terms of teaching, clerking and such other occupations as would serve to defray the expenses of an education. He passed through the high school, Addison County Grammar School (Vermont), and graduated from Middlebury College, Ver mont, in 1876. After leaving college he entered the law office of Noble, Davis, Smith & Stevens at St. Albans, Vermont, but during the follow ing year, 1877, he came to Minneapolis and con tinued to read law in the office of Shaw & Levi. He was admitted to the bar in 1878 and has practiced continuously in Minneapolis except during the years 1902-1904 when he served upon the district bench for the Fourth Judicial District, Hennepin county, Minnesota. For many years he was a law partner of the late Judge J. M. Shaw, the firm of Shaw & Cray being one of the most prominent in the Northwest. Judge Cray has taken an active part in the affairs of the city and is a member of various organiza tions and clubs including .the Minneapolis, Lafayette and Minikahda clubs and the Sons of Veterans and Citizens Staff of John A. Rawlins Post, G. A. R. He is a republican and though not conspicuous in politics is not one of those who neglects the primary and the voting booth. In 1896 he was elected to the state legislature as representative from his district and served during the session of 1897. Judge Cray was one of the organizers of the Minneapolis Bar Asso ciation and its president in 1902, and is a mem ber of the Minnesota State Bar Association and the American Bar Association. He has been for many years a prominent member of Plymouth Congregational Church. He was married on December 10, 1879, to Marguerite L. Douglas. They have two children, Jessie Kitchel and Flor ence Marguerite. DEUTSCH, Henry, was born in Minneapolis, August 28, 1874, son of Jacob and Malchen A. (Valfer) Deutsch. He received his early educa tional training in the public schools of Minne apolis. was graduated from the Central high school in 1891; was graduated LL. B. from the law department of the University of Minnesota in 1894; took Yale University's LL. M. ("Magna cum Laude") in 1895, and was admitted to the bar October, 1895, when he was associated with A1 J. Smith (now county attorney) as partner; in 1907 he became associated in active practice with Frank M. Nye and soon became his partner under the firm name of Nye & Deutsch. In 1908 Mr. Nye having been elected to congress, this partner ship was dissolved and Mr. Deutsch with E. P. Allen and A. M. Breding formed the law firm of Deutsch, Allen & Breding. Mr. Deutsch is a member of the board of directors of the Minne apolis Commercial Club, of which he was second vice president in 1905. He is a member of the American Bar Association, of the Commercial Law League of America (of which he is one of the vice presidents); of the Minnesota State Bar Association; and of the Hennepin County Bar Association. He is a member of the Six O'Clock Club and of the Garfield Club and is a prominent HENRY DEUTSCH. 150 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS member of the Elks, the Maccabees and the Royal Arcanum. He is a Past Master Hennepin Lodge No. 4, A. F. & A. M., has K. C. C. HDegree, Scottish Rite bodies Masonic; and is Wise Master St. Vincent De Paul' Chapter, Rose Croix No. 2; member of Zuhrah Temple Mystic Shrine and past president Minnesota Auxiliary Fraternal Congress. Mr. Deutsch is a member of the Second Church of Christ, Scientist, of Minneapolis. He was for two years chairman of the Public Entertainment and Convention Com mittee of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and was a member of the executive committee of the G. A. R. Encampment, in 1906. He was mar ried May 2, 1898, to Miss Grace A. Levi and three children have been born to them, Clarence S., Maria Hope, and Henry Noel. DILLE, John Ichabod, was born at Andrews, Indiana, on November 18, 1857, the son of Icha bod and Rebecca Dille. His early years were spent on his father's farm and his schooling was that of the local educational institutions until he fitted for college and entered the University of In diana. From this university he obtained his de gree of LL. B. in 1877 and shortly afterwards entered upon the practice of his profession at Huntington, Indiana, and remained there until the spring of 1889. Mr. Dille's^ first entrance into railroad service was as attorney for the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. for Oklahoma and In dian Territory in 1891 with offices at El Reno, Oklahoma. He continued to' fill" this position until 1898, when he became assistant attorney for the same road for Iowa, South Dakota and Minnesota, with headquarters at • Des 'Moines, Iowa. On September 1, 1905, he resigned to accept the appointment of general attorney of the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad Com pany, the Iowa Central Railway Company and the Des Moines & Fort Dodge Railroad Com pany, with headquarters at Minneapolis. * He at once took up his residence in this city and entered actively upon his duties as attorney. Mr. Dille is associated with the Knights of Pythias, and is a Past Grand Chancellor of that order." In 1897-8 he was president of the Territorial Bar Association of Oklahoma. He has been promi nent in educational work in the different states where he has resided. While attorney for the Rock Island at Des Moines he was also dean of the Highland Park College of Law in that city. In Oklahoma he was associated with the uni versity of that state for several years as presi dent of the Board of Regents, and after moving to Des Moines received the degree of LL. D. from that institution. Mr. Dille was married in 1876 to Miss Mary J. Mohn. They have five children. DODGE, Fred B., senior member of the law firm of Dodge & Webber, was born at Moscow, Livingston county, New York, February 4, 1854. He received his education at Temple Hill Acad emy at Geneseo, New York, and Fairfield Sem inary, Herkimer county, New York, and the University of Rochester. He was admitted to the bar of New York in 1879, and came to Minne apolis in 1881, where he has since been engaged in general legal practice. DWINNELL, William Stanley, was born at Lodi, Wisconsin, December* 25, 1862, son of John Bliss and Maria C. Dwinnell. His father was a merchant and later a farmer, his family having settled at Topsfield, Massachusetts, in 1660. The original *home is still in the posses sion of the family. His mother's family include in their direct line of descent, Jona than Edwards and the Dwight family of Connecticut and New York. W. S. Dwinnell spent his early life in Wisconsin where he at tended the public and high schools at Lodi, and then took two years of undergraduate course at the University of Wisconsin and graduated from the law department in 1886. For the next two years he was employed by the supreme court of Wisconsin preparing opinions for publication and at Madison he enjoyed the close friendship of Governor Jeremiah M. Rusk. He accompanied the Governor and his staff, on invitation, to the funeral of Gen. Grant in New York and was with •weet, photo JOHN I. DILLE. BRUSH, PHOTO 152 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Governor Rusk during the Milwaukee riots of 1886. After serving as district attorney of Jack son county, Wisconsin, in 1888-89, Mr. Dwinnell came to Minneapolis as attorney, under contract, for a large building and loan association, but re signed on account of radical differences as to policy, and engaged in the practice of law chiefly relating to corporations. Since 1900 he has, to avoid too close confinement to his office, given larger attention to outside matters and has oper ated in realty in Minneapolis and St. Paul and in timber lands in California and British Colum bia. He is president of Fraser River Tannery in the latter province, and treasurer of the Ur ban Investment Company of St. Paul. Among the substantial public services of Mr. Dwinnell may be mentioned his agency in securing the con sideration and passage of the Direct Primary Law by the Legislature of 1899 and the passage of the Anti-trust Law. Mr. Dwinnell has been and is a strenuous champion of good government and does not spare himself in the work of secur ing the nomination of worthy candidates for municipal, state and federal offices. He was for several years a member of the public affairs com mittee of the Commercial Club and was vicechairman of that committee for the year 1906. He holds membership in the Minneapolis, Minikahda, Commercial, Six-O'clock Clubs, the Amer ican and Minnesota Bar associations and the American Economic Association. Mr. Dwinnell is a member and vestryman of St. Mark's Epis copal Church. _ He was married on April 24, 1889, to Virginia Ingman, and they have three chil dren—Stanley W., Katherine and James Bowen. McNAIR, William Woodbridge, one of the pioneers of Minneapolis, and for many years a distinguished member of the Hennepin county bar, was born at Groveland, Livingstone county, New York, on January 4, 1836. He was the old est son of William W. McNair, whose family was of Scotch-Irish descent, while his mother, Sarah Pierrepont, was a descendant of Rev. James Pierrepont, one of the founders of Yale College, and of a family which traced its line back to the time of William the Conqueror. Mr. McNair's talented mind received from private tutors and the academies of Genesee and Canandaigua education and culture. When nineteen years old, he came west and entered the law office of Judge J. P. Doolittle at Racine, Wis consin, but after two years came to Minneap olis, in 1857. He was admitted to the bar during the same year, and for twenty-seven years re mained in active practice in this city. From 1861 to 1868, Mr. McNair was associated with the late Eugene M. Wilson under the firm name of Wil son & McNair, and upon Mr. Wilson's election to Congress in 1868, he formed a partnership with Judge William Lochren as Lochren & McNair. J. B. Gilfillan was later admitted to this firm, which for many years was the leading law firm of the city. After Judge Lochren's appointment to the district bench in 1881, the business was continued by McNair & Gilfillan until Mr. Gilfillan's election to Congress in 1884, when, on account of impaired health, Mr. McNair retired from practice. During his long practice in Min neapolis, he was connected with much important litigation and was considered one of the strong est lawyers at the bar. Although much engaged with his practice, he was deeply interested in public affairs, but though frequently importuned to accept office, on only a few occasions con sented to public service. For four years prior to 1863, he was county attorney, and in 1868 was elected one of the school directors of St. An thony. In 1869, he was elected mayor of St. Anthony and continued at the head of the city government until the consolidation of St. An thony and Minneapolis in 1872. He affiliated with the democratic party and, against his wishes, received the nomination for Congress in 1876 and was complimented by a vote which largely re duced the usual republican majority in the dis trict. In 1883 he was tendered the nomination for governor, but positively declined. A busi ness man of unusual ability, Mr. McNair's name was connected with many of the successful en terprises of his time, including the Minneapolis Gas Light Company and the Minneapolis Street Railway Company, in each of which he was one of the original incorporators. He was also an original stockholder and director in the Minne apolis & St. Louis Railroad, and was extensively interested in lumbering and contracting for tim ber supply for the northwestern railroads. Be ing strongly impressed with the future of the city, he invested very largely in real estate in and about Minneapolis. Mr. McNair possessed fine social qualities and the most genial and gen erous disposition. Mr. McNair was married on August 21, 1862, to Miss Louise Wilson, daugh ter of Edgar C. Wilson of Virginia, and sister of the late Eugene M. Wilson of Minneapolis. They had two daughters, Agnes O., now Mrs. Louis K. Hull and Louis P., now Mrs. Francis M. Henry. Mr. McNair died on September 15, 1885, leaving many devoted friends who mourn their great loss. REED, Frederick Watson, was born at Fow ler, Ohio, on November 7, 1853, the son of Ben jamin Franklin and Susan (Dewey) Reed. The family moved to Iowa and Mr. Reed's boyhood was spent on a farm in that state where he at tended school and fitted for college, making his own way during most of his school and college life. He was graduated from Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa, in 1879 and immediately went to Montana where he was principal of schools dur ing the next two years. He then engaged in business in Montana but after two years came to Minneapolis and began the study of law in the office of Shaw, Levi & Cray. In 1886 he was admitted to the bar and has since been con tinuously in active practice in Minneapolis.' He is a member of the Hennepin County, Minnesota , • , :•£ J • , - . I 154 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS State, and American bar associations and of the Commercial and Six O'clock clubs. In political faith Mr. Reed is a republican though independdent in thought and action, especially in local matters. He takes a very active interest in municipal affairs and has been prominently iden tified with all movements of the past twenty years looking to the promotion of good govern ment and better municipal conditions. Con spicuous in this work has been his participation in the campaigns for a better city charter. Mr. Reed was married at Cincinnati on December 30, 1891, to Miss Selina Brown, daughter of the late Charles E. Brown of the Cincinnati bar. GALE, Edward Chenery, son of Samuel C. •and Susan (Damon) Gale, was born in Minneap olis, August 21, 1862. The father, Samuel C., came to Minneapolis in 1857 from Massachusetts, educated as a lawyer; but he early engaged in real estate in which business as well as in the general civic life of the community he has long taken an active part. The family are of English descent, the forebear in this country being Richard Gale, who settled in Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1636. Ed ward C. attended the public schools of Minnea polis and graduated from the high school in the class of 1878. He attended the state uni versity for two years and then went to Yale bWtET, PHOTO EDWARD C. GALE. University where he graduated with the class of 1884. After a year abroad he studied law in the office of Shaw & Cray, Minneapolis, and sub sequently took the degree of A. M. at the Law School of Harvard University. Mr. Gale has at tained a most worthy and honorable position in the profession he has chosen. He is at present a member of the law firm of Snyder & Gale, his associate being Fred B. Snyder. Mr. Gale is a director in the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, of which society he has also been presi dent; treasurer of the Minneapolis Academy of Sciences; director of the Minneapolis Athenaeum-*, secretary as well as a member of the Municipal Art Commission of Minneapolis, and active in many other movements making for the better things in life, civic as well as individual. Mr. Gale was married to Sarah Pillsbury, daughter of Ex-Governor John S. Pillsbury, June 28, 1892. They have one child living—Richard Pillsbury. F. w. REED, GJERTSEN, Henry John, (Henry J. Gjertsen) though born in Norway, October 8, 1861, has lived in Hennepin county ever since 1868, and has been a zealous worker for the state which adopted him. His father was Herman J. Gjertsen, a Norwegian sea-captain who came to Min-* nesota in 1868 and after a generation spent in farming, retired from active labor some years ago. Mr. Gjertsen, Sr., was born in Bergen. COURTS AND LAWYERS There the family has long been prominent, as was also that of his wife, Albertina B. Gjertsen, whose family name was that of Wulf, also of old Norwegian history. On both sides the mem bers of the two families have followed the pro fessions, more or less. Henry J. Gjertsen grew up on a Minnesota farm when farming in Hen nepin county knew nothing of agricultural col leges. He worked summers and went to the district schools in winter. These last schools, and Red Wing Seminary later, made his prelim inary training for the study of law. For this latter purpose he spent two years in study in Minneapolis, was admitted at twenty-three, and has since been successful in his profession to more than the ordinary degree. Under the ad ministration of Gov. Lind, he held the post of Brigadier General for two years; under Gov. Van Sant, he was Judge Advocate General for four years. His politics being republican, he has had a good chance to render effective public services as a member of the Minneapolis Charter Commission and as state senator from the fortysecond district in 1902. In the latter position he drew up the bucket shop law, which was passed in 1905. He also took an important part in the legislation that resulted in the new code. Mr. Gjertsen is a member of the Odin Club, the Elks, K. P., and Masonic bodies. He attends the Lutheran Church. He is married to Gretchen Groebel, of Red Wing, and has one daughter, now studying music in Berlin. HALE, William Edward, son of Isaiah Byron Burr and Mary E. Hale, was born at Wheeling, West Virginia, May 11, 1845. His father was a lawyer and was descended from Samuel Hale, who came from England and settled in Glastenbury, Connecticut, in 1637, making a record in the early Indian wars, while the family did patri otic duty in the War of the Revolution, in later years appearing with favorable conspicuity in public life—as James T. Hale, of Pennsyl vania, in congress, and the great naval secretary, Gideon Wells. William, who had visited Minnesota with his father when he was a boy, returned in i860 and resided in Plainview where, in 1861, he enlisted in the Third Minnesota Infantry and served three years during the war for the Union, receiving an honorable discharge. He then entered H&mline University, at that time located in Red Wing, and, after taking a collegiate course for three years he studied law in the office of Judge Wilder of Red Wing, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. He located in Buffalo, Wright county, where he practiced his profession and was elected county attorney and held the office two years. In 1872 he came to Minneapolis where he has since lived. He was elected county attorney for Hennepin county in 1878, and re-elected for a second term. He has made a notable record in the practice of the law. He has been in partner ship with Judge Seagrave Smith (1877-80) and 155 subsequently with Ju.dge C. M. Pond (Hale & Pond), and with Charles B. Peck (Hale & Peck), and latterly the head of the firm of Hale & Mont gomery. Mr. Hale is and has always been an active, loyal member of the republican party, but he has never yielded to the allurements of officeholding, except in the few instances when he has held the office of county attorney. HARRISON, Alexander M., was born in Ven ango county, Pennsylvania, on November 5, 1847, the son of Charles Harrison and Catherine E. (DeWitt) Harrison. The father was descended from English stock and was a successful farmer; the mother was of Dutch descent. During his boyhood he received excellent school training, first attending the district school in Perry, Ven ango County, and later an academy in the same place and afterwards the academy at Pleasantville, Pennsylvania. He completed his education at Fredonia academy in Chautauqua county, New York, where he graduated when he was twentyone years of age. Before graduation he had commenced reading law and after leaving Fredonia he worked for a time in the oil fields of Penn sylvania to earn money with which to complete his law studies. Having secured sufficient funds to pay his expenses during the law course he entered the law department of the University of Michigan from which he graduated in 1870. Judge Harrison came west and first established himself at Charles City, Iowa, where for three years he practiced alone and then became asso ciated with Samuel B. Starr and John G. Patter son under the firm name of Starr, Patterson & Harrison. After the death of Mr. Patterson in 1878 the partnership was continued as Starr & Harrison until December 1, 1886, when Judge Harrison came to Minneapolis. In 1898 Judge Harrison was nominated by the republican party of Hennepin county as one of its candidates for the district bench, and was elected by a large majority at the election that fall. He served upon the bench until the expiration of his term in January, 1904. After retiring from the district bench Judge Harrison resumed active practice. On August 13, 1873, he was married-to Miss Lizzie O. Chapin. They have three children, Merton E., Ruth, and Helen. Judge Harrison is a member of the Minneapolis Club and the Elks. HERTIG, Wendell, was born August 13, 1868, on a farm in Fayette county, Pennsylvania, son of Ulysses and Emily P. (Litman) Hertig. After having received a good rudimentary education he graduated in June, 1884, from the state normal school at California, ^Vashington county, Penn sylvania, and taught a country school the same winter. Coming to Minneapolis in 1887 he became connected in an official capacity with several finan cial corporations and was a bank cashier from 1892 to 1895. In 1891 he entered the Law School of the University of Minnesota, and, after having taken the full night law course, graduated in 1895, since which time he has been practicing his 156 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS profession, combining with the same a real estate and mortgage loan business. Mr. Hertig is a re publican in politics and was elected alderman of the Fifth Ward in 1905. He is a member of the Commercial Club, the Roosevelt Club, the Minikahda Club, the B. P. O. E. No. 44 and of all the Masonic Bodies. 1' JACKSON, Anson Blake, was born in Brook lyn, New York, February 17, 1850, the son of William B. and Elizabeth Blake Jackson. The father was a manufacturer and banker and the family trace their ancestry through several generations of Connecticut farmers, who took part in the War of the Revolution. Mr. Jackson's early life was spent in Brooklyn, Foresport and Utica, New York. He gradu ated from Hobart College, Geneva, New York, in 1870, and from Columbia law school, New York, in 1873, having been a student in the office of Roscoe at Utica during the. year 1871. Mr, Jackson practiced his profession in New York City for about five years. During most of the year 1878, he was employed in Kansas City as attorney for the Bondholders Committee of the Kansas Pacific Railway, and, on the absorption of that road by the Union Pacific in 1880, he re moved to Minneapolis where he has since been engaged in private practice, from 1880 to 1883 as a member of the firm of Jackson and Pond, and from 1885 to 1893 of the firm of Jackson and Atwater. . t Mr. Jackson is a republican in politics, and was married in 1881 to Eugenia Cheney Adams. They have two children. living—Anson Blake Jackson, Jr., a graduate of Yale University, class of '07, and Margaret E. Jackson, who graduated from Rosemary Hall, Greenwich, Connecticut, class of '06. HALL, Albert H., senior member of the law firm of Hall & KollJner, of this city, was born on July 11, 1858, at Alexandria, Licking county, Ohio. His family on both sides were early set tlers in that state, his maternal grandfather being the first white child born within the confines of Union county. Levi -Hall, his father, was for many years a Methodist Episcopal clergyman, who later entered the medical profession and moved to Minneapolis where he has for more than a quarter of a century been a practicing physician. His mother's name before her mar riage was Lucinda Mitchell. Mr. Hall received his education in the public schools, first in Ohio, and later attending the high school at Austin, Minnesota, where the family moved in 1872. Three years later he came to this city and en tered the University of Minnesota, supporting himself while in college by night work in tele graph and telephone service. At the end of his junior year in 1881, he left school and entered the law office of the late Judge Frederick Hooker. A position in the treasury department at Wash ington was offered him which he accepted, and at the same time attended the Columbia Law School, from which he graduated in 1883. Re signing his position, Mr. Hall returned to Minne apolis, and since that time has been engaged in the practice of his profession. Soon after return ing here he formed a partnership with N. F. Hawley, which continued for several years, Mr. Hall severing the connection to accept an ap pointment as assistant city attorney of Minne apolis in 1889. During the two years which he served he conducted successfully several impor tant cases, including the well known garbage dump cases. He resumed his general legal prac tice until 1893, when he was selected by the grand jury and appointed by Judge Seagrave Smith, special assistant attorney for Hennepin county, and filled that office for eighteen months. He tried many important criminal cases for the county and made a record as an able speaker and effective trial lawyer. Among the cases with which he was connected were the notable Scheig and Floyd cases; the Harris murder case which Mr. Hall successfully prosecuted; and the famous Hayward trial in which his unceasing efforts se cured the admissions and evidence which made possible the conviction of the guilty parties. At the expiration of his term Mr. Hall again took up his practice and has since been engaged in general practice, both in this city and throughout the Northwest. He formed in 1902 a partnership with Robert S. Kolliner under the firm name of Hall & Kolliner—an association which still con tinues. From his earliest manhood Mr. Hall has taken an active interest in politics and has been an efficient worker for the republican party for many years. In 1904 he became a candidate for the republican nomination for congress, but was defeated in a strong campaign against Hon. Loren Fletcher, who had been the incumbent for a num ber of successive terms. Mr. Hall was again a candidate in 1906 and made an even better run against a larger field for opponents. Mr. Hall was married in 1883 to Miss Nellie J. Pearson. They have one daughter, Faith. The family attendsi the Hennepin Avenue Methodist Church. Mr. Hall is a member of the Commercial Club and other organizations of a social character. JOSLYN, Colin C., is a native of the state of Illinois, the son of De Witt C. Joslyn and Philura L. Joslyn. His father was a farmer at Cortland, Illinois, where Colin C. was born on December 9, 1857. He grew up on the farm and attended the graded school at Cortland. After completing the necessary preparatory work he entered Ripon College, in Wisconsin, where he took the aca demic course receiving his degree with the class of 1883. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Minneapolis, in 1885, where he has since continuously practiced. Mr. Joslyn is a member of the Minneapolis Com mercial Club and attends the Universalist Church. In 1899 Mr. Joslyn was married to Miss Marie A, Rich and they have three children. AVJWV^-^ >i§lfPl W^W^SflT-JpWlfl f,*^ J^l^i*MM<,«S 158 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS KOON, Martin B., one of the most prominent & Bennett. The practice of the firm is mainly in men of the Hennepin county bar, was born on the line of corporation law. They are attorneys January 22, 1841, at Altay, Schuyler county, New for the Minneapolis Street Railway Company. York. His ancestry on his father's side was Judge Koon is a member of the Minneapolis Club, Scotch and through his mother he was descended the Commercial Club, the Chamber of Commerce from Connecticut pioneers. His father, Alanson and a trustee of the Church of the Redeemer. He Koon, was a farmer in Schuyler county New was married November, 1873, to Josephine VanYork, a man in moderate circumstances but of dermark and has two daughters, Kate Estelle, highest integrity and enjoying the respect of the now Mrs. E. C. Bovey, and M. Louise, now Mrs. community. While his son was yet quite young Charles Deere Velie. Alanson Koon removed with his family to Hills LAYBOURN, Charles G., was born at Spring dale county, Michigan. It was on a Michigan field, Clark county, Iowa, March 23, 1851, the farm that Judge Koon spent his boyhood studying son of Joseph Laybourn and Ann (Kirkley) Layat the district school in winter and doing farm bourn. His father was a native of Clark county, work in summer. His advantages were those of and was descended from an old New York family the average farmer's boy at that period. At the which counted among its members one of the age of seventeen he had by diligent study pre early mayors of New York City. His mother was pared himself to enter Hillsdale College. During of English descent, her parents' family having his college course he mainly supported himself settled in central Ohio when she was but a child. by teaching and had, in 1863 when he graduated, Mr. Laybourn's schooling was had in the district so impaired his health that it was necessary to school near his father's farm, supplemented by a seek a change of climate. He went to California course at a private school in which he matte such by the old Panama route and spent two years on progress that, at the age of sixteen, he was able the coast holding a position as teacher. Having to obtain a first grade teacher's certificate. For regained his health he returned to Michigan and some time he was engaged in teaching, but inter took up the study of law, in the office of his rupted this work to learn the trade of carriage brother, E. L, Koon. In 1867 he was admitted making which he followed until he met with a to the bar in Hillsdale, Michigan, and soon after disabling accident. He then took up teaching ward entered into partnership with his brother, which association continued until 1878. While again and desiring to secure a higher education entered the Illinois State Normal University at he did not go actively into politics he held the of Normal, Illinois, in 1874, four years later graduat fice of prosecuting attorney in Hillsdale county ing with honor in both the normal and classical from 1870 to 1874. In 1873 he spent four months courses. For two years following his graduation in travel in Europe. He had become persuaded, he was a teacher,in Markham's Academy, Milwau however, that Hillsdale did not offer a promising kee, resigning to take up the study of law. He field and in 1878 he moved to Minneapolis, where entered the law department of the University of he formed a partnership with E. A. Merrill, to Michigan, graduated in 1881, and immediately be which firm A. M. Keith was afterward admitted. gan practice at Creston, Iowa. He made rapid This firm enjoyed an extensive practice until the progress in building up a practice, but after four fall of 1881, when, owing largely to overwork, Mr. Koon fell a victim to typhoid fever, and on his years, wishing a wider field, he came to Minneap olis where he has been engaged in practice since partial recovery he went to California in search of health. In 1883, after his return, Judge J. M. 1885. While Mr. Laybourn's practice is general Shaw resigned from the district bench, and Gov it has been perhaps most extensive in com mercial and insurance law. He has been fre ernor Hubbard appointed Mr. Koon to fill the quently retained by fraternal insurance orders. vacancy. This was entirely without Mr. Koon's Mr. Laybourn is a member of the leading or solicitation and wholly unexpected. He accepted ganizations, social and fraternal, and takes an the office with much reluctance, doubting his active interest in public affairs as well as in qualifications for the position. He filled it with politics. He has been several times mentioned such eminent satisfaction, however, that in the as a candidate for the district bench and has re following fall he was unanimously elected to the ceived very complimentary support at the prim same office for the term of seven years. But he did not find the duties of the office congenial to ary elections for this office. In 1883 he was mar him, and May 1, 1886, he resigned. During his , ried to Miss Blanche Gove of Creston, Iowa, and they have four children two boys and two girls. occupancy of the bench he tried a number of im portant cases, among them the Washburn will LEONARD, Claude Bassett, was born at case, the St. Anthony water power case, the KingRemington case, the Cantieny murder case, anc^ Chelsea, Massachusetts, son of Rev. Charles H. and Phoebe A. (Bassett) Leonard. His father others scarcely less notable. This work involved is Dean of the Theological School of Tufts Col an enormous amount of study and research. On lege, Medford, Massachusetts, and has reached his retirement from the bench he resumed the the age of eighty-four years. Claude B. Leonard practice of his profession and has been for years received his earlier educational training at Dean the senior member of the firm of Koon, Whelan Academy, Franklin, Massachusetts, and gradu- v K%'1 w^sgSwSg Sa>*J?cdi ttj.'fS>K SWEET, PHOTO 160 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ated at Tufts College with the A. B. degree. Mr. Leonard studied law in the office of Starbuck & Sawyer at Watertown, New York, was admit ted to the bar in October, 1878, came to Minne apolis from Summerville, Massachusetts, on November 7, 1878, and entered vigorously into the activities of the Northwestern metropo lis. He was clerk of the probate court in 1879-80, and is now attorney for the Farmers' and Mechanics' Savings Bank and for the TriState Telephone & Telegraph Company. In a military way he has a record as a member of the National Guard, State of New York. He is a republican in politics; a member of the Com mercial Club; Past Master of Cataract Lodge No. 2, A. F. and A. M.; a member of St. Anthony Falls, Chapter No. 3, R. A. M.; of Adoniram Council, No. 5; of Darius Commandery, No. 7, K. T., and Zuhrah Temple, N. M. S. Mr. Leonard attends All Souls Universalist Church. He was married to Ella J. Eddy at Watertown, New York, on April 14, 1880, and they have three children—Ruth Eddy, Emily Bassett and Elva Llewelyn. LYON, George Asa, was born at Rockford, Floyd county, Iowa, on June 9, 1871, son of O. H t and Belle Alden Bradford Lyon. The mother was a direct descendant of William Bradford, who was chosen governor of the heroic Pilgrim band who landed from the Mayflower on the big boulder known as Plymouth Rock, December 21, 1620, and ruled the Plymouth colony for thirtysix years as the successor of John Carver, both being apostles of self-government in this land. Mr. Lyon's father, who is a cousin of General Nathaniel Lynn, served during the entire Civil War in an Iowa regiment, and was promoted to the captaincy of the Third Iowa Battery for heroic service. Mr. Lyon attended the public schools of Rockford, Iowa, then attended Grinnell College and later graduated at the Law School of Harvard University with the LL. B. degree. Mr. Lyon while in college was an all around athlete, and was a member of the Grinnell college base ball and foot ball teams for three years, being captain of the foot ball team during the last year, and was Inter-Collegiate champion of tennis for three years. He came to Minneapolis November 1, 1903, and has since practiced his profession here with marked success. He has been associated in the practice of law with the firm of Lancaster & McGee since 1904. His ex perience in the responsibilities of office-holding is derived from his tenure of the mayoralty of the city of Rockford, Iowa, for a term or two. He is a member of the Commercial Club, and of the State Bar Association. He is a member of the Plymouth Congregational Church. Mr. Lyon was married on October 5, 1905, to Elizabeth McLean, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. McCUNE, Alexander, clerk of the probate court and for a long time an attorney in general practice in Minneapolis, was born March 2, 1859, at Mecca, Parke county, Indiana. He is the son of Henry Clay McCune and May Ann (Melvin) McCune. The family is Scotch-Irish in origin and its history in America dates back over a century, to when the first McCune came to Pennsylvania from the north of Ireland. Its members have intermarried with colonial stock and the family chronicles are rich in incidents of interest. Mr. McCune was brought up on an Indiana farm. He went to the common schools of the country until he was twelve. Then the grandfather for whom he was named took him to his home at Lima, New York. The elder McCune was a man of unusual originality and force of character. His grandson received from association with him an education in the art of living which he says was as valuable as the academic training which he got from the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary of Lima. From Lima the grandson was sent to Princeton. With him went Lyman G. Morey, a seminary classmate—afterwards well known in Minneapolis by his work on the Minneapolis Journal—but who met a tragic and early death by drowning, in a Michigan lake. Mr. McCune had also a native Minneapolitan, Wm. H. Van derburgh, as a classmate in the classical depart ment of Princeton. It was through his friend ship for Mr. Vanderburgh, which brought him here later on a visit, that Mr. McCune decided that Minneapolis was the only city in the country for his permanent home. After graduation at Princeton and a year of law study in Indiana, he went to Ann Arbor, meeting there in the law department of Michigan University Frank Healy, who further confirmed his faith in Minneapolis. In March, 1883, Mr. McCune came to this city, entered the office of Cross, Hicks and Carlton and was admitted to practice in October of the same year. He pays high tribute to the kind ness of the late Capt. Cross and to the courtesy and patience of Judge Stephen Mahoney in court practice, for many chances to better establish his own future as a young lawyer. After a few months of independent practice in 1884, he united with E. S. Slater under the firm name of Slater & McCune. Three years later he became associated, with the Hon. E. M. Johnson, out of which grew the ten years' partnership of Johnson, Leonard & McCune. Upon Mr. Johnson's appointment as District Judge, Mr. McCune took up practice alone and has so continued. He has held the office of alderman of the eighth ward. His pres ent post as clerk of the Probate Court came to him without solicitation or previous knowledge. Mr. McCune is a Presbyterian in church faith. He was married October 20, 1886, at Lima, New York, to Clara A. McNair, and as a result of this union three children, Clara, Mary and Anna, have been born to them. MORRIS, William Richard, was born on February 22, 1859, in Fleming county, Kentucky. His father was Hezekiah Morris of three-quar ters Negro blood, who, born in slavery in the COURTS AND LAWYERS 161 to exercise his native talent in the successful handling of many important cases, one of the most notable being his defense of Thomas Lyons in the famous Harris murder trial. Mr. Morris has always been keenly interested in all move ments for the advancement of his race and has lent his own time and energy to such purposes. In 1885 he represented the Afro-Americans of the South at the meeting of the A. M. A. at Madi son, Wisconsin, delivering an address on "The Negro at Present." The following year he held institutes in Tennessee for the Afro-American teachers of the state under the auspices of the Superintendent of Education. In 1891 he was elected president of the Minnesota State League of Afro-Americans and for some time has been the political leader of the Negroes of the state Republican party. Mr. Morris is a Mason of the Thirty-third Degree Scottish Rites and has held several important offices in that body, being a past grand master and past grand secretary. In the Odd Fellows he is a past most venerable pa triarch and is a past grand chancellor of the Knights of Pythias, in which order he is at pres ent deputy supreme chancellor and brigadier general for Minnesota. He is a member of the Plymouth Congregational Church. On July 14, 1896, Mr. Morris was married to Miss Anna M. La Force, and they have one son, Richard Edward, born April 2, 1900. 8WEET, PHOTO WILLIAM R. MORRIS. south, by his industry bought his freedom and learned the trade of mattressmaking. His mother was Elizabeth (Hopkins) Morris of half Negro parentage. When William R. was two years of age his father died and after remaining in Kentucky through the war his mother moved to Ohio, locating at New Richmond. There her son attended the public schools and later a pri vate school of the same place and after moving to Chicago he entered a Catholic school. Com pleting his studies there his ambitions urged him to acquire a college and professional training and he entered Fisk University at Nashville, Tenn essee, in 1876, taking the classical course. He was at the University for eight years, and grad uated with high honors with the class of 1884. During his college work he was a powerful debator and orator, as well as being strong in his studies. Following his graduation a position as instructor of mathematics, languages and sci ences in the institution was tendered him which he accepted; and where he remained for four years—the only Afro-American member of the faculty. During this time he was also engaged in legal studies and in 1887 completed his law course, resigning his position at Fisk in 1889 to begin his legal practice. He was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois and came to Minneapolis, where he immediately com menced practice. He has found opportunity here MORRISON, Robert George, son of David H. and Margery B. (McConnell) Morrison, was born at Blair's Mills, Huntington county, Pennsylva nia, on July 31, i860. His father was a merchant of Blair's Mills and Mr. Morrison spent the first twelve years of his life at that place. The family then moved to Morning Sun, Iowa, where he finished his common school education and en tered the local high school. After graduating from the latter he entered the Iowa State Uni versity and in 1882 received his A. B. degree, and delivered the valedictory address at the class-day exercises of his class. He studied one year longer at the same institution and took an LL. B. degree in the law department. He also returned a few years later and was given his A. M. degree in 1890. Mr. Morrison's energies have always been turned toward the study and practice of his profession, and, aside from the experience ac quired in his father's store during his vacations, he received no business training. When he fin ished his college course, he commenced to prac tice and since moving to Minneapolis has con tinued to apply himself to his profession, and, during this time has been connected with several cases that have attracted more than local atten tion. Mr. Morrison is a republican in his polit ical beliefs but has never consented to run for office, although he is actively interested in polit ical measures. While in college he was a mem ber of the Zetagathian Literary society, was prominent in the work of the club and held at one time the office of president. At the present 162 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of the Northwest and he seems to have had his program of activities defined in his own mind when, in his youth, he was learning the lumber business and preparing for the study of law. Mr. Nichols is a republican in politics and is a mem ber of the East Side Commercial Club. PATTEE, William Sullivan, dean of the Col lege of Law, University of Minnesota, was born at Jackson, Maine, September 19, 1846, the son of Daniel and Mary Ann (Bixby) Pattee. He prepared for college at Kent's Hill, Maine, and entered Bowdoin College in 1867, graduating in 1871. He studied law while teaching school after graduation and coming to Minnesota was ad mitted to the bar on June 28, 1878, at Faribault. In 1884 and 1885 Dean Pattee served in the state legislature while living at Northfield, Minnesota, and in 1888 was elected dean of the College of Law, organized the college and has since con tinued at its head, building it up in twenty years to a high position among the law schools of the country. Dean Pattee is the author of "Illus trative Cases in Contracts," "Illustrative Cases in Equity," "Illustrative Cases in Personality," "Illustrative Cases in Realty," "Elements of Con tracts," and "Elements of Equity." From 1886 he was a member and president of the Board of Normal School Directors of Minnesota for a ROBERT G. MORRISON. time he is a member of the Westminster club and at different times has taken a part on the annual program of that association. Mr. Morri son attends and is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church. He was married in 1903 to Miss Alice B. Gilmore of this city, and they have one daughter, Elizabeth. NICHOLS, John F., was born at Rice Lake, Wisconsin, October 15, 1882, son of Amos C. and Augusta C. Nichols. He attended the public schools at Rice Lake and was employed by t,he Rice Lake Lumber Company for some time, meantime making such preparations for a pro fessional life that he was able to enter the Min nesota state university upon coming to Minne apolis in 1901, graduating in law in 1904 with-the degree LL. B. Since then Mr. Nichols has en tered vigorously into the law and real estate busi ness under the firm name of Nichols, Frissell & Smith, which firm has for some time made its headquarters in the Andrus Bldg., Minneapolis. They have built up a large business in organizing land syndicates, to develop hardwood timber, prairie and cut-over timber tracts, dairy and blue grass land, etc. The firm has developed several new towns in Wisconsin and throughout the northwest; they have lines of business in Canada, North Dakota, Colorado and elsewhere. Mr. Nichols is a young man to assume large business responsibilities, but he has the push and energy SWEET, PHOTO JOHN F. NICHOLS. COURTS ANt) LAWYERS 163 period of twelve years. He was married at Ply mouth, Maine, on November 30, 1871, to Miss Julia E. Tuttle. In 1894 Dean Pattee received the degree of LL. D. from Iowa College. Hei is a speaker of ability and is frquently called upon for public addresses and lectures. He is a mem ber of the Congregational church. PRENDERGAST, Edmund A., was born in St. Paul on October 16, 1875. His parents were Patrick Henry Prendergast and Bridget Louise Prendergast and the family was among the pio neers of the state, six brothers having settled in St. Paul in the year 1856. When Edmund A. was four years old his parents moved to Minne apolis where he has since lived. The family has always been connected with the Roman Catholic Church and Mr. Prendergast was educated in the institutions of the denomination. He took a six years' classical course in the College of St. Thomas at Merriam Park, graduating in June, 1894, and completed his collegiate education with a post-graduate course at Grand House of Phil osophy, Montreal, Canada, during the years 1894 and 1895. Returning to Minneapolis he entered the law department of the University of Minne sota, from which he graduated in 1899. Mr. Prendergast at once commenced practice in Min neapolis and has a general clientele, although making a specialty of corporation law. For the past three years he has been general attorney for the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company of Minneapolis and local attorney for the Wiscon sin Central Railway Company. Mr. Prendergast is a republican in political faith though not a politician. He is interested in civic and philan thropic problems and has been a member of the board of directors of the Associated Charities. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club. ROBERTS, Harlan Page, is a native of Ohio. His parents were Rev. George Roberts and Ann J. Roberts and he was born on December 5, 1854, at Wayne, Ashtabula county, Ohio, while his father held a charge in that place. When he was nine years old he went to Iowa to live with a sister and his schooling, begun in the rural schools of Ohio, was continued in the schools of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, and at Howe's Academy in the same state. Schooling, as is often the case with country boys, was diversified with hard work. At one time Harlan P. spent a year at Pentwater, Michigan, packing shingles. Fitting himself for college he entered Oberlin, graudating in 1875. He then attended Yale The ological seminary and graduated in the class of 1878. Next came a few years of experience as a pastor in the west. During this period Mr. Roberts determined to study law and entered the office of Nathaniel E. Slaymaker of Silverton, Colorado. He was admitted to the bar in Col orado in 1883 and came to Minneapolis in Decem ber, 1884. Since that time he has been continu ously engaged in the practice of his profession in this city. His practice has been of a general SWEET, PHOTO EDMUND A. I'JUCiNUEUGAST. character but he has had special experience in land and title law and was for several years examiner for the state under the Torrens land title reg istry system in vogue in Hennepin county. An increasing general practice necessitated the re linquishment of this position. Mr. Roberts has taken a lively interest in good government, both local and state, but has not entered politics, ex cept at the caucus and in local conventions. He is president of the Minneapolis Humane Society and has been active in other philanthropic work. On October 3, 1888, he was married to Miss Margaret Lee Conklin. They have two children living, Marjorie and Harlan C. The family at tends the Park Avenue Congregational Church. ROBERTS, William Preston, son of Job and Hannah Pickering Roberts, was born June 16, 1845, in Gwynedd, Montgomery county, Penn sylvania. The forebears of the family on the father's side were Welsh Quakers who accom panied William Penn to Pennsylvania in 1698, settling in Montgomery county, near Philadel phia, and on the mother's side they were Eng lish Quakers. William P. was brought up on his father's farm and continued there, with the ex ception of a few years spent in Maryland, until he began training for the teacher's profession at the normal school, Millersville, Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1862. Here his studies were interrupted 164 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS WILLIAM P. ROBERTS. by Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863. An emergency company of the students was hastily armed and sent to the front to aid in obstructing the progress of the rebel invader. Most.of these improvised soldiers were soon mustered in the army as Company H, Forty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia during the battle of Gettysburg, but were ordered to serve under Gen. Meade in the pursuit of Lee up the Cumberland Valley and to the Potomac. The regiment served thereafter under Sigel and was mustered out in the fall, and Mr. Roberts went back to school but responded to a call for officers to command colored troops, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant by the War Department "and assigned to the Forty-fifth U. S. Colored Troops which served until the close of the. war, in Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia. Mr. Roberts just missed being at the surrender of Lee, as he had been sent back with a detachment to bring up provisions for the whole army. He went with his regiment under Gen. Sheridan, with the 2^th Army Corps, to the Mex ican border to demonstrate against Napoleon's puppet Maximilian in Mexico, and the regiment was not mustered out until December, 1865, Mr. Roberts having in the Texas service served on the brigade staff and having been in command of of his company during his whole service, coming out First Lieutenant and recommended for a captain's commission. He returned to his studies in the Millersville normal school and graduated in 1867, and soon entered the law school of the University of Michigan, graduating in 1869, and, on application to the Circuit Court in Ann Arbor and examination, he was admitted to the bar of Michigan. Six weeks later he removed to Ne braska City, Nebraska, and practiced law there until 1874, when he came to Minneapolis where he has since resided. He was in partnership with Col. Reuben C. Benton and his brother, C. H. Benton, as Benton, Benton and Roberts, from 1878 to 1881, and with Col. Benton alone as Ben ton and Roberts, and then with Col. Benton and Rome G. Brown, as Benton, Roberts and Brown until 1895. Since the death of Col. Benton, Mr. Roberts has practiced alone. He was an original member of the Minneapolis Bar Association, of which he holds the oldest outstanding share. Mr. Roberts was an active and efficient member of the lower house of the Minnesota legislature dur ing the sessions of 1899, 1901, 1902 and 1905, serv ing on the most important committees. He in troduced the first bill in Minnesota for nomina tions by direct vote of the people, which in some respects was better than the measure which be came a law at the session of 1899, notably in keeping the primaries for state, county and city nominations separate. In 1902 he prepared and passed through the lower house the so-called "wide-open" tax amendment to the constitution, which is practically identical with the amend ment introduced by him at the session of 1905, and ordered for submission to ratification by the people at the ensuing general election. Mr. Roberts also, as a member of the House Judiciary Committee and joint conference committee, took an important part in the construction and enact ment of the Revised Code in 1905. He was prominent in his efforts that year to secure ap propriations for the new buildings of the State University, as chairman of the appropriations committee, as well as for the Women's building at the Soldiers Home. Mr. Roberts is a strenuous republican in poli tics and one who believes that it is every man's duty to show his patriotism by taking an active part in national, state and local politics between campaigns as well as in the heat of campaign ac tivities. He believes in intelligent organization in political action but not in machine politics, and his course since he came to Minneapolis in dicates that he has lived up to his principles. He was an active member of the old Union League of Minneapolis and of the original Union League of Civil War times. He helped organize the Fourth Ward Republican Club and always at tends its meetings when in the city. In 1872, with many other Republicans, he joined the socalled Liberal Republican movement, involving a coalition with the Democratic party, in revolt against the political shortcomings of the domin ant party, under the leadership of Horace Greeley. He, with two other veterans of the Civil War, COURTS AND LAWYERS started the revolt in Nebraska and he was one of the delegates from that state to the Liberal Re publican Convention in Cincinnati and repre sented it on the platform committee, exerting his influence against the "tariff-for-revenue-only" ele ment, who were led by Carl Schurz, Stanley Mathews, David Wells, and others who stood for Charles Francis Adams for nomination to the presidency. He voted for Greeley at the start and brought the Nebraska delegation and ultimately the whole convention to his support. Mr. Rob erts did some of the hardest work of his life dur ing that campaign, whose disastrous ending con vinced him that the reformation of a party is only really possible by a movement from within its own ranks, and since then he has worked for party in regular ways in the regular Republican ranks. He was president of the Minneapolis Un ion League when the movement to nominate McKinley to the presidency began in 1895, and used all his influence in securing a delegation from Minnesota instructed for McKinley. Mr. Roberts is a member of the G. A. R., George N. Morgan, Post No. 4, and has always been conspicuous in its councils officially and otherwise. He is an original member of the Commercial Club and a member of Hennepin Lodge No. 4, A. F. A. M., in which he has held and holds important posi tions. He is a member of the several bodies of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite Masons in Minneapolis, and of Zuhrah Temple of the Noble Order of the Mystic Shrine, and of the Independent Order of Good Templars for the past forty years. In 1908 he was re-elected Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Lodge of Minne sota. He is a Universalist and a member of the Church of the Redeemer and president of the Universalist State Convention. He married in 1869, Anna N. Pugh, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, who died childless in 1870. In 1876 he married Agnes D. Taggart, of St. Clairsville, Ohio, who died in 1895, leaving two sons of that marriage— Horace W., born July 8, 1877, and Roy G., born January 29, 1880. Horace is in the Philippine civil service and Roy lives in Manitoba. ROCKWOOD, Chelsea Joseph, was born September 13, 1855, at Bennington, Vermont, son of Joseph R. and Rhoda (Hurd) Rockwood. His father was a farmer in his earlier life and later became a clergyman. The farm on which Chel sea J. was born had been settled by his mother's grandfather, Moses Hurd, in 1769. In 1869 the family removed to Garden City, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, arriving in December of that year. Mr. Rockwood attended the common schools and studied in the preparatory department of Carleton College, going thence to the state university, taking the four-year course and grad uating in 1879, B. A. Like many other under graduates, Mr. Rockwood, during his course at the university, had to take some reefs in his purse strings. He had only fifty dollars when he en 165 tered, and pulled through largely by what he made carrying newspapers. He was then em ployed as principal of the Le Sueur schools dur ing the next two years, and, after reading law in the offices of Shaw, Levi & Cray and of Judge P. M. Babcock, he was admitted to the bar by examination of the District Court of Hennepin county in November, 1882, and has been prac ticing law in Minneapolis since. Mr. Rockwood was attorney for the Board of Park Commis sioners from 1889 to 1892 and since 1895 to the present time. He was a member of the board in i 893-95He is a member of the Commercial Club and of the local and national bar associa tions. Mr. Rockwood is a republican in politics and a member of the Baptist church. He was married on October 30, 1883, to Carrie D. Fletcher, of Mankato. They have had four chil dren, the oldest of whom, Paul, born in 1884, died in 1890. The living are Ethel (1886), Edith (1888) and Fletcher, born in 1893. '• REED, Sampson A., a practicing attorney of Minneapolis for about thirty years, was born in Boston, December 8, 1849, and died in Min neapolis, May 31, 1908. He was the only child of Elisha B. Reed of Hartford, Maine, and Abbie Brett of Canton, Maine. His father was an older brother of Captain Axel H. Reed of Glenco, Minnesota, and a pioneer of that town. When Sampson was very young the elder Reed, be- SWEET, PHOTO CHELSEA J. ROCKWOOD. 166 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS cause of failing health, returned from Boston' with his family to his native town, where he soon after died. He was descended from pure New England stock through those ancestors that settled in Oxford county, Maine, after the Revolutionary War. He is descended on his mother's side from three Mayflower ancestors, and on his father's side, from one, Governor Bradford of the Plymouth colony. Soon after the Revolution, many revolutionary soldiers with others, went to the wilds of Maine to found new homes. One Sampson Reed, whose father had died in Massachusetts, was one of those who in 179s went with his mother to Hartford, Maine, then a wilderness. The subject of this sketch is the fourth Sampson Reed from the pioneer referred to, but with him dies the name as a family name. Sampson Reed's boyhood was spent in Canton and Buckfield, Maine, where he attended the public schools. He fitted for college at Hebron Academy, of which Mark Dunnell was at one time principal, and was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1874. While in college, Mr. Reed was an active and prominent member of various college debating FERNANDO W. ROOT. societies. He supported himself while in the academy and in college, by teaching school. Mr. Reed did not linger long in the east, but in the same year, 1874, came west as principal of the high school in Glencoe, Minnesota. In the fol lowing year, 1875, he came to Minneapolis and began the study of law in the office of the late Judge Isaac Atwater. After his admission to the bar in 1877, he practiced for a time by himself and in 1883 entered into a law partnership with the late Judge Seagrave Smith, under the firm name of Smith & Reed, which continued until the ap pointment of Judge Smith to the district bench in March, 1889. Mr. Reed, although always in the general practice of his profession, made something of a specialty of land titles and real estate law. He also developed excellent business judgment and was the confidential adviser of many men of large real estate interests. He was in politics a republican and in religion a Universalist, being a member of the Church of the Redeemer. He was married on November 7, 1877, to Miss Abbie Eells of Belfast, Maine, and is survived by her and by one daughter, Miss Abbie M. Reed. He was a member of lodges of Elks and Odd Fellows. Mr. Reed was a man of high integrity in his profession and was popular and well beloved by all who knew him best. ROOT, F. W., solicitor of the Chicago, Mil waukee & St. Paul Railway Company, at Min neapolis, is a native of New York. He was born at Guilford, August 7, 1855, the son of Silas and Mathilda Root, both of Revolutionary stock. During his boyhood he attended the local schools and afterwards went to Oxford Academy, Chenango county, New York. He had deter mined upon the law as his profession and after leaving the academy he entered the law office of Henry R. Mygatt at Oxford where he studied for three years. He was admitted to the bar at the general term of the supreme court of New York at Ithaca on May 4, 1880. Mr. Root came to Minneapolis in October, 1881, and for a time was associated with the law firm of Jackson & Pond. In the following year he entered the office of W. H. Norris, solicitor of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company at Min neapolis." His position was that of law clerk and his efficient service led to his eventually being intrusted with many important cases, especially personal injury cases, in the state and federal courts. In the defense of this class of cases he has won special distinction and is acknowledged to be without an equal in the defense of personal injury cases. Later the trial of important cases involving questions connected with the transpor tation of freight were added to his department of the work. Mr. Root continued as attorney for the C. M. & St. P. Ry., associated with Mr. Norris, until the latter retired in 1902 when he was appointed solicitor. Mr. Root is a repub lican in political faith but has never sought 168 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS political preferment. He takes an active part in local movements for good government and is a member of various public and social organ izations. Since 1904 he has been Judge Advocate General with title of Brigadier General on Gov ernor Johnson's staff. SEEVERS, George W., general counsel for the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway, is an Ohio man,—born at Coshocton in that sta;te on Septem ber 23, 1845. His parents were Robert and Ellen Bryant Seevers. The family moved to Iowa when George W. was ten years of age, and his schooling was largely obtained in the public schools near their new home. From high school he went to Oskaloosa (Iowa) College, and later completed his academic education with a post graduate course at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He graduated from the law de partment of the University of Michigan, after which he began the work of his profession, and soon had a large general practice at Oskaloosa, Iowa, which he continued until 1895, when he was appointed general counsel of the Iowa Central Railway, with headquarters at Oskaloosa. In 1904 Mr. Seevers, in addition to his position with the Iowa Central road, was made general counsel for the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway Com pany, and moved to Minneapolis, where he has since maintained general offices. He afterwards became the vice-president and general counsel of the Minnesota, Dakota & Pacific Railway, and at the present time is still connected with the lines named in the same capacities. In politics Mr. Seevers is a republican. He has become closely identified with the railroad and legal life of the city, and is well known in social and club circles. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, the Automobile Club, and is also a Sir Knight Mason. SHAW, Frank W., of the law firm of Cohen, Atwater & Shaw, was born at Hodgdon, Maine, the son of Charles Shaw and Mary Jane Wiggin. His ancestors were prominent in the colonial wars and public affairs and in the Revolutionary War. Mr. Shaw's early life was passed at Houlton, Maine, and he received his education at Ricker Classical Institute from which he grad uated in 1876 and at Colby University, Waterville, Maine, graduating with the class of 1880. In September of that year he came to Minne apolis and during the next three years studied law in the office of Rea, Woolley & Kitchel. Upon his admission to the bar on June 30, 1883, he became a member of the law firm of Rea, Kitchel & Shaw, a partnership which continued until 1886 when the style was changed to Kitchel, Cohen & Shaw. After the death of Mr. Kitchel in 1900, J. B. Atwater was admitted to the part nership, the firm becoming, Cohen, Atwater & Shaw as at present. Mr. Shaw is a republican in political belief and is a member of the Lowry Hill Congregational Church. He belongs to the Minneapolis Club and to the Delta Kappa Ep- silon fraternity. He has been twice married, in 1882 to Eliza A. Warnock and in 1899 to Julia C. Fairbairn and had two children by the first mar riage and four by the second. SELOVER, Arthur William, for a number of years a well-known member of the legal frater nity in the Twin Cities, was born at the town of Flatbush, Long Island, on July 9, 1871, the Son of Peter and Jennie H. Selover. His father is a builder and contractor and was engaged until 1879 i n that business in New York state, at which time the family came to Minnesota and located at Lake City. Their son attended the public schools there and took his preparatory work for college in the Lake City high school, from which he graduated in the year 1888. He matriculated at the University of Minnesota for the continuation of his studies, entering the aca demic department. He graduated from that de partment in 1893, receiving at the time his degree of B. A., returning to complete his training for the legal profession, which he had determined to follow, in the law college. He finished the GEORGE W. SEEVERS. COURTS AND LAWYERS 169 ward. He is a member also of the Apollo Club. On December 19, 1900, Mr. Selover was married to Miss Bessie S. Warner of St. Paul, and they have two children, both sons—Arthur Lucien, aged five, and Harvey William, now three years of age. The family attends the First Pres byterian Church of Minneapolis, and Mr. Selover is the superintendent of the Sunday School. SHEARER, James Duncan, came to Minne apolis in 1883, when twenty-one years of age, and since the following year has been a practicing attorney of this city. He is descended on both sides from old Scotch families; his father, Robert Bruce Shearer, was a descendant of Robert Bruce of Scotland; his mother, Elizabeth Eliza Camp bell McDougall, was a second cousin of the last Duke of Argyle, and grand-daughter of Dr. John Lawson of Edinburgh, physician to Sir Walter Scott. James D. Shearer was born on March 25, 1862, at Janesville, Wisconsin, then the home of his parents. When he was three years of age thfe family moved to central Iowa and he grew up on a farm in that state, the youngest of six children. His education began in "the little white school-house" and after the usual prepara tory training he entered the Iowa State Agricul tural College at Ames. His studies were carried on there for five years and he graduated in 1879, when only seventeen years old, being, in fact, up to that time the youngest student of the instituSWEET, PHOTO AKTI1UU W. SELOVER. law course in 1894 taking a LL. B. degree; and at the time of graduation was awarded the honors of his class for the preparation of the best and most complete legal thesis. After leaving col lege Mr. Selover followed his legal studies for a time and in 1897 took the additional degree of LL. M. In 1894, following his graduation from the law department of the University of Minne sota, he had accepted a position on the editorial staff of the West Publishing Company of St. Paul, and took an important part in the editing of the law books handled by that house. He was associated with that firm as legal editor for five years, but in 1899 resigned his office to fol low his original intention of entering the legal profession. He chose Minneapolis as the field for his practice and has since been engaged with legal work in this city. Much important litiga tion has come under his management during the course of his practice. Mr. Selover is also the author of several legal books, the most impor tant, possibly, being a volume on negotiable in struments which is used as a standard authority throughout the country and which the Yale Law School has adopted as a text book. This was published in 1900. A year later he completed and published a work on bank collections. Mr. Sel over is a republican in politics and has been ac tive in the work of his party, and in 1908 became the candidate for alderman from the Fifth BRUSH, PHOTQ JAMES D. SHEARER. 170 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS tion to receive a diploma. After leaving college Mr. Shearer taught in the Iowa schools for sev eral years, but the work of a teacher did not offer scope for either his ambitions or abilities. So in 1883 he resigned his position and came to Minne apolis, and has since been a resident and a mem ber of the legal fraternity of the city. Soon after his arrival here, Mr. Shearer began to study law in the offices of Judge Bagg, and on October 17, 1884, was admitted to the bar by the state su preme court. He commenced practice at once in Minneapolis. His work has not been confined to any one branch of the law, but has been along general lines, and at the present time his list of clients is large and his practice successful. For several years he has been a member of the law firm of Belden, Jamison & Shearer. On March 2 5, I 9°7, Mr. Shearer was appointed receiver of the Minnesota Title Insurance & Trust Company and since that time has been largely engaged in settling up the affairs of the institution. Mr. Shearer is a member of the republican party and is active in its work. In 1903 he was elected to the Minnesota house of representatives, and served during 1903 and 1904. He is a member of various organizations, social, political, and pro fessional; among them being the Minneapolis Commercial Club and the Six O'Clock Club. On September 18, 1888, Mr. Shearer was married to Miss Emma Evans of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and they have daughter. four children, three sons and a SMITH, Edward E., a practicing attorney of Minneapolis, was born on May 5, 1861, at Spring Valley, Minnesota. He is a son of Dryden Smith and Elizabeth Ann (Hines) Smith. He attended the public schools at Spring Valley, where he passed his boyhood and youth, but studied law at Charles City, Iowa, where he was admitted to the bar in 1883. Most of Mr. Smith's profes sional life has been passed in Minneapolis, where he moved not long after his admission to prac tice. He has always taken an active interest in politics and has been repeatedly elected to the State Legislature as a republican. He first served in the house of representatives in 1895, and was re-elected for the session of 1897. He was elected to the state senate in 1898 and again in 1902 and 1906. Mr. Smith was married in 1883 to Esther E. Leonard, and they have two chil dren, Harriet and Rollin. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial clubs and is promi nent in all the Masonic orders. SMITH, George Ross, lawyer and judge of the probate court of Hennepin county, was born in Stearns county, Minnesota, May 28, 1864, the son of David and Katharine (Crowe) Smith. He at tended the district school until fifteen years of age, working on his father's farm during the sum mers. In 1886 he graduated from Lake View Academy and was awarded a gold medal for scholarship. He taught school until 1891, when he entered the College of Law of the University of Minnesota, from which he graduated with the degree of LL. B. in 1893. While, in the university he was elected president of his class. Since 1893 he has been actively engaged in the practice of law in Minneapolis. He was elected to the legis lature from the Thirty-eighth legislative district in 1902, and was the first republican representative to be sent to the house of representatives from that district. He was elected judge of probate of Hennepin county in November, 1906. On Janu ary 9, 1895, Judge Smith was married at Minneap olis to Mrs. F. J. Horan. He is a member of the State Bar Association and several fraternal orders and local clubs. His recreations are hunt ing and fishing. SMITH, Seagrave, for many years a -promi-nent member of the Hennepin county bar and judge of the district court, was born on Septem ber 16, 1828, at Stafford, Connecticut, the son of Hiram and Mary A. (Seagrave) Smith. His father was a farmer of Welsh descent and his an cestors on both sides were early settlers of New England. His early life was that usual to the farmer's boy in New England and he finished a common school education with a course at the Connecticut Literary Institution at Suffield, where he graduated in 1848. He had already de termined to be a lawyer, but this course was strongly opposed by his father, who refused him GEORGE R. SMITH. "•t V-r . • • - • •- . . . ~ : ' .• • > / ••.'*" ** i <•? • ; ; • , , :•• .'•> :... -)0 • % -- .>•.•;• < '«• ; V- ,! v V ". 172 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ous positions, as attorney general of the state and chief justice of the supreme court, but with the exceptions noted was not elected, his party being largely in the minority in Minnesota. In every case, however, Judge Smith ran ahead of his party ticket, as he was widely known as a man of the highest character and ability and one whose partisanship could not detract from his able, conscientious work as an official. Judge Smith was married three times. His first wife was Miss Almira Cady of Monson, Massachu setts. They had four children. His second wife was Mrs. Fidelia P. Hatch of Hastings, who had one son, Theron S. Smith. Judge Smith's third marriage was to Mrs. Harriet P. Norton of Otis, Massachusetts, who survives him and is still liv ing in Minneapolis. The only surviving child of Judge Smith is Claribel Smith, principal of Ham ilton school, in this city. Judge Smith died in May, 1898. SWEET, PHOTO JOHN DAY SMITH. any financial aid, and he accordingly supported himself while studying for the bar by teaching school. He read law with Alvin P. Hide at Staf ford, Connecticut, and was admitted to the bat on August 13, 1852. He began to practice in Colchester, Connecticut, and during his residence there served as town clerk, state senator, and clerk of the probate court. In 1857 he grati fied an early desire to settle in the west and came to Hastings, Minnesota, where he formed a law partnership with J. W. De Silva. During his twenty years residence at Hastings he took a prominent part in the politics of Dakota coun ty, serving from time to time as county attor ney, county commissioner, judge of probate and as a member of the state senate. He was at torney for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway and other railroad corporations. In 1877 Judge Smith moved to Minneapolis and formed a law partnership with W. E. Hale, which continued for three years. In 1883 he en tered into a partnership with the late S. A. Reed, which continued until March, 1889, when Judge Smith was appointed to the district bench. Al though a life long democrat, Judge Smith was elected in 1890 by the united support of all par ties and in 1896 was again elected to the bench on the democratic ticket. In 1887 he was elect ed city attorney and held the office for two terms. He was frequently nominated for vari SMITH, John Day, member of the district bench of Minnesota, is the descendant of English Colonial ancestry that settled in this country a half century before the Revolutionary War and took part in the struggle for independence. His great-grandfather, James Lord, was a lieutenant "uid led a companv at Bunker Hill. John Day, the son of a Kennebec county, Maine, farmer, was born in that region on February 25, 1845. After completing his preparatory education he entered Brown University and graduated with the class of 1872. Returning for further work he took an A. M. degree,in 1875 and in his senior year became a member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity. He taught school for a short time and then entered Columbia University and stu died law, receiving an LL. B. degree at that insti tution in 1878 and his degree of LL. M. three years later at the same place. In 1881, shortly after his graduation from Columbia he was ad mitted to the bar in the city of Washington. In 1885 he came to Minneapolis and has resided here since that time. He practiced his profession in this city, as senior partner of the law firm of Smith and Parsons until 1901 and then inde pendently until his election to the district bench in 1904. Besides his legal work Judge Smith was a lecturer at the state university on American constitutional law, from 1890 till 1905, when he was promoted to the bench, and was engaged for a time to lecture at Howard University. On June 26, 1862, he enlisted with Company F., Nineteenth Maine Volunteers and fought in most of the prin cipal battles of the Civil war—Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Bristoe Station, Mine Run, the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Bethesda Church, North Anna, Cold Harbor, Siege of Petersburg and Jerusalem Road. He was slightly wounded at Gettysburg and at Jerusalem Road was almost fatally shot in the face. Though given up by the surgeons he recovered and was discharged, as a corporal, April 25, 1865, on account of his wounds. Judge Smith has always been active COURTS AND LAWYERS politically and has held several public offices. He has usually supported the republican party though in 1896 he followed the political leader ship of William J. Bryan. In 1889 he served in the lower house of the Minnesota legislature and was the representative from the Thirty-fourth District in the senate from 1891 to 1895, and was an able leader of the republican sentiment and movements in that body. During his last term he was chairman of the judiciary committee of the senate. After his second term in the senate he returned to private life and practiced his profession until 1904 when as mentioned he was elected to the district bench. Judge Smith is prominent in the affairs of military fraternal or ganizations—he is a member of the G. A. R. and in 1893 was chosen as commander of the depart ment of Minnesota. In December, 1906, he was elected president of the Minnesota Society of the Sons of the American Revolution to succeed Judge F. M. Crosby. He is also a member of Ark Chapter, Darius Commandery of the Knights Templar, and of Zuhrah Temple, and was the first master of Ark Lodge A. F. and A. M. In 1872 he was married to Miss Mary Hardy Chadbourne, of Lexington, Massachusetts, who died in 1874. He was again married in 1879 to Miss Laura Bean, of Delaware, Ohio. They have four chil dren. The family attends the Calvary Baptist Church. SWEET, PMOTO FRED B. SNYDER. 173 SNYDER, Fred B., son* of Simon P. and Mary R. Snyder, was born in Minneapolis, on Febru ary 21, 1859, in the original Colonel Stevens house, the first dwelling erected on the site of Minneapolis. He is the second son in the fam ily and has spent his life from his birth in this city. He attended the local public schools, grad uated from the high school and then entered the University of Minnesota from which he gradu ated in 1881. He received his degree in that year and then read law; first in the office of Lochren, McNair & Gilfillan and later with the law firm of Koon, Merrill and Keith. He was admitted to the bar in 1882. He practiced in partnership with Judge Jamison till 1889. He has handled a number of important cases, notably that of the State vs. Pillsbury, in which he upset the provisions of the City Charter relating to special assessments for local improvements; and that of the State vs. Westfall, when he sustained the constitutionality of the Torrens Land Law, of which he himself is the author. Mr. Snyder has always been a republican in politics and has been elected by that party to several public of fices. In 1892 he was elected alderman of the second ward and served four years, being presi dent of the council in 1894-1895. Two years later he was the representative in the legislature from the University district, in 1899 was advanced to the senate, and in 1902 declined re-election for a second term. While in the city council he pro posed the gas arbitration plan, which materially reduced the price of that commodity, and created the office of City Gas Inspector. He also advo cated and voted for the Harvey transfer ordinance. As a member of the legislature he was the origi nator and supporter of several important meas ures—introducing and passing the bill increasing the annual revenue of the state university. While in the senate he introduced and passed the Board of Control Bill and supported and voted for the increase of the gross earnings tax from three to four per cent. He was also the author of the Probation Law for juvenile offenders. Mr. Snyder while in college was elected to the Chi Psi and P. B. K. fraternities, and is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial Clubs. In 1885 he was married to Miss Susan M. Pillsbury, who died in 1891. In 1896 he married Miss Lenora Dickson of Pittsburgh. There are two children, a son, John Pillsbury, and a daughter, Mary Stuart. Mr. Snyder attends the First Congrega tional Church. SWEET, John Cochrane, was born at Fort Wayne, Indiana, April 24, 1870, son of Kay Chit tenden and Elizabeth (Cochrane) Sweet. His father was a locomotive engineer whose forebe'ars in this country came from England and settled in Rhode Island in 1630. Mr. Sweet spent his boyhood in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and received his early educational training in the public schools of that city and at Waseca, Minnesota, whither he went in 1882. In 1890 he went to 174 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Mankato, Minnesota, and the next year he came to Minneapolis to enter the university where he won the Paige prize for the best graduation thesis in 1893, also winning the gold medal for first place in the two hundred and twenty-yard dash on college field day, 1892. Pursuing his studies in the law de partment of the university, Mr. Sweet received the LL. B. degree in 1893 and LL. M. in 1896. When the Spanish war broke out Mr. Sweet en tered the United States service as second lieute nant, Company A, Fifteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. Mr. Sweet represented the thirty-ninth district in the lower house of the Minnesota legislature during the sessions of 1901 and 1902. He is secretary and director of the Minneapolis Oil Company and, since 1901, has been receiver for the Minneapolis Fire & Marine Mutual In surance Company, and since 1896 has been lec turer on the Law of Mortgages in the Law De partment of the state university. Mr. Sweet has interests in Minneapolis real estate and in petro leum lands in Kansas and is interested with W. S. Dwinnell in British Columbia timber lands. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Com mercial clubs; is secretary and treasurer of the Psi Upsilon Association of Minnesota, and a member of the Phi Delta Phi Fraternity and, not withstanding his professional engagements, main tains a lively interest in athletics and automobiling. Mr. Sweet is a member of the First Con gregational Church of Minneapolis. He was mar ried on May 19, 1897, to Mary, daughter of Chas. D. Lougee, and two daughters have been born to them—Catherine Elizabeth (born February 8, 1901) and Margaret Cochrane (born June 17, 1903). Mr. Sweet resides at 526 Eleventh avenue southeast. THOMPSON, Charles T., of the law firm of Keith, Evans, Thompson & Fairchild, is a native of Ohio. He was born at Glendale, near Cin cinnati, on June 6, 1853, the son of Samuel J. and Eveline K. Thompson. His father was one of the distinguished Cincinnati lawyers of the last generation. He began his education at Glen dale where he fitted for entrance to Denison Uni versity at Granville, Ohio, from which institution he graduated in 1873 with the degree of A. B. He then went abroad studying at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, where, in the fall of 1874, he took honors in logic, metaphysics and in Roman law, having completed a two years course in one year. Returning to America he entered the Cincinnati Law School (now law department of the University of Cincinnati) from which he graduated in June, 1876. He at once began prac tice with the firm of King, Thompson & Longworth, but on account of his health moved to Minneapolis in 1878. For a few years he prac ticed alone and then iq August, 1883, formed the partnership with Mr. Arthur M. Keith, which has continued until the present time. The firm was at first Keith & Thompson and in 1887 the present partnership was formed. It has always BRUSH, PHOTO OIIAULES J . T K A X L E R . been one of the prominent law firms of the city and has conducted much important legal busi ness. During his thirty years residence in Min neapolis Mr. Thompson has taken an active part in all matters looking toward the betterment of social and political conditions, though he has never held or sought public office. His political affiliations are with the republican party and his church relations with the Presbyterian denomina tion, in which he has held many important posi tions. He has served as elder and clerk of West minster Presbyterian Church for many years. He is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, the Citizens' staff of the Rawlins post, G. A. R., the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, the Min neapolis Club, the Commercial Club, the La fayette Club, the Westminster Club, the Six O'Clock Club, and the American and Minnesota State bar associations. Mr. Thompson was mar ried on September 28, 1881, to Kate L. Harris of Minneapolis. They have three sons, Arthur H., Telford K. and Charles Stanley. TRAXLER, Charles Jerome, son of John and Rebecca Yount Traxler, was born in Henry county, Iowa, near Mount Pleasant, on December 16, 1858. The father was a farmer and brickmaker and the son spent his early years on the farm near Mount Pleasant where, after attending the public schools, he took the academic course at Howe's Academy. After a course in Iowa COURTS AND LAWYERS Wesleyan University at Mount Pleasant, Mr. Traxler completed his collegiate education at the State University of Iowa at Iowa City from which he graduated, LL. B., in 1882, meantime having read law with prominent lawyers. He began the practice* of his profession in partnership with Hon. Clay B. Whitford (now of Denver, Col.) and after that gentleman's departure for Denver, the partnership being dissolved, Mr. Traxler be came a member of the editorial staff of the Daily Tribune-News, of Evansville, Ind., holding the position of associate editor in chief. In 1886 he resumed the practice of law in western Kansas, where he was twice elected county attorney of Seward County. He came to Minnesota in 1889 locating in Minneapolis where he has since been practicing in his specialty as corporation counsel. Mr. Traxler is an Independent in politics, in later years generally voting for republican candidates. As counsel for several freight receivers' associa tions, Mr. Traxler has given intelligent attention to the rate question and a plan for the regulation of rates was considered by the government last year which Mr. Traxler originated and which was regarded with considerable favor by. the Federal authorities and men of affairs who considered it. It left the r-ate-making power with the railroads and devolved upon them the burden of proof, while avoiding any ground for basing a charge that the commission is combining judicial and legislative functions or that a special tribunal has been created for a special industry. Mr. Traxler is the author of several books which have re ceived the "commendation of recognized legal au thorities. His "Annotated Lien Laws of Minne sota," published in 1890, has been indorsed by the justices of the state supreme court and leading members of the bar and by the dean of the law department of the state university, where it is used as a text book. His treatise on the "Law of Mechanics' Liens of Iowa," also has the unani mous indorsement of the members of the Iowa supreme court. In 1907 Mr. Traxler was ap pointed by the Minnesota supreme court as one of the six members of the state board of law ex aminers and assumed the duties of his office on May 1 of that year. Mr. Traxler was married in 1886 to Mary Comstock, daughter of Col. A. W. Comstock, of Mount Pleasant, Iowa. To them have been born three children—Marian Avery, Hazel Alice and John Austin. TRYON, Charles John, a Minneapolis attorney in active practice in the firm of Tryon and Booth, was born September 8, 1859, at Batavia, New York. He is the son of A. D., and Amanda H. Tryon, and both parents were of English colonial an cestry, the New York branch of the family hav ing migrated from Connecticut—-the original hgrne of the first settlers—and established them selves in New York early, in that state's history The father was a druggist and book seller in pros perous circumstances and the son after an early education in the common schools of Batavia, 175 went to Columbian University, Washington, D. C., for his law course. Soon after graduation, he came to Minneapolis, where he has since lived, and practiced as a lawyer. Mr. Tryon is a re publican in politics, and a Congregationalist in church affiliations. He was married June 10, 1901, to Miss Isabel Gale, the daughter of Harlow A. Gale, one of the early pioneers of Minneapolis. He has seven children—three sons and four daughters. VAN VALKENBURG, Jesse, was born in Sharon, New York, on December 31, 1868, and is of a family whose ancestors took part in the Revolution. His father, Joseph Van Valkenburg, was at the time of his son's birth a New York farmer, but later engaged in business, and is now retired; his mother was Harriet Seeley Van Valkenburg. The family moved West and Jesse grew up at Farmington, Minnesota, attending the local schools and afterwards taking a course at the Mankato state normal school. After graduating at Mankato, he completed his education with the academic and law courses at the University of Minnesota, graduating from the former in 1894 a n d the latter in 1895. During the later years of his university work he was on the staff •of the'Minneapolis Tribune as a reporter and con tinued for a short time after graduating, or until he commenced practice in his chosen profession. During his ten years' membership in the bar of the city and state he has made a large acquaint ance and established a satisfactory practice. " A republican in politics, he has not taken a poli tician's part in party affairs, but has been inter ested in civic betterments and good government. He is a member of the Masonic order and of the society of the Sons of the American Revolu tion. Mr. Van Valkenburg is married and has three children. The family attend the Congre gational church. VANDERBURGH, Charles Edwin, better, known as Judge Vanderburgh, an early settler of St. Anthony and the first judge of the dis trict bench from this district, was born on De cember 2, 1829, at Clifton Park, Saratoga county, New York. His ancestors came to this country from Holland before the Revolution, his grand father fought under the flag of the United Col onies and shortly after the close of the war settled in Saratoga county, where the father of Charles Edwin, Stephen Vanderburgh, was born. Charles Edwin received his grammar education in the district school, later taking a preparatory course in Cortland Academy at Homer, New York, and entering Yale College in 1849 with the class of 1852. He graduated in the latter year and soon after commenced his legal studies with Henry R. Mygatt, an eminent lawyer of his day, at the same time holding the office of principal at Oxford Academy, Oxford, New York. Admitted to the bar in 1855, he came to Minneapolis the following spring, where he soon formed a partnership with F. R. E. Cornell and 176 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS commenced the practice of law, the firm becom ing one of the most successful in the state. At the age of twenty-nine elected judge of the Fourth Judicial District in 1859, and successively re-elected, Judge Vanderburgh dispensed justice in the territory embracing everything north and west of Minneapolis for twenty years, driving over a large part of the circuit. In a day when the jurisprudence of Minnesota was but slightly developed, his excellent training and sound judg ment blazed out the way of interpretation which other courts followed. In 1881, he was elected to the supreme bench, the death of Judge Cor nell having left a vacancy, and served until the expiration of his last term in 1894. Probably his most famous decision was that rendered while on the district bench in i860, in the case of Eliza Winston, a slave woman brought by her owner, Colonel Christmas, from Mississippi to this state and taken before Judge Vanderburgh on a writ of habeas corpus. He decided that slavery was a local institution, and that a slave brought into a free state by its owner became free. This made the woman free to leave her former owner and with the aid of a party of abolitionists she evaded a forcible attempt at recapture and escaped into Canada. His supreme court de cisions were distinguished by strong common ' sense, thorough investigation and conciseness. A former associate said of him, "The fidelity and painstaking care with which he discharged judi cial duties, may be likened to that which a sculptor bestows in chiseling the form and face of a statue, anxious always, that no fault or flaw should be revealed in the finished work." When it is remembered that Minnesota had only 150,000 people when he went on the bench and had grown to a million and a half when he left it, it will be seen that he was an influential factor in the determination of most of the important litigation that has occurred in the state. On his retirement from the bench, he entered into the general practice of law, took an active part in the political campaign of 1896 and presided at the first meeting held by W. J. Bryan, in Min neapolis. With his family he attended the First Presbyterian Church of this city and for many years was an elder and the superintendent of the Sabbath school. He was married to Miss Julia M. Mygatt of Oxford, New York, on September 2, 1857, and they had two children, W. H. Van derburgh, now a practicing attorney in Minne apolis, and Julia M. Vanderburgh, who was drowned in 1871. After the death of his first wife in 1863 Judge Vanderburgh was again mar ried to Miss Anna Culbert of Fulton county, New York. One daughter, Isabella, was born, who died in 1893. Judge Vanderburgh died in March, 1898, at the age of sixty-eight years. ^VILSON, George Potter, son of Samuel and Elizabeth Wilson, was born at Lewisburgh, Pennsylvania, January 19, 1840. His father was a farmer of Scotch-Irish descent; his mother of wzsm. 6WEET, PHOTO GEORGE T. AVILSON. German descent. The father served in the war of 1812. The subject of this sketch was a boy when his parents died. He remained at Lewis burgh until he was eighteen years old and at tended the Lewisburgh (now Bucknell) Uni versity during the last two years of his residence there. He then attended the Wesleyan Univer sity at Delaware, Ohio, for two years and in i860 he removed to Winona, Minnesota, where he studied law in the office of Lewis & Simpson and was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1862. He practiced his profession at Winona as a member of the firm of Simpson & Wilson until October, 1878. Meantime he was elected, and served for six years, or three terms, as county attorney of Wino na County. He was elected to the lower house of the legislature in November, 1872, and was elected Attorney General of the state of Minnesota in November, 1873, and was twic«e reelected, his last term ending on January 1, 1880. Mr. Wilson then removed to Fargo, North Dakota, and practiced law under the firm name of Wilson & Ball until July, 1887, coming then to Minneapolis, where he has since remained in the practice of his profes sion. He was elected to the state senate from the Forty-first District in 1898, and re-elected in 1902. Among the distinctions which have marked the career of Mr. Wilson, he was appointed by President Grant, in 1871, one of the government commissioners on the Southern Pacific Railroad, .... i» .... ' " ' .- • >j| ir.'ir, . '• "" W; ^ wasp* • ; • .Ik: 178 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the construction of which had just commenced from San Francisco south and east. The com missioners inspected the work from San Fran cisco to Gilroy, eighty miles. Mr. Wilson was one of the counsel for the state of Minnesota in that celebrated case. The State of Minnesota against The Northern Securities Company, on each side of which the strongest legal talent was engaged. Mr. Wilson is a member of the Metho dist Episcopal church. He was.married in Sep tember, 1866, to Ada H. Harrington of Winona, and they have had three children, Jessie M., mar ried to W. R. Sweatt: Walter H., and Wirt, all of whom reside in Minneapolis. WILLIAMSON, James Franklin, was born in the town of Osborn, near Dayton, Ohio, on Jan uary 9, 1853. His grandfather, James W. Will iamson, was one of the pioneer settlers of Ohio. James Franklin is the son of George C. and Sarah A. Williamson, being of - Scotch-Irish descent upon his father's side and German descent on his mother's side. He was educated at the public schools and Princeton University, graduating from the latter in 1877 with the degree of A. B. and receiving therefrom the degree of Ph. D. in 1879, on examination for post graduate work. He studied law in the office of ex-Governor George Hoadly, at Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1881 he came to Minneapolis, here continuing his studies with the law firm of Lochren, McNair & Gil- FREDERICIC B. WRIGHT. fillan, and in November of the same year was admitted to the bar. He accepted an appoint ment, in the fall of 1881, as an examiner in the United States Patent Office, remaining about two years. He resigned from government service in 1885, a °d opened a law office in this city, making a specialty of patent and trade-mark law and soliciting. He has since been continuously en gaged with that branch of legal work, and has a well-established practice in the United States courts and before the Patent Office. After prac ticing alone in this city for fifteen years, Mr. Williamson, in 1900, took into partnership Mr. Frank D. Merchant, under the firm name of Williamson & Merchant. This association still ex ists, and the firm has built up a most success ful business, numbering among its clients not only prominent corporations in the Northwest, but some of national repute in other sections On June 9, 1896, Mr. Williamson was married to Miss Emma F. Elmore, and they have two chil dren, both sons. Mr. Williamson is a member of the leading business and social organizations of the city, including the Minneapolis Club and Commercial Club of this city, and is also a mem ber of the University Club of New York City. WRIGHT, Fred B., was born January 17, 1856, in Coos county, New Hampshire. His father, Beriah Wright, was a farmer of moderate means directly descended from Beriah Wright who had a part in the war of 1812 as a captain in the army of the United States. The family have had dis tinguished representation in the legal and med ical professions in both the East and the West, and have been eminently successful in agricul tural and commercial life. Fred B., after a good district school education, entered the St. Johnsbury Academy at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, from which he graduated in 1878 and, after teaching school for a time, he began to read law in the office of George A. Bingham at Littleton, New Hampshire; and later completed his studies at the Boston Law School. In 1883 Mr. Wright came to Minneapolis and began, here, the prac tice of his profession. He has continuously prac ticed here since that time and been eminently successful in his professional career. In politics he is a republican and is active in the work of the State League of Republican Clubs, of which he was president for two years. He was elected to the state legislature in 1906 from the Fortieth District which is identical with the Fourth Ward of Minneapolis and during the session of 1907 was a member of many important committees and chairman of the committee of drainage. In response to the pressing demand for a revision and extension of the drainage laws, Mr. Wright revised and rewrote the old drainage laws with the view to making them meet the present de mand of the state. This work was done so thor oughly that the result brought him warmest com mendation and it is conceded that Minnesota now has the best system of drainage laws of any state 180 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS in the Union. Mr. Wright is a high degree Ma son and is a member of the Minneapolis No. 19 Blue Lodge, St. John's Chapter No. 9, Zion Commandery No. 2, Knights Templars, and Zuhrah Temple. On August 27, 1884, he was married to Helen M. Conant, of Greensboro, Vermont, and they have four children—Ralph C., Fred B., Jr., Barbara Helen, and Donald Orr. WAITE, Edward Foote, judge of the munic ipal court of Minneapolis, was born on January 15, i860, in Norwich, New York, the son of John Waite and Betsey N. Foote. His father was a lawyer and his ancestors on both sides of the family were among the early settlers of New England. Judge Waite's early life was spent at Norwich and in that vicinity, where he obtained his earlier schooling and prepared for college. He entered Colgate University at Hamilton, New York, and graduated with the degree of A. B. in the class of 1880. His professional education was obtained at the Columbian (now George Washington) University Law School at Wash ington, D. C., from which he was graduated in 1883 with the degree of LL. B. and from which he received his LL. M. in 1884. Judge Waite did not engage in practice at once. He had been, during his law studies, a clerk in the United States Pension Department at Washington, and con tinued in the service of the pension department, serving as special examiner at various points, the last being Minneapolis, where he was stationed from 1888 to 1897. In the latter year Judge Waite withdrew from the public service and com menced the practice of law. He was for some time associated with the late Judge A. H. Young, who had served upon the district bench in Min neapolis for many years. In 1901 Mr. Waite was made assistant city attorney of Minneapolis and in August, 1902, was appointed Superintendent of Police by Mayor David P. Jones, who had come into office upon the retirement of Mayor A. A. Ames. The appointment of Judge Waite as superintendent of police was for the avowed purpose of complete reorganization and rehabilita tion of the police force of the city and for the absolute suppression of various forms of vice and crime which had been given free rein. This work was accomplished in a few months and when Supt. Waite retired from the position on Jan uary 1, 1903, the police force was thoroughly re organized on a basis of independence, complete protection to the public and no protection to law breakers. This reorganization was a remarkable demonstration of the possibilities of the police department when handled solely for the main tenance of law and order. In December, 1904, Judge Waite was appointed to the municipal bench by Governor Van Sant to fill an unex pired term and in November, 1906, he was regu larly elected for the six years' term. Judge Waite is a republican in party affiliations though quite independent in local affairs. He takes an active part in all questions of good government and improvement of municipal conditions in all ways and in philanthropic and charitable movements. Since he has been on the municipal bench this court has inaugurated a system of parole under suspended sentences for minor offences, which has been practically successful in effecting ref ormation in many cases. Judge Waite is a member of Plymouth Congregational Church. He was married May 5, 1892, to Miss. Alice M. Eaton, at Brooklyn, New York. They have had one son, Bradford, who died in infancy. YALE, Washington, Jr., was born January 7, 1875, at Norwalk, Huron county, Ohio. His father, Charles W. Yale, a descendant of Thomas Yale, (a brother of Elihu Yale, from whom Yale University derived its name) is a capitalist. Washington Yale lived in Ohio until he was thirteen years old, then came to Minneapolis and lived with his great-uncle, Washington Yale, for whom he was named. He attended the Central high school, later the Engineering school of the state university, and finally the Law school, from which he graduated with the class of 1898 and was then admitted to the bar. Mr. Yale's prac tice has had to do chiefly with commercial and real estate law, including the care of property for both residents and non-residents. During the last three years and at the present time, he has given considerable attention to the erection of modern homes for rental purposes. During his senior year in college, he was Major of the Uni versity Cadet Corps. A republican, Mr. Yale has been a member of the Roosevelt Club during the last two campaigns. He is also a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, an honorary member of "Scabbard and Blade," the University military society, and a very active member of Plymouth Congregational Church, being secretary of the society and recently a member and chair man of the board of directors of Drummond Hall, one of its missions. He was also a charter mem ber and first secretary and treasurer of Plymouth Club. He married May Wilman Emery, of Waltham, Massachusetts, October 25, 1899. CHAPTER XIII. MEDICINE T HE history of the practice of meclicine in any city is largely told in the lives of the individual members of the profession, and this is true of Minneapolis. For more than fifty years Minneapolis has demanded and received medical treatment of the highest order and from the very beginning the standard of professional life has been very high and the medical profession has numbered among its members physicians who have ranked with the foremost in the country. The first physician of the regular school of medicine to arrive in St. Anthony was Dr. J. H. Murphy who came in 1850 and was then just twenty-four years of age and a recent graduate of Rush Medical College. He became one of the most distinguished physicians in the state and gave to the early settlement a high standard in matters medical. Dr. A. E. Ames came in 1851. He was also a graduate of Rush but had had several years' experience. After a short time these two physicians entered into partnership and they both took a very active part in the affairs of the two villages at St. Anthony Falls. Dr. Ames moved across the river to Minneapolis and was frequently called upon to serve the city in public office. Dr. Ira Kingsley and Dr. Hezekiah Fletcher also arrived at the Falls in 1851. Dr. Fletcher was a prominent citizen of the old Minneapolis but is not included in early lists of practicing physicians. Another physician to arrive in very early times was Dr. A. E. Johnson who came in 1853 and became a partner of Dr. C. W. Le Boutillier. The latter died in 1863 but Dr. Johnson remained to become the veteran of the profession in the city. Dr. C. L. Anderson arrived in 1854, Dr. Adolph Ortman in 1857. Dr. Ortman also proved to be a permanent resident of the city, living for many years in St. Anthony as a successful practitioner, Dr. J. S. Elliot who became a most distinguished citizen settled in Minneapolis in 1854. Dr. W. H. Leonard came in 1855 and Dr. J. J. Linn in 1857. AIL these remained long in practice and became well known in the community. A list of physicians of all schools practicing at the Falls at the close of 1858, compiled by Colonel Stevens, includes: Dr. J. H. Murphy, Dr. A. E. Ames, Dr. M. R. Greeley, Dr. J. S. Elliott, Dr. W. H. Leonard, Dr. B. Jodon, Dr. A. Ortman, Dr. W. D. Dibb, Dr. C. W. Le Boutillier, Dr. C. L. Anderson, Dr. P. L. Hatch, Dr. J. B. Sabine, and Dr. Simon French Rankin. As the number of physicians increased the exact date of their arrival in the city became of less importance but it is interesting to group the following men who joined the ranks of the profession in the city between i860 and 1880: Drs. N. B. Hill, A. H. Lindley, C. G. Goodrich, H. H. Kimball, R. S. McMurdy, O. J. Evans, Edwin Phillips, E. H. Stockton, Chas. Simpson, E. J. Kelley, A. W. Abbott, T. F. Quimby, F. A. Dunsmoor, I. D. Alger, A. C. Fairbairn, Geo. F. French, S. F. Hance, J. W. Murray, A. E. Hutchins, A. H. Salisbury and C. L. Wells. Of the foregoing Drs. Hill and Lindley were among the earliest arrivals (coming in 1861) and became the most prominent physicians in the city for a time. They were both men of high professional attainments, broad culture and eminent public spirit. Of those commencing practice here previous to 1870, Dr. Leonard, Dr. Kimball and Dr. Phillips are the only ones still in active practice at the present time. The early medical men of Minneapolis shared with their brethren of other new communities the difficulties of pioneer prac- 182 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS MINNESOTA COLLEGE HOSPITAL. This building was originally the Winslow House and a famous hotel in the days before the war. was tice. Fifty years ago Minneapolis physi cians were not called to as great distances as their successors of today but a call from an isolated farm or lumber camp, if not more than twenty or thirty miles away from town, still meant infinitely more difficulty and hardship for the doctor than a call from a point hundreds of miles distant at the present day.' In the absence of all means of transportation except that afforded by a horse and buggy, without any of the mod ern inventions—mechanical or remedial— which facilitate the work of the physician,, the doctors of a half century ago found the practice of medicine a very strenuous occu pation. The Minneapolis pioneer physi cians were, however, the kind of men to whom difficulties meant no more than did the difficulties of business to their fellow townsmen. With few exceptions they seem to have done their work well, maintained the standards of their profession and at the same time to have taken an active and effi cient part in the organization of the young community. Very early they realized the advantages of organization for themselves and the present Hennepin County Medical Society grew out of the St. Anthony and Minneapolis Union Medical Society organ ized in 1855 at the residence of Dr. A. E. Ames at Eighth avenue south and Fourth street. Dr. Ames was president and Dr. Wheelock, secretary. The society was re organized in 1870 under its present name with Dr. Ames again as president and since that time it has taken a very prominent part in the life of the profession and has been most influential in maintaining standards and securing reforms when necessary. Among its executive officers have been: Drs. C. G. Goodrich, Edwin Phillips, A. H. Lindley, E. J. Brown, Wm. Asbury Hall, L. A. Nippert, H. R. Sweetzer, A. W. Ab bott, J. W. Bell, C. H. Hunter, D. O. Thom as, Frank C. Todd, and F. A. Knights. The society has brought together a large medical library and maintains rooms in the Donaldson building, where its semi-monthly meetings are held. Of later organizations the Society of Physicians and Surgeons was active from 1882 for several years but dis continued upon the organization of the Min nesota Academy of Medicine in which Min neapolis physicians have taken a leading part. The Minneapolis Medical Club was organized a few years ago and numbers in its membership many of the younger phy sicians of the city. It meets monthly at the court house. Its presidents have been Drs. Lester W. Day, George D. Haggard, J. C., Litzenberg, A. T. Mann and R. E. Farr. J. H. MURPHY, M. D. MEDICINE Until 1881 Minneapolis had no medical schools but Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor had ad' vocated the establishment of a college and to his earnest work was due the organiza tion in that year, of the Minnesota College Hospital with a board of directors composed of Thomas Lowry, president and Drs. George F. French, A. W. Abbott, and C. H. Hunter and Judge C. E. Vanderburgh. Dr. Dunsmoor became dean. The old Winslow House was secured and was oc- 183 lege of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery and the College of Dentistry. Into these colleges were merged the Hospital College including its dental division, the St. Paul Medical College and the Minnesota Home opathic Medical College, the officers of all these institutions joining in urging the de sirability of this consolidation and tender ing the use of their several properties with out charge to the state. From this begin ning has grown the medical department of MILLARD HALL. One of the group of medical buildings at the University of Minnesota. cupied for four years, or until the comple tion of a college building at Ninth avenue south and Fifth street. At the time of the removal to this building the institution was reorganized, dropping the hospital feature and assuming the name of the Hospital College, while a free dispensary was added. The first faculty of the Department of Medicine of the University of Minnesota was appointed in 1883 but for five years con fined itself to the examination of candidates for degrees and the general duties of a state board of medical examiners under the pro visions of a state law of 1883. In 1888 the department was reorganized as a teaching school of medicine with three colleges: The College of Medicine and Surgery, the Col- the university—now one of the leading medical schools of the country. After a few years buildings began to appear upon the campus and the scattered quarters were permanently abandoned. A College of Pharmacy was added in 1891 and the four colleges are now housed in five buildings, Millard Hall, the laboratory of medical sciences, the laboratory of chemistry, the laboratory of anatomy and the institute of public health and pathology. In the latter building is a very complete museum and a technical library. The officers of the sev eral colleges are: Frank Fairchild Wesbrook, M. A., M. D., C. M., Dean of the Col lege of Medicine and Surgery; Eugene L. Mann, B. A., M. D., Dean of the College of 184 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 3 A. II. LINDLKY, M. I). Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery; Al fred Owre, D. M. D., M. D., Dean of the College of Dentistry, and Frederick J. Wulling, Phm. D., LL. M., Dean of the College of Pharmacy. The statement that the Minnesota Home opathic Medical College was merged in the department of medicine at the university, calls for an account of the origin of this institution. The practice of Homeopathy in Minneapolis dates from 1856 when Dr. William A. Penniman came here from Al bany, New York. He was a graduate of Brown University and of Jefferson Medical College and while practicing in Pittsburg changed to the homeopathic school. He was the first president of the Minnesota State Medical Institute—the first Home opathic medical society in the state. In 1858 Dr. Philo L. Hatch, a graduate of the Homeopathic Hospital and College of Cleveland, visited Minneapolis and was so pleased with the place that he made it his home and became a prominent physician as well as a leading citizen and an ornitholog ist of repute. Dr. William H. Leonard, who had been a practicing physician in the city since 1855, determined, in i860, to embrace the doctrines of Hahnemann and took his place in the homeopathic school. He is the oldest living practitioner in the city and is held in the highest respect by physicians of all schools as well as by the people of the city who have known his fifty years of devoted service. The year 1866 brought Drs. T. R. Huntington and David M. Good win; the year 1870 Dr. Otis M. Humphrey. Other physicians began practice here in this order; Dr. Adele S. Hutchison, 1877; Drs. A. E. Higbee and John A. Steele in 1878; Dr. W. D. Lawrence, 1879; Drs. John F. Beaumont, W111. E. Leonard, and S. M. Spaulding in 1880; Dr. H. W. Brazie in 1881 ; Drs. George F. Roberts and George E. Dennis in 1884; Dr. Henry C. Aldrich in 1887. In 1872, through the efforts of Drs. W. H. Leonard and D. M. Goodwin, the Hahnemann Medical Society of Hennepin County was organized and for some years did very effective work in the promotion of the interests of homeopathy. Among other things accomplished was the establishment of the Homeopathic Free Dispensary. The society was renamed and reorganized in 1891 as the Minneapolis Homeopathic Med ical Society with Dr. George F. Roberts as president. Dr. H. C. Aldrich, Dr. A. S. Wilcox, Dr. G. E. Dennis and Dr. H. H. Leavitt have been among the later presi dents of the club. The promoters of this organization were also active in the found ing of the Homeopathic Hospital and took a prominent part in the agitation which fin- SWEET COLLECTION ST. BARNABAS HOSPITAL. MEDICINE ally led to the organization of the Minne sota Homeopathic Medical College which was incorporated early in 1886 and began college work in the following autumn. Dr. P. L. Hatch was dean, assisted by a strong faculty, many of whose members became professors in the new College of Homeoathic Medicine and Surgery at the univer sity upon the consolidation of 1888. In this college, as in the others in the department, the standards are equal to the highest among the schools of the country. 185 medical profession and developed in the last forty years. It was organized in 1870 as the Cottage Hospital largely through the influence of Bishop Knickerbacker. It was first located at Washington and Ninth avenues north but in 1881 was removed to Ninth avenue south and Sixth street and given its present name. In later years the buildings have been greatly extended and the hospital very thoroughly equipped. St. Barnabas has always been under the control of the Episcopal denomination and has on FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION THE MINNEAPOLIS CITY HOSPITAL. In 1883 the Minneapolis College of Physi cians and Surgeons was organized with Dr. Edwin Phillips, president and Dr. J. T. Moore, dean of the faculty. In 1895 it was made the medical department of Hamline University though maintaining its own building at Fifth street and Seventh avenue south in Minneapolis. It continued as a successful medical school, until 1908 when it was merged in the medical department of the university, the members of its faculty generally becoming professors in the con solidated college. HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES. St. Barnabas Hospital was the first of the group of institutions fostered by the its staff a number of the leading physicians of the city. The Minneapolis Free Dispensary was established in 1878 by C. A. Pillsbury, Geo. A. Brackett, C. M. Loring, A. B. Barton and E. S. Jones. It did excellent work un til 1882 when it was merged into the Minne sota College Hospital which had been estab lished in 1881 through the efforts of Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor. The College Hospital as its name implies combined educational pur poses with hospital service and is referred to under the subject of medical education. In 1882 the Northwestern Hospital was organized and in 1887 removed from tem porary quarters to its present location on 186 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Swedish. Hospital was founded in 1898 and in 1902 occupied its own building at Tenth avenue so.uth and Eighth street. The Homeopathic Hospital was incorporated in 1881 but was not opened until January 1883. In 1884 it moved to Fourth avenue south and Twenty-fifth street where it continued in successful operation for some years. Maternity Hospital was founded in 1886 through the efforts of Dr. Martha G. Ripley and is the only hospital in the city or state .devoted entirely to the care of women dur ing confinement. Its work is largely charit able and has interested many women, who in fact make up its entire board of officers and directors. It occupies a building at 2201 Western avenue. Dr. Ripley has al ways been physician in charge. There are various other hospitals and homes in the city, ranging from the fully equipped hos pital to the charitable home where med ical treatment is merely incidental. The physicians of the city have taken a very large part in the promotion and conduct of these institutions and have given very X. B. Ill M., M. D. Chicago avenue and Twenty-seventh street. The lots were the gift of L. M. Stewart and $20,000 of the building fund was contrib uted by Mrs. Jane T. Harrison. St. Mary's Hospital, one of the best equipped institu tions in the city was established in 1888 by Hishop Ireland and has been under the charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph, having 011 its staff many prominent physicians. The Minneapolis City Hospital was not opened until 1888 when it occupied tempo rary quarters at Eighth street and Eleventh avenue south. The present City Hospital building was commenced some years later. The management was at first vested in the council committee on health and hospitals but was later transferred to the board of charities and corrections. Asbury Metho dist Hospital was organized in 1892 occupy ing first the.building vacated by the Minne sota College Hospital at Ninth avenue south and Sixth street and only recently moving to its own building at Fourteenth street and Ninth avenue south. It is under the direc tion of the Methodist denomination. The ASA E. JOHNSON, M. D. MEDICINE freely of their time and professional abil ities to the inmates. In public service the physicians of the city have always been active and loyal. Much interest was taken in the organization of the department of health immediately upon the incorporation of the city in 1867. The first "sanitary committee" as it was styled, consisted of Drs. A. E. Ames, N. B. Hill and A. H. Lindley, the latter being health officer. After serving two terms Dr. Lindley gave place to Dr. Leonard who in turn was succeeded by Dr. Charles Simpson. These men set the pace for later administra tion of the department. There have been few serious epidemics and these have in the main been very well handled. I11 1889 the health department was reorganized under a special law and its work broadened to cover the necessities of a large city. The health officers have been these: 1867-68, Dr. A. H. Lindley; 1869-71, Dr. W. H. Leonard; 187275, Dr. Chas. Simpson; 1876, Dr. G. F. Townsend; 1877, Dr. A. A. Ames; 1878, Dr. O. J. Evans; 1879-80, Dr. A. H. Salisbury; 1881, Dr. O. J. Evans; 1882-3, Dr. J. Cockburn; 1884-87, Dr. T. F. Quimby; 1888-90, Dr. S. S. Kilvington; 1891-92, Dr. E. S. Kelley; 1895, Dr. H. N. Avery; 1899, Dr. A. K. Norton; 1901-08, Dr. P. M. Hall. The city physicians have been, Dr. S. M. Spaulding, 1880-1; Dr. J. C. Cockburn, 1881-2; Dr. A. B. Cates, 1883-4; Dr. C. T. Drew, 1884-5; Dr. S. H. Van Cleve, 1885-6-7; Dr. James H. Dunn, 1887-8; Dr. C. A. Chase, 1889-92; Dr. Charles G. Wes ton, 1893-98; Dr. W. J. Byrnes, 1899-1900; Dr. Henry S. Nelson, 1901-2; Dr. George E. Ricker, 190^-4; Dr. E. H. Beckmaii, ico^7; Dr. P. M. Holl, 1908. ' Among the coroners of Hennepin county have been Drs. -A. C. Fairbairn, R. J. Hill, Frank E. Towers, Wm. J. Byrnes, W. P. Spring, J. M. Kistler, George E. Dennis, Henry S. Nelson and U. G. Williams. ABBOTT, Amos Wilson, for many years a prominent surgeon of Minneapolis, was born at Ahmednuggur, India, on January 6, 1844, the son of Amos and Anstice (Wilson) Abbott. He was educated at the Phillips Academy, Andover, Mas sachusetts, at Dartmouth College and at the Col lege of Physicians and Surgeons at New York. He served in the Union army during the Civil war as a member of Company C, Sixteenth New 187 Hampshire Volunteer Infantry. In 1869 he com menced practice. For many years he has resided at 21 South Tenth street where he still maintains his office and in • 1902 he established a private hospital at 10 East Seventeenth street, of which he is surgeon in chief. He is a member of the American Medical Association, Minnesota State Medical Association, Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and the Hennepin County Medical So ciety. Dr. Abbott was married on August 19, 1880, at Delhi, New York, to Miss Helen G. Wright. ' • : ALGER, Edmund Whitney, son of Isaac D. and Ellen' Whitney Alger was born in Minne apolis, July 13, 1877. His father is a physician of distinction who settled in Minneapolis in 1874 and was recognized as an expert in gynecology. The family are descended from oae of the early colonists of Massachusetts, a branch of the Algers settling in Vermont, whence Dr. Isaac Daniel Alger came to Minneapolis. The son, after at tending the public schools of Minneapolis and graduating at the East Side high school, in stinctively followed the professional tendencies of his forebears, many of whom were noted phy sicians, and graduated from the medical depart ment of the state university with the degree M. D. in 1902, and is engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Alger is a member of the East Side Commercial Club and of the Hennepin Coun ty Medical Society and of the Minneapolis Medi cal Club. ALGER, Isaac Daniel, for more than thirty years a practicing physician of this city, was born at Morristown, Vermont, on March 16, 1844. He is the son of Dr. Isaac Smith Alger, a native of Strafford, Vermont, born in 1802, who lived for most of his life and practiced his profession of medicine at Williston, Vermont. His health failed when he was twenty-one years old, and for five years he lived on the sea returning to Stowe where he remained till he was forty-two years old, when he moved to Williston, where he re sided until he came West. In 1875 he came to Minneapolis to reside with his son, who had moved to this city a short time before. Dr. I. D. Alger's mother was the widow of Daniel Robin son, her maiden name being Priscella Churchill Lathrop, born at Stowe, Vermont, on May 22, 1800. The ancestry of the family seems to have been originally French, as a, distinguished eccle siastic of Liege bore the name in the early part of the twelfth century. The name is a rather unusual one in this country and the first record of it is that of Andrew Alger, of Scarborough; Massachusetts, who settled in this country in 1651. There is also record of a Thomas Alger who resided in Taunton, Massachusetts, about 1665, and although the genealogical connection has been lost it is probable that the Algers of Vermont are descended from these early settlers. While he was still a child Dr. Alger's family moved to Williston, Vermont, where he was 188 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS raised and received his academic training at the BECK, James Flournoy, physician in general YVilliston Academy. He took a course of medical practice, was born at Dubuque, Iowa, April 21, study under his father and then attended Burling1871. Dr. Beck is of Kentucky ancestry and ton College for two years. He took a final course Revolutionary descent. His parents went from at Harvard University and there received his M. Kentucky to Iowa about the time of the Civil D. degree in 1864. After his graduation he immeWar period and Dr. Beck received his elediately went to Stowe, Lamoille county, Vermont, mentary and common school education in the where he practiced for four years. He then leschools of Dubuque, where he lived until he was turned to his native town and forming a partner- fifteen years of age. He then took the academic ship with his father practiced there until 1874, course at Princeton University in the class of when he came to Minneapolis. He* has followed 1894, but left a year before graduation to study his profession in this city continuously since that medicine. He entered the medical department time and for many years has had a large and of the University of Minnesota in January, 1893, satisfactory practice. Shortly after he had moved graduating in 1896. During the next year he was to Minneapolis Dr. Alger returned to his home house surgeon at the Minneapolis City Hospital state and on February 10, 1875, was married to and for the six years following he was upon the Miss Ellen Josephine Whitney, the daughter of medical staff of the same institution. Dr. Beck Edmund Whitney of Williston, Vermont. On his belongs to the Minneapolis Medical Club and the return his father and mother accompanied him State Medical Society. He is a republican in and resided with him until their deaths. Dr. politics, but is not actively interested in political Alger has one son, Edmund Whitney, born July affairs. His church relations are Episcopalian. 13, 1877, a graduate of the University of MinneHe was married Feb. 8, 1899, to Katherine Consota, and now a practicing physician of this city. way, and has one child, a son, born in 1901. AVERY, Jacob Fowler, was born January 19, 1873, at Poughkeepsie, New York. He is descended from the Groton, Connecticut, branch of the Averys. His father, Henry Newell Avery, who married Catherine Sebring Fowler, was a practicing physician and surgeon, who, at the time of his death, April 17, 1898, was serving his second term as commissioner of health of Minneapolis. It was through his influence that the present system of city milk and dairy inspection was instituted and put on an efficient basis. Dr. Avery, senior, came West when his son was six months old and lived at Winona, Minnesota, and Galesville, Wisconsin, until 1882 when he moved to Minneapolis. His son attended the Central high school, graduating in 1892, had one year of the scientific course at the state university and then taught for a year. In '95 he entered the medical department of the university and graduated in 1899. In 1903 he took a post-graduate course at the Chicago Polyclinic. During the summer of 1899 he was senior medical interne at the City Hospital. In the fall of that year he went to Virginia, Minnesota, where he formed a partnership with Drs. J. R. and Cyrus Eby to conduct a mine-hospital. He was also assistant surgeon for the D. M. & N. Ry. and health officer of Virginia. He was assistant surgeon at Aitkin, Minnesota, for the Northern Pacific Railway for a year from June 1, 1905, and while there was a member of the library board. He is a member of the Aitkin County Medical Society, the Upper Mississippi Medical Society, the Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minnesota State Medical Society and the American Medical Association. Dr. Avery has always been a republican. He is a member of the Fifth Avenue Congregational Church. On June 4, 1902, he married Mary Letitia Esmond, formerly of I" ort Wayne, Indiana. They have one child, John Esmond Avery. BECKMAN, Emil H„ city physician from I 9°S» t o January, 1908, was born Februar^ l &7 2 > at Grundy Center, Iowa. He is t h e s o n o f E m i l , H - a n d Catherine Beckman, his father being a well known banker of that locality, and w a s educated in the public schools of his n a t i v e P l a c e u n t i l h e w e n t t o Grinnell College, From Grinnell he received the degree of Ph. B. i n i 8 94After a brief experience in banking and school teaching, in the latter case as principal ^he Stillwater high school, Dr. Beckman came *° University of Minnesota for a medical course, graduating from the medical department * n I 9° I - An appointment as assistant bacterioloS i s t f o r t h e S t a t e B o a r d o f Health followed gradnation. He held this for four years until his appointment as city physician in July, 1905. Dr. Beckman has filled this position with ability and efficiency. He is secretary of the Minneapolis Pathological Society as well as a member of the national, state and county medical associations, I n politics he is republican, and in religious f a i t h a Methodist. On January 1, 1902, Dr. Beckm a n married Miss Jessie Sayre. He has one child, a daughter. BELL, John W., was born in Butler county, Ohio, March 18, 1853, son of R. J. and Ann Bell, His father was a farmer and the son was bred to farm life, receiving his early educational training in the public schools. With a strong inclination to professional life he steadily accomplished the necessary preparatory work and entered the Ohio Medical College in Cincinnati and graduated in 1876. After a period of postgraduate study in Germany, Dr. Bell came to Minneapolis and commenced active practice. From 1886 to 1889, he was professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine at the Minnesota Hospital and has been professor of Physical Diagnosis and Clinical Medicine at the state university since the opening MEDICINE of the Medical Department. He is a visiting physician at the Northwestern Hospital and con sulting physician at the City, the Asbury and Swedish and the St. Mary's hospitals. Dr. Bell has a very high standing in his profession and, in private as well as in his hospital practice, his valuable experience is in demand as consulting physician. In politics, Dr. Bell is an independent democrat. He was a member of the State Senate from 1891 to 1895, a member of the Charter Com mission, and of the Voters League. Dr. Bell belongs to the Commercial and Minikahda clubs; of the professional organizations he is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society; of the State Medical Society; of the Minnesota Academy .of Medicine and of the American Medical Associa tion and is an ex-president of the first three. Dr. Bell is a Universalist in his church affiliations, and is a member of the Church of the Redeemer. He was married on November 11, 1890,, to Kate M. Jones and to them have been born two sons. BENJAMIN, Arthur Edwin, was born Decem ber 19, 1868, at Hutchinson,Minnesota, son of John and Elizabeth Garner Benjamin. His father was a physician, who practiced his profession in Bos ton until 1857 and came to Hutchinson in i860. Both parents were educated in England. Arthur Edwin was born and brought up on a farm, at tended the common schools; graduated from the high school in 1887, and after teaching school two years, entered the medical department of the University of Minnesota and graduated in medi cine in 1892, when he began to practice his pro fession in Minneapolis. The last three years he has been limiting his practice to the specialties of surgery and gynecology. Dr. Benjamin, after graduation, did excellent service in the medical department of the state university as clinical as sistant. He has read numerous papers in surgery before the various medical societies to which he belongs and they have been published in different medical journals throughout the United States. He is a member of the staffs of the St. Barnabas, Swedish and City hospitals, Minneapolis, and is a teacher in clinical gynecology in the college of medicine and surgery of the University at the present time. • Dr. Benjamin is a republican in politics. He was president of the Alumni Asso ciation of the Medical Department of the State University in 1904, and is a member of the Amer ican Medical Association, and of the Minnesota Medical Association and of the local medical so cieties. In church relations he is a Congrega tionalism He was married in 1900 to Blanche Grimshaw and to them has been born one child —Edwin G. BESSESEN, Alfred Nicholas, was born Jannuary 18, 1870, in Freeborn county, Minnesota. He is the son of John and Delia (Anderson) Bessesen, both natives of Norway. His father, a jeweler, came to America from Bergen, Norway, in the year 1867 and his mother came from Telemarken, her native town, in 1850. They settled 189 on a farm in Freeborn county and there Dr. Bessesen passed the first twelve years of his life. The family then moved to Albert Lea, Minne sota, and Dr. Bessesen began his education, grad uating from the high school of that city. At this time he attended the Norwegian Lutheran Church and in connection with it organized a young peo ples Christian Endeavor society. In 1890 he en tered the Rush Medical College at Chicago, and completed his course there in 1893, receiving his diploma in March. During the last two years he held the office of president of the Chicago Intercollegiate Department of the Y. M. C. A. After his commencement he returned to Minne apolis and assisted Dr. J. H. Dunn in his prac tice and was also, during the winter of 1893-94 interne at St. Mary's Hospital. He was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical Depart ment of Hamline University and during 1895 and 1896 was professor of histology in the same in stitution and a year later became a lecturer on anatomy. Dr. Bessesen is now a surgeon on the staff of the Norwegian Deaconess Hospital and also a member of the board of trustees for the United Church Hospital, which, it is planned, shall be built in North Minneapolis and of which he is one of the most active promoters. Dr. Bes sesen is connected with a number of the fraternal orders and clubs of the city, being a Mason; the medical examiner for the Bridal Veil Camp of the M. W. A.; a member of the Sons of Norway; of the Minneapolis Amateur Athletic Association and the Minneapolis and North Side Commercial clubs. He is also affiliated with the national state and county medical societies and attends the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America. In politics he is a republican. In 1895 Dr. Bes sesen was married to Florence Emma Holland and they have four children—Alfred Nicholas, Jr., Daniel Holland, Grace Isabelle and Florence Delia. BISHOP, Charles Wesley, was born in Mon treal, Canada, in the year 1874. His father was George C. Bishop, now retired from active life. Dr. Bishop's early life was passed in his native town and he attended the grammar schools of that town. After finishing , his elementary and preparatory education, Dr. Bishop graduated from the medical department of the McGill University, with the class of 1895. For a year after his grad uation he continued his studies as interne at the Asbury Methodist Hospital and during 1897-98-99 held the same position in the Manhattan Hos pital of the eye, ear, nose and throat. He then began to practice in Minneapolis, and in 1900 limited his attention to the study and treatment of the diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat. Dr. Bishop is a member of the Minnesota State Medical Society, the Hennepin County Medical Societv and the Minneapolis Medical Club and City Hospital staff. He is also connected with the Commercial and Minikahda Clubs. He was married on February 20, 1906. 190 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS BLAKE, James Joseph, was born in Ontario, Canada, April 2, 1872, son of John and MaryBlake. His father was a farmer of Ontario and like many other young Canadians, he came to the States to try his fortunes. Settling in Mankato, he attended the Normal School and graduated from the advanced course in 1896. He soon after ward came to Minneapolis and entered the State University from which he graduated in medicine in 1901, and, after serving as interne at the Min neapolis City Hospital for one year, he began the practice of medicine in West Minneapolis in 1902. He was married in 1904 (June 21) to Agnes Catherine Macdonald, of Mankato, and one child has been born to them. BOOTH, Albert E., assistant professor of sur gery in the college of homeopathy of the state university was born at Patterson, New Jersey, September 30, 1871. His father, Andrew Booth, removed to Lawrence, Massachusetts, where Dr. Booth spent the first eight years of his life. In 1879, the family came to Lyon county, Minnesota, and settled on a farm, where the district schools gave the only chance for an education until 1888. Then as a youth of seventeen, Dr. Booth taught in the country school for two years; later after grad uating from Tracy high school he took two years of scientific training at Hamline University, fol lowed by the medical course in the College of Homeopathy of the state university. For a short time after graduation Dr. Booth was house physi cian at the City Hospital, then went to Spokane as a venture, but shortly returned to settle in Minneapolis. Except for .one year of post graduate study in New York City he has been in active practice ever since. He is a member of several secret societies and college fraternities, and of the State Institute of Homeopathy, and the Minneapolis Homeopathic Medical Society He is also a member of the St. Anthony Com mercial Club. Dr. Booth is republican in poli tics. Was married to Nina L, Fritz in 1902 and has two sons. BRACKEN, Henry Martyn, (H. M. Bracken) secretary of the Minnesota State Board of Health since 1897, and Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Minnesota Univer sity, was born in Noblestown, Pensylvania, Feb ruary 27, 1854. His father was Dr. Wm. C. Bracken; his mother, Electa (Alvord) Bracken. The Brackens and Alvords are of colonial descent, the Brackens being early settlers in Delaware—about 1700—and the Alvords coming to Massachusets about fifty years earlier. Both families have had genealogies published. Dr. H. M. Bracken's life is one of those stories of perseverance against the odds of circumstance and fortune which have made the history of the American people so full of results in nation-building. In his early life he was given the usual advantages of education in the common schools of Pennsylvania and Ohio. At thirteen he entered Eldersridge Acad emy, a preparatory school conducted by a rela tive and fitting for Washington and Jefferson College. Between fourteen and sixteen he studied with a tutor. At seventeen he taught school in the summer, but went back to Eldersridge .in the fall. The death of his father cut 'short his plans for a Princeton course. He made arrange ments for study in a physician's office, teaching school between times. At twenty he was ready for a year at Michigan University's Medical De partment. Then he went back to work again, and at twenty-two was able to give another year to medical study, this time in the Medical depart ment of Columbia College, New York City. From here he graduated in the spring bf '77, spent a year in post-graduate and hospital work and at twenty-four was in a Venezuelan gold-mining camp as surgeon. A few months of this exper ience enabled him to go to Edinburgh for study. He received his diploma of Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, (L. R. C. S. E.) in May, 1879, and in the fall of the same year entered the service of the Mail Steamship Com pany as surgeon. He returned to the United States after three years of this work, went into general practice at Thompson, Conn., where he spent one and one half years and then again went, as sur geon, to a gold-mining camp in Mexico, under the superintendency of a personal friend. He spent eighteen monfhs in camp, went back to New York City for a post-graduate course, and removed to Minneapolis for regular practice in 1885. The Minnesota Hospital College soon after placed him upon its staff to occupy the chair he still holds in the state university's medical de partment. In 1895 Dr. Bracken was appointed on the State Board of Health, and in 1897 was made secretary of that body. The demands of this post and of his university work have almost com pletely filled his time to the exclusion of general practice. He has twice been elected as director of the National Association of the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, his last election hav ing been made in 1906. Dr. Bracken is also ex-vicepresident of the American Public Health Associa tion, a member of the American Climatological Association, and of kindred national and local health and medical societies. Dr. Bracken has made a most efficient and vigorous state health official and has used his long opportunity for in fluencing civic and state sanitary legislation in a broad and disinterested way. He is known widely as a man who accomplishes things, and though he has not escaped opposition and criti cism, he is none the less respected as one who stands pat to his convictions of public duty. He is republican in politics and Presbyterian in faith. He was married February 13, 1884, to Emily Robinson, of Orange, New Jersey. BROWN, Edward Josiah, (Dr. Edward J. Brown) a Minneapolis specialist in diseases of the eye and ear, was born January 14, 1851. in Bruke, MEDICINE Vermont. His father, Ira Brown, also a physi cian, could trace his lineage back to John Browne, one of those early Massachusetts settlers who followed in the wake of the Pilgrims and who was Governor's assistant from 1636-1653. He was also a Commissioner of the United Colonies of New England in the years from 1644-1655. A farm at Seekonk, Long Island, bought by John Browne's great-grandson, Samuel, is still a family possession. Dr. Brown's mother, Emily Clark Brown, was a descendant of Nathaniel Clarke, a prosperous citizen of Newburyport, Massachu setts. Her son went through the frequent youth ful apprenticeship of the ambitious New England boy of that day. Between village schools and va cation farming he progressed to his preparation for Dartmouth College, from which he graduated with good standing, and the degree of A. B., in 1874. After two years in the West, spent in teaching and in business, he went back to Dart mouth for the medical course. At its close he took a winter at New York University, and after a few years of practice in New Hampshire re moved to Minneapolis, in 1882. Here he at once identified himself with those phases of medical practice which call for fearless and vigorous ac tion in defense of the public health. During his first six years of Minneapolis practice he became noted for his connection with reform methods while upon state and city boards of health. At the same time he filled the chairs of chemistry and preventive medicine in the College of Phy sicians and Surgeons and later held the chair of deseases of the eye and ear in the same college. Resolving upon devoting his attention to a special-; ty he spent a year in study in New York and Berlin, returning to take up the treatment of eye and ear diseases. In 1891 he designed an infant incubator which attracted considerable attention and has been very successful in results. Dr. Brown is a member of the State and American Medical Associations, and of the Hennepin Coun ty Medical Society of which he was president in 1888. He was married to Mary Peck Fullerton in 1890 and has six children. Dr. Brown is an Independent Democrat in his politics. To Con gregationalism he has always been a loyal ad herent. BURTON, Frank, was born on October 2nd, 1853, at Albany, New York. He is of* Dutch descent, his ancestors having located on the Hud son with the early settlers from Holland, mem bers of the family making a home at Albany when that city was but a colonial village and his father, grandfather and great-grandfather were all born and educated in that city. On the ma ternal side he is of Scotch ancestry, his mother's father being born in Inverness, a printer by trade who came when young to America and located in New York. Frank Burton is the son of Benjamin Burton and Christina A. (Davidson) Burton. His father was a stone manufacturer at Albany where his son passed the early,part of his 191 life and received his education. He attended the Old Albany Academy and graduated from the medical department of the Union University in 1879. Following his college work he remained at Albany, obtaining practice by interne work m the hospital and instructing in anatomy in his Alma Mater where he had received an appoint ment as assistant professor of that subject. Dur ing this time he was also assistant to Professor John Swinburne, the noted surgeon who at that time had so prominent a reputation throughout the country and for whom the famous Swinburne Island Hospital in New York was named. In 1881 Dr. Burton had spent months abroad, study ing in the important medical institutions of Eng land and Ireland, returning again to Albany, when he came in 1883 to Minnesota. He was first located at Detroit in this state, where he prac ticed until February 1884, when he moved to Minneapolis. He has since practiced continuously in this city. He has held during this time numer ous appointments in addition to his practice. He was the demonstrator of anatomy in the Minne sota College Hospital and was later made pro fessor of that subject. He also taught in the medical school in what is now the Asbury Hos pital. For twelve years he was the general sur geon of the Minneapolis & St. Louis road, until that office was abolished by a new management. He was county physician of Hennepin County for six years and at the present time holds the office of chief medical inspector of the health depart ment. He has been on the staff of St. Mary's Hospital since it was founded and is a staff sur geon of the City Hospital. His practice has been confined almost exclusively to surgery, and his work in that field has been varied and success ful. He is a member of the Hennepin County Medical society and the Minnesota State Medi cal society. Politically he is a republican. Dr. Burton was married in September 1882 to Miss Rebecca Knower Palmer, daughter of Erastus Dow Palmer, the sculptor. BYRNES, William Joseph, was born in Min neapolis, January 3, 1859, the son of William Byrnes and Katherine (Campbell) Byrnes, both of whom were natives of Ireland. They came to this country in 1848 settling first in New York but three years later preempting a claim on the present site of Minneapolis. William Byrnes served through the war reaching the rank of first lieutenant of Company K., 10th Minnesota Volunteers and in 1866 was elected sheriff of Hennepin county. He died during his term of office in November, 1867. His son was educated in the public schools of Minneapolis and at St. John's College, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin and St. John's College, Collegeville, Minnesota. He graduated from the medical department of the University of Michigan in 1882 and was at once appointed assistant house surgeon at the Univer sity hospital. In 1883 he returned to Minneapolis and began practice entering the office of Dr. 192 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Edwin Phillips with whom he was associated for eleven years. Before he had been at home a year he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at the Minneapolis College of Physicians and Surgeons with which institution he has since been con tinuously connected being appointed professor of anatomy in 1886, professor of surgical -anatomy and clinical diseases of women in 1895 and pro fessor of the principles of surgery in .1900. In 1885 Dr. Byrnes visited Europe and spent some months in study at the principal medical schools of the old world. He was president of the Hen nepin County Medical Society in 1889 and in 1893 was appointed to the Minneapolis board of pension examining surgeoas. He was appointed county physicial of Hennepin county during the years 1887 and '88 and from 1890 to '92 was county coroner. In 1899 Dr. Byrnes was appointed city physician of Minneapolis, a position which he held for two years. Dr. Byrnes is a member of the State and Hennepin County Medical Societies and of many fraternal organizations including the A. O. U. W., Royal Arcanum, Military order of the Loyal Legion, and Brotherhood of Elks. In political faith he is a democrat. He was married in 1887 to Miss Josephine Armstrong of Ann Arbor, Michigan. They have had four children, Lyle, William, Mortice, and Josephine. CAMPBELL, Robert Allen, specialist and in structor in diseases of nose and throat at the University of Minnesota, was born at Detroit, Michigan, December 27, 1868. Through his fa ther, Geo. G. S. Campbell, who was a Michigan mill-owner, he is descended from the Campbells of Argy-le, Scotland. His mother, Mary Anscomb Campbell, was of English ancestry. Dr. Camp bell's early education was had in the common schools of Detroit. While still a lad, he came to Alexandria, Minnesota, where he graduated ffom the Alexandria high school in the first graduating class of that institution. He took his medical training at the University of Minnesota, receiving his M. D. in 1896, and following this by post-graduate work in New York. In 1899 and 1900 he was assistant city physician for Min neapolis. Since then Dr. Campbell has also served on the medical staff of both the City Hos pital and Asbury Hospital. He was appointed to his present position in the university department of medicine in 1903. Dr. Campbell belongs to the Minneapolis Medical Club and to the state and county medical societies. He is a republican and attends the Episcopal church. He was married some years ago to Mary S. McKusick, -a grand daughter of the Hon. Jno. McKusick of Still water, and has three children—a daughter and two sons. CATES, Abraham Barker, son of Charles Bunker and Margaret Baker Cates, wa c born on May 12, 1854, at East Vassalboro, Maine. He was prepared 'or college at Oak Grove Seminary at Vassalboro, and at Coburn Classical Institute at Waterville, Maine. From the latter school he graduated in 1870, and, at fifteen years of age, he began to teach a district school and was so engaged for two terms, when he entered Colby College at Waterville, Maine, from which he graduated, receiving the A. B. degree in 1874 and A. M. in 1877. From 1874 to 1877 he was principal of the high school at Cherryfield, Maine. He graduated M. D. in 1880 from Harvard University Medical Department, and engaged in postgraduate work at the uni versities of Berlin and Vienna in 1880 and 1881, coming in the. fall of 1881 to Minneapolis and entering upon the practice of his profession. At the same period he began lecturing on obstetrics at the Minnesota College Hospital. Ever since that time he has lectured on obstetrics of which subject he is professor in the medical and sur gical department of the State University. Dr. Cates is also obstetrician to the Northwestern Hospital and obstetrician and pediatrician to the Bethany Home. Within two years of his arrival in Minneapolis Dr. Cates was honored with the appointment of city physician, an office which he held during 1883-84. He is a member of the state, local and national medical societies. Dr. Cates was married on June 19, 1-889, Jewett Mills, Wisconsin, to Abby W. Jewett. They have five children: Helen, Catherine, Natalie, Abram and Louise. CHOWNING, William Mack, is a native of Illinois, having been born in Millersburg in that • state on May 10, 1874. His father was John P. Chowning, a practicing physician; his mother Florence Chowning. Dr. Chowning passed the early part of his life and began his schooling in Illinois. Dr. Chowning completed his prepara tory training at Knox College, from which he graduated in 1894 with the degree of B. S. The next fall he entered Johns Hopkins University 'for one year's study, and there earned his A. B. degree. Dr. Chowning accepted a position as instructor of biology and chemistry in the high school of Warren, Ohio. Later he moved to Rock Island, Illinois, where he occupied a simi lar position for a time. In 1901 he graduated from the University of Minnesota with an M. D. degree and shortly after began practice in Min neapolis. Dr. Chowning was for three years, 1901-1904, instructor in the pathological depart ment of the University of Minnesota, resigning to devote his time to surgery. He is a member of the surgical staff of the City Hospital. In politics he is independent in his views, but be yond the interest of the private citizen he does not engage in political matters. He is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society; the Minnesota State Medical Society, the American Medical Association and the Minneapolis Medi cal Club. In 1902 Dr. Chowning was married to Miss Sophie P. Thies, and they have two chil dren, John Patterson, aged four and a half years, and Sophie Loraine, two years of age. The fam ily attends the Episcopal church. MEDICINE COOK, Henry Wireman, was born at Balti more, Maryland, November 8, 1877, and is de scended from prominent southern colonial families. His father is Wm. W. L. Cook also a native of Bal timore, who has retired after an active business career. Dr. Cook lived in Baltimore during the early part of his life and there received his pre paratory training, and later entered the academic department of Johns Hopkins University, win ning a valuable scholarship a t ' t h e competitive entrance examination, and graduating with the degree of A. B. in 1898. The same year he en tered the Johns Hopkins Medical School and graduated in 1902 with an M. D. degree. Upon the excellence of his record during the four years he was awarded a position in the Johns Hopkins Hospital and served his interne service there as resident medical officer. Later hospital appointments included services as assistant resident physician to the Thomas Wilson Sani tarium for sick children, Maryland, and chief resident physician of Memorial Hospital, Rich mond, Virginia. In 1905 he returned to Balti more to accept a position at the Johns Hopkins and to practice medicine in association with Dr. Joseph C. Bloodgood of that city. Dr. Cook has acted as the referee for the Mutual Life Insur ance Company of New York in Virginia and had received special course for this work at the home office in New York. He has also acted as examiner for Germania Life, New York Life, Washington Life, Manhattan Life, Home Life, Security Trust & Life, Travelers Life, etc., in Richmond, Baltimore, and Minneapolis. At the re-organization of the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, Dr. Cook was offered the position of medical director and located in Minneapolis, January, 1906. Not only has he been very active as a physician but has also done considerable original research work and expe rimenting and is the inventor of Cook's Modified Rivo Rocco Sphygmomanometer, which he origi nated in 1902 and which is now extensively used by physicians both in this country and abroad for the measurement of the strength of the pulse. He is a frequent contributor to scientific and technical journals and is the author of numerous medical papers, among them, Nitrogen Excre tion in Pneumonia, published in the Johns Hop kins Hospital Bulletin in January, 1903; Clinical Value of Blood Pressure Determinations as a Guide to Stimulation in Sick Children, which ap peared in the American Journal of Medical Sci ences in March, 1903; the Value of Accurate De termination of Arterial Tension in General Practice in the Journal of the American Medical Association on Mav 21, 1903; Arterial Hyper tension in the same paper on January 28, 1905; and Cardio Vascular Regulation during Opera tion, published in the American Journal of Med ical Sciences in April, 1907. On May 8, 1904, he read one of the first papers presented before a public audience in this country on the Pre 193 vention of Tuberculosis, at the meeting of the Conference of Charities and Corrections at Nor folk, Virginia. Dr. Cook is a member of the more important medical societies—The Johns Hopkins Alumni Association, the American Medical Association, the Association of Medical Examiners, of which he was for a time vice president, the Minnesota Medical Society, the Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minne apolis Medical Club, and is a Fellow of the Medical Society of Virginia. He also belongs to the Lafayette Club and attends St. Marks Epis copal Church. In 1906 he was married to Miss Ellen McCain Davenport, of Richmond, Vir ginia. CORBETT, J. Frank, city bacteriologist, was born at Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, February 16, 1872. His father, W. C. Corbett, was a mer chant there at that time, but the schooling of Dr. Corbett was begun in the Minneapolis public schools, and completed by a three years' course in the academic department of Minnesota Uni versity followed by the full medical course. In his academic years Dr. Corbett was president of the Engineers Society. After his graduation as an M. D., in 1896, Dr. Corbett was interne at the City Hospital for a year. He was appointed pro fessor of Bacteriology at Hamline University the following year, which position he held until the medical department was merged in that of the University of Minnesota. In the 'latter institu tion he is assistant professor of surgical pathol ogy. In 1898 he received his present appoint ment as city bacteriologist. At that time the local equipment for his work consisted of one bare room without any apparatus. Dr. Corbett at once set to work to establish the municipal laboratory of Minneapolis upon such a basis that it should be able to create a national reputation for scientific results. At present, after a decade of work he has thoroughly equipped a suite of rooms in the Court House, with complete appara tus, and is still working toward his ideal of municipal sanitation. Dr. Corbett is a member of the American Public Health Association, the Minneapolis Pathological Association, and the state and county medical bodies. He is also pathologist and bacteriologist at the city hospital. In 1898 he was married to Miss Nellie Yates. CIRKLER, Alexander A., a practicing physi cian, who has the distinction of being the first American student to whom the privilege of pass ing the German State Examination was ever granted, was born in St. Paul, January 1, 1865. He is the son of Herman and Johanna Cirkler and brother of C. H. Cirkler of Minneapolis. His parents removed from St. Paul to Minneapolis when Dr. Cirkler was very young, and his early education was taken entirely in the public schools of Minneapolis, first at the old Washington, and later at Central high school. He then went into the drug business with his brother for a year, and later went to Germany to carry out his in- 194 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS tention to study medicine. There in the universi ties of Freiburg, Heidelberg and Munich he spent three years, followed by five years at Berlin, where he received his degree of M. D. and where he finally took the state examination referred to above. Dr. Cirkler was accorded this privilege through a special permit issued him by Chan cellor Caprivi, in consideration of his having studied the same number of semesters and com pleted the same preparatory courses prescribed for the regular German student. After another year of preparation spent in post-graduate and clinical study in foreign cities and in the eastern cities of the United States, Dr. Cirkler returned to Minneapolis, took the state medical examina tions in 1894, and at once began work. He has identified himself with the state and county medi cal societies, belongs to the American Medical Association, and is a member of the Commercial Club. He is not married. CRAFTS, Leo Melville, was born at Minne apolis, Minnesota, on October 3, 1863, the son of Major Amasa and Mary J. (Henry) Crafts. He is a descendant from the earliest colonial stock^the Crafts being among the founders of Boston, who came in Winthrop's expedition in 1630— and members of the family were prominent and ac tive as colonial and revolutionary patriots. His parents were among the earliest prominent pio neers of Minneapolis, having settled here in 1853. He was educated in the public schools of Minneapolis and the University of Minnesota from which he took the degree of B. L. in 1886, and Harvard Medical School from which he graduated in 1890. During 1890 and '91 he was house physician at the Boston City Hospital. He then came west establishing himself in Minne apolis where he has taken an active part in the professional and public life of the city. He has been professor of nervous and mental diseases at Hamline University Medical School since 1893, was dean of the faculty from 1897 to 1903 and was instrumental in securing a new plant, new grounds and new equipment for the institution. He is now visiting neurologist on the staff of four of the Minneapolis hospitals. Dr. Crafts was president of the Minnesota State Sunday School Association from 1893 to 1896, a member of its board since 1893, president of the Minneapolis Sunday School Officers' Association from 1895 to 1906, treasurer of the Hennepin county Medical Society, 1895 to 1897, chairman of the Nerve Section of the State Medical Society 1899, and a member of the board Of directors of the Minne sota National Park and Forestry Association, and was secretary of the general executive com mittee of all organizations combined for a nation al park and reserve in the state. He has been prominently connected with the Western Society for the Suppression of Vice and was president of the Native Sons of Minnesota in 1906 and is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. Dr. Crafts is a member of the American and Minnesota State Medical Associations, Fellow of the Massachusetts Medical Society, Hennepin County Medical Society and Harvard Medical and Boston City Hospital Alumni Associations. He is the author 01 a number of articles for professional magazines and is a writer on Sunday School topics. He is also interested in forestry and has spoken and written quite extensively on the subject of forest preservation, and is also a student of state history having prepared several articles and delivered various addresses on that subject. Dr. Crafts was married at Minneapolis in 1901 to Miss Amelia I. Burgess. He is a mem ber of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. For merly a college athlete he is interested in legiti mate sport, but finds his own recreation through outings among the pine woods of northern Min nesota. DREW, Chas. Wayland, was born at Bur lington, Vermont, January 18, 1858. His father, Homer C. Drew, was a contractor and builder and a representative of a family which had lived in Vermont for several generations, coming there from Connecticut in revolutionary times. Charles attended the public schools of Burlington and at fifteen entered the University of Vermont. The natural bent of his mind was toward the sciences and especial attention was devoted to chemistry and collateral branches of science. He graduated in 1877, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy and was hon ored by election to membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society. After a further study of chem istry in leading laboratories, he entered the Medical Department of the University of Ver mont, graduating with the degree of M. D. in 1880, and receiving the highest honors in his class. During the year following he practiced medicine in Brattleboro, Vt., in association with one of the leading physicians of the state, and in 1881 he came to Minneapolis where he soon secured a satisfactory practice. The following year he was appointed professor of chemistry in the Minnesota Hospital College which position he held for seven years. In 1884 Dr. Drew was appointed city physician serving for two years. In 1886 he entered upon an extensive investiga tion of Food Adulterations in Minnesota, pub lishing a valuable report upon the subject, and doing much to awaken public interest. As a re sult he was appointed state chemist to the Dairy and Food Department and not only did a large amount of valuable work as a chemist during his six years with the department but was large ly influential in determining the policy of the department and in securing the enactment of the laws under which such efficient work has since been done. In 1886 Dr. Drew established the Minnesota Institute of Pharmacy and this school has just completed its twentieth year. During this time its attendance has aggregated nearly two thousand and it numbers among MEDICINE its graduates nearly one-half of all the legally qualified pharmacists in Minnesota and the sur rounding states. In 1895 Dr. Drew was appointed chemist to the city of Minneapolis and served for seven years, and in 1898 he was appointed pro fessor of chemistry and toxicology in the Medi cal Department of Hamline University and served until he resigned in 1902. During the later years, Dr. Drew has been so fully occupied with his special lines of work that he has largely discon tinued his medical practice, devoting himself to expert work in chemistry. He is a republican in politics but the public offices which he has filled have been those relating to the duties of his profession solely. He is a member of the medical societies of Hennepin county and the state of Minnesota, the State Pharmaceutical As sociation, the American Medical Association and the American Chemical Society. He was made a Mason in 1879 in Burlington, Vt., afterwards affiliated with Khurum Lodge, Minneapolis, which he left to become a charter member of Minnehaha Lodge of which he is a Past Master. He is at present a member of Ark Lodge, Ark Chapter, Minneapolis Mounted Commandery Knights Templar, of which he is Past Com mander, and of Zuhrah Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He is also Grand Treasurer of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Minnesota and a member of the Elks and the Commercial Club. Dr. Drew is a member of the Episcopal Church. He was married Sept. 18, 1884, at Brattleboro, Vt., to Annah Reed Kellogg, daughter of Henry Kellogg, of Boston, Mass. Two chil dren have been born to them—Julia Kellogg and Charles Wayland, Jr. DUNSMOOR, Frederick Alanson, son of James A. and Almira Mosher Dunsmoor, was born on May 28, 1853. His parents came to Min nesota in 1852, from Maine, and settled at Rich field, in Hennepin county, where Frederick A. was born, and where he began his education in the public schools. He attended the public schools of Minneapolis and the University of Minnesota. His medical course he took in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York, taking the M. D. degree in 1875. He took private courses with such eminent men in their special ties as Frank H. Hamilton, Alfred G. Loomis, Austin Flint, Sr., E. G. Janeway and R. Ogden Doremus; and then commenced to practice in Minneapolis in partnership with Dr. H. H. Kim ball with whom he was connected about a year. In 1877 he accepted a position in the St. Paul Medical College as professor of surgery, which he held till 1879, during which year he was coun ty physician for Hennepin county. For two years he held the chair of surgery in the medical depart ment of Hamline University, but in 1881 became vice president and dean of the Minnesota College Hospital, with the organization of which he had been prominently connected, holding at the time the office of professor of surgery and at 195 tending surgeon in the hospital and dispensary. This institution, in connection with other medical schools of Minneapolis and St. Paul, was reor ganized in 1889 into the medical department of the state university and since that time Dr. Dunsmoor has held the chair of operative and clinical surgery in that department of the university. He has also served as surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital since 1890, to St. Barnabas Hospital since 1879, a s gynecologist to the City Hospital since 1894, to the Asbury Hospital since 1892, and to the Asbury Free Dispensary since its organ r ization. Dr. Dunsmoor had made an especial and extensive study and practice of gynecology and surgery, increased each year by a short period of study in the large hospitals, colleges and scien tific centers, both in this country and Europe and holds an enviable reputation as an operative sur geon. He is a member of the International Med ical Congress, the American Medical Association, the National Association of Railway Surgeons, the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, the West ern Surgical and Gynecological Association, the Tri-State Medical Association, the North Dakota State Medical Association, the Crow River As sociation, the Society of Physicians and Surgeons of Minneapolis, and the county and state medical societies. He is a surgeon for the Northern Pa cific; the Chicago, St. Paul, Milwaukee & Omaha and the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste Marie railroads, and the medical director for the Surety Fund Life Company. He is also well known in the club and fraternal life of the city and holds membership in the Nu Sigma Nu fraternity, the Masonic Order, the Good Templars, the Druids, the Minneapolis club and the Commercial club, being a charter member of the last two. Dr. Dunsmoor was married on September 5, 1876 to Miss Elizabeth Emma Billings, the daughter of the late Surgeon George F. Turner, U. S. A. They have three children living—Marjorie Allport, Elizabeth Turner and Frederick Laton. Dr. Dunsmoor attends and is one of the stewards of the Hennepin Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church. EITEL, George Gotthelf, was born September 28, 1858, at Chanhassen, Carver County, Minne sota, son of John G. Eitel, a farmer and flour miller. His early life was spent on a farm in Carver county. He attended the public schools of Chaska' and Chanhassen and the MoravianAcademy at Chaska and received private instruc tion in physics, mathematics, botany and geology and began the study of medicine at the Minnesota Hospital College, September 1, 1885, and grad uated in May, 1888, receiving- the first prize in surgery. He then spent the next ten months at tending lectures at the University of Berlin, Ger many, and in the fall of 1890, after practicing six months, he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania where he grad uated in 1891, returning thereafter to- the Uni versity of Berlin to resume the special studies 196 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS which he had left in 1889. At that great school he passed all examinations; presented and de fended a thesis on appendicitis and received the M. D. degree in December, 1901. Before locating in Minneapolis in 1893, Dr. Eitel practiced in Centralia, Washington. He was appointed one of the surgeons to Asbury Hospital by his friend, Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor and is a surgeon to St. Barna bas hospital and the Norwegian hospital. Dr. Eitel is a member of the Hennepin county, state, Min nesota Valley, Western Surgical and American Medical associations and of the Commercial Club of Minneapolis. ERB, Frederick Alexander, is a native of Minneapolis. He was born here July 5, 1873. His father, Alexander Erb, is a business man of the city, who retired from the grocery business some time ago. Dr. Erb grew up in Minneapolis, went through the public schools, and was a member of the first class of grad uates from the East Side High school. He took the academic course in the state university as a preparation for the medical department, from which he graduated in 1902. Dr. Erb is a staunch republican, believing that the republican party is the party of the past, present and future of the country. Though in the ranks of the younger element of the medical profession of Minnesota, he is already becoming well known and belongs to the standard older medical societies, as well as to the Minneapolis Medical Club—an association of the young physicians of Minneapolis. Dr. Erb holds rank also in Sigma Chi and Nu Sigma Nu fraternities. He was married June 20, 1905, to Jessie M. Cribb, of Milwaukee. They have one daughter, Catharine Louise. ERDMANN, Charles Andrew, professor of anatomy in the University of Minnesota, though born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August 3, 1866, has so identified himself with the city of Minneapolis in the past decade that he may be considered a native. From his father, Andrew Erdmann, who was a. skilled mechanic, Dr. Erdmann probably inherited his love for the thorough study of every new condition and of its correct adjust ment to natural laws which has already given him a place of authority in his profession. He is a graduate of the Milwaukee public schools and of the University of Wisconsin, but received his doctor's diploma from the medical department of the University of Minnesota in 1893. To this preparation he added later a year at Berlin and Vienna. From 1894 to 1899 he held the position of demonstrator of anatomy in Minnesota Uni versity. The following year he was given a full professorship which he now holds. He is a re publican and during his college course served as deputy coroner of Hennepin county. Dr. Erd mann belongs to several secret societies. He is also a member of the American Association of Anatomists, American Medical Association, the state and county medical societies and the Min neapolis Medical Club. He married Caroline A. Edgar in 1896, and has two children, Edgar and Elizabeth. FIFIELD, Emily W., physician, was born in Iowa, and is the daughter of the Rev. Lebbens B. and Emily (Walworth) Fifield. On the mother's side, Dr. Fifield is a Daughter of the Revolution, her maternal great-grandfather having been Capt. Charles Walworth, who served in that war. Dr. Fifield has inherited a good deal of the pluck and determination of those days, and whatever she sets out to do, she usually completes, if not by the original plan, by some other resource. Her early education was at home and in the common schools. Later she took a course at Holyoke, traveling in the United States extensively after ward. Before taking up medicine Dr. Fifield tried teaching, and was so successful that she was asked to take a man's place with a woman's wages. But this not seeming to offer sufficient practical inducements, she decided to become a physician and entered the Woman's Medical Col lege of Baltimore. After graduation and a year of post-graduate study in New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, Dr. Fifield came to Minneapolis in 1885 and has been in practice here since, ex cept for study abroad. She has served in various professional relations on the staff of Bethany, the Northwestern, Asbury and the City hospitals, and is a member of the Hennepin county and the state medical societies. Dr. Fifield has al ways been interested in the Humane Society and the Young Women's Christian Association. Of this last society she was one of the earliest mem bers, her office at one time being the only meet ing place of the members. Dr. Fifield is a Congregationalisf. Is unmarried. GEIST, Emil Sebastian, physician and sur geon and instructor in Orthopedic Surgery in the University of Minnesota, is a genuine son of Minnesota. He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, May 9, 1878, and his father, Emil Geist, Sr., is a well-known jeweler of St. Paul. Dr. Geist's early schooling went on in the St. Paul schools en tirely until he entered the state university in 1895. He graduated at the age of twenty-two from the medical department of the university. After that three years were spent in European universities. Since then his professional advance has been rapid, although one of the youngest members of his profession in active work. Dr. Geist already liolds, besides his position at the state university, several important consulting po sitions. He is orthopedic surgeon to the Uni versity Free Dispensary, St. Barnabas Hospital, Asbury Hospital, St. Mary's Hospital and the City Hospital. Dr. Geist belongs to the German Orthopedic Society, the American Medical Asso ciation, Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minneapolis Medical Club and the Crow River Valley Medical Society. MEDICINE GOULD, James Bennett, was born January 23, i860, at Eden Prairie, Hennepin county, son of Aaron and Matilda (Channel) Gould. His father was a farmer and James Bennett spent his earlier years on the farm, receiving his educa tional training in the rudiments at the district school. In 1873 he entered the public schools of Minneapolis and, continuing on the ascending grade to the higher education, he entered the state university, from, which he graduated in 1882 with the degree of A. B. After spending one year as a student in the office of Dr. C. N. He witt, then secretary of the State Board of Health of Minnesota, he matriculated at Jefferson Medi cal College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1883, and in 1886 received from that institution the de gree of Doctor of Medicine. During both his collegiate and medical courses he filled the role of schoolmaster. His first school was taught when he was but. seventeen years old in a new school building erected on the site of the "old log school house," the one built by his uncle. He is medical examiner for various life insurance com panies, and for the Royal Arcanum, in which or ganization he has held the position for some fifteen years. Since 1901 he has been medical examiner for the Independent Order of Foresters, and since 1903 for the Modern Woodmen. He is a member of the American Medical Associa tion, State Medical Society of Minnesota and the Hennepin County Medical Society. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity, affiliating with Ark Lodge No. 176, A. F. and A. M., and with Ark Chapter No. .53, R. A. M. In politics he is a republican. Dr. Gould married, December 26th, 1889, Ella M. Crombie, of Michigan. His present address is 313 Pillsbury Building, Minneapolis. HALL, William Asbury, was born at Aurelius, New York, 011 June 17, 1853. His father was a farmer of only moderate circumstances but a descendant of a family which came to Connec ticut from England in 1639 and which has been noted for its learning and scholarly work rather than for its ability to accumulate wealth. On his mother's side, Dr. Hall was descended from Hollanders who settled in New Amsterdam at a very early date. Dr. Hall received his primary education in the public schools, graduated from the Auburn, New York, High School, passed the examination for the University of the state of New York when only fourteen years old and two years later was making his own way as a teacher. When he was nineteen he entered the office'of Dr. A. S. Cummings, of Cayuga, New York, and began to study medicine. In 1872 he entered the Albany medical college graduating on December 23, 1875, with special honorable mention for his graduation thesis on the sub ject, "Inflammation." Soon after graduation, al though only twenty-two years of age, he re ceived, after a competitive examination, an ap pointment as senior resident physician and sur geon of the Albany, New York, Hospital. Here 197 he remained until 1877, when he established him self at Fulton, Oswego county, New York, and engaged in practice. During his ten years' resi dence in Fulton he became widely known throughout northern New York through his great success in surgery and in 1885 he was elected president of the Oswego County Medical society. In the next year he moved to Minneapolis. In 1888 he was appointed professor of medical juris prudence in the Minnesota College Hospital and attending surgeon at St. Mary's Hospital. In 1892 he was elected president of the Henne pin County Medical society and from 1894 to 1899 held the chair of professor of the principles of surgery and clinical surgery in the medical department of the Hamline University. He is attending surgeon at the Minneapolis City Hos pital and St. Mary's Hospital, consulting surgeon at Asbury Hospital and consulting physician to the Northwestern Hospital. In 1901 he was elected president of the Minnesota State Medical society, and in 1903 and 1904 represented the state of Minnesota "in the House of Delegates of the American Medical association. Although a surgeon of high standing, Dr. Hall continues a general practice as he does not look favorably on specialization in the profession. Dr. Hall is a republican in political faith and is an active member of the national, Minnesota and local medical societies and is a member of the Minne apolis club and other social bodies of the city. In 1880 he was married to Miss Ida A. Dickinson of Lowville, New York. They have two children —Le Roy and Helen. The family attends the Episcopal Church. HARE, Earle Russell, was born at Summerfield, Ohio, in 1872, the son of John W. Hare and Mary Cornelia (Taylor) Hare. Dr. Hare had the usual common school education supplemented by a course at the Kansas City' high school, where he graduated in 1890. Coming to Minne apolis he entered the College of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Minnesota from which he graduated with the degree of M. D. He has since been continuously in practice in this city and has a wide acquaintance and mem bership in all the leading medical organizations, including the Minneapolis Medical Club, Henne pin County Medical Society, the Minnesota State Medical Society and the American Medical Asso ciation. Dr. Hare was married in 1900 to Miss Maude Wilson and they have one child, Horace Barstow Hare. The family attend the Methodist Episcopal church. HAYNES, Frederick Eugene, the son of O. F. Haynes, engineer, but formerly a blacksmith, was born at Shelburn Falls, Massachusetts, on November 22, 1875. A few years after his birth, his parents moved to Minneapolis, and in this city Dr. Haynes passed his youth and received his education. He attended the public schools and after the grammar course entered the South 198 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS high school and graduated from there in 1895. In the fall of the same year he matriculated at the University of Minnesota, and took up the work of the medical department. The degree of M. D. was awarded him in 1899 and he immedi ately began to practice his profession in Pelican Rapids, Minnesota, where he remained till the year 1901, when he moved to .Minneapolis. He has since continued his regular practice in this city and in 1903 was appointed to fill the position of inspector on the Minneapolis Board of Health. Dr. Haynes is a member of the Minneapolis Med ical Club, the Hennepin County Medical Society and the State Medical Society. He was married in 1900 to Miss Edythe Mills. HEAD, George Douglas, son of* Newell S. and Mary Elizabeth Head, was born September 10, 1870, at Elgin, Minnesota. His father is a general insurance adjuster, has held this position with several companies and is one of the pioneer fire insurance men in this state. Dr. Head re ceived his education in the public schools of Min nesota; attended and graduated from the Fargo high school, delivering the oration for his class, and then entered the University of Minnesota. He received his degree of B. S. in 1892, and was again given the honor of delivering a class ora tion. He returned in the fall of the same year and took up his professional studies in the medi cal department, and graduated in 1895 with a "cum laude" degree.' In this course he also suc ceeded in winning the Alexander Stone medal in gynecology. Upon leaving school, Dr. Head commenced to practice in this city. In the years 1898 and 1900 he took post-graduate work in the Johns Hopkins Medical School. Again in the year 1903 he studied for nine months in Vienna arid upon his return to this country, started to practice in Minneapolis as a specialist in "In ternal medicine." Dr. Head has held a number of offices at the state university and at present is Chief of Dispensary Clinic of that institution. Two years after his graduation he was appointed as assistant in medicine and in 1895 took the posi tion of instructor in clinical medicine and mi croscopy. .The position of professor of Clinical Medicine and Microscopy was offered to him in 1902, which place in the faculty he now holds. He has been president of the Alumni Association of the Medical Department of the state universi ty, and is now a member of the Minnesota Acad emy of Medicine; the American and state medi cal associations; the Hennepin County Medical Society; the Minneapolis Medical Club and the Minneapolis Pathological Society. He holds the position of attending physician at the City and Asbury hospitals and is a consulting physician at the Northwestern Hospital. Dr. Head is a re publican in politics. He attends the Methodist church and was married in 1898 to Miss Sarah Belle Parry. They have one son, Douglas Parry Head. HILL, Richard J., a practicing physician of the regular school, was born February 11, 1853, at Hill's Store, North Carolina. His father, Nathan Hill, was a physician and surgeon, who left the south in 1861, at the breaking out of the Civil War. He came to Minneapolis, where his son was educated in the public schools, later taking the first two years at the state university. De ciding upon his father's profession and not being able then to pursue it at Minnesota university, the young sophomore took a full course at Jef ferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated in 1875. Securing a position as con tract surgeon in the medical department of the army, he spent three years on the frontier, re turning to Minneapolis and a general practice in 1881. Dr. Hill's politics are republican. He was the coroner of Hennepin county for two terms of an effective administration. He belongs to the county and state medical associations, to the Minnesota Academy of Medicine and to the American Medical Association. His church af filiations are with the Society of Friends. He was married to Louise T. Johnson in 1881, and has two children, a son and daughter. HVOSLEF, Jacob, son of Bishop F. W. Hvoslef and Alethe Catherina Frost Hvoslef, was born at Tromsoe, a city of northern Norway, and the starting point of many Arctic expeditions, near the seventieth parallel of 'latitude. The family immigrated to Norway from South Den mark in the beginning of the eighteenth century, the first member arriving being a merchant; most of the family, however, were prominent in law and the church. Dr. Hvoslef's parents were visited by Bayard Taylor when they lived in Kantokeino, Norway, his father being at that time a missionary to the Lapps. Mr. Taylor re lated the incident in his book detailing his north ern travels. Dr. Hvoslef attended the Latin school in Tromsoe for five years and continued his studies at Drammen in Southern Norway five years more and at Bergen he made his final preparation for admission to the Royal Univer sity of Christiana, Norway, which occurred in 1883. Dr. Hvoslef's father was made bishop of the diocese of Bergen in 1881, and the son, after taking the academic course at the university, studied medicine and graduated in 1891. After spending a year as an interne <at the government hospital in Christiana, he came to the United States, locating in Minneapolis, where he has since practiced his profession, with the ex ception of one year which he spent at Tracy, Minnesota. Dr. Hvoslef has built up a fine prac tice, the fruitage of his thorough preparation for his life work and his devotion to it. He is a member of the Hennepin County Medi cal Society, the State Medical Society, the Ameri can Medical Association, and is lecturer on orthopedic surgery at Hamline, University. He is also a member of the Odin Club. On October MEDICINE ii, 1893, he was married to Miss Clara Johnson, of Minneapolis, and they have two children, F. Waldemar, born in Tracy, Minnesota, 1894, and Catherine Elizabeth, born in Minneapolis in 1900. HYNES, John Eldon, was born on July 25, 1878, at Winnebago, Minnesota, where his father, John A. Hynes, was a farmer and stockraiser. Here he spent all his early life, going to the com mon school and graduating from the Winnebago high school in 1898. He came to Minneapolis for his professional education. In 1900 he gradu ated from the College of Pharmacy of the Uni versity, and in 1904 graduated from the Medical Department. The University work was supple mented by a year's experience as interne in St. Luke's Hospital. He is now an instructor in medicine at the University of Minnesota. Dr. Hynes is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minnesota State Medical Society, the American Medical Association, the Minneapolis Medical Club, the Minnesota Patho logical Society, and the Roosevelt Club. Dr. Hynes was married on November 27, 1907, to Martha F. Harris, of Minneapolis. IRWIN, Alexander Francis, son of Thomas and Margaret Irwin, was born in Chatham, Ontario, Canada, receiving his early education in the public and high schools and academic work in the University of Toronto, receiving medals in natural science and classics. He graduated from the medical department of the University of Michigan in 1889 and was honor graduate in medicine of McGill Medical College in 1890. He served six years in Minneapolis as assistant city physician; was secretary of the Hennepin Coun ty Medical Society during '93 and '94; is a member of the American and Minnesota State Medical Association and local Shakespeare Society; also a member of Royal Arcanum and Masonic bodies. JOHNSON, August Emanuel, was born in Lund, Wisconsin, on August 23, 1881. His par ents, a few years after his birth, moved to Min neapolis and in this city he spent his early life. He entered the public schools here, but after some years' work, left his course uncompleted and entered Carleton College, at Northfield, Min nesota. After his preparatory work in that insti tution, Dr. Johnson commenced to study for his profession at Hamline University, and finished his course and graduated from there in 1903 with the degrees M. D. and C. M. Since that time he has carried on a general practice in Minneapolis and in addition held (until the closing of the de partment) a position in the Medical Department of Hamline University as instructor in clinical surgery. Dr. Johnson is on the staff of the Swe dish Hospital, and is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society, the State Medical Soci ety and the American Medical Association. JONES, William Alexander, was born at St. Peter, Minnesota, May 24, 1859. His parents were of Welsh and Scotch ancestry and both his 19§ grandsires were soldiers of the War of the Revo lution. His father, a native of Vermont, was taken by his parents to New York City, when a child, and, when he grew to manhood, he came to Minnesota, and, in 1854, located at St. Peter where he opened a drug store and in 1858 mar ried Miss M. A. Virginia Christian, a New York lady who shared with him the storm and stress of frontier life, when they encountered the hor rors of the Indian outbreak of 1862. They shel tered many refugees in their home, their son, William, being a little child at the time. The latter attended the common schools of St. Peter and the high school, and gained a good knowl edge of the drug business in his father's store. He studied medicine at the University of the City of New York, Medical Department, gradu ating in 1881, after which he became assistant physician at the State Hospital for the Insane in St. Peter. In 1883 Dr. Jones came to Minneap olis where he practiced medicine until 1886, when, after his marriage to Annie R. Johnson, of Den ver, Colorado, he went with her to Europe where he entered upon special study of nervous diseases in the school and hospitals of Berlin and Vienna. After his return to Minneapolis, Dr. Jones de voted himself to practice in his specialty, and has proven himself a most successful lecturer 011 nervous and mental diseases, as clinical professor of these specialties in the medical department of the state university. He is attending neurologist for St. Mary's Asbury Methodist,.the City, North western, Norwegian and Swedish hospitals, and is chief of the staff of the Northwestern Hospital, and is editor of Journal of the Minnesota State Medical Association and the Northwestern Lan cet, a well-known leading medical journal. Dr. Jones is a democrat in politics. KIMBALL, Hannibal Hamlin, a practicing physician in Minneapolis since 1867, was born at Carmel, Penobscot county, Maine, on August 18, 1843. He is descended from old families of good standing on both sides. His father, John Kimball, was a lawyer with great ability and a good education who was prominently connected with the public affairs of his state and who oc cupied a seat in the state Senate. Abigail Hornans, his mother was of Spanish descent, a woman of much talent and power, from whom Dr. Kim ball inherited much of his ability and to whose early training he feels much of his success is due. Dr. Kimball received a district school educa tion and then entered and graduated from the Hampden Academy and the Lewiston Seminary (now Bates College). He intended to acquire a medical education, so for a time studied under Dr. P. A. Stackpole at Dover, New Hampshire, and then entered the Pittsfield Medical College, fol lowing his studies there with a complete course at Bellevue, New York. During the latter part of the Civil War he acted as contracting surgeon under Dr. S. B. Morrison of the regular army. 200 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS He entered Bowdoin College to continue his medical studies, during his senior year being prosector of surgery. Graduating with the class of 1866, he came to Minneapolis in 1867 and for forty years has practiced in this city. For a time Dr. Kimball's work was arduous, as in any young town—long, hard drives of twenty and thirty miles into the outlying districts. The number of his patients increased with the growth of the town, and by his thorough knowledge of medicine, his hard work, and his own personality, he es tablished and has sustained one of the most ex tensive practices in the city. Soon after opening an office in Minneapolis Dr. Kimball shared it with Thomas Lowry, then a young but ambitious lawyer, and later J. M. Shaw, another lawyer, also had his office with them. In 1868 Dr. Kimball and Mr. Lowry moved into an office in the Old Harrison building where Dr. Kimball was established for many years. He formed a partner ship with Dr. C. G. Goodrich in 1869 and they practiced together for five years, the only time Dr. Kimball has been connected with any one in his work. Though his practice was eminently successful, Dr. Kimball wished to pursue his medical studies still farther and for that pur pose went to Europe in 1879-80, where he spent severals months in the hospitals of London, Heidelberg, Berlin and other large cities, and several times since he has visited Europe with the same motive. Dr. Kimball is a member of the county, state and national medical associations and since 1869 has been 011 the United States Board of Pension Examiners. He is also a member of the Masonic order. In 1870 he was married to Miss Grace Everett Morrison, daugh ter of the first mayor of Minneapolis, the Hon. Dorilus Morrison. HILL, Nathan Branson, a prominent Min neapolis physician from 1861 until his death in 1875, was born in Randolph county, North Caro lina, on May 13, 1817. He was the son of Samuel and Mary Hill—the father a merchant and the head of a large family. For generations the Hills had been Friends and Dr. Hill's education, after preparatory study at the schools of Ashboro, North Carolina, was obtained at the Friends Boarding School, at New Garden, North Carolina, at Guilford College and at Haverford College, an institution maintained by the Friends near Philadelphia. For a time he was employed as a teacher in the New Garden school and after graduation from Haverford he joined his father in business. But desiring to enter the practice of medicine he attended lectures at the Jeffer son Medical College at Philadelphia during 1842 and 1843. In May, 1845, Dr. Hill was married to Miss Eliza J. Menden'hall and about two years later moved to Ohio and completed his medical education at Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, receiving his diploma in 1848. He had ex pected to remain in the north but circumstances led to his return to Carolina where he practiced his profession until the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861. During the stormy period before the war Dr. Hill's frankly expressed anti-slavery sentiments and his aid and advice to negroes rendered his situation in Carolina difficult, and war once declared he had no recourse but re moval to the north. In company with Dr. A. H. Lindley, his brother-in-law, he came to Mim neapolis where the two families were soon es tablished and the two physicians entered into a partnership which only terminated at Dr. Hill's death. Dr. Hill's leadership in the profes sion was soon recognized and for fifteen years he occupied a most prominent place in the com munity. His natural abilities and loveable char acter won him many friends and he enjoyed, to an unusual extent, the confidence of his fellow citizens. He was soon called to take a prom inent part in the affairs of the young city, serving three years in the city council of Minneapolis, after the incorporation in 1867, and again after the consolidation of the two cities in 1872, for a one-year term. In 1871 he was appointed to the state board of health by Governor Austin. LAPIERRE, Charles Arthur, was born No vember 2, 1870, at Quebec, Canada, son of Pierre and Salome (Cinq-Mars) Lapierre. Mr. Lapierre was brought up in Quebec, the ancient capital of Canada and received his educational training in Quebec Seminary from which he graduated in 1888, and in Laval University, which was founded in 1663 by the first bishop of Quebec, whose name it bears. From this old and well-equipped institution, Mr. Lapierre graduated in medicine in 1892. In 1893 he came to Minneapolis and has been practicing his profession with great suc cess since. Dr. Lapierre is a democrat in poli tics, but his party affiliations are not allowed to divert him from his professional duties. He per mitted his name, however, to be used in 1906 as democratic candidate for the nomination to the office of coroner. Dr. Lapierre is a member of the American Medical Association, the State Medical Society, the Hennepin County Medical Society, the St. Anthony Medical Club and the St. Anthony Commercial Club. Dr. Lapierre is a member of the Roman Catholic Church. He was married in 1893 to Arthemise L. Laliberte and they have five children—Esther, Arthur, Jean Thomas, Ada and Marguerite. LAWRENCE, William D., was born May 16, 1852, at Lawrenceville, Province of Quebec, Cana da. His father, Erastus Lawrence, was the direct descendant of Sir Robert Lawrence of Ashton Hall, born in Lancashire, England, in 1150 A. D. His mother was Sarah Harvey. His childhood was spent in eastern townships of Canada and he attended the Waterloo Academy and Granby Academy in the Province of Quebec. Erastus Lawrence was a merchant, so the young man saw more or less business life in the general store at Lawrenceville and in the lumber and milling busi ness, but for his professional training he came to the states—to Iowa University, to the Chicago MEDICINE Medical College and to the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College. He came to Minneapolis in 1879 and has been in active practice ever since. He has been president of the Twin City Academy of Medicine, managing director of the Minneap olis Homeopathic Hospital, president of the Min neapolis Medical and Surgical Institute and presi dent of the Lawrence Sanatorium of which he is the founder. Dr. Lawrence is a republican. He is actively interested in the cause of temperance and is founder and president of the International Uplift Society. He has had no military experi ence in the United States, but was Captain of the 79th Highlanders, Montreal Division, in Canada. He is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, the national and state asso ciations of Charities and Corrections and the Medico Legal Society of New York. He has been vestryman of Gethsemane Episcopal Church for many years, and deputy to the General Conven tion of the Episcopal Church. His marriage with Lucy Mayo Beach, of La Fayette, Indiana, took place in 1878. E. H. Lawrence, their only child, died in infancy in 1881. His step son, Henry Mayo Lawrence, is associated with him as secre tary and treasurer of the Lawrence Sanatorium, a large and flourishing institution. LEAVITT, Henry Hooker, was born on a farm near Waterloo, Iowa, April 1, i86t. His parents were William Hunt Leavitt and Celia E. (Dunnell) Leavitt. They were from Charlemont, Massachusetts, and had gone to Iowa a year or two earlier, when Iowa was a new state with almost no railroads. As a boy Dr. Leavitt attended the public school in Waterloo, later at tending Beloit (Wisconsin) Academy and gradu ating A. B., from Beloit College in 1884. As soon as he was graduated, he entered the Minne sota Hospital College, now the Medical Depart ment of the University of Minnesota, but com pleted his studies at the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College from which he received the M. D. degree. In June 1887 he received the M. A. degree from Beloit College. Dr. Leavitt began practice in Minneapolis but after three years he went abroad, spending a year in the hospitals and clinics of Vienna, paying special attention to diseases of the ear, nose and throat and also to diseases of children. After his return to Minne apolis he was appointed professor of diseases of children in the Homeopathic Medical Depart ment of the state university and after a few years of general practice finished preparing himself to make a specialty of the eye, ear, nose and throat, studying at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary and the New York Post Graduate Medical Col lege. Since 1897 he has confined his practice to this specialty. Dr. Leavitt's immediate family consists of his wife, who was Miss Mabel L. Howe, of Des Moines, Iowa, and three daughters, Louise, Helen and Alice. He is a Congregationalist, a member of the Minnesota Congregational Club, the Commercial Club, the Automobile Club, 201 the American Institute of Homeopathy, the Ophthalmological, Otological, and Laryngial So ciety, the Minnesota State Homeopathic Insti tute, and the Minneapolis Homeopathic Medical Society. Dr. Leavitt has been since 1904 profes sor of Opthalmology in the College of Homeo pathic Medicine and Surgery of the University of Minnesota. Dr. Leavitt's ancestors were among the early settlers of New England. His grand father was Col. Roger H. Leavitt, who repre sented his county in the state senate and his district in the house of representatives; was one of the incorporators of the Troy & Greenfield railroad, and one of the earliest promoters or the Hoosac Tunnel. His brother, Joshua Leavitt, was the editor of the Emancipator and the New York Independent. Roger Leavitt, Dr. Leavitt's great grandfather rendered conspicuous services to the cause of education and of temperance and to the anti-slavery movement, and was nominated, the day before his death, by the new liberty party as its candidate for lieutenant governor. Roger Leavitt was the son of Rev. Jonathan Leavitt, born in 173x, one of the noted preachers of his time. The earliest known Leavitts came to this country from England and settled in Kingham, Massachusetts about 1636. LELAND, Muret N., Jr., was born January 8, 1874, at Wells, Faribault County, Minnesota. His father, Muret N. Leland, is president of the T. M. Roberts Co-operative Supply Company of Minneapolis. The subject of this sketch passed his earlier life at Wells attending the common schools and graduating from the Wells high school in 1891. The next three years he spent at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and in 1896 he graduated from the College of Physi cians and Surgeons, Chicago, and served one term as Resident Surgeon at St. Elizabeth Hospital in that city. Leaving there on October 27, 1897, he entered upon general practice at his old home, Wells, Minn. He was county coroner there from 1898 to 1901 and served as U. S. Pension Ex aminer and was chairman of the board of health. Dr. Leland came to Minneapolis in April, 1901, and has since practiced his profession here. Dr. Leland is a member of the Hennepin county and state medical societies. He attends the Methodist Church While not a member of that communion. Dr. Leland is Minnesota-born and bred and par takes of the progressive spirit of the state. LITTLE, John Warren, physician and sur geon, and professor of Clinical Surgery in the University of Minnesota, was born in Clark Coun ty, Ohio, in 1859, on his father's farm, where he alternately worked or went to school in the locality until he taught his. own first pupils, when he was eighteen years old. He is the son of John and Mary Ann Little. On his father's side, his ancestors were Welsh and Irish. His mother was of English stock. This mixture of races has so often resulted in the best blood of the United States that it was to be expected that Dr. 202 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Little should graduate from the high and normal school of Lebanon, Ohio, at an early age. He took his medical training at Jefferson Medical College, and went at once into practice in Minne apolis upon receiving his diploma in 1883. Dr. Little stands high in his profession. His ability as a surgeon has brought him the position of sr rgeon to the Chicago Great Western Railway and that of chief of staff at Asbury Hospital. He holds various other positions as consultant in his own specialty at St. Mary's, the Swedish and the City hospitals. In politics he is a republican. He belongs to the Commercial Club, to several Masonic orders of the Scottish rite, to the Minne sota Academy of Medicine and to the Hennepin County Medical Society of which he is an expresident. Dr. Little is not himself a church member, but his family attend the Methodist church. He was married to Nellie C. Marshall in 1887 and has three children, a son and two daughters. MacDONALD, Irving Coburn, was born in Minneapolis, on March 16, 1874. He is the son of John W. MacDonald, who came to Minnesota from Canada in 1865 and established throughout the Northwest a line of flour mills, which he owned and operated successfully until his death. Dr. MacDonald's mother was Sarah (Coburn) MacDonald, also, born and educated in Canada. Dr. MacDonald attended the Minneapolis public schools, completing his preparatory training here. He took his college course in the University of North Dakota, taking the academic work, and graduated in 1895 with a B. A. degree. He did not immediately begin his medical training, but until 1898 served as principal in the schools of different North Dakota towns. In the latter year he entered the medical department of the University of Minnesota. He graduated and re ceived his M. D. degree in 1902 and in the same year began a general practice in this city which he has continued successfully. His work includes all the branches of professional practice, but he has specialized somewhat on obstetrical work. In politics Dr. MacDonald is a republican, but is not active in political work. He is a member of the Minnesota State Medical Society, of the Hennepin County Medical Society, of the Minne apolis Medical Club, of the St. Anthony Medical Club and the Alpha Kappa medical fraternity. He is a Presbyterian and is not married. Dr. MacDonald is fond of athletic sports and is him self an enthusiastic automobilist. MANN, Arthur Teall, (Arthur T. Mann) As sociate Surgeon to the Northwestern Hospital, and professor of Clinical Surgery in the Univer sity of Minnesota, was born in 1866, in New York City. He is the son of Samuel R. and Georgiana Teall Mann, and both the Manns and Tealls have been distinguished by the members of their stock who have taken active part in the affairs of colon ial times. The first Mann who came to America was Richard Mann who left England in the reign of Charles I and settled in Scituate, Mass. His son Richard is on record as receiving a grant of land in Connecticut for services in "the Indian War." In the next century Capt. Andrew Mann's name appears in the history of New London, Con necticut as receiving his title of Captain at the time the British burned New London. On the Teall side the first emigrant to America was Oliver. His father was apothecary-in-chief to William III and to Queen Anne's troops. George I gave him the family coat of arms presumably for services on the field under Marlborough. His grandson, Oliver Teall, Jr., followed in his steps, and was surgeon in the British army during the French and Indian War. In the third generation on this side the Yankee blood began to take force, and the grandson of the first Oliver, Nathan Teall, cast in his lot on the American side during the Revolution. Nathan's first child was Elmira for whom the town of Elmira, New York (originally Newton) was renamed. Dr. Arthur Mann spent his youth in New York, but came West after his father's death, entered the University of Minne sota, and graduated with the degree of S. B., in 1888. He went to Harvard Medical School for his M. D., and carried off two scholarships during the course. In addition to four year ; of hospital seivice in Massachusetts hospitals, where he was successively House Surgeon at the Boston City Hospital and Resident Physician at the Massa chusetts State Hospital, Dr. Mann look a post graduate abroad in 1904. Since hi.; return to Minneapolis he has been occupied with his place on the staff of the university as Professor of Clinical Surgery and in surgical practice. He is a republican, belongs to the state and county medical societies, to the American Medical Asso ciation, and to the Minneapolis Medical Club, of which he has been president, He is also secre tary and treasurer of the Western Surgical and Gynecological Society. Dr. Mann married Wi nona B. Orff in 1904. MOORE, James Edward, (James E. Moore) Professor of Surgery in the University of Min nesota, chairman of the executive committee of the American Medical Association and Surgeonin-Chief of the Northwestern Hospital, was born in Clarksville, Pennsylvania, March 2, 1852, and is the son of the Rev. George W. Moore and of Margaret J. Moore. Dr. Moore has the distinc tion of being the first specialist in surgery west of New York City—beginning 1888—and he has now an established position of authority in his own line among his Northwestern associates in the profession of surgery. Dr. Moore's early educa tion was that which the public schools of various Pennsylvania cities could give in the usual journeyings of a Methodist pastor. As he grew older, he was sent to Union Seminary, Poland, Ohio, and to the University of Michigan. He grad uated from Bellevue Hospital Medical College in MEDICINE 1873, took a course at the New York Polyclinic, and spent 1885-86 at Berlin. His first practice was a country one at Emlenton, Venango County, Penn sylvania. Coming in 1882 to Minneapolis, it was not until after his Berlin study that he began to call attention to his work as a surgeon. In the past twenty years his skill has brought him into gen eral demand in the West and Northwest, and insured him national recognition, as witnessed by the associate honors which have come to him. Beside the offices first mentioned Dr. Moore is now the only living American Honorary Fellow of the American Orthopedic Association and is ex-president of the Western Surgical and Gyneco logical Association, and ex-chairman of the sur gical section of the American Medical Associa tion. He is also the author of Moore's Or thopedic Surgery, published in 1898, and editor of the Department of Surgical Technique of American Surgery for 1906, besides being a con tributor to several leading American Medical journals. In politics he is a republican. As a clubman he belongs to the principal medical clubs of the Northwest and to the Commercial, Minneapolis, Lafayette and Minikahda clubs. He attends the Universalist church. Dr. Moore's first wife died leaving him one daughter, now Mrs. Bessie Moore Forsell, of Minneapolis. He was married, in 1887, to Louise C. Irving. MOORE, Jehiel Tuttle, was born on Octo-' ber 4, 1848, in Oxford county, Ontario, Can ada. His father, Alexander Moore, was a gen tleman farmer and until twenty years of age he spent his time on his father's farm attending the country school. In 1868 and 1869 he attended the Canadian Literary Institute in Woodstock, Ontario, but in 1870 he changed to the Collegiate Institute in Gault, Ontario. During the same year he had private medical instruction under Dr. Joy which was followed by the medical course in McGill University, Montreal, from which he grad uated in 1874. He practiced his profession in Canada for eight years holding there the posi tions of associate coroner for the county of Ox ford and staff surgeon of the Great Western Railway. In 1883, the year after his removal to Minneapolis, he was one of the organizers of the Minneapolis College of Physicians and Surgeons of which he was Dean for thirteen years, that is, until 1896 when the school became the Medical Department of Hamline University. He taught theory and practice in the school from its or ganization and from 1897 until the closing of the department in 1908, he was its (vice) and acting president. In 1886, Dr. Moore presented a reso lution to the State Medical society of which the ultimate result was the appointment of the first medical board by the legislature to control the requirements for medical practice in the state of Minnesota. The present board is an evolution from this first appointment. Dr. Moore was a liberal in Canada and a republican since coming to the United States. He has been a Mason 203 since 1869, occupying every office in the Blue Lodge before he left Canada, and he is a member of the Hennepin County and State Medical so cieties and the American Medical Association. Dr. Moore is an Episcopalian and was vestry man of Gethsemane Church for ten years. He married Frances Winifred Joy, daughter of his old preceptor, in 1876. Their only child, Miss Maude Moore, graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York in 1894, and is now teaching in the Minneapolis School of Music Oratory and Dramatic Art. Dr. Moore belongs to the staff of St. Barnabas Hospital, and during 1896 was chief of staff. MURPHY, William Bernard, was born at Chicago, March 9, 1871, son of Patrick and Mary Ann Lawton Murphy. His father was a brick layer and building contractor, who served in Company F, First New York Volunteer Engin eers in the Civil War, and was wounded in the knee at Swamp Angle and crippled permanently, and was discharged ranking sergeant. His, brother John served in the U. S. Navy through the Civil War. William B. spent his childhood in Chicago and from ten to eighteen years of age he worked on a farm near Woodstock, Illinois, re ceiving his early educational training at the pub lic schools and, after clerking in a country store at Stoughton, Wisconsin, and later in a wholesale house, he studied at Hamline University and in 1897 took the degree of M. D., C. M., was ap pointed interne at St. Joseph's Hospital, St. Paul, in 1897-98, and was druggist at the Minneapolis City Hospital and on the staff of that hospital until 1905. In the course of his practice he at tended the late Ignatius Donnelly in his last ill ness. Dr. Murphy is a republican in politics and has attended many conventions in Minneapolis. He was deputy coroner from 1900 to 1904. He is a member of the American Medical Association; of the county and state medical societies and the Minneapolis Medical Club, the A. O. U. W., Knights of Columbus, the B. P. O. E. and other organizations of the kind. He is a member of the Roman Catholic church. Dr. Murphy was married on January 29, 1902, to Amelia C. Heiker, a graduate nurse of St. Joseph's Hospital, St. Paul. There have been born to them - three chil dren, Kathleen Adele, William Bernard, Jr., and Edward Patrick. MURRAY, William Robbins, clinical profes sor of diseases of the nose and throat in the Min nesota University was born at Marquette, Michi gan, in 1869. He is an Ann Arbor graduate, hav ing received the degree of Ph. B. from that in stitution in 1892. In 1897 he took an M. D. from Rush Medical College of Chicago. Dr. Murray is a member of the American Medical Association, American Academy of Medicine, the Academy of Ophthalmology and Oto Laryngology, and of the state and county medical associations. 204 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS NEWHART, Horace, was born December 9, 1872, at New Ulm, Minnesota, son of J. Newhart, a lawyer and a veteran of the Civil War. He passed his early life in New Ulm, where he at tended the public schools and the high school. After studying at Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, in 1892 and 1893, he went to Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, where he graduated in 1895, with com mencement honors, receiving the honor, also, of election to the Phi Beta Kappa Soci ety. In 1898 he received the degree of M. D. from the Medical Department of the University of Michigan. The following year he spent abroad and took up post graduate work at the University of Vienna, where he was again engaged in special clinical work in 1905. In 1899 he was a member of the medical staff of the Jackson Sanatorium, Dansville, New York, and, later, served as surgeon on the staff. Since coming to Minne apolis, Dr. Newhart has entered successfully on the practice, of his profession. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Medicine; a member of the American Medical Association; of the Min nesota and Hennepin County Medical Societies; of the Minneapolis Medical Club and of the Min neapolis Commercial Club; the Minikahda Club; a member of the Dartmouth Association of the Northwest; a member of the Minnesota Congre gational Club and of the Phi Rho Sigma and the Sigma Chi Fraternities. Dr. Newhart was mar ried on September 3, 1904, to Anne Hendrick, of Albany, New York, and to them one child, a son, has been born—Elwood Hendrick. NIPPERT, Louis Albert, son of the Rev. Louis Nippert, D. D., was born in Bale, Switzer land. His father, now deceased, was formerly president of the Methodist Theological Seminary at Frankfort on the Main, Germany, and was directly descended from French Huguenots, who, when driven from their fatherland, had emigrated to Alsace. The early years of Dr. Nippert's life were spent in the schools of Switzerland and Ger many, and in them he received his elementary education. Preparatory to his college course he took the work in the "gymnasium" and polytechnical high school in Karlsruhe, Germany, graduating from the latter institution in March. 1879. He then came to America and entered the Miami Medical College of Cincinnati. Ohio, where he completed his course and was awarded his degree of M. D. in 1883. Immediately after his graduation he received the appointment of house physician in the City Hospital of Cincin nati, and a year later was advanced to the posi tion of senior house physician in the same insti tution, which office he held until 1885. After leaving the hospital he went to Paris to attend the clinics, and from March to June, 1885, was in the hospitals of that city. In September of the same year he went to Vienna with a like purpose in mind, staying in the hospitals there until March, 1886. H«? then returned to America and commenced his general practice in Minneap olis. In 1907 Dr. Nippert again visited Europe and spent much time in the hospitals and clinics at the great centers of medical research. Dr. Nippert is a member of various medical and pro fessional associations, among which are the Hen nepin County Medical Society (of which he has been president), the Minnesota State Medical Society and the Minnesota Academy of Medicine and is clinical professor of medicine in the Uni versity of Minnesota. He was married in 1887 to Miss Mary Rauen and they have two children, Lillian, and Rauen Louis Nippert. NOOTNAGEL, Charles F., a well known physician and surgeon of Minneapolis, was born in Wisconsin in 1863. His father before him was also a physician and surgeon, and the son took a thorough preparation for the medical pro fession by two years at Ann Arbor, completed at Bellevue Hospital Medical College. Dr. Nootnagel also spent a year in European study. He has a well established and valuable practice in Minneapolis and is regarded as one of the solid men of the profession. O'BRIEN, Richard P., was born February 27, 1863, at Marengo, Illinois. His father, William O'Brien, was a grocer of that place, married to Mary McManus. His early life was spent at Marengo where he attended the public schools and graduated at the high school. Later he studied medicine at the Chicago Medical Col lege and engaged in general practice. He was the only member of his class to receive a hos pital appointment from the Dean after gradua tion. In 1887 and 1888 he was professor of physi ology at Hamline University and served as coun ty physician in Minneapolis in 1893 and 1894. He is a member of the Knights of Columbus, of the Maccabees, of the Ancient Order of Hibernians, of the Modern Woodmen of America, of the Bankers' Union and of the Catholic Order of Foresters. Dr. O'Brien is a member of the Catholic Church. He was married on November 26, 1890, to Miss Mary Ring, daughter of Martin Ring, a prominent contractor of Minneapolis. To them have been born four children, William Claude, Richard Martin, Gerald and Marian. OFSTAD, Arnt E., practicing physician, was born in Norway, July 14, 1866. His father was both a farmer and merchant, and the son had excellent chances to secure the best that Norway can give her sons in the way of higher educa tion. He received the full course of common, liigh and Latin schools and took his A. B. at the University of Christiania. Coming to the United States, Dr. Ofstad took the medical course at Chicago Medical College, graduating in 1894, and later returning for three months of post-graduate work. Ten years later, in 1904, he graduated from Hamline University of Minnesota, and then spent one year as interne in the Minneapolis City MEDICINE Hospital. He came to his profession doubly equipped with thorough preparation for work among new conditions. Dr. Ofstad belongs to the Odd Fellows, M. W. A., the Sons of Norway and the Independent Order of Foresters. Before leaving Norway he served his time in the artil lery service under the compulsory military regu lations of Norway. Dr. Ofstad is a republican and of the Protestant faith. He married Anne Marie Sorum in 1895. He has no children. PETERS, Ralph Moore, was born May 24, 1872 at Anoka, Minnesota, son of A. L. Peters, treas urer of the Peters Arms & Sporting Goods Com pany, Cincinnati, Ohio. His parents have . re sided in Minnesota since 1867. Ralph graduated at the St. Paul high school in 1891, president of his class. He graduated at Rush Medical Col lege, Chicago, in 1894, and served as interne at St. Mary's Hospital, Minneapolis, in 1894-95, and was associated with Dr. J. H. Dunn, when he began the practice of medicine in 1895 in Minneapolis. Dr. Peters is an active and respected member of his profession in Minne apolis, not only among his confreres but among his clientele as well. Dr. Peters is a republican in politics and a member of the Commercial, the Roosevelt and the Automobile clubs. He is a member of Gethsemane Episcopal Church. In T895 Dr. Peters was married to Margaret Emily Wiggins, formerly of Saratoga Springs, New York. PORTEOUS, William N., was born in On tario, Canada, on June 20, 1857. His father was David Porteous, who had studied medicine at Edinburgh University in Scotland, but who had subsequently given up practice and engaged in flour milling in Canada. Dr. Porteous' mother, whose maiden name was Jessie Bell, was the daughter of a Canadian manufacturer and of a family engaged extensively in large business un dertakings in that part of the country. Dr. Por teous received his common school and college education in Ontario, graduated from McGill University at Montreal and studied medicine in Scotland at Edinburgh University. After re ceiving his degree at Edinburgh he took a course in London, England, and then returned to this country to commence practice. In 1893 he came to Minnesota and established himself in Minne apolis, where he has since continued to practice, making a specialty of the diseases of the ear, .nose and throat. He is a member of the vari ous medical societies, of the Minneapolis Club and other social organizations. In 1894 Dr. Por teous was married to Miss Alma Norton John son, daughter of the late Col. Charles W. John son, an old citizen of Minneapolis. Mrs. Por teous is widely known as a concert singer of charming voice and personality. PRATT, Fred John, Jr., was born May 29, 1876, at Jackson, Michigan. He grew up at Jack son, attending the grade schools and graduating 205 from the Jackson high school. He then attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and graduated from the medical department in 1901. For the next two and a half years he was assist ant to Dr. C. W. More, at the More Hospital, Eveleth, Minnesota. He then took post-graduate work during 1904 at Chicago Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat College fitting himself especially for practice in diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, and for one year following was assistant to Dr. J. A. Pratt, a specialist of the eye,, ear, nose and throat at Aurora, Illonois. Dr. Pratt came to Minneapolis in 1905 and established himself as an eye, ear, nose and throat specialist on the East Side where he has since practiced. He is a member of Phi Beta Pi fraternity, Masonic and K. P. Lodges, Hennepin County Medical So ciety, Minneapolis Medical Club, St. Anthony Medical Club and the American Medical Associa tion. REES, Sorer P., physician and instructor in Physical Diagnosis and Clinical Medicine at the state university, was born in Denmark, Septen? ber 27, 1870. He is the son of Peter Nelson Rees, a Danish farmer, and his earliest schooling was had in the common schools of Denmark. Com ing to America with his parents while a child, the family at once removed to Minnesota. Here Dr. Rees completed his common and high school course, graduating from the Stillwater high school, and taking his college and medical train ing at the University of Minnesota. In 1895 he received his degree of B. S. from the college, and was also honored by election to membership in Phi Beta Kappa. Dr. Rees was editor-in-chief of the 1895 Gopher and during his medical course acted as instructor in Histology and Embryology. Immediately after receiving his diploma of M. D. he became resident physician for a year at St. Barnabas Hospital. The next three years follow ing were spent in general practice at Anoka, Minnesota. In 1901 Dr. Rees returned to Minneapolis to become associated with Dr. J. .W. Bell, in which connection he has made himself recognized during the past seven years as one of the actively pro gressive men of his profession. He belongs to the county, state and national medical societies and to the Minnesota Academy of Medicine. In politics he is a republican, taking an earnest and active interest in all civic reforms. But he is specially interested in the work and advancement of the state university, for like all men who have had to work hard to obtain an education he values highly the opportunities of his own Alma Mater. He has shown this appreciation by being the chief agent in putting the present general alumni association on an efficient basis by securing funds to support a paid secretary for the association. Dr. Rees is one of the board of directors of the association, representing the medical department; and his energy and enthusiasm are always ac tively enlisted in plans for the future development 206 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of the new body. He attends Trinity Baptist Church. He was married on August 3, 1898, to Miss Estelle Crocker, and has one son, Soren Douglas. RIPLEY, Martha George, a practicing physi cian of this city and founder of the Maternity Hospital, was born at Lowell, Vermont, on No vember 30, 1843. She is of English and Scotch descent; the ancestors of the family on both sides came to America with the Pilgrims and settled in New England. During the Revolutionary War the great-grandfather of Dr. Ripley fought under the flag of Washington and died while serving his country in that bitter winter at Valley Forge. Dr. Ripley is the daughter of Francis and Esther Ann (George) Rogers. Her father was a stock farmer of Vermont who became a pioneer settler in northeastern Iowa, where he brought his fam ily and established a typical New England home. Dr. Ripley was raised amid these surroundings and commenced her education in the public schools and attended and graduated from the Lansing, Iowa, high school, and then held a posi tion as instructor in the public schools for seven terms. While yet a young woman, Dr. Ripley became actively interested in charitable and phil anthropic objects giving her time and energies during the Civil War to the work of the Sanitary Commission. She was married in 1867 and went to her husband's home in Massachusetts. The desire to aid humanity urged her, however, to become a physician and she entered Boston Uni versity taking her medical studies in the School of Medicine of the same institution. Following her graduation in 1883 she moved to Minneapolis and devoted herself to a practice which has proved increasingly successful, and to the ac complishment of many and varied works of char ity and philanthropy. Perhaps the most worthy of her benevolent efforts have been expended in the foundation and support of the Maternity Hos pital, which she organized and founded about twenty years ago and of which she has been con tinuously the physician in charge. This is but one of the many ways, however, in which Dr. Ripley has, by her sympathy, counsel and material aid, found it possible to perform, in a great measure unknown even to her friends, countless acts of warm-hearted charity. In addition to these du ties she held for a time the office of professor of children's diseases in the Homeopathic Medical School and is often called upon to read technical essays before various medical bodies. Dr. Rip ley is a firm believer in the equal right to the ballot and is a prominent member of city and state woman suffrage societies, being for six years the president of the latter association. She is a member of several professional organizations, among which are the American Institute cxf Homeopathy, the Woman's Medical Club of Min neapolis and the city and state homeopathic so cieties. She is a member of and attends the Plymouth Congregational Church. Dr. Ripley was married on June 25, 1867, to William W. Ripley and they have four children, Mrs. Abigail Ripley Smith, Mrs. Clara Ripley Smith, Mrs. Edna Ripley Page, and Miss Hester Ripley. There are eight grandchildren. ROBERTS, Thomas Sadler, clinical profes sor of Children's Diseases in the medical depart ment of the university and director of the De partment of Birds in the Minnesota Natural His tory Survey, was born February 16, 1858, at Phil adelphia, Pennsylvania. He is the son of John Roberts and Elizabeth Sadler, his father being of Welsh descent and of Quaker faith, while his mother was of English descent and an Episcopalian. The Roberts family in America traces its history back to a Welsh ancestor, Thomas Roberts, who came over in the time of William Penn, settled near Philadelphia and became the forebear of a long line of Pennsylvania farmers. The "Old Rob erts Home" and "Roberts School" are still stand ing. In 1867, John Roberts and his family re moved to Minneapolis. Dr. Roberts was then only nine, and his previous schooling had been chiefly at the Friends' School in Germantown, Pennsylvania. He entered the Minne apolis public schools and graduated from the high school in the class of 1877 as valedictorian. The two years following were spent at the University of Minnesota. Then ill health compelled him to drop out of the course and to take up temporarily some outdoor occupation. During the summer of 1879, he was with a State Natural History Survey party on the north shore of Lake Superior studying the birds and plants of that region and making a col lection of ornithological and botanical specimens for the university. During the four following summers he was in charge of parties engaged in examining the land grant of Northern Pacific Railrod in Minnesota, Dakota and Montana. When he resumed college work it was at the medical department of the University of Penn sylvania from which he graduated in 1885, rank ing fifth in a class of one hundred and thirty-two. After fifteen months of practice as interne at the Philadelphia Children's Hospital and Philadelphia City Hospital, Dr. Roberts came back to Minne apolis in the fall of 1886, since which date he has been in general practice. He was on the staff of St. Barnabas Hospital for twelve years and chief of staff for six years. He is at present on the staff of the Northwestern, City and Swedish hos pitals and the Home for Aged Women and Chil dren, the latter for twenty years past. Besides these positions he is a member of the anti-tuber culosis committee of the Associated Charities and belongs to the American Medical Associa tion, the state and county medical societies and the Minnesota Academy of Medicine. In his or nithological work he has placed in the state uni versity a collection of about 5,000 specimens for the state natural history survey and has pub- MEDICINE lished numerous articles relating t© Minnesota's birds. The latest work will be issued, when fin ished, as a report of the State Natural History Survey. He has been both secretary and presi-> dent of the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sci ences and is now a trustee of that body. He has been a fellow of the American Ornithological Union since its formation and for some years past one of the council. He is also a correspond ing member of various scientific societies, and be longs to the Minneapolis and Minikahda and Long Meadow Gun clubs. Though in early life he was a Friend, Dr. Roberts for a time attended the Episcopal church, and is now a Univesrsalist. Po litically he is a republican. He was married Oc tober 1 8 , 1 8 8 7 , to Jane Cleveland, and has three children—two sons and a daughter. ROME, Robert R., was born March 4, 1865. His childhood was passed on a farn% with his parents, at Union Grove, Wisconsin. Here he went to the district school. At sixteen years of age, he went to Chicago to attend school. He matriculated at Rush Medical College in 1883. After one year there he was given a scholarship in the old Chicago University where he took four years of academic work. Then he went to Denison University at Granville, Ohio, for a year's work to prepare for the ministry. In 1 8 8 8 he supplied the pulpit in the Baptist church at Albert Lea, Minnesota. The year following he matric ulated in Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago. After graduation there in 1 8 9 1 he came to Min neapolis and entered the department of Homeo pathic Medicine and Surgery of the University of Minnesota, class of 1 8 9 2 . He was at once ap pointed lecturer and adjutant professor in ob stetrics in that college. In 1 8 9 5 he was made full professor of obstetrics. In 1 9 0 1 he was appointed to the chair of gynecology of which he is now senior professor. Dr. Rome joined the Baptist church in Chicago in 1 8 8 7 , and in 1 9 0 6 his letter was transferred to the Linden Hills Congrega tional Church of Minneapolis. He married Jeannie May Nichols of Buffalo, New York, in 1894. They have two sons: Robert Carroll and Richardson Rome. SEASHORE, Gilbert, was born July 14, 1874, at Dayton, Iowa. His father, Alfred Seashore, was a farmer. Gilbert attended the public schools of Iowa and entered Gustavus Adolphus College at St. Peter, Minnesota, where he graduated in 1 8 9 6 valedictorian of his class, taking the A. B. degree. He then studied two years in the medi cal department of the University of Iowa and two years more in the medical department of the Uni versity of Minnesota, graduating in 1 9 0 2 . Dr. Sea shore, after graduation at St. Peter, served ac ceptably as principal of the public schools in North Branch in 1 8 9 6 - 9 7 , and in 1 8 9 7 - 9 8 he held a similar position at Marine Mills, Minnesota. In 1 9 0 2 and 1 9 0 3 he was house physician at the Swedish Hospital in Minneapolis and is at present 207 established in a growing practice. Dr. Seashore is a republican in politics. He is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Society and is a Lutheran in his church affiliations. SMITH, David Edmund, the son of Charles Henry and Clarissa (Moody) Smith, was born at Winona, Minnesota, December 2 0 , 1 8 6 7 . His youth was spent in Chicago where he attended the public schools and the University Prepara tory School. Dr. Smith graduated from Amherst College in 1 8 9 1 and received the degree of A. M. in 1 8 9 5 . His medical degree was given him in 1 8 9 4 by the Rush Medical College of the Uni versity of Chicago. Additional training was re ceived in post graduate work at eastern medical schools and in service at Asbury Hospital where he was house surgeon and where he is still a member of the staff. Dr. Smith is a member of the Minnesota State Medical Society, the Hen nepin County Medical Society, the Minneapolis Medical Club, the Commercial, Six O'clock and Westminster Clubs. His party affiliations are republican and he is a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church. On September 23, 1896, Dr. Smith was married to Miss Alice Dyer. SMITH, Norman M., was born September 22, in Monticello, Iowa. His father, Rufus P. Smith, prominent business man and manager of the Electric Light & Power Co. of Monticello, was the son of Norman M. Smith, who held dur ing the Civil War the position of surgeon in the Sixth Regiment of Iowa Volunteers. After the usual grade preparation, Dr. Smith entered the Monticello high school and graduated in 1893. He then attended for two years Monmouth Col lege, at Monmouth, 111., when he left college and entered the service of the C. M. & St. P. Ry. at Monticello, as assistant agent. Coming to Min neapolis in 1 8 9 8 he matriculated at the State University in the medical department and for three years applied himself to his professional education. In 1 9 0 1 he entered the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago and graduated from that school in the following year with the degree of M. D. At the same time that he was com pleting his course, Dr. Smith held the office of instructor in physiologic chemistry in the same college and was taking the additional course in the Illinois College of Electro-Therapeutics, re ceiving from the latter school his M. E. degree in 1 9 0 2 . Soon after completing his studies, Dr. Smith commenced to practice his profession in Allison, Iowa, where he remained until he came to Minneapolis in 1 9 0 3 . In addition to his suc cessful practice in this city Dr. Smith holds a position on the visiting staff of the City Hospital and of the University Free Dispensary. In poli tics he is a stanch republican and believes firmly in the principles and doctrines of his party. In 1 8 9 8 , the governor of Iowa, Leslie M. Shaw, offi cially authorized Dr. Smith to organize and drill a company for service in the Spanish American 1875, 208 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS war. He was appointed captain of his company, but the sudden termination of the war prevented enlistment and active service. At the present time he is associated with the Sons of Veterans and is a member and surgeon of the Red Cross Corps. He also holds membership in the Ma sonic Lodge, the civic educational clubs, the Min neapolis Homeopathic Medical Society and the Minnesota State Homeopathic Institute, holding in the last two organizations the office of secre tary. Dr. Smith attends Plymouth Congrega tional Church. He was married to Miss Crissie May Benton, the daughter of C. H. Benton, in 1902. SODERLIND, Andrew, was born in Sweden, on January 31, 1861. He is the son of An drew and Caroline Soderlind. His father was a surveyor of logs. From both his father's and mother's lineage Dr. Soderlind is descended from the highest families—his mother being of the House of Aldrin and his father directly in line with Stalhandske, both ranking among the nob^ lest families of the kingdom. His father, how ever, was too democratic to retain his patrician name, so adopted that by which his descendants are now known. Dr. Soderlind spent his early life in Sweden and there attended the public schools. He was anxious to acquire a profession, so after completing his preparatory studies he took up the study of pharmacy and in the year 1887 was awarded his diploma as a registered pharmacist. He continued his college work and two years later graduated as a doctor of medicine and surgery. Since that time he has, to complete his professional education, taken post-graduate courses in Baltimore and Berlin. He now has an extensive medical and surgical practice in this city and holds the position of chief of the staff physicians of the Swedish Hospital. Dr. Soder lind is connected with a number of the more im portant fraternal and professional organizations— the American Medical Society; Minnesota State Medical Society; the Hennepin County Medical Society; the Masons; I. O. O. F.; Gustaf Adolf Society; the Modern Samaritans, the Modern. Woodmen and the Odin and South Side Com mercial Clubs. He is a republican in politics. In 1893 he was married to Miss Anni Schult and they have two sons and a daughter, Ellen, Ralph and Ragnar. The family attends the Lutheran church. STEWART, J. Clark, physician and surgeon,' and professor of Principles of Surgery in the University of Minnesota, was the first person to enter the freshman class of Minnesota, 1871, and also left his class at graduation, 1875, as first in standing. Minnesota, however, does not claim Dr. Stewart's birthplace. He is a New Jersey man, born at Camden, October 21, 1854, the son of the Rev. Daniel Stewart and of Eliza M., his wife. The ancestry is Scotch on the father's side. On the mother's there is a long list of the original settlers of Rhode Island, among them three governors and some dozen others of dis tinction in colonial times. Dr. Stewart was edu cated entirely in the private schools of Camden, of Johnston, New York, and of New Albany, Indi ana. When the family removed to Minneapolis, Dr. Stewart entered the University at the age of seventeen, and graduated—a B. S. and C. E.— at twenty-one, the youngest graduate of the Uni versity at that time. After trying a business life in the wholesale field for several years, Dr. Stewart took up medicine and entered the Col lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1881, coming out in 1884, again with honors. After two years in Mt. Sinai hospital and New York City dispen saries, he returned to join the staff of the old Min nesota Hospital College; later merged in the Medical Department of the University of Min nesota. He has held various positions in the University, before taking the chair he now holds, and is also on the consulting staff of Asbury and Northwestern hospitals and surgeon at the City Hospital. He is a republican who looks for the right man in the right place rather than for party gains. Dr. Stewart holds membership in several important medical and social clubs, as well as in the Society of the Colonial Wars, which last is an inherited honor. He is a Presbyterian. Has never married. STROUT, Eugene Silas, though born near the western shores of Lake Michigan on Au gust 3, 1862, came to Minnesota when only two years old, and therefore may be called a native of the state. He is the son of Silas C. and Maria L. Gatchell Strout. His father, for some time a farmer of Raymond, Racine county Wisconsin, removed to Stearns county, Minnesota, in 1864, when he engaged in farming and later in the mercantile business. Dr. Strout's prelimin ary education was received in the common schools and the state Normal school at St. Cloud. He received his medical training in the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in the year 1891. Then followed post-graduates at Chicago, London and Vienna, with reference to an eye and ear specialty. After some three years of practice at Ironwood, Michigan, Dr. Strout came to Minneapolis, where he has lived for the past twelve years. He is a member of Hennepin County Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association, also of the State Medical, and is on the staff of the Northwestern Hospital. Dr. Strout attends Calvary Baptist Church. He was married in 1892 to Henrietta Udell Elliott, who died in 1896. In 1898 he married Nellie A. Matthews, a graduate of the Northwestern Hos pital training school. He has two children—a son and daughter. THOMAS, David Owen, was born in 1852 at Penybenglog Mill, Pembrokeshire, Wales, the son of Thomas and Margaret Thomas, of a family of ancient lineage. When nineteen years of age he came to America and made his home at MEDICINE Youngstown, Ohio. Desiring to complete his education, which had been begun in Wales, he entered Bethany College in West Virginia, and graduated in 1878, with the degree of B. A. He determined to become a physician and according ly entered the Medical College of Indiana, In dianapolis, where he graduated in 1884, receiving the Mears gold medal for the best thesis on ''Caesarean Section." Dr. Thomas at once came« to Minneapolis, but after three years practice he determined to secure a more extended clinical experience and went to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York where he took two years work in one and graduated in 1889. He then went abroad and after some travel in Eu rope, returned to London, and continued his clinical work for two years at St. Bartholemew's Hospital. He successfully passed the examina tions of the Conjoint Board of the Royal College of Physicians of London and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and holds the degree of L. R. C. P. and M. R. C. S. In 1891 he returned to Minneapolis and resumed the practice of his profession and for years until the closing of the department in 1908, was a professor of the Dis eases of the Chest of the Medical Department of Hamline University, and likewise a visiting physi cian to the City Hospital and the Asbury Hos pital. He is an active member of the Minnesota State Medical Society and was president of the Hennepin County Medical Society in 1905, and is alive to all medical progress, as well as a con tinuous student in some private matter of literary research. In politics Dr. Thomas is a republican though distinctly independent in his views. He is a prominent member of the Portland Avenue Church of Christ and has taken an active part in the affairs of the denomination at large. In 1885 he was married to Miss Anne E. Butler, daughter of the late Ovid Butler, founder of Butler College, University of Indianapolis. WANOUS, Ernest Z., physician and surgeon, is a native son of Minnesota, having been born in McLeod county, January 24, 1875. He is the youngest of the four children of Frank Wanous, who came to this state in 1854, and at present resides at Glencoe, Minnesota. Doctor Wanous received his first lessons of school discipline in the little district schoolhouse by the roadside, but this was soon abandoned for the much more per fect public school at Glencoe. His parents gave up their agricultural pursuit to enter upon a busi ness career in the village, that the children might receive the benefits of the grade system and the high school work, which had been inaugurated through the efforts of the first settlers in that vicinity. After entering upon his high school studies, he spent his spare time and vacations in •a drug store, thus becoming interested in the first elements of his chosen profession. After gradua tion, he further prepared himself at the medical department of the University of Minnesota. At twenty-two he received his degree of M. D. and 209 spent one year practicing in the country. In 1898 he received the appointment of assistant superin tendent of the Minneapolis City Hospital. He served one year, then resigned his position to accept the position of assistant medical superin tendent of the Rochester State Hospital, where he remained for three years. In 1902 he resigned this position to enter upon a private practice in Minneapolis. Doctor Wanous has done special work in the New York, Baltimore, and Chicago hospitals. He is a member of the state and county medical societies, and the American Medi cal Association. He was married in June, 1907, to Miss Julia Bell Hopkins at Mendon, Michigan. WARHAM, Thomas Tweed, was born in Can ada, at Kingston, Ontario, on August 31, 1866, the son of Richard Lee Warham and Agnes Warham. The family is a very old one, the lin eage having been traced back to the early part of the seventeenth century to an Episcopal bishop who bore the same surname. The father of Thomas Tweed was a painter by occupation, who moved with his family in 1873, to Belleville, Canada. His son attended the public schools of that town and continued his education in the high school from which he graduated when fif teen years of age. Dr. Warham did not enter college at that time but after working in a tele graph office for nine months and in the dry goods business for a short time, learned the paper hanger's trade. He came to Minneapolis in 1886 and worked at his trade in this city with several different firms. It was his wish, however, to enter the medical profession, and with that end in view he studied for a time under a private tutor, Professor Hall, at the Minneapolis Acad emy, preparatory to entering the Hamline Uni versity for his professional training taking up his work in the medical department of that institu tion and graduating with the class of 1897 tak ing M. D. and C. M. degrees. He commenced to practice in Vernon Center, Minnesota, remaining there until 1904 when he moved to Minneapolis and resumed his medical work in this city. H? has been appointed medical inspector for the De partment of Health of Minneapolis for the term of 1907-1909 and fills that office at the present time. Dr. Warham has held several other public and semi-public positions, for four years he was county physician of Blue Earth county, and in the summer of 1906 was the commander of the Red Cross corps and surgeon-in-chief of the emergency hospital during the Fortieth Annual Encampment of the G. A. R. in Minneapolis. He is a republican in politics and has engaged active ly in the work of the state party. For two years he was chairman of the republican county com mittee of Blue Earth county and for four years a member of the executive committee of the re publican county committee of the same district. Dr. Warham in 1888 joined the Sons of Veterans, 'and has held every office which his camp could bestow and in 1903 and 1904 was elected Division Commander of the state. He is also a member 210 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of various professional and fraternal orders; a member and Past Master of Kurum Lodge, A. F. and A. M. Mount Horeb Chapter, R. A. M.; a member of the Vernon Center Chapter of O. E. T., of North Star Lodge No. 6, I. O. O. F.; Union Encampment No. 14, P. C. P. and Captain of the degree staff; a Past Captain of Minnesota Can ton No. 1, P. M.; of Mankato Lodge No. 225, B. P. O. E.; and is examining physician and a mem ber of the following, Yoemen, M. B. A., M. W. A.,, R. N. A., E. F. U., A. O. U. W. His profes sional affiliations are with the following organi zations: the Hennepin County Medical Society, the State Medical Society, the Mississippi Valley Medical Society and American Medical Associa tion. WESTON, Chas. Galen, was born at Chelsea, Massachusetts, April 25, 1858. His father, Seth Weston, was a successful business man of Boston, well known as a contractor and builder. The son had his early education in the Chelsea public schools, from which he graduated in 1875. He en tered Harvard Medical School two years later. At intervals before securing his degree of M. D., Dr. Weston was house-physician at the Boston Lying-in Hospital and interne at Boston City Hospital. Immediately after the completion of his Harvard course, in 1882, he began practice at Peabody, Massachusetts, where he remained until coming to Minneapolis in 1888. Dr. Weston at once established himself here on a sound profes sional basis and was appointed assistant city phy sician for the two years of 1891-93, and city physi cian from '93 to '99. His latest public appointment was chairman of the hospital committee of the Board of Charities and Corrections. He was a prime mover in securing the present city hospital plant and has put the hospital on a modern basis with a visiting staff and a training school for nurses. Dr. Weston also occupies several staff positions on various hospitals of the city. He belongs to the American Medical Association, to the state and county medical societies and to the Minnesota Academy of Medicine. Of the last two bodies, he is an ex-president. Dr. Weston was married in 1884 to Ella C. Derby of Salem, Massachusetts, and has three children; two sons and a daughter. WHITE, Solon Marx, associate professor of pathology in the state university, is a native of Minnesota, born at Hokah, July 16, 1873. He is the son of Solon C. and Anna Armstrong White, and for two generations before him, his ancestors have been physicians. His maternal grandfather, Dr. Thomas Armstrong, was a pioneer physician of the early settlers days of eastern Wisconsin. His father, Dr. Solon C. White, practiced medi cine for many years in Wisconsin and at Sand wich, Illinois. Dr. S. Marx White was educated in the Hokah village schools until he was ten, and afterwards went to Sandwich, Illinois, where he graduated from the Sandwich high school in 1890. He took his college course at Champaign, Illinois, receiving his B. S. degree from the Uni versity of Illinois. His professional training he gained at the Northwestern University, graduat ing in 1897, and later served as interne at Cook county hospital, Chicago. Dr. White has held his present post in the medical department of the University of Minnesota for some time, and is also on the medical staff of St. Barnabas, the Northwestern and the City hospitals. In 19021903 he was president of the Minneapolis Patho logical Society. The summer of 1904 was spent in Vienna at work along the special lines to which he has limited his practice—'Internal Medicine and Pathology, He belongs to the American Acad emy of Medicine; the American Medical Asso ciation; the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and the regular state and county medical societies. Dr. White is Baptist in his religious affiliations. He was married July 25, 1900, to Sara Miner Abbott, and has two children, a son and daughter. WILLIAMS, Charles Winthrop, professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in Hamline Medical College, until the closing of the depart ment in 1908, ex-member of the Board of Health of the city of Minneapolis and ex-physician to post office employees, is a Wisconsin man who was born at Barneveld, Iowa county, Wis consin, April 10, 1863. His father, Daniel Williams, a farmer by occupation, was born in Wales, where he married Elizabeth Da vis, also of Welsh ancestry and the daugh ter of a large land owner of Wales. Daniel Williams migrated to America and with his fam ily settled at Blosburg, Pennsylvania, and later moved to Wisconsin where he set tled on a farm. Dr. Williams received his first instruction at the district school, later graduated at the neighboring high school of Spring Green, and then took a course in medicine at the Northwestern Medical College of Chicago. Coming to Minneapolis to practice he was soon called to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics in Hamline University. Besides this post, he has at Various times been appointed to fill the public offices previously outlined in this sketch. Dr. Williams is also on the medical staff of the City Hospital. He is a Knight Templar Mason and is a member of the state and county medical societies and the Hamline Medical Club. He is a republican in politics. His church affiliations are Presbyterian. Dr. Williams was married October 9, 1891, to Minnie L. Benham, daughter of Major Benham of Michiian. WILLIAMS, Ulysses Grant, ex-coroner of Hennepin county, was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1864. His father, who came from Wales to Ameri ca in 1838, married a resident of Oneida county, New York, and settled in business in Chicago until his son was about seven, when he removed to a farm near Columbus, Wisconsin. Dr. Wil- MEDICINE liams received his education from the country district school and the high school of Columbus. He came to Minneapolis, a youth of nineteen, in 1883. Going into the drug business immediately, he at once set about the study of medicine by a practical experience with remedies. In 1886 he entered the Minnesota Hospital College as a stu dent. Before he graduated in June, 1889, that institution had been merged in the College of Medicine and Surgery of the state university. Dr. Williams kept up his retail drug business during his student years and continued it until 1897, when the demands of an active practice led him to abandon it. For two successive terms between 1899 and 1902, Dr. Williams was coroner, an office which he filled with such ability and general sat isfaction that the suggestion of his second term received the largest majority given any republi can candidate for that office. He also held for a short period the office of sheriff. During his coronership he was the author of a bill for put ting the office on a salaried basis. He belongs to several secret societies, to the Commercial Club and to the state and county medical societies. He is also an honorary member of Alpha Kappa Kappa. Dr. Williams was married in 1899 to Gertrude H. Twine. WOODARD, Francis Reuben, a practicing physician in Minneapolis since 1881, was born at Madison, Ohio, on July 15, 1848. The ancestors of the family were early settlers in America and the grandfather of Francis R. Solomon Woodard, fought in the War of 1812, holding the rank of Colonel of his regiment. Dr. Woodard is the son of Joseph S. Woodard and Frelove M. Baker, who were early settlers in the state of Ohio, and were married in 1847. Francis, the eldest son, spent the first ten years of his life in that town and began his education in the public grammar schools. In 1858 the family moved to Roches ter, Minnesota, where Dr. Woodard finished his elementary training. In the year 1869 he entered the University of Michigan, taking the work of the literary department until his senior year when he changed his course and for a year studied law. He was anxious, however, to ac quire the training for the profession of medicine, so in 1876 entered Rush Medical College at Chi cago, carrying on in connection with his studies, practical work in the Cook County Hospital. He graduated with the class of 1879 and almost im mediately came to Minnesota and located at Claremont, where he practiced for about three years, coming to Minneapolis in 1881, where he has since been in continual practice of his pro fession. In addition to this practice Dr. Wood ard holds surgical positions on the staffs of the Asbury, Swedish, City and several other hospi tals in Minneapolis, has other appointments in the city, and for twelve years was chairman of the hospital committee for the city hospital. During the administration of Mayor Winston he 211 was appointed to the Board of Charities and Cor rections and was a member of that body for four teen years, during the terms of Mayors Winston, Eustis, Pratt, Gray, Ames and Haynes, and served for six years as president of the board. In politics Dr. Woodard is a republican, but is not active in political matters. He is a member of the prominent professional organizations, among which are included the American Medical Association, Hennepin County Medical Society, Minnesota State Medical Association and the Minnesota Academy of Medicine. He is also a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. Dr. Woodard was married in 1874 and has five children, Harry S., Joseph N., Lawrence B., Frances H. and Luella. The family attends the Park Avenue Congregational Church. WRIGHT, Charles D'a, was born November 22, 1863, and is the son of William S. and Eliza beth Ann Wright. His early years were spent in Wisconsin, where he attended the common schools of Dodgeville and the higher institutions at Madison. He received his diploma of M. D. in 1887, from the medical department of Michi gan University, afterward taking a post-graduate course at the Vienna Royal University and in London, Paris and Berlin. He came back to the United States to the position of demonstrator of Ophthalmology and Otology at Michigan Uni versity. Dr. Wright limits his practice to dis eases of the eye and ear and is now oculist and aurist to St. Mary's Hospital and to the State Hospital, both of Minneapolis. He is also the consultant at Asbury Hospital. He is ex-presid^nt of the H'elmholtz Ophthalmological Society and is at present a corresponding member of that body and president of the Northwestern Ophthalmological Society. Dr. Wright is a re publican in politics. He was married to Kathryn E. Keating in 1890, and has one child—a daughter, Muriel Kathryn Wright. Dr. Wright is a mem ber of Alpha Chapter of Nu Sigma Nu of Ann Arbor, Michigan, and is by religion a Catholic. WRIGHT, Franklin Randolph, instructor in Dermatology and Genito-Urinary Diseases in the University of Minnesota, was an Illinois boy, who, like so many other western youths, came to our state university for the completion of his studies, and liked Minneapolis so well that he has made it his home. His father was Dr. George W. Wright, of Canton, Illinois, one of the early sur geons of that state. Franklin was born at Canton, Illinois, June 15, 1866. The family moved to Shen andoah, Iowa, when he was twelve. His education went on at the public schools of Canton and Shen andoah until he entered the university from which he graduated at twenty-four, as a member of the dental class of 1890. He practiced dentistry at Hutchinson for a short time, but soon returned to university life in order to complete the full medical course. Receiving his diploma in 1894, 212 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS he was for eighteen months the house surgeon at the St. Barnabas hospital and then for five years practiced general medicine in this city. In 1900 Dr. Wright took up his present specialty, going to Vienna for study. Upon his return, he was appointed to the position he now holds at the state university. Dr. Wright's politics are democratic. He inherits, membership in the Loyal Legion through his father who was Lt. Col. of the 103 Illinois Volunteer Infantry. Pro fessionally he belongs to the state and county medical associations. Dr. Wright believes in the doctrine of evolution. He is not married. LINDLEY, Alfred Hadley, for many years one of the leading physicians of Minneapolis, came to this state from North Carolina where he was born on May 23, 1821, at Cane Creek, Chatham county. The family was an old one, established in Chatham county since before the Revolution and tracing its line back to Pennslvania, where the first of the Lindleys, who. where always Friends, probably followed William Penn from England. Dx. Lindley's father was Thomas Lindley, a farmer and merchant, and his mother was Mary (Long) Lindley. He at tended the village school until he was sixteen years , old and then after two years study at the Friends New Garden Boarding School in Guil ford county, became a teacher in the same in stitution. He had determined to be a physician and after two years teaching, returned to Cane Creek where he studied with Dr. Abner Holton. Later he studied at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he received his degree in 1850. Until the breaking out of the Civil War he practiced in his native place and then, at great sacrifice, abandoned his home, connection and interests and came north to begin life anew. He was entirely opposed to the war both on principle as a Friend and through his belief in the Union and the insufficiency of cause for the rebellion. Dr. Lindley had been married, on May 2, 1850, to Miss Eliza J. Hill of Uharie, North Carolina. Mrs. Lindley was a sister of Dr. Nathan B. Hill, who shared Dr. Lindley's views on the war and who had already left Carolina when Dr. Lindley started. The two families met in Indiana and settled upon Min neapolis as their future home. Arriving here on September 10, 1861, Drs. Hill and Lindley formed a partnership which continued until Dr. Hill's death in 1875. Both gentlemen entered with enthusiasm into the life of the young city and took prominent part in its affairs. When Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867 Dr. Lindley became its first health officer and organized the wo*"k of this important depart ment. For years he stood in the front rank of the profession in city and state and was honored" with election to official positions in the various medical societies. With advancing age he relinquished active practice and during the later years of his life he devoted himself to his property interests which were large and to the enjoyment of well earned leisure. He remained an -active and loyal citizen of Minneapolis, an interested participant in all things looking to the true progress of the city and its people, un til his death on February 16, 1905. He was sur vived by Mrs. Lindley, who continues a life long interest in che philanthropies of the city, and an only son, Clarkson Lindley, engaged in the real estate business in Minneapolis. CHAPTER XIV DENTISTRY T HE history of the practice of Den Athenaeum library which was the founda tistry in Minneapolis begins with the tion of the present public library of Minne settlement of Dr. Gould in "the vil apolis. lage of St. Anthony, early in the fifties. Dr. J. A. Bowman came to Minneapolis He was followed in 1857 by Dr. A. L. in 1865. He was a native of Vermont and Bausman who opened an office on Helen commenced practice in Canton, New York, street (the old name of Second avenue south) in 1858. This practice was interrupted by and became the pioneer dentist of Minne the war to be resumed in Minneapolis upon apolis proper. He is still living in the city its close. Dr. Bowman first practiced in an though retired from practice. Dr. B. L. office on Bridge Square and from time to Taylor had arrived in the city the year be time moved up town as the city developed. fore Dr. Bausman but he did not commence He became one of the most prominent den practice for some years, devoting himself tists in the northwest and continued in in the meantime to business pursuits. It active practice until a few years ago. Dr. may be inferred that in those days the prac B. L. Taylor, who, as stated, came here in tice of dentistry in the young city of Min 1856, opened an office for practice of his neapolis offered little attraction to ambi profession in the Pence Opera House build tious and progressive men. Compared with ing in 1869, and has been continuously in the practice of the present day dentistry practice for nearly forty years. 'was in its infancy; and not only had the In 1874 Dr. Charles M. Bailey came to practitioner less to offer his patients but Minneapolis from Machias, Maine, where people generally were not yet trained to the, he had been in practice for several years, habit of dental consultation and treatment, •at the same time attending dental lectures many only visiting a dentist when extrac at Harvard University from which he re tion was necessary. Fifty years have ceived his degree in 1871. He entered ac brought great changes both in the progress tively into the professional life of the city of the profession and the attitude of the and has been a working member of the city public. In the great evolution which has and state organizations of the profession taken place the members of the profession and was for years one of the faculty of the in Minneapolis have taken a prominent, dental department of the Minnesota Hospi useful and practical part. tal College and the College of Dentistry of Among the earlier dentists of prominence the University of Minnesota. Like Dr. in the city was Dr. Mark D. Stoneman who Bailey, Dr. Wm. A. Spaulding, who came came here in 1863 and. for over twenty years to Minneapolis in 1875, took a most active was a leader in the. profession. He was a part in the work of organization and educa native of Virginia, a practicing physician tion which made for the advancement of for twenty years, and commenced the study the profession. Also like Dr. Bailey he was of dentistry in 1858. During the early part a native of Maine. He had studied at the of the war he was a surgeon in the army. Ohio College of Dental Surgery where he About the same time that Dr. Stoneman had graduated with honor receiving the commenced practice Dr. Kirby Spencer degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. He opened an office on Bridge Square. He is was made a member of the faculty of the best remembered by his bequest to the dental department of the Minnesota College 214 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Hospital in 1884 and became dean in 1886. Dr. Spaulding left Minneapolis some years ago and is now living in Hamburg, Ger many. Dr. M. M. Frisselle, who came to Minne apolis in 1880, was the first lecturer on medical and surgical dentistry in the Col lege Hospital and in 1882 was authorized to organize the dental department, taking his place at the head of the faculty. He was a frequent contributor to medical and dental literature. He retired in 1889 and for some years before his death he lived at his country home at Lake Minnetonka. Dr. Hugh M. Reid arrived in the city in 1880 resigning a chair in the Ohio College of Dental Surgery to commence active prac tice here. He was the first president of the Minneapolis Dental Society. Dr. Francis H. Brimmer settled in Minneapolis about the same time. He graduated from the Philadelphia Dental College and was made a member of the first faculty of the dental department of the College Hospital. Dr. E. H. Angle who commenced practice here in 1884 was a prominent member of the profession, one of the faculty of the col lege, a careful student and a contributor to the dental publications. -He is now prac ticing in St. Louis. Dr. J. H. Martindale, now of Los Angeles, was also a prominent participant in the development of dental af fairs in Minneapolis during the early eight ies, serving as one of the college faculty, as a member of the state board of exam iners and as president of the Minneapolis Dental Society. These were some of the men who took part in the affairs of the profession during the formative days. During the later sev enties and the eighties the arrivals in the city were too numerous for detailed men tion. Many men of large natural ability and splendid preparation for their profes sional duties have come to the city and the ranks of the profession are now filled with as strong and progressive a group of men as can be found in any city of the country. The members of the profession in the city early took measures looking to the maintenance of a high professional standard. Dr. Frisselle in writing of the earlier en deavors of the profession says: "The es sential forces that have been important fac tors in the advancement of the profession here, are the Minneapolis Dental Society, Minnesota State Dental Association, and the College of Dentistry of the University of the state of Minnesota. These, with the conservative, stringent laws that forbid the practice of dentistry by any person not authorized by the State Board of Examiners —the board consisting of members of the profession appointed by the governor of state—effectually protects the community from irregular and incompetent practition ers." The Minneapolis Dental Society was or ganized in 1882 with Dr. H. M. Reid, pres ident, Dr. A. T. Smith, vice president, and Dr. J. H. Martindale, secretary. It was largely through the influence of this society that the state laws regulating the practice of dentistry and providing for examination by the state board of examiners, were adopt ed. The society also took a prominent part in reorganizing the Minnesota State Dental Association, which was accomplished on January 16, 1884, at a meeting at the Nicol let Hpuse in Minneapolis. Dr. H. M. Reid of Minneapolis was elected president; Dr. L. W. Lyon, vice president; Dr. Crittendon, secretary; Dr. T. E. Weeks, corres ponding secretary, and Dr. S. D. Clements, treasurer. The organization at once be came influential in the professional affairs of the state and has remained a most effi cient body. The College of Dentistry of the Univer sity of Minnesota grew out of the appoint ment in 188.1 of Dr. Frisselle as lecturer on Medical and Surgical dentistry in the Minnesota College Hospital. During the next year Dr. Frisselle organized a regular dental department. Among the members of the faculty were: M. M. Frisselle, M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Medical and Surgical Dentistry and Therapeutics; W. F. Giddings, D. D. S., Professor of Operative Den tistry ; W. A. Spaulding, D. D. S., Profes sor of Mechanical Dentistry; J. A. Parker, D. D. S., and Dr. L. D. Leonard, demon strators of Operative Dentistry; F. H. Brimmer, D. D. S., and C. E. Cleveland, D. D. S., demonstrators of Mechanical Den tistry. DENTISTRY The dental department moved to the col lege building at Sixth street and Ninth avenue south in 1885 and was reorganized along with the medical department and in 1889 was absorbed into the University of Minnesota, becoming a college of that institution. Since its association with the university the dental college has grown in facilities and student body until it is one of the prominent schools of the profession of the country. It is a member of the Na tional Association of Dental Faculties and its diplomas are recognized by the dental examining boards of every state. Dr. Al fred Owre is dean and many of the leading dentists of the city are-on the faculty. BAILEY, Charles Monroe, for more than thirty years a practicing dentist in Minneapolis, was born in Portland, Maine, December 6, 1843. From an early age he made his own way in life. When only thirteen he entered the law office of Deblois & Jackson at Portland, and for the next six years was variously employed, having no definite profession in view. At nineteen, through the influence of his brother, he . entered the office of Dr. James E. Grant, of Calais, Maine, where he commenced the study of den tistry. After five years he commenced practice at Machias, Maine, and during the four succeed ing years combined study and practice, attend ing lectures at the dental department of Har vard University, graduating in 1871 with the de gree of D. M. D. In 1874 Dr. Bailey came to Minneapolis, where he has since been in contin uous practice. Soon after his arrival here, Dr. Bailey began active participation in the affairs of the profession, taking special interest in all movements looking to the raising of profes sional standards. He was one of the first mem bers of the Minneapolis Dental Society and was twice its president; an active member of the Minnesota Dental Association, and has fre quently represented the state in national so cieties of the dental profession. In 1886 he was elected to the chair of Dental Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the dental department oi the Minnesota Hospital College, occupying the chair until the College was merged in the Uni versity of Minnesota, when he was appointed to the chair of Prosthetic Dentistry and later added the duties of the chair of Orthodontia. For two years, Dr. Bailey was secretary of the Col lege and the office of dean being then vacant, was acting dean during this period and carried the larger part of the responsibility of the de partment. Dr. Bailey was married in 1876 to Miss Laura Longfellow of Mathias, Maine, who died within two years, leaving one son, Campbell L. Bailey, at Northome, Minn. 215 COBB, Frederick Emory, was born Decem ber 18, 1867, at Chicago, Illinois. He was the son of Cyrus Bradley Cobb, a dealer in lum ber and reaL estate, and Ella Jane Morrison. He attended the grammer and high schools in Chicago and the Shattuck School at Faribault, Minnesota, graduating with the class of '86. He graduated from the college of dentistry of the University of Minnesota in 1895. Dr. Cobb is a republican. He is the secretary of the Minne sota State Dental Association, National Dental Association, a member of the Theta Delta Chi Fraternity and Delta Sigma Delta Fraternity, and a Scottish Rite Mason. His church affiliations are with the Episcopalian denomination. His mar riage with Jessie Helen Sharpnack took place April 30, 1892. Their daughter, Lois Steele was born March 10, 1900. COX, Norman Jeffrey, was born November 30, 1873, at Centerville, Wisconsin, son of Charles and Anne Cox. His father was a Methodist min ister of English descent. The son, after receiv ing his earlier educational training at the grade and high schools, took the scientific course in the class of 1898 and afterward graduated from the college of dental surgery at the University of Minnesota. He has since been in dental practice in Minneapolis, also filling the position of in structor in dentistry, in the dental department of the state university. Dr. Cox is a- member of the Minnesota State Dental Association; and of the Twin City Dental Club. Dr. Cox was married on June 20, 1905, to Miss Stella E. Lynch. KREMER, Frederick B., was born at Middleburgh, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, on June 22, 1861, the son of Frederick E. and Elmira G. Kremer. His father was a farmer. In 1872 the fa,mily moved to Lena, Illinois, where Dr. Kremer com pleted his public school education and had his first business experience with a jeweler of that town. Subsequently a few years were spent in clerking but having determined to become a den tist he went to Waterloo, Iowa, where he com menced the study of dentistry in the office of Dr. H. D. Spaulding. For a time he practiced at Cale donia, Minnesota, then completed his studies at the University of Iowa, from which he graduated in 1890. In 1892 he came to Minneapolis and com menced practice at the same time taking the po sition in the college of dentistry in the university of Minnesota, of demonstrator under Dr. Charles M. Bailey. After five years he succeeded Dr. Bailey in the chair of prosthetic dentistry, but after one year resigned to devote himself exclu sively to his private practice. He was for some years-lecturer on oral pathology and therapeutics at the medical department of Hamline university and for one year was lecturer on the same subject in the College of Homeopathy in the medical de partment of the university. He has for some time been on the staff of Asbury hospital as con sulting dentist. Dr. Kremer's practice has been general although for a number of years he has 216 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS specialized to a considerable extent in oral sur gery. During his residence in Minneapolis Dr. Kremer has taken a most active part in the affairs of the profession, has been a constant worker in the dental societies, has held numerous offices of responsibility and honor in these societies and has accomplished much for the advancement of the profession in this state. He is president of the State Dental association and was chairman in 1907 of the committee which was successful in bringing to Minneapolis the annual meeting of the National Dental association—a meeting which was a record breaker in attendance. Dr. Kremer is an officer of the national association and a contributor to dental periodicals. In polit ical faith he is a democrat and he is a member of the Masonic body, of the Minneapolis Commercial club and supreme chapter of the Delta Sigma Delta, the professional fraternity. He was mar ried on December 27, 1881 at Lena, Illinois, to Miss Lillias M. Ambrose. They have one son, George E., now a practicing lawyer in Minneap olis McCREA, John Franklyn, was born March 6, 1868, near Shelbyville, Indiana. His parents were Albert McCrea, a farmer, and Mary Campbell. The McCreas came to this country from the Highlands of Scotland before the Revolutionary war and played their part in colonial affairs. It was the murder of Jane McCrea by Indian ma rauders which aroused among the colonists such bitter hatred for the savages. From these early settlers are descended nearly all the McCreas in this country who use that orthography of the name. When Dr. McCrea was two years of age his mother died, and he spent his early life on the farm until he went to college. He attended the Normal school at Danville, Indiana, and hav ing completed the course there entered the North ern Indiana College, taking a course in engineer ing. He taught school during his vacation, and graduated in 1889 taking a B. S. degree. He matriculated at the Chicago College of Dental Surgery and completed his course there in the spring of 1892, receiving his degree of D. D. S. Since that time he has practiced in Minneapolis and is well known in his profession. Dr. McCrea is a member of the International Dental Congress and in August, 1900, was a delegate to that body at the convention held at Paris. In 1905 some business associates commissioned him to go to the Isthmus of Tehauntepec in southern Mexico, to investigate the conditions in that locality rela tive to industrial investment. Dr. McCrea is a member of all the more important dental societies among them, the International Dental Congress, The Twin City Dental Academy and the Minne sota State Dental Association, and in the last named organization he has successively held all the important offices including that of president. He is also connected with, and an officer in. many of the minor clubs about town. In politics he is an independent thinker, but usually supports republican principles. In April, 1895, Dr. McCrea was married to Miss Etta Johnson of Minneap olis. They have two children, Ruth and John, Jr. MUNNS, Edward Ernest, D. M. D., was born in the town of Deseronto, Ontario, Canada, on August 11, 1874. He is the son of Edward Munns, a constructional contractor and builder of Dese ronto. Dr. Munns lived in the town of his birth until he was seven years old when the family moved to St. Paul. He there obtained his pre paratory education in the public schools and grad uated from the Humboldt high school of that city. He then turned his attention to the pro fession he intended to follow and entered the Col lege of Dentistry at the University of Minnesota with the class of 1900, graduating in that year with the degree of D. M. D. He started to prac tice soon after in East Minneapolis, and has since been in active professional life. Dr. Munns is a member of the State Dental Association, and at tends the Episcopal church. He was married in June, 1904, to Miss Marion Drew. WELLS, James O., the son of Osborn and Cornelia T. Wells, was born in Newberry, South Carolina, February 13, 1871, and died at Min neapolis August 24, i§o8. His father was a general contractor of Newberry, and Dr. Wells passed the early years of his life in that city. After finishing the grade and high school courses, he matriculated at Newberry College and in 1892 graduated from that institution with the degree of A. B. During the two years following he re turned for post-graduate work and took his M. A. degree in 1894. While carrying this work, Dr. Wells was also teaching school and he held the position of instructor until 1896 when he came to Minneapolis. In the fall of that same year he entered the dental department of the University of Minnesota and completing the three-year course received his diploma in 1899 with the de gree of D. D. S. Dr. Wells was, during the first two years he spent at the University, "Quiz mas ter" in histology and shortly after his graduation was appointed to the position of assistant pro fessor of operative dentistry, an office which he held in connection with his regular practice. Since 1899 Dr. Wells has practiced continuously in this city and in 1904 was appointed professor of crown and bridge work at the state university. He was married on June 18, 1905, to Miss Helen Barnholdt, of Minneapolis. CHAPTER XV. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING T HE printing press has played a prom inent part in the history of Minne apolis. The first press was brought into the village of St. Anthony at so early a period that it was quartered in a log house, while Indians frequently peered in through doors and windows to inspect the white man's marvellous machine; but in less than sixty years the product of the press became fifth in value among the in dustries of the city and has outstripped even the great lumbering industry and has placed Minneapolis far ahead of many cities of larger population as a publishing center; while as an influence upon the life of the community and in promoting the interests of the city, the press has 110 peer among the activities of Minneapolis. In a community of comparatively poor people settled in the midst of a wilderness there was 110 very inviting field for an ex perienced newspaper publisher so it came about that to satisfy the demand of the* enterprising village for a paper, the first publisher came from the tailor's bench and the first editor from the lawyer's desk. The St. Anthony Express came out on May 31, 1851, published by Elmer Tyler, a tailor and edited by Isaac Atwater, a lawyer. It was the seventh paper to be started in Minne sota Territory; in politics it supported the whig party. Tyler was confident of suc cess ; Atwater pessimistic as to the outcome. The latter proved to be correct in his ideas for Tyler soon abandoned the venture in disgust and Judge Atwater was obliged to continue it in the hope of recouping him self for advances made to the publisher. He finally sold out at a loss of $3,000. The paper passed through various hands and D. S. B. Johnston closed a brief newspaper career with it in 1861 when the paper dis continued and the plant was sold. The ex perience of most of the other pioneer jour nalistic ventures was not more satisfactory than that of the Express. The Northwest ern Democrat, first published on July 13, : 853> by Prescott & Jones, was the second paper; The St. Anthony Republican ap peared in 1855. The Democrat publishers soon tired of the venture and the paper was then sold and moved to the Minneapolis side of the river where the first newspaper ever printed west of the Mississippi and north of the Iowa line was issued on September 2, 1854, by W. A. Hotchkiss. Although en dorsing Fremont in 1856 the Democrat claimed to be "Thoroughly JefTersonian." Its plant soon passed into other hands and for a time C. H. Pettit and John G. Williams owned it and published the Minneapolis Journal. The Republican was purchased by W. A. Croffut and Edwin Clark in Septem ber 1857 and on September 28th they issued the first number of the first daily paper published at the Falls—the Daily Falls Evening News. It soon reverted to the tri weekly class, but in i860 again tried the daily experiment. Meanwhile there ap peared a new force in Minneapolis journal ism. Colonel William S. King, a compar atively newcomer in the city, started the State Atlas on May 28, 1859. It was an inauspicious time for promoting new , pub lishing enterprises but Colonel King was not the man to stand for difficulties, however formidable. He espoused the cause of the new and growing republican party and dis cussed all questions with characteristic vigor, sparing no one when he disapproved of actions or policies. His forcible editorial and business management made the paper a success in spite of local conditions; al- 218 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS •I H i t msssam w TIIE TRIBUNE Bl'ILDINU. though a temporary issue of a daily proved as financially unsatisfactory as in the case of other early ventures. The State Atlas continued to be the lead ing- Minneapolis paper until 1867. In July 1866 Colonel John H. Stevens, Colonel L. P. Plummer, Frederick L. Smith and Willard S. Whitmore commenced the publica tion of the Chronicle as a weekly, making it a daily a few weeks later and conducting it with such vigor that the influence of the Atlas was threatened. After a few months lively competition the papers settled their differences by consolidating, and renaming the combined sheet The Minneapolis Trib une. THE MINNEAPOLIS TRIBUNE. The first issue of the Minneapolis Tribune came from the press on May 25, 1867, and the paper is thus about forty-one years old and the oldest daily in the city. The prin cipal stockholders were Colonel W. S. King, Dorilus Morrison, W. D. Washburn, A. B. Stickney, Dr. Levi Butler, W. S. Whitmore, Colonel L. P. Plummer, Frederick L. Smith. Dr. George H. Keith and W. A. Newton, and the first editor was John T. Gilman. The ownership was unharmonious politically and in those days politics cut a very large figure in the management and success or failure of a paper. Mr. Gilman was very soon succeeded by George K. Shaw who came to Minneapolis in 1868. In 1870 the Tribune owners found agreement impossible and a controlling interest in the paper was sold to Hugh W. Greene of Boston. Four years later the ownership passed to Clifford Thompson and L. W. Powell, with Major John H. Howell, and, later, Judge John P. Rea, as editors. Then came an interesting episode—the raid of the publishers of the St. Paul Pioneer Press in 1876 by which the Tribune was temporarily put out of exist ence, the "St. Paul and Minneapolis Pioneer Press and Tribune" taking its place. The vigorous protest of the Minneapolis people resulted in a compromise. The Evening Tribune was started and an agreement made by which Minneapolis was to have a morn ing paper franchise whenever it was ready to pay $18,000 as purchase money. In the same operation the Pioneer Press had wiped off the newspaper map the Evening Mail which had been running since 1874 under the management of Johnson & Smith. In 1879 the Tribune was owned by David Blakely, Col. Plummer and George K. Shaw, when General A. B. Nettleton came to the city and purchased first Shaw's and then Plummer's interest and in May of the following year, paid the $18,000 to the Pio neer Press and started the morning Tribune again. Mr. Blakely sold his interests to Gen. Nettleton in 1881 and the paper con tinued under one head until 1885 when it passed into the hands of Alden J. Blethen and the Haskells of the Boston Herald. For years the Tribune had been housed in the old city hall but about the time of the new regime it moved into the first Tribune build ing at Fourth street and First avenue south, now the Phoenix building. Colonel Blethen's management was forceful and sagacious and the paper made rapid progress. In 1888 Colonel Blethen sold his interests to NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING Haskell & Palmer but after a year bought back the paper and conducted it until 1891 when he sold again to Pierce & Murphy. Meantime, on November 30, 1889, had oc curred the fearful Tribune building fire, when the entire plant of the paper was de stroyed and several lives lost. The new Tribune building on the opposite side of Fourth street was constructed with great rapidity and temporary quarters were mean while occupied in the Rochester building. During a large part of Colonel Blethen's regime, Dr. Albert Shaw, now editor of the Review of Reviews, was associate editor of the Tribune. Charles Alf. Williams, one of the best known Minneapolis newspaper men of the eighties, was city editor, managing editor and dramatic critic during most of the same period. Gov. Pierce's connection with the Tribune was not long. The paper soon passed solely into the hands of William J. Murphy who has since directed its fortunes with great success. The Tribune was. a second time burned out in 1899. For some years Charles H. Hamblin, who came to the paper in 1889, has been its editor and manager. In 1887 C. A. Nimocks started the Even ing Star, which he managed for about three years, when it was merged with the. Tribune as the Tribune-Star, becoming in fact the evening edition of the Tribune. Within a short time the original name was dropped and since 1890 the afternoon edition of the Tribune has been known as the Evening Tribune. THE MINNEAPOLIS JOURNAL. The Minneapolis Evening Journal dates from November 26, 1878, when F. E. Cur tis, C. A. French, Charles H. Stevens and E. J. C. Atterbury undertook the perilous enterprise of publishing a daily without a press franchise and with very limited cap ital. The paper made progress from the first and in the autumn of 1879 had reached 2,000 -circulation; but in the spring of 1880 when the Tribune went back to morning publication, its evening franchise was pur chased by George K. Shaw, C. A. Nimocks and W. A. Nimocks who made preparations to start a new afternoon paper. The pros pects of the Journal were gloomy. At this 219 juncture the plant of the Journal was burned and its founders sold out its name, circula tion and good will to Shaw and the Nim ocks for $2,000." Mr. Shaw later disposed o.f his interest to the' Nimocks brothers who in turn sold the whole paper to Lucian swift, A. J. Blethen, W. E. Haskell and H. W. Hawley in November, 1885, for $130,000. Soon" after this transfer the office of the paper was moved from 255 First avenue south to the Tribune building where it re mained until the fire of 1889.. E. B. Has kell soon acquired Mr. Blethen's interest in the paper and J. S. McLain and C. M. Palmer became stockholders upon the with drawal of Mr. Hawley. On no paper in/the city have there been so few changes in staff. Mr. Swift became manager at the outset and has remained in charge of the business af fairs of the paper, .while Mr. McLain who was at first managing editor soon became editor-in-chief, the position which he Mill holds. W. B. Chamberlain and A.; J. Rus sell have, been associated with the editorial department, Charles A. Tuller with the business department and William H. Web ster with the mechanical department al most from the beginning of the present ownership while Charles L. Bartholomew • Bart"—has been cartoonist since 1890. William A. Frisbie the present managing editor came to the paper in 1893 and W. W. Jermane, the Washington correspondent, went on to the staff in 1892. The fire of 1889 w a s not a serious setback to the paper as its new building at 47-49 South Fourth street , was nearly completed and was soon occupied. This building has since been much enlarged. In 1905 The Journal com menced the publication of a Sunday morn ing edition.* OTHER DAILY PAPERS. There has never been a permanently suc cessful attempt to establish a democratic daily paper in Minneapolis. The most am bitious undertaking in this direction was the Minneapolis Times which was founded in 1889 as a morning paper by C. A. Nimocks *On September 1, 1908, The Journal was purchased by H. V. Jones and Wm. S. Jones, both well known Minneapolis newspaper men. Messrs. Swift, McLain and Frisbie having sold their interests at once retired and H. V. Jones became editor and W. S. Jones busi ness manager. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 220 and R. B. Gelatt, the latter being editor-inchief. James Gray, who had begun news paper work on the Tribune in 1885, was managing editor. The first number was is sued on October 1, 1889. In the following April John Blanchard purchased Mr. Gelatt's interest and remained with the paper until his death. Although started as an in dependent paper the Times soon developed democratic tendencies and in the autumn cf 1890 a number of prominent local dem ocrats became interested. For a time the paper prospered but the panic of 1893 brought disaster. For several years the fortunes of the paper were uncertain. Mr. Gray left the staff in 1898 to become a can didate for mayor; shortly afterwards Mr. Blanchard died, and after a few years the paper was discontinued. The present Minneapolis Daily News was established in 1903 by B. D. Butler with the prestige of association with popular one cent papers of the Scripps-McRae group. The Daily Tidende (mentioned more at length elsewhere) was established in 1887 by T. Guldbrandsen. It is the only Scandi navian daily in the Northwest and has been very successful. The Market Record, Mar ket Reporter and Daily Legal News serve the purposes indicated by their names and are successful class papers. As suggesting the growth of daily jour nalism in the city the following figures from the most recent census reports are interest ing: Aggregate NUMBER Circulation Census Total Morning Evening per Issue 1905 1900 1890 11 9 9 207,812 137,906 92,323 Average Circulation Per Issue 18,892 15,323 10,258 Although ranking nineteenth in popula tion the city stands sixteenth in aggregate circulation of dailies. TRADE AND CLASS PAPERS. Minneapolis is exceptionally strong in the matter of class publications of all kinds. As early as 1857 Col. Stevens (who had a hand in many of the newspaper enterprises of the city) started the Cataract and Agri culturist—the forerunner of the large agri cultural papers of today. Tt lived under THE JOURNAL BUILDINO. various names and owners until about 1870. The Rural Minnesotian of 1859 only sur vived a short time and this was the fate of all other early enterprises of this character. The first of the large trade papers of the present time was the Mississippi Valley Lumberman founded in 1876 by Col. Piatt B. Walker, whose son, Piatt B. Walker, Jr., is now editor and manager. It has become one of the strongest lumber papers in the country. The Northwestern Miller, for years the leading milling journal of the world, was founded at LaCrosse, Wisconsin, in 1877 and moved to Minneapolis in 1879 when C. M. Palmer became its principal owner. Wm. C. Edgar became business manager in 1882 and in a few years advanced to be general manager and editor, having had entire charge of the paper since 1886 and owning a controlling interest since 1895. The Housekeeper was established by A. G. Wilcox in the late seventies and was one NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING 221 of the earliest of the monthlies devoted to is to represent the dominant spirit of the home matters. It passed through several Northwest, which is not always the popular ownerships with varying fortunes until the one. Its tone is ultra-conservative. In Housekeeper Corporation was formed in politics as in other things it is independent, 1895 with Lucian Swift as president and and it exercises the strictest censorship of Frederick Fayram as secretary, treasurer any paper in the United States'over the ad and manager. Under Mr. Fayram's direc vertising admitted to its columns. It is hand tion the paper has taken a foremost place somely illustrated, printed on expensive among the publications of its class and has paper and made as nearly perfect typograph. ically as is possible. reached a very large circulation. The Commercial Bulletin was started in T H E SCANDINAVIAN PRESS. 1883 as the Grocers Bulletin. Wm. S. Jones In a state where there is so large a popu acquired an interest in 1886 and for twenty lation of Scandinavian origin, Minneapolis years was identified with the paper, build has very naturally become the center of ing it up to a strong position. He sold it publication of journals in the Swedish and in 1906 to the Root Newspaper Associa Norwegian languages. Nordisk-Folkeblad tion and George D. Mekeel is now its man was the first of a long list of these papers. ager. Farm Implements, a leading paper It was moved to Minneapolis in 1868 but in its line, was established in 1886. Luman after a few years was sold and discontinued. C. Pryor is its editor. Budstikken was started as a weekly in Sep Agricultural journals have been prosper tember, 1873, was purchased by Mr..Guldous since the eighties. Farm, Stock and brandsen of the Tidende in 1888 and in 1895 Home was established in 1884 a n d has be was consolidated with other papers and come a powerful influence among the rural changed to the weekly Tidende and contin population under the editorship of S. M. ues as the largest Norwegian weekly in the Owen. The Northwestern Agriculturist, northwest. Folkeblaclet was issued first in established in 1886 in North Dakota, was 1877, edited by Professors Oftedal and moved to Minneapolis a few years later Sverdrup of the Augsburg Seminary; Svenand since 1893 when it came under the man ska Folkets Tidning was established in 1881 agement of P. V. Collins, has attained a by Alfred Soderstrom and with Magnus prominent place among farm papers. Lunnow as editor; Ugebladet moved here In 1892 H. C. Chapin, who had been con from Chicago in 1886. nected with the daily papers of the city for The Svenska Amerikanska Posten was some years, withdrew to enter business for founded in 1885 by Swan J. Turnblad as himself and founded the Chapin Publishing a prohibition paper but developed into a Company which issues the Improvement general weekly and has become the most Bulletin and the Northwestern Druggist, important paper published in the Swedish two very successful trade papers. Another, language in this part of the country. Since prominent daily newspaper man, Herschel these older papers were established there V. Jones, resigned from a long connection have been many more put forth, some of wih the Journal in 1901 to found The Com which have become large and influential. mercial West, a paper devoted to western P R I N T I N G AND PUBLISHING. investments, manufacturing, milling and grain. In medical journalism the North The story of the book and job printing western Lancet, under the direction of W. and publishing business of the city is, of L. Klein, has taken a foremost place. course, very closely interwoven with that of One of the very latest of Minneapolis the newspapers. The earlier printing offices publications is The Bellman, edited and combined job and newspaper work as a conducted by William C. Edgar. It was matter of course and there were few inde established in 1906 and is published every pendent job offices for a long time. As late week. It is a political, social and literary re as 1874 only six were listed in the city direc view of some thirty-two pages and its aim tory, The veteran of all the printers of 222 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Minneapolis is Fred L. Smith of the Harri son & Smith Co. who came to the city in 1857, a boy of fourteen, and soon went to work at the printers trade in the old news paper and job office of CrofTut & Clark. He was connected with some of the earlier newspaper ventures, in 1867 became mechanical superintendent of the newly launched Minneapolis Tribune, and in 1871, with the late Colonel Charles W. Johnson, established the job printing firm of Johnson & Smith which has continued without,break to the present time, Mr. Smith being the THE NORTHWESTERN MILLER BUILDING. president and manager. The Tribune estab lished a job department soon after it was founded which, after a while, was separated from the newspaper company and became fhe Tribune Job Printing Company. C. A. Mitchell was for years the owner of this business. Henry M. Hall of Hall, Black & Co. is next to Mr. Smith, the oldest printer in the city. He was the first journeyman to work for Johnson & Smith in 1871. Of other job printing houses of today, that of Kimball & Storer Co. was founded as Todd & Kimball in 1878 and Swinburne & Co. by J. W. Swinburne in 1883. Publishing as distinct from newspaper printing was not a recognized business un til about 1880. The late Major A. G. Wil cox was one of the first book publishers of the city, under the name of the Buckeye Publishing Company. Warner & Foote were early historical and map publishers. But the larger publishing establishments, notably the concerns publishing books in the Scandinavian languages, have grown up with the past two decades. The Augsburg Publishing Company, The Free Church Book Concern, The Lutheran Publishing House and others are prominent. Many of the large eastern publishing houses have established regular offices in the city and the A. N. Kellogg Newspaper Company maintains its northwestern offices and plant here. A unique and notable publishing house is that of the The H. W. Wilson Company. This was established in 1889 as Morris & Wilson and at first handled only university supplies and occupied a room in the old main building. In 1899 the concern moved to 315 Fourteenth avenue southeast, enlarging its stock and adding a printing plant and in 1907 it had grown to such pro portions as to require a much larger build ing and occupied the present quarters at 1401-1405 University avenue southeast. The business of the company is principally the publication of indexes and catalogs used in public libraries throughout the United States and to some extent in other coun tries. The enormous growth of the publishing and printing business of the city may be best appreciated through a comparison of the business in 1900 and 1905 as supplied by the United States Census bureau. In this period the amount of capital employed, as well as the value of the output, doubled, as shown in the following statement: KstabCensus ii s j,ments 1905 1900 89 73 Capital Misc. Cost of Expenses Materials Value of Products $977,333 $212,809 $387,577 $1,426,441 474,357 68,706 209,474 770,839 The number of employes increased from 548 to 776 and the total wages paid nearly doubled. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING BARTHOLOMEW, Charles L., known to the reading world as "Bart," has been the cartoonist of The Minneapolis Journal for eighteen years. In this long period he has drawn daily cartoons, missing very few days of publication, an enor mous drain upon the invention of any man no matter how prolific. Bart draws cartoons as the editorial writer writes articles, from the news of the day. He is an editor in outline. His cartoon is a first-page editorial, couched in the most tell ing phrases and simplest grammar. Bart was a pioneer in the newspaper cartoon field, not only in the northwest but in the country at large, The Journal being one of the first pa pers in the United States to use the daily cartoon feature. He came to Minneapolis at the age of nineteen after taking an engineering course at the Iowa State college. After two years with other twin city papers, he began work with The Jour nal as a reporter, and literally created the depart ment in which he has made a name. The success of the idea was immediate, but has grown from year to year until Bart's cartoons are known around the world, and The Journal and Minneap olis are familiar names to many abroad who otherwise might never have heard of them. The Journal cartoons have been reproduced in every part of the Union and in England and Eu ropean countries, by many daily papers and maga zines. Even in far away Australia they are fre quently reproduced. In his book, "The Ameri canization of the World," W. T. Stead says: "One of the most capable cartoonists of the Un ited States is Mr. Bart of The Minneapolis Jour nal." In this book and in Mr. Stead's magazine, The European Review of Reviews, Bart's car toons have appeared more frequently even than in The American Review of Reviews, whose edi tor, Dr. Albert Shaw, says: "The esteem in which The Review of Reviews holds the political cartoons that appear in The Minneapolis Journal is sufficiently shown by the frequency with which it has reproduced them Mr. Charles L. Bartholomew of The Journal, whose work is signed 'Bart/ has not merely a very ingenious and ready pencil, but he has a re markable political instinct that makes his draw ings to a very unusual extent valuable as elucidat ing the situation or re-enforcing an editorial po sition or point of view." Of the wonderful advertising value of Bart's cartoons B. O. Flower, the editor of The Arena, wrote in a recent article: "We doubt if even the management of The Journal fully appreciates the enormous value of Bart's work in familiarizing the reading world at large with the name of his paper," and to this, he might have added, with the name of his town also. The artist has made a name for himself, but better than that he has made a home for himself. Mr. Bartholomew married a college classmate. They have a home in town and a summer place at Lake Minnetonka, where Bart, his wife and their three boys spend the happiest of summers. Many CIIARLKS L. 223 BARTHOLOMEW. flattering offers have come to him*from publica tions in other cities east and west, but his envir onment is so congenial where he is that it would take something like a revolution to lift Bart from Minneapolis or from The Journal. Mr. Bartholomew is the son of Col. O. A. Bartholomew, an attorney at Chariton, Iowa. He was turned toward newspaper work by his mother whose habit was to read aloud to her children. She encouraged the future cartoonist to learn the printer's trade, and later coached him in editing the home paper during college vacations. BLETHEN, Alden J., formerly editor and owner of the Minneapolis Tribune and now edi tor-in-chief of the Seattle Daily and Sunday Times, and president of the Times Printing Com pany, comes of one of the oldest families of this country, his ancestry tracing back to 1680, when representatives of the name located at Ipswich, Massachusetts. As a rule, the men of the family have devoted their energies to either agricultural or sea-faring pursuits. The paternal grand mother was a second cousin of Ethan Allen, the gallant Vermont general. Again the family was represented by loyal service in the Civil War, three elder brothers of A. J. Blethen joining the union army. Colonel Blethen is a native of Maine, having been born at Knox, Waldo coun- 224 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ty, on December 27, 1846, his parents being Alden and Abbie L. Blethen. After acquiring a com mon school education he entered Wesleyan sem inary and college, where he was graduated in 1868. In 1872 he won the degree of Master of Arts at Bowdoin college. He then took up the profession of teaching and was lessee and prin cipal of the Abbott Family school at Farmington, Maine, from 1869 until 1873. At the same time he carried on the study of law and was admit ted to the bar of Maine in the latter year, estab lishing an office in Portland. He there engaged in practice until 1880, when on account of ill health he removed to Kansas City, Missor where he entered upon the vocation for which he is so admirably fitted. For four years he was manager of the well known Kansas City Joural. Thence he removed to Minneapolis in 1884, where his field was enlarged by purchasing an interest in the two leading papers here—the Tribune and the Journal. He served as editor of the Tribune and manager of the Journal until 1888, when he sold his interest in those papers for two hundred and fifty thousand dollars spot cash. Having a decided liking as well as a special ability for newspaper work, Colonel Blethen re purchased the Tribune the following year, but fire destroyed the building in November of the same year and he suffered a loss of one hundred thousand dollars. Nothing daunted, he set to work to build in 1890, erecting the new Tribune building at a cost of one hundred thousand dol lars, but the financial panic of 1890, caused by the failure of the Barings Brothers followed so closely after the fire only to be succeeded by the greater panic of 1893, that it brought dis aster to him as it did to so many others and he lost all. After his financial failure, desiring to begin anew in the newspaper field, Colonel Blethen went to Seattle in 1896, where he purchased the plant of a bankrupt daily paper, with a circula tion of thirty-five hundred. He increased this over fifty-six per cent in the first year and the Times has since steadily grown until its circula tion is over fifty thousand each evening and sev enty thousand Sunday morning. It now occu pies its own building, and has the largest plant in the northwest. The growth and prosperity of the Times during the twelve years of the man agement of Colonel Blethen may be better un derstood from the following facts: White paper consumed in 1895, 125,000 pounds, in 1907, 8,468,844 pounds; circulation in 1895, 3,831 copies daily, in 1907, 53.949 copies daily; the Sunday Times, 1907 (started in 1902) 70,125 copies each issue. The advertising carried in 1895 was 131,040 inches, in 1907, 836,987 inches. From an in significant plant valued at $3,000 in 1895, the Times has increased until today its plant is val ued, including building, above $500,000. Newspaperdom recently said:—"With match less energy and foresight Colonel Blethen has made the Times the greatest afternoon and Sun day newspaper on the Pacific Coast, and has de voted it as a mighty instrument for the upbuild ing of Seattle. There is not at this time a bet ter or a more elegantly equipped newspaper plant west of Chicago, than that from which the Seattle Daily and Sunday Times are issued,—all the result of the indefatigable energy of Colonel Blethen." While in Minneapolis Colonel Blethen took a nost active part in the public affairs of the city and was particularly prominent in the pro motion of the Minneapolis exposition—an under taking which he was the first to propose in the editorial columns of the Tribune. He served, while in Minnesota, as Colonel on the staffs of both Governor Nelson and Governor Clough. At Farmington, Maine, on March 12, 1869, Colonel Blethen was united in marriage to Miss Rose, a daughter of Captain David F. Hunter, and a granddaughter of David Hunter, who came from Scotland to America and was one of the early settlers of northeastern Maine. Four chil dren have been born of this marriage, two sons and two daughters. Joseph, the eldest son, is manager of the Times, and the secretary and treasurer of the Times Printing Company. Clarence B., the younger son, is the managingeditor. ALDEN J. BLETHKN. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING PAUL V. COLLIN'S. CHAPIN, Harold C., was born at La Crosse, Wisconsin, on September 22, 1861, the son of Nathan C. Chapin and Mary Fountain Chapin. His father was a Congregational minister, who for fifteen years until 1872 held the position of pastor of the First Congregational Church at La Crosse and afterwards held pastorates at Fari bault, Rochester and St. Cloud, Minnesota. Mr. Chapin passed the early years of his life in La Crosse and studied there under the tutorship of his father and in the public schools, acquiring thus his preparatory education. He entered Beloit College, at Beloit, Wisconsin, of which his uncle, A. L. Chapin, was president so many years, and graduated in 1881, winning high honors in scholarship and representing his class as its salutatorian. Three years later he took in ad dition an M. A. degree. In selecting the field for a career, Mr. Chapin chose that of journal ism, and in the fall of 1881, came from Rochester, Minnesota, where his home had been for some time, to Minneapolis, to accept the position of private secretary to Mr. A. B. Nettleton, at that time the owner and editor of the Minneapolis Tri bune. For two years he was with that paper, being promoted to a position on the staff of the city editor. He resigned in order to fill a simi lar position on the Minneapolis local staff of the Pioneer Press, and upon the resignation of J. N. Nind was placed in charge of the Minneap olis editorial department. For many years he 225 held this office and by his energy and natural ability for the journalistic work became promi nent among the newspaper men of the North west. He later resumed his connection with the Tribune and for some time was city editor. At the time of the famous Tribune Building fire on November 30, 1889, Mr. Chapin was one of those who narrowly escaped death in the burning build ing. In 1892 Mr. Chapin abandoned daily news paper work and established the Northwestern Press Clipping Bureau. The following year he began a publishing business and started the pub lication of the Weekly Improvement Bulletin, and for some years later issued the first copy of the Northwestern Druggist. These two publications are now ranked among the successful trade jour nals of the country. Mr. Chapin still owns all of these interests and is at the head of the active management of them, the business being incorpo rated as the Chapin Publishing Company. Dur ing his residence in this city Mr. Chapin has been interested in the promotion and support of all movements for the civic welfare or improvement and is associated with several organizations for that purpose. In 1904 he held the office cf presi dent of the Linden Hills Improvement Associa tion. He is also a member of the Minneapolis Press Club, the Minnesota Trade Press Associa tion and the Minneapolis Automobile Club. He was married on May 5, 1887, to Miss Virginia E. Coe, daughter of C. A. Coe of this city. They have two children Rollin C. and Harold F. They have an attractive suburban home on the shore of Lake Harriet. COLLINS, Paul V., editor of the Northwest ern Agriculturist, and president of the P. V. Collins Publishing Company, is a direct descendent of the famous Quaker Collins family of England, one of tTie first followers of George Fox. His English ancestors were Edward and Mary Collins of Oxfordshire. Their son, Francis, migrated to America in 1681 with the first ship load of colonists sent over by William Penn, and settled at Burlington, New Jersey, where Francis Collins built the first Quaker meeting house. In a collateral line from the same ancestors, was Isaac Collins, who in Revolutionary times started and published the New Jersey Gazette, the first editorial champion of the American patriots, and whose loyal services as editor were recognized by Congress in a resolution, expressly exempting Isaac Collins and all his printers from military duty. Another ancestor of distinction was Ed ward Doty, a passenger on the Mayflower, who became the forefather of Eunice Doty, paternal grandmother of the subject of this sketch. The maternal grandmother of Paul V. Collins, Rhoda Littell, was a cousin of the founder of the Boston literary magazine, Littell's Living Age. * Paul V., the son of Samuel and Abigail Jane Collins, was born in Camden, Preble county, Ohio, but his parents removed to Dayton when he was about seven years of age, where his father was a mer chant. He graduated from the Dayton high 226 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS school in 1879 and a year later began his journal istic career as a reporter on the Dayton Democrat. In 1882 he became reporter and staff correspon dent on the Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, a position he held for two years. Discontinuing his journalistic work, he then took up the study of art in the Art Students' League in New York during 1884 and 1885, after which he re-entered journalism by forming a syndicate of metropol itan papers, among them the New York Tribune, Boston Globe and St. Louis Republic, for special European correspondence by mail and cable, and in 1885 went to Paris. From the French capital he cabled detailed interviews with Pasteur on the discovery of his hydrophobia cure, with De Lesseps after his inspection of the Panama Canal in 1886; Meissonier Bougereau, Constant, Gerome and other famous artists on the paintings of the Paris Salon, and while there he was a member of the famous Ramblers' Club which consisted of American and English artists and journalists, having headquarters in that city. He returned to America in 1886, and located in Minnesota, pur chasing the St. Peter Tribune. Later, at St. Peter, while still publishing the Tribune, he pur chased Skordemannen, the only Swedish farm paper in America; and in 1890 he sold the Tri bune for the purpose of bringing Skordemannen (a paper he could not read) to Minneapolis and developing its business. After putting the Swed ish publication on a successful financial basis, he sold it in June, 1893, and purchased the North western Agriculturist. This was a monthly of 9,000 circulation at the time of Mr. Collins' pur chase; the following fall (1893) he changed it to a semi-monthly, and in March, 1904, to a weekly. It has now a circulation (1908) exceeding 83,000 a week—equal in the year to any other two farm papers in the Northwest combined. In 1904 Mr. Collins purchased The Home Magazine, a month ly publication of 150,000 circulation founded by Mrs. John A. Logan in Washington, District of Columbia, and he removed it to Minneapolis, where he published it until January, 1906, when it was sold and removed to Indianapolis. In August, 1904, the P. V. Collins Publishing Com pany was incorporated, for publishing the North western Agriculturist and The Home Magazine, Mr. Collins holding a controlling interest in the corporation, and being its president and manager. With this business he is still engaged, and under his editorial and business management, the Northwestern Agriculturist has attained a posi tion of leadership amongst the agricultural press. Mr. Collins is prominent in the various press and editorial associations of the country, and has held offices in several of the more important. In 1904 he was president of the National Editorial Association and one of the two vice presidents for America of the World's Press Congress, both of which organizations met at the St. Louis World's Exposition. The meeting of the Na tional Editorial Association on that occasion were the largest editorial gatherings ever held in the world, the average daily attendance ex ceeding a thousand, including the best known journalists of the country. Mr. Collins was also (in 1901) president of the National Agricultural Press League. He is a member of the Commer cial, Publicity, and Westminster clubs of Min neapolis, and is an active member of Westmin ster Presbyterian church. He was married June 20, 1889, to Miss Mary G. Rhoads. COMMERCIAL BULLETIN—An important factor in the growth of Minneapolis as a whole sale center has been the Commercial Bulletin and Northwest Trade, which since it was founded in 1883, has ably and consistently labored to extend and increase the trade of the wholesale and manufacturing industries of the city. A weekly paper, having a wide circulation among retail merchants throughout the Northwest, it has grown with the development of the market, until today it is recognized as one of the strong est trade publications of the country. The his tory of the Commercial Bulletin and Northwest Trade dates back to October, 1883, when T. T. Bacheller founded the Grocers' Bulletin, which was financed by one of the large jobbing houses of the city. It soon became evident to Mr. Bacheller that Minneapolis was to be a great jobbing center and that with St. Paul it would control the greater part of the trade of Minne sota and the Dakotas, with sections of Iowa and Wisconsin, and gradually reach out westward, to the coast. Accordingly, in May, 1884, he placed his paper on an independent footing, changing its name to the Commercial Bulletin and cham pioning the wholesale and manufacturing in terests of Minneapolis in such an aggressive way that the paper soon became known as the rep resentative organ of the Minneapolis merchan dise market. Up to 1885 the Commercial Bul letin had depended almost entirely upon the Min neapolis market for its support, but as the years moved on its influence with the retailers of the Northwest became so strong that manufactur ers and wholesalers in all parts of the United States came to recognize it as the best medium for reaching the retail trade of the Northwest. Its success inspired the establishment in 1884 of the Northwest Trade. In May, 1885, Mr. Bachel ler sold the Commercial Bulletin to S. W. Alvord, a Pennsylvanian backed by two Minne apolis attorneys. Early in 1886 Mr. Alvord sold a half interest in the paper to Will S. Jones, then an advertising solicitor on one of the Minne apolis daily newspapers, and in 1887 sold the remaining half interest to Red Clay McCauley. Mr. Jones a little later bought out Mr. McCauley's interest, thereby becoming sole owner and manager. The Northwest Trade was soon after ward acquired by Mr. Jones and the two papers were consolidated. Since 1902 the editorial direction of the paper has been in charge of W. E. Davis, with the exception of a year and a half, when I. A. Fleming occupied the editorial NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING chair. In April, 1906, the Commercial Bulletin and Northwest Trade became the property of the Root Newspaper Association, publishers of a number of the most important and successful trade publications of the country. George 1). Mekeel, formerly of St. Louis, assumed the busi ness management of the property. Since that time it has been much enlarged and improved and now ranks as one of the strongest journals devoted to retail merchandising. EDGAR, William C., a resident of Minneap olis since 1882 when he came to the city to asso ciate himself with the Northwestern Miller, comes of old American families in both the paternal and maternal branches. His father was Joseph C. Edgar who for a number of years was an architect in St. Louis, Missouri. William C. Edgar was born in La Crosse in the year 1856. The family soon after moved to St. Louis, Mis souri, where Mr. Edgar passed the early part of his life and began his education in the public schools. He also attended the high school of that city but did not graduate. In 1874 he took a position in a St. Louis business house where he remained until 1882. In the latter year he received an offer from the Northwestern Miller, then as now, the foremost milling journal of the country, to become its business manager. He accepted and came to Minneapolis to begin his long connection with the paper. Two years later he became general manager and since 1886 has also been its editor. In 1895 he purchased a controlling interest in the stock and became pres ident of the Miller Publishing Company. Covering, as it does, one of the broadest fields with which class journalism is connected, the Miller has given to Mr. Edgar a splendid opportunity to exercise his knowledge of the editorial depart ment of newspaper work as well as his ability as a business manager. In July of 1906 Mr. Edgar established and began the publication of "The Bellman," a weekly illustrated paper issued in Minneapolis. He is a contributor to numerous periodicals and the author of several books and pamphlets. Among these are the Story of a Grain of Wheat, published in 1903; The Russian Famine, 1893, and The Miller's Evil Genius. Mr. Edgar is actively interested in improvement and reform movements and has been the head c>f a number of such efforts to better the public con dition. Possibly his most important public serv ice was rendered by his connection with the re lief movement for the famine stricken peasants of Russia in 1891. The plan was conceived and executed by him; through his efforts the millers of this country were induced to contribute a shipload of flour; and under his personal super vision it was collected, shipped and distributed. The food furnished by these means to the suffer ing population of the Empire did much to relieve the situation, and as a mark of the appreciation felt for the efforts of Mr. Edgar in behalf of his people, the Emperor presented him with a gold 227 flagon. Well known in the social life of the city as well as in business circles, Mr. Edgar is natu rally associated with a number of the larger clubs, both of Minneapolis and other cities. His local affiliations include memberships in the Min neapolis, Minikahda, Lafayette and Skylight clubs and he is also on the roll of the St. Louis Club of St. Louis, and the Salmagundi Club of New York. He is connected with several scien tific and improvement organizations, the chief ones being the American Social Science Associa tion of New York; the American Free Trade League, Boston; the National Municipal League, Philadelphia; the Minnesota Trade Press Asso ciation, of which he was the first president; and the Voters League, of the executive committee of which he is a member. Mr. Edgar was married in 1883 to Miss Anne Page Randolph Robinson and they have two children—a son, Randolph, and a daughter Marjorie. FARM, STOCK AND HOME, one of the leading agricultural papers of the west, was established in 1884 by the late Horatio R. Owen, who was its business manager until his death in 1900. The Hon. Sidney M. Owen assumed editorial management of the paper in 1895 and still occupies the position of editor with the utmost success. His son, Harry N. Owen, has long been connected with the paper, and on the death of Mr. Horatio Owen succeeded him as business manager and still continues at the head of that department of the paper. The business is now owned by the Farm, Stock & Home Com pany, a corporation, and the enterprise is on a sound basis financially. Its circulation is over 104,000 copies, it is issued semi-monthly, and the paper enjoys the confidence of a large con stituency among the farmers of the Northwest. Its office is at 830 Hennepin avenue, where is occupies an entire floor, fully - equipped for the production of a modern class paper. FAYRAM, Frederick, was born on April 3, [852, at Rotherham, England. His father Amos Fayram, a life insurance actuary, is still living but has now retired; his mother, Martha Blackmore Fayram, died in 1891. They were both na tives of England and through them Mr. Fayram is connected with prominent and well known aristocratic families in England. His early boy hood was spent in England but when he was nine years of age, his parents came to Canada and settled at Hamilton. In the schools of that place and of Toronto, Canada, he received his educa tion, going through the common schools and tak ing a course in a business college. For a time Mr. Fayram studied the cabinet making trade, but his inclinations were toward a journalistic career and in 1875 he went to Detroit, Michigan, and there entered the employ of the Detroit Free Press. He remained with this paper for nineteen years, becoming business manager in 1887. He re signed this position in 1894 to come to Minneapo lis and one year later, in July, 1895, he associated 228 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS himself with Lucian Swift in the purchase of "The Housekeeper," and of this publication he has been secretary, treasurer and general manager since that time. Mr. Fayram has always had a keen interest in music and its promotion and for nineteen years while in Detroit sang profession ally in church choirs and was one of the famous Arion Male Quartette of Detroit. He continued his connection with musical affairs in Minneap olis and since 1897 has been president of the Philharmonic Club. He was largely instrumental in bringing about the movement which resulted in the erection of the Minneapolis Auditorium. At the institution of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra he was one of the most active workers on the behalf of that organization and is now one of the managing committee. Mr. Fayram is fond of athletic and water sports, belongs to the Minneapolis Athletic and Minnetonka Yacht clubs and is actively interested in sailing, automobiling and all vigorous out-of-door sports. He is also a member of the Minneapolis, the Commercial and the Six O'Clock clubs and is prominently identified with the club life of the city. In 1892 Mr. Fayram was married to Miss Carrie J. Young, of Mount Vernon, Ohio: They have no children. HALL, BLACK & CO.—The firm of Hall, Black & Co., general printers, was organized in 1886 by Henry M. Hall and W. F. Black and has continued ever since without change of name or membership in the partnership. Both the partners were from Maine. Mr. Hall learned the printer's trade in Houlton, Maine, and came west to establish himself in business. Mr. Black had been in the printing business in Boston, but owing to failing health had sold out and for some years engaged in the more active work of telegraph and telephone construction and superintendence. He was superintendent of the Worcester division of the New England Tele graph and Telephone Company at the time of the general consolidation of the Bell telephone interests and was soon sent to Minneapolis to act as cashier in the local office. After a year or so of service as cashier and acting superin tendent in Minneapolis he formed the partner ship with Mr. Hall and has since been in busi ness for himself. The job printing business taken up by the firm was that originally started about 1880 or 1881 as the Journal Job Printing Com pany. The new owners moved the plant to 304 First avenue South, where they enlarged it year by year and'built up a satisfactory business. Af ter 15 years the quarters were outgrown and in 1901 the concern moved to its present loca tion at 329 'Hennepin avenue. Here a modern cylinder press of large capacity and other equip ment was added to the plant and the business still further 'developed. The firm is perhaps the only one in the city which has undergone no changes or suffered from any business vicis situdes in the course of its career of a score of years. FREDERICK FAYRAM. JONES, Herschell V., editor of the Minne apolis Journal, was born at Jefferson, Schoharie county, New York, August 30, 1861, son of W. S. Jones, a merchant of that place. Mr. Jones' ancestors helped to make history in the older days in Connecticut and Massachusetts, some of them having been numbered among the minute men who made the stand at Concord Bridge in 1775 and "fired the shot heard round the world." As a boy Mr. Jones attended the public schools in Jefferson, New York, and after wards the Delaware Literary Institute at Frank lin, New York. With strong journalistic instinct lie conducted a country newspaper, when he was eighteen years old, and, subsequently, as a member of the editorial staff of the Minneapolis Evening Journal for seventeen years, he acquired ample experience in metropolitan journalism. As com mercial editor of that paper Mr. Jones developed a remarkable aptitude in the difficult science of crop-estimating and forecasting, and his close approximations to officially declared results in the spring wheat area, have given him a wide recognition in the commercial world as an expert crop estimator. In 1901 Mr. Jones founded "The Commercial West," a journal devoted to the promotion of the financial and commercial inter ests of the West. This undertaking proved very successful and the paper has taken a place as a recognized authority in its field. On Septembei NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING I , 1908, Mr. Jones, with his brother William S. Jones, purchased the Minneapolis Journal. He became the editor and his brother the business manager of the paper. He is a member of the Minneapolis, the Minikahda, the Commercial and the Sky-light Clubs. In 1885 Mr. Jones was married to Lydia G. Wilcox, of Jefferson, New York, and seven children have been born to them. KLEIN, William Livingston, publisher of the Journal-Lancet, is a native of Illinois. He was born at Barry, Pike county, on January 28, 1851, the son of Joseph and Agnes G. Klein. His father was a lawyer. He attended the local schools during his boyhood, and prepared for college at the Pittsfield, Illinois, high schooi From Pittsfield he went to Ithaca, New York, and entered Cornell University. After completing the four years' course he graduated in 1873 with the degree of B. S. After leaving college Mr Klein spent a few years teaching school being, successively, the principal of the Argyle Academy, Argyle, New York; principal (for three years) of the Woodstock, Illinois, schools; and principal of the Jefferson, Illinois, high school—now a part of the Chicago school system. Since 1878 he has been editor and publisher of professional books and periodicals. He came to Minneapolis in 1882 and for the past fifteen years has been manager of the Lancet, the leading paper of the medical profession in the Northwest. Mr. Klein is the author of "Why We Punctuate; or Rea son vs. Rule in the Use of Marks," which was published anonymously and caused much com ment among literary and educational papers. It received high praise from the leading literal*} journals of the country, and Dr. J. L. Pickard, a prominent American educator, said of it: "The author has introduced punctuation into litera ture." Mr. Klein was married in 1875 to Nora C. Sprague of Homer, New York, and they have two children, Horace C. and Kenneth O. I lie family attends Trinity Baptist Church. McLAIN, John Scudder, editor of the Min neapolis Journal, was born in Brown county, Ohio, 011 May 26, 1853, the son of James Robin son and Nancy (Anderson) McLain. He spent his early years 011 a farm in Kendall county, Il linois, where the family located in 1854, and at tended the common schools, completing his edu cation at Jennings Seminary, Aurora, Illinois, and at Wabash College, which he entered in 1870. He began newspaper work 011 the St. Louis Democrat in 1872 at the same time studying at Washington University at St. Louis. In 1875 he returned to Wabash College and graduated in 1877 and in 1902 received the degree of A. M. In 1897 he delivered the annual alumni address at Wabash. From college Mr. McLain went to Kansas City where he began newspaper work on the Kansas City Journal, acting as city editor and managing editor until 1881, when ill-health com pelled him to take up another class of work. For 229 four years he was in the employ of the A. T. & S. F. Railway at Topeka. Mr. McLain came to Minneapolis in 1885 as editor of the Journal and for a score of years has been one of the leading newspaper men of the northwest. He was vicepresident of the Journal Printing Company until September 1, 1908, when (with the other stock holders.) he sold his interests and retired from the editorship of the paper. A tour of Alaska a few years ago was followed by the publica tion in 1905 of "Alaska and the Klondike," recognized as an authoritative work and the first comprehensive book written on the subject. He belongs to the leading local clubs— the Minneapolis, Commercial, Six O'Clock and others and is a member of the National Municipal League, American Social Science Association, American Economic Association, National Geo graphical Society, Phi Beta Kappa and Beta Theta Pi. In 1881 he was married at Crawfordsville, Indiana, to Miss Caroline E. Thompson. They are members of Westminster Presbyterian Church. MEHAN, James Edward, general Northwest ern agent for George Barrie & Sons, was born on November 21, 1866, in New York state, at Mechanicville, Saratoga county. His parents were Mar- 8WEET, PHOTO JOHN S . McLAIN. A HALF CENTUkY OF MINNEAPOLIS 230 they have one child, a daughter. They have al ways resided in Minneapolis, their present home being on Park avenue. ii: . MEYST, Frank Jay, resident manager of the A. N. Kellogg Newspaper Company, was born at Amsterdam, Holland, on January 23, 1858. His father was Peter Meyst and his mother Nellie (Faber) Meyst. He came to St. Paul with his father when only eight years of age. They were accompanied by five other families and together the colonists bought a full section of land in Sil ver Creek, Wright county, Minnesota, from the old St. Paul and Pacific Railway. In those days farming meant hard work for the whole family and the boy up to the age of twelve had but two years of schooling. In 1870 he entered the office of the St. Cloud Times and his education as printer and publisher—that of so many active and successful men—was obtained at the case and in the editorial chair. After eighteen months as printer's devil in the St. Cloud office he went to St. Paul and entered the employ of the late H. P. Hall who was then conducting the St. Paul News paper Union. He continued with Mr. Hall for many years working for him during his ownership of the St. Paul Globe. For some twenty years he was associated with Mr. Hall for most of the time but at intervals had engaged in country journalism being the founder of the Brainerd Dis patch and the Osakis Observer. Soon after the 6WEET, PMOfO JAMES E. MEHAN. tin Mehan and Catherine Mehan, and at the time of his birth his father was engaged in farming at Mechanicville. James Edward began his educa tion at that place, attending the public schools and later continuing his studies for three years in the Mechanicville Academy. While in the academy he earned his tuition by performing jani tor services for the school and doing such other work as he could obtain. Having studied for three years at the Academy,' .Mr. Mehan left school land began his commercial training. He remained in the east for a few years and then ac cepted a position with George Barrie & Sons, the Philadelphia book'publishers. In 1890 he came to Minneapolis to take charge of the local branch of that firm as its general northwestern agent, and for the past seventeen years has filled that office. Mr. Mehan has made a pronounced success in establishing his, business. In 1901 Mr. Mehan began study at the University of Minne sota, entering the night Law Department, from which he graduated, after completing the three years' course, in 1904. His dfegree of Bachelor of Laws was received at that time. After two years' work in post graduate studies he obtained the ad ditional degree of*Master of Laws in 1906. Mr. Mehan does not practice his profession, having taken up his legal training as an assistance in his commercial work. In 1895 he was married to Stella A. Neuman of Little Falls, Minnesota, and FRANK J. MEYST. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING , sale of the Globe to Louis Baker in 1885, Mr. Hall started the Mutual Benefit Publishers' As sociation for the making of ready printed sheets, with himself as president and Mr. Meyst as secre tary. After two years this business was sold to the A. N. Kellogg Newspaper Company. Mr. Meyst has been resident manager of the Kellogg Newspaper Company for the past fourteen or fifteen years. He is a prominent member of the State Editorial Association and no man is better acquainted with newspapers and newspaper men throughout the Northwest. Mr. Meyst is a Knight Templar and a Shriner in Masonry and a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and other local organizations. He was married on May 26, 1881, to Lena Furch of Minneapolis and they have four children, Lillian D., May E., Bessie L. and Frank J., Jr. NELSON, Milton Orelup, for many years a newspaper writer in Minneapolis, was born on September 24, 1859, at Wayne, La Fayette coun ty, Wisconsin, the son of James H. and Sarah Nelson. He is descended from old Colonial stock. His first American ancestor, John Nel son, came from Norfolk, England, about 1660 and was a prominent citizen in Flatbush, New York. James Nelson, great grandfather of Mil ton Nelson, fought in the French and Indian War and afterwards in the Revolution and his son Justus was a captain in the war of 1812. Mr. Nelson's father was born near West Point on the Hudson river and was a Wisconsin pioneer, settling in Waukesha county in 1844. On his mother's side Mr. Nelson comes from Con necticut Puritan stock. After a boyhood spent on his father's farm, Mr. Nelson attended college at Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin, and at the University of Wisconsin from which he graduated with the class of 1884. His first newspaper work was that of editor and'publisher of the Northwestern Mail, a weekly publication at Madison, Wisconsin. In 1891 he came to Min neapolis and has filled the positions of asso ciate editor of the Mississippi Valley Lumber man, Commercial Bulletin and Commercial West, and has done much general newspaper corre spondence and editorial writing. He has for years been an authoritative writer on lumber mat ters and has been for some time secretary of the Northwestern Cedarmen's Association. Mr. Nelson early became interested in public affairs and especially in the beautification of public and private grounds on which subject he has written and lectured in an enthusiastic but practical man ner and has exerted his influence generally to better municipal conditions. In the fall of 1906 he was elected a member of the board of park commissioners of Minneapolis for a six years' term. Mr. Nelson was married on June 20, 1889, to Anna M. Henry, of Madison, Wisconsin, and they have one son, Donald O. Nelson. They at tend the Westminster Presbyterian Church. 231 NIMOCKS, Charles A., for many years prom inently identified with the newspaper and public life of the city, is a* native of Jonesville, Hills dale county, Michigan. He was born on October 16, 1842. He spent his early life in his native state, curtailing his education to enter the army on the breaking out of the Civil War and making an excellent military record as Captain of Com pany C., Seventh Regiment of Michigan Infantry volunteers. Mr. Nimocks came to Minneapolis in 1871 and in 1880, in connection with George K. Shaw, bought the name and good will of the Evening Journal whose plant had just been de stroyed by fire. He became business manager of the Journal and retained an interest in the paper until 1885 when he sold to the present owners. Mr. Nimocks spent two years in Detroit, Michi gan, as business manager of the Tribune of that city and then returned to Minneapolis where he started the Evening Star which he conducted for three years. One year later Jie founded the Min neapolis Daily Times which he conducted for about three years. Later he assumed charge of a collection agency; in connection with which he established a bureau for the purpose of collecting back taxes which had been over-assessed and over paid and he has recovered for tax payers a large sum of money. He is still the president of the company. In 1908 he was appointed a BRUSH, PHOTO CHARLES A. NIMOCKS. 232 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS deputy United States marshal and served four years. Mr. Nimocks was one of the earliest members of the Chamber of Commerce and was one of the group of men which donated the site of the old Chamber. The first draft of the act providing for a park commission for Minneapolis was presented at a meeting of the old Board of Trade in 1882 by Mr. Nimocks. He took a very lively interest in promoting the necessary legis lation looking to the founding of the magnificent park system of the city and was elected to the board at the first election held under the law. During the two terms in which he served he had an important part in the work of laying out the earlier parks and parkways. Mr. Nimocks was again elected to the park board in the fall of 1906 and is now serving his third term in that body. NILSSON, Victor, editor and musical critic, is a native of Sweden, born March 10, 1867. He is the son of John and Bertha Nilsson. His father was a merchant as was his father before him. Victor Nilsson was graduated from the Latin College at Gothenburg. He came to Min neapolis iii 1885 and began his training for journalism. He has been an editorial writer and musical critic ever since. At present he is musical critic for the Minneapolis Journal. He is a doctor of philosophy, University of Minne sota, 1897. For ten years he had charge of the east side branch, public library. He has pub lished The Lives of the Presidents of the United States, 1893; History of Sweden, 1899; Loddfafnismal, Eddie study, 1898. Dr. Nilsson is a char ter member* of the American Union of Swedish Singers, and was secretary of the Scandinavian music festivals held in Minneapolis in 1891 and 1903. Music runs in the family, Dr. Nilsson having two sisters who are professional singers, Emma Nilsson and Bertha Nilsson Best. O'BRIEN, Frank G., is a native of Maine, born at Calais on May 15, 1843. His father Wetmore O'Brien, a lumberman, and one of the early settlers of St. Anthony, came to what is now East Minneapolis in 1855, when his son was twelve years old. Mr. O'Brien's education was limited, as he attended school but eighteen months; and for three years previous to coming West he did his share, as was usual in the early days, toward keeping up the* home, his first work being in a sawmill. He started an active busi ness career immediately after coming to Min nesota and has had marked success in his under takings. He has now retired from active business life, however, and has placed his affairs in the hands of his son, Edward James O'Brien, while he devotes his energies to writing. His "Min nesota Pioneer Sketches" was recently success fully published, and he now has almost ready for the press the '"Adventures of the Jones and Jepson Boys." In addition to his other literary work, he is a frequent contributor, in prose and verse, to the press and many have become acquainted with his articles through the local papers. Mr. O'Brien has been an active participant in the commercial, social and club life of the city since its infancy. He is an officer in the Minnesota and Hennepin County Territorial Pioneers' Asso ciation and of the Writers' League and is a mem ber of the Press Club; The Monday Club; of the Masonic Order; the Legion of Honor; the Min nesota Historical Society and the New Thought Lyceum. He attends the Unitarian Church. He was married on May 8, 1866, to Miss Lizzie E. Bostwick, daughter of Judge Lardner Bostwick, a pioneer jurist of this state who came with her parents to the Falls of St. Anthony in 1850, and was well known in the social life of the city, and as a writer of verse for the press. Their only child is Edward James O'Brien of this city. Mrs. O'Brien died on January 13, 1908. PRYOR, Luman C., editor and manager of Farm Implements, was born at Bay View, Mil waukee county, Wis., January 8, 1864, the son of William R. and Elizabeth M. Pryor. His father is of English origin, both father and mother hav ing been born in that country. William R. Pryor, when about seven years of age, left England with his father and the rest of his family. They set tled first in Canada, near Toronto, removing a few years later to the United States, and taking up their permanent residence at Rochester, New York. The spirit of adventure brought William R. Pryor to the west in the later forties. He set- BRUSp, PHOTO PRANK J. O'BRIEN. NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING tied on the shore of Lake Michigan, and engaged in farming, his homestead being located within a very short distance of the townsite of Milwaukee. Many years ago, the city limits were sufficiently extended to include all of the Pryor farm. Here the childhood of Luman C. Pryor was spent. When thirteen years of age, he moved with the family to Waupun, Wis., following the death of his parents. He received his education in the common schools of Bay View, and the high school at Waupun. After leaving school, he en tered the newspaper business, and has made that his life work. In 1882, he moved to Minneapolis, and after spending ten years on the various pa pers in Minneapolis and St. Paul, purchased Farm Implements, the paper which he has since con ducted. At the time of acquiring this property, the business in farm inplements was divided be tween the two cities, and Mr. Pryor has witnessed the wonderful growth of the trade in Minneapolis, including the gradual transfer of many of the houses in this line from St. Paul, until Minneap olis has developed into the greatest implement center in the country. Farm Implements has kept pace with the growth of the business. It was established in 1887, but previous to 1892 had not made marked progress. An energetic policy and progressive methods have developed the paper from meager beginnings to the position of one of the principal publications in the implement line. Mr. Pryor was married October ix, 1888, to Miss Lulu Marion Judd, daughter of William A. and Alice M. Judd, of St. Paul. They have one daughter, Marion G. Pryor. The family attend St. Mark's Episcopal church. Politically, Mr. Pryor is a republican, but is not active in politics. He is a member of various clubs, including the Minneapolis, Minikahda, Lafayette and Commer cial clubs. SMITH, Fred L., was born in Maine, July 2, 1843. He came to St. Anthony in 1857 and has resided in Minneapolis ever since. He was mar ried in 1869 to Roxana G. Sinclair and has two children, both married. He commenced the printing trade with Messrs. Croffut & Clark in September, 1857, and was carrier boy on the Falls Evening News, the first daily paper printed at the Falls of St. Anthony. In 1865 he was one of the founders of the Minneapolis Daily Chron icle and when the Chronicle was merged with the Atlas in 1867, forming the Minneapolis Tri bune, Mr. Smith became superintendent of the mechanical department of the Tribune. In 1871 he, with Col. Chas. W. Johnson, established a job printing business, and the present concern of Harrison & Smith Co., of which Mr. Smith is president, is the outgrowth of the partnership formed with Mr. Johnson in 1871. Mr. Smith has had considerable experience in public life, having represented the fifth ward in the City Council of the city of Minneapolis for five years, occupying the president's chair when he resigned in 1881. He has served ten years on the Park Board of the city, and is an ex-president of the 233 board. In former years Mr. Smith was quite active in Masonic circles, and has passed the chair in all the Masonic bodies meeting at the lodge room of Cataract Lodge No. 2, in East Minne apolis. He is a thirty-second degree Mason and for many years was secretary of the Scottish rite bodies of Minneapolis. SWIFT, Lucian, for twenty-three years pres ident, manager and treasurer of the Minneapo lis Journal, was born at Akron, Ohio, July 14, 1848, the son of Lucian (his father was chief justice of Connecticut) and Sarah S. Swift. He graduated from the Cleveland, Ohio, high school and from the University of Michigan in 1869 with the degree of M. E. In 1871 he came to Minneapolis and was connected with the draft ing department of the Northern Pacific Railway until 1876. For the next nine years he was identified with the Minneapolis Tribune and in 1885 with three others purchased the Minneapo lis Journal of which he was manager for twen ty-three years. During all this time he has been actively connected with the development of Minneapolis and the public enterprises of the northwest. On September 1, 1908, Mr. Swift (with the other stockholders of The Journal) sold his interests and retired from the manage ment of the paper. Mr. Swift is president of LUCIA N SWIFT. 234 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the Housekeeper Corporation. He is a mem ber of the Minneapolis, Commercial, Lafayette, Minikahda, Minnetonka Yacht, and Bryn Mawr Golf Club and Union League Club of Chicago, and of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. THE SVENSKA FOLKETS TIDNING, a Swedish-American weekly, sent its first number into the world October 25, 1881. It was then published by the Swedish Publishing Company of Minneapolis, whose officers were Victor Berggren, president; P. J. E. Clementson, treas urer; and Alfred Soderstrom, secretary. Its first editor was Magnus Lunnow, who held this posi tion for nearly twenty years. Among the early contributors were Hon. John Lind, editing from New Ulm the judicial query department, Hon. Hans Mattson, mostly correspondence during travels in Europe, India and Mexico, Hon. Al bert Berg, then of Fargo, and others. The paper has always been liberal in its tendencies, trans mitting and commenting upon news and the leading questions of the day without social, political or clerical restrictions, yet of moderate tone. It is educationl in purpose and republican as far at its party affiliations are concerned. Svenska Folkets Tidning was successful from its very start, gaining more than 3,000 subscribers within the first three months of its publication and increasing this number more than three times within the second year. In 1883 the paper was sold by the Swedish Publishing Company to its three principal workers, Alfred Soder strom, Magnus Lunnow and Olof Hoglund, in whose possession it remained until the spring of 1899. The paper's career has not been without its trying vicissitudes and has four times passed through fire. When the first Tribune Building was destroyed in November, 1889, the Svenska Folkets Tidning lost its entire plant, which was located on the seventh floor. This was a total loss to the owners as the insurance policies had just expired. The modern requirements for a newspaper, solid financial backing and an en larged, up-to-date plant, in 1899, caused the in corporating of the Swedish Printing Company of Minnesota, into the hands of which Svenska Folkets Tidning was then placed. The incor porators were N. O. Werner, C. A. Smith, J. P. Hedberg, P. H. Stolberg, Carl Ekman, John Peterson, N. E. Nelson, Magnus Lunnow, C. J. Larson and Olof Hoglund. Of these the last mentioned has later sold his shares and Magnus Lunnow and C. J. Larson are dead. Carl Ek man has been the general manager ever since 1899 and is in a large measure responsible for the rapid strides of advancement made by the paper of late years. The Svenska Folkets Tid ning possesses in Gudmund Akermark, Ernest Spangberg and Dr. Victor Nilsson three able editorial writers. The former is editor-in-chief and also edits Odalmannen, a semi-monthly agri cultural paper started by the Swedish Printing Company in May, 1904. Dr. Nilsson is also the FUKD I>. SMITH. publisher of a monthly journal, the organ of the American Union of Swedish Singers. MINNEAPOLIS DAILY TIDENDE, the only Scandinavian daily paper in the Northwest, was established in 1887 by Mr. T. Guldbrandsen. Mr. Guldbrandsen had been publishing a small weekly paper at Grand Forks, North Dakota, when he conceived the bold plan of establishing a Scandinavian daily in Minneapolis. The first issue appeared on January 24, 1887. No better illustration of the success which has been at tained by Mr. Guldbrandsen in his undertak ing could be offered than a comparison between the modest looking four-page, five-column sheet issued on the date named and the handsome jubilee issue of the publication twenty years later, January 24, 1907, when a thirty-two pagft paper made its appearance, profusely illustrated and full of interesting matter regarding the citv. and especially its Scandinavian contingent, be sides news matter and numerous special articles. Established as it was at a time when the city's population of Scandinavian extraction numbered about 30,000, it took some little time for the "Tidende" to obtain a firm foothold, but Min neapolis grew, the Scandinavian element of the population increased still more rapidly, and the NEWSPAPERS, PUBLISHING AND PRINTING "Tidende" gained in influence and importance, until it today occupies an enviable position of prestige and influence among the 100,000 Scan dinavians of this city. The Daily Tidende had been published but a few months when the five-column pages were widened to six columns. About the same time a large Sunday edition was made a feature. The weekly paper which Mr. Guldbrandsen brought from Grand Forks was published separately until in 1888 he bought the weekly "Budstikken," established in 1873 and the oldest Norwegian paper in Minneapolis. The two papers were published as one under the latter name. In 1890 Mr. Guldbrandsen bought "Faedrelandet og Emigranten," the oldest Scan dinavian paper in America, established under the name of "Emigranten" in" 1851 at Inmansville, Rock county, Wisconsin, later moved to La Crosse and from there to Minneapolis. Beginning with the year 1895 these various weeklies were consolidated and published as the "Minneapolis Tidende." This paper has increased steadily in circulation and importance and now stands as one of the largest, most influential and widely circulated Norwegian weeklies in America. TURNBLAD, Swan Johan, was born October 7, i860, in Tubbemala, Sweden, son of Olof M. and Ingjard Turnblad, who came to this country and settled at Vasa, Goodhue county, Minnesota, Swan at that time being only nine years old. The father, who was of limited means, engaged in farming and the son laid the foundations of his education at the public and high schools of Vasa, developing a strong tendency to be a printer. To gratify an instinctive yearning for that art he bought a small printing plant and taught himself enough of its mysteries to set up and print an arithmetic prepared by P. T. Lindholm, head of the Vasa high school, when he was seventeen years old. When nineteen years old he came to Minneapolis and set type on the Minnesota Stats Tidning and Svenska Folkets Tidning and, until 1887, continued in such employment and that of insurance solicitor until he was called upon to take charge of the Svenska Amerikanska Posten and raised it from a moribund condition to substantial prosperity as an independent paper in politics and an exponent of temperance princi ples. Mr. Turnblad has given much of his atten tion to the promotion of temperance principles. He organized the first Scandinavian temperance society in Minneapolis and, a prominent Good Templar, he has organized several lodges of that order in the state. Independent in politics, he has declined to enter the political arena as an office seeker and has accepted only one state appoint ment, that of member of the board of managers of the state reformatory at St. Cloud, which was offered to him by Gov. Lind in 1899. He is a high degree Mason, a Shriner, an Elk, and a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church. Mr. Turn blad is an interesting example of the energetic and progressive material which comes to this *235 country with the Scandinavian immigration. He gives the best talents that he has to the welfare of his adopted country; has proven himself a power in Scandinavian-American journalism, and has given liberally of his acquired fortune for the building up of the city where his life's greatest activities have been wrought. Coming to Min neapolis with a few dollars, he has, by his own talent and industry, acquired a fortune. He be lieves in buying Minneapolis realty and improving it. In 1883 Mr. Turnblad was married to Chris tina Nelson, of W'orthington, Minnesota, and one child, Lillian Zenobia, has been born to them. WALDELAND, Erik, is a native of Norway, but has lived in this country since 1882, during most of which time he has been associated with the publishing business as at present, first in Iowa and later in the state of Minnesota. He was born at Christiansand, Norway, on January 15, 1861, the son of Erik Waldeland and Karen W. Waldeland. His father was a school-teacher and educator in the town of his son's birth, and Erik, junior, was raised in Norway, and attended school until he had reached the age of fifteen, getting a good preparatory education. He then obtained employment and a great part of the training that qualifies him for his present posi tions has been acquired from the experience of actual business life. He remained in Norway until he was twenty-one in 1882, and then came to this country and went into business in De corah, Iowa, where he remained until 1887. In that year Mr. Waldeland removed to Northfield, Minnesota, where he had been offered the position of manager of the Northfield Publishing Com pany. This office he accepted, and remained in Northfield for three years, and devoted his time and energies to the establishment of a progres sive and successful publishing concern. In 1890 the business was sold to the Augsburg Publish ing House of Minneapolis, and on the consolida tion Mr. Waldeland was appointed assistant general manager. He was promoted in 1904 to the office of general manager and now has entire charge of the business, and is rapidly making it one of the large publish ing houses of the city. In 1904 also Mr. Wal deland was appointed treasurer of the United Norwegian Lutheran Church of America, an of fice which he still holds. Mr. Waldeland is a public spirited citizen and though never active in politics, is interested in all measures tending toward civic improvement and is a member of several organizations for that purpose, among them the South Side Commercial Club. He is a member of the Bethlehem Norwegian Lutheran Church. In July, 1886, he was married to Miss Edvine Osmundsen, who died in 1887 leaving one child, a son, Karl. Mr. Waldeland again married in 1891, his wife being Miss Ida G. Ness. They have five children, Leonora, Dorothy, Edmund, Marie and Henry. - CHAPTER X V I . THE GROWTH OF BANKING T HE business of banking in Minne in Minneapolis. Messrs. Snyder and Petapolis had an inauspicious begin tit are believed-to be the only survivors of ning, for the pioneer bankers had this pioneer group of bankers. scarcely opened their doors when the In 1857 Rufus J. Baldwin opened a bank panic of 1857 swept over the country car in the old Cataract House on lower Wash rying away many older and much better ington avenue, Cyrus Beede and R. J. Menestablished financial concerns. In a new denhall commenced business on Bridge and isolated community where credit Square and J. K. Sidle entered a long bank had not been firmly settled and capital ing career in the then newly completed had yet to be accumulated the effects Nicollet House. Other banks started soon of the panic were even more disastrous than afterwards were those of D. C. Groh, Orrin elsewhere. But the records of these early Curtis, B. D. Dorman and Graves, Towne banking operations show a most creditable & Co. story of heroic endeavors to tide over dis- " Banking was conducted under great diffi aster and self-denying loyalty to the home culties. The lack of currency, the isolation business men and the community. of the frontier town, the impending panic, Banking was on a very different basis were all causes of trouble for the bankers. then than now. There were no national It is said that the ruling rate of interest banks, only crude state banking laws and was "three per cent per month and five per no bank examiners; and, except in the larger cent after maturity." eastern cities, no associations of bankers or There was little available currency, and any system of mutual support. Minnesota at one time "Indiana wild cat"—as the notes was still a territory; Minneapolis was 300 of certain Indiana banks were styled—was miles from the nearest railroad and more the chief circulating medium. To meet the completely out of touch with the east than need of small change the local merchants are the remotest settlements in Alaska to issued scrip in sums of ten, fifteen, twentyday. Most of the earlier banks were con five and fifty cents. The following is an ducted by men engaged also in other busi actual copy of one of the issues: ness. Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 20th, 1857. The first bankers at the Falls of St. An "25 Cts. This certificate for twenty-five cents thony were Richard Martin, who came to will be redeemed with current bank notes, at the village of St. Anthony in 1854, and our store, corner of Bridge and First street, when Farnham & Tracy, who opened a bank in presented, to the amount of one dollar." MOORE & POWER. the same year. In 1855 Simon P. Snyder and Wm. K. McFarlane arrived in Minne These notes had a large circulation al apolis and at once formed a partnership in though there was a very warm discussion the real estate and banking business, be over their issue. Later state scrip was is coming the first bankers on the west side sued and during 1858 sixty-four merchants of the river. They were provided with ample capital and their energy and progres joined in a published statement that they sive methods did much for the development would receive state scrip at par for debts of the young city. C. H. Pettit arrived in or goods. An attempt was also made to the same year and opened the second bank establish a currency in the form of notes THE GROWTH OF BANKING secured on the state railroad bond issue of 1858. * Conditions improved somewhat after a year or so but were again so bad in 1862 that the town of Minneapolis issued scrip which was "redeemable in bank notes in sums not less than five dollars." The sig natures of S. H. Mattison and George A. Savory, president and secretary of the town organization, and the endorsement of R. J. Mendenhall, treasurer, gave, this temporary currency a value which led to its free cir culation. Notwithstanding the almost incredible financial hardships of the young city it 1^ a notable fact that not one of the pioneer bankers failed to meet his obligations. Some were forced to discontinue business but all paid in full. Statehood and the adoption of banking laws and the passage of the national bank act brought about a better con dition of affairs. At the same time the panic cleared the atmosphere. The bankers who had developed staying powers pulled themselves together and in the early sixties the foundations of some of the older banks of the present day were laid. R. J. Menden hall and Rufus J. Baldwin in 1863 bought out the State Bank of Minnesota at Aus tin, and removing it to Minneapolis, founded a banking institution which was the virtual beginning of the present Security National Bank. In the same way the First National Bank grew out of the business of Sidle, Wolford & Co. In 1865 J. K. Sidle re organized the business under the name of the Minneapolis Bank, and shortly after wards, taking advantage of the passage of the national banking law started the First National Bank of Minneapolis, with the same capital, officers and business. From 1865 to 1873 there was almost ab normal progress in the northwest. To meet the necessities of business, banks multiplied and constantly increased their capital. The first new bank to be organized in this period was the National Exchange Bank, which began business in 1867, with a capital of $50,000, and H. Miller of Troy, N. Y., as president and W. P. Westfall, cashier. 237 Eight years later its business was wound up with all depositors paid in full. In 1868 the State Bank of Minnesota, whose organization has already been men tioned, was merged into the State National Bank of Minneapolis. Its capital was $100,000. R. J. Mendenhall was president and R. J. Baldwin, cashier. T. A. Harrison, who was destined to become a most prom inent figure in northwestern banking, suc ceeded Mr. Mendenhall, and two years af terwards Joseph Dean became cashier in place of Mr. Baldwin. When the Security Bank was organized in 1878 the business of the State National was transferred to the new institution. The old City Bank was organized in 1869. J. W. Pence was the first president, and T. J. Buxton, long a prominent banker of the city, was its cashier. In 1870 the First National Bank of St. Anthony was formed and subsequently became the Merchants' National Bank of Minneapolis The year 1872 saw the founding of the Northwestern National Bank. It com menced with a capital of $200,000. The late Dorilus Morrison was the first president. In the centennial year of 1876 the Citizens bank was added to the early list of Min neapolis financial institutions. The Hen nepin County Savings Bank was founded in 1870, and the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank in 1874. The Security Bank of Min nesota was organized in 1878 with a capital of $300,000. BANKING CENTERS. At this period, now about thirty years ago, the banking center of Minneapolis was at Washington and Hennepin avenues. The First National was at Nicollet and Wash ington. J. K. Sidle was president, and H. G. Sidle, cashier. Directly on the corner of Hennepin and Washington were the Hen nepin County Savings Bank and the Bank of Minneapolis, the former officered by Judge E. S. Jones as president and J. E. Bell, cashier, and the latter headed by T. W. Wilson. The City Bank was one block down Hennepin, at Second street, and directly back of it, 011 the Nicollet avenue front, Valentine G. Hush conducted a private bank, The old Merchants' National was 238 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS located just north of Hennepin avenue on Washington, and the Security Bank was at Third and Hennepin. The Northwestern National was at First avenue south and Washington, and the Farmers' and Mechan ics' Savings Bank at Nicollet and Washing ton. The only bank in the city outside oi the immediate vicinity was the Citizens,' which was at Washington and Fifth avenues south. N. F. Griswold was its president and George B. Shepherd its cashier. During the next decade there was a de cided tendency towards scattering. But this movement was quickly followed by one of concentration and nearly all the changes of location of the last fifteen or twenty years have been towards a new common center in the general vicinity of First avenue south and Fourth street. Concurrently with this centralization of the larger banking interests has developed a group of neighborhood or outlying banks, serving the needs of the smaller business centers of the city which have come to large commercial importance during the past decade. Another notable development of later years has been the erection of permanent banking buildings. When the banks of a city abandon rented quarters and establish themselves in substantial buildings of their own, little need be said of the stability of the institutions and the confidence of finan cial circles in the future of the place. One uT COLLECTION R. J. MENDIONII ALL'S BANK, Corner of First street and Hennepin avenue. About 1870. SWEET COLLECTION OLD FIRST NATIONAL BANK. of the first to build was the Farmers' and Mechanics' Savings Bank. The Northwest ern National erected in 1903 the finest bank ing house west of Chicago. The Swedish American occupies its own building and the First National completed in 1907 one of the most complete exclusive bank buildings in the country. The Security National holds permanent and especially constructed quar ters in a building which bears its name. The St. Anthony Falls Bank owns its own hand some building and the German-American has erected one of the most substantial and architecturally beautiful banking houses in the city. THE CLEARING HOUSE. In T88 O the Minneapolis Clearing House Association was organized. Previous to that time exchanges were effected through messengers. With the organization of the clearing house, Minneapolis banking affairs were given a better footing, the clearings were reported and the city was given its place as one of the financial centers of the west. In 1881 the clearings were $19,487,650. In 1883 they had reached $87,568,000, and in 1885, $125,000,000. The year 1890 found them at $303,000,000; 1895, $372,000,000; 1900, $579,000,000, and 1905, $913,000,000. In 1906 they reached $990,000,000, and in 1907 passed the billion dollar mark with a total of $1,145,462,149. For many years the Clearing House served its original purpose as a medium for the daily exchanges, but it has gradually assumed larger functions and within the THE GROWTH OF BANKING past ten years the clearing house banks of the city have virtually become an associa tion for mutual protection and public safety. They employ their own special bank examiner through whom they keep informed •of the condition of all local financial institu tions including their own membership; and stand ready to act for the common good in event of complications in a single institu tion or general financial difficulty. During the decade of 1880-90 banks mul tiplied in Minneapolis as they did in all parts of the country. Rut the enormous growth of the city and its surrounding territory made possible an expansion here which was not without its evils. Too many banks were started. Some of them were excellent in stitutions and successfully weathered the financial storms of the next decade, but others were quite unnecessary and, managed by men of little financial experience and bad judgment, succumbed to the first squall of the storm of '93. Of the banks organized during the eighties which are still in exis tence the most important are the Peoples Bank, 1886, the Swedish American National, 1888, and the German-American, 1887. The National Bank of Commerce, the Nicollet National, the Metropolitan—all strong bank ing houses in the eighties—were merged into other banks during later years. More 239 pir"« ft FIRST BUILDING OF THE NORTHWESTERN NATIONAL BANK. Corner Washington and First avenue south. About 1880. recently have been organized the St. An thony Falls Bank, the Germania, the Min nesota National, the East Side State Bank, the Union State Bank and the Metropolitan. R A N K S A N D C A P I T A L I N 1908. A complete list of the banks of the city at the present time, with their capital, fol lows : NATIONAL BANKS. First Minnesota Northwestern Security Swedish American $2, 000,000 200,000 2, 000,000 1,,000,000 500,000 STATE BANKS. a, 1 f — / r '• j t:*' M •-vi.if:. Fill] MlU-r ' TT C SWEET COLLECTION OLD SECURITY BANK. Corner Hennepin avenue and Third street. Central East Side Germania German-American Hennepin County Merchants' & Manufacturers'.. Metropolitan People's St. Anthony Falls South Side Union Total capital 25,000 100,00c 50,000 100,00c 100,000 50,000 100,000 60,000 200, OOG 50,000 50,000 $6,585,000 This statement of banking capital as con trasted with the $200,000 credited to the Minneapolis banks forty years ago is sig nificant. The development of banking facil ities has been phenomenal. As late as 1870 the total capitalization of Minneapolis banks 240 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ings banks, but did not include the deposits of trust companies or funds in the hands of private bankers. INDIVIDUAL BANK HISTORY. It. J. MEXDEXIIALL, was given as $270,000. In 1880 it was re ported as $2,434,800; in 1890, $7,905,000. Af ter 1893 the total was considerably reduced, but in 1900 was $4,835,000. In 1903 it had advanced to $5,635,000, and at the close of 1907 to $6,585,000. But this does not show the full capital assets of the banks, for nearly all of them carry heavy surplus accounts, aggregating approximately $5,000,000, or fully eighty per cent of the capital stock. Deposits show a marvelous growth of wealth in the city and the northwest. In 1866 the village was proud of a statement of $493,000, aggregate deposits. In 1870 the total had reached $850,000, but ten years later, in 1880, the deposits amounted to $4,264,000. By 1890 they had mounted up to $27,752,000. This included savings bank deposits of over $5,000,000. There was, of course, a falling off after '93, but the recov ery was rapid and by 1902 the totals had reached fifty millions. The last statement of 1907 showed totals of $79,327,666, which included some $15,000,000 deposited in say The individual history of the older banks of the city is of much interest. The oldest bank is the First National, which, as has been stated, grew out of the business founded by J. K. Sidle in 1857. This busi ness became the Minneapolis Bank—a state institution—and that in turn was succeeded in 1864 by the First National, whose charter number was 710. The first board of direc tors consisted of J. K. Sidle, president; H. G. Sidle, cashier; G. Scheitlin, Loren Fletcher, E. B. Ames, D. C. Bell, E. A. Veazie, Anthony Kelly and W. A. Penniman. John Martin was added to the board in 1866. At the start the capital of the First National was $50,000, but it was raised to $100,000 in 1872, to $200,000 in 1874, to $600,000 in 1877, t o $1,000,oco in 1885, and to $2,000,000 in 1903. The present officers are F. M. Prince, president; C. T. Jaffray, vice-president; George F. Orde, cashier; and D. Mackerchar, E. C. Brown and H. A. Willoughby, assistant cashiers. The capital is $2,000,000; the surplus $2,000,000 and the deposits $14,600,000. The Northwestern National Bank was or ganized April 23, 1872, by Dorilus Morri son, H. T. Welles, Anthony Kelly, Paris Gibson, F. S. Gibson, C. G. Goodrich, E. A. Harmon, Hon. William Windom, S. E. Neiler, A. H. Barney of New York, C. B. Wright and William G. Moorhead of Phila delphia. The authorized capital was $200,000. Dorilus Morrison was elected pres ident and S. E. Neiler cashier. The bank was opened for business on September 21, 1872, with $183,000 paid up capital, and deposits of $80,651. Later H. T. Welles be came president and S. A. Harris cashier, and the capital was increased to $1,000,000. Af ter several changes in the course of years, Wm. H. Dunwoody became president, M. B. Koon, vice-president; Edward W. Decker, vice-president and active manager; Joseph Chapman, Jr., cashier, and Frank E. Holton, Charles W. Farwell and R. E. MacGregor, assistant cashiers. Under this THE GROWTH OF BANKING management the bank made rapid advances, and on May 14, 1908, its statement showed a surplus of $1,000,000, undivided profits of $321,000, and deposits of over $12,000,000. In June the Northwestern absorbed the National Bank of Commerce, consolidating the business of the two banks and shortly afterwards increased its capital stock to $2,000,000 and its surplus to $2,000,000, 241 Powell, cashier. In 1888 J. W. Raymond was elected president and the capital in creased to $1,000,000. The next year H. H. Thayer was elected cashier. These officers managed the bank until 1892, at which time Mr. Raymond retired to become president of the Northwestern and S. A. Harris, who had formerly been associated with the Northwestern, was elected president. In • NORTHwE —''ml*-, -> « . -, -\ ! A. THE NORTHWESTERN NATIONAL BANK BUILDING. (Kees & Colburn, Architects.) while the deposits of the enlarged institu tion reached approximately $20,000,000. The officers of the bank remained the same except that Mr. Chapman became a vicepresident and Mr. Holton the cashier, while A. A. Crane, vice-president of the Bank of Commerce, and W. F. McLane, S. S. Cook, and I. F. Cotton, assistant cashiers, as sumed the same positions in the North western. The National Bank of Commerce had been organized in 1884 with a capital of $400,000. The first officers were E. F. Gould, president; V. G. Hush, vice-president; Wm. January, 1895, A. A. Crane was elected as sistant cashier and in January, 1900, became its cashier. The officers at the time the bank retired from business were: S. A. Harris, president; A. A. Crane, vice-president; F. E. Kenaston, vice-president; W. S. Harris, cashier; W. F. McLane, S. S. Cook and I. F. Cotton, assistant cashiers. The origin of the Security National Bank has already been traced from the State Bank of Minnesota, brought from Austin to Min neapolis in 1863 by R. J. Mendenhall and Rufus J. Baldwin. T. A. Harrison came into the bank in 1868, and in 1878 the 242 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Security Bank of Minnesota was organized and the business of the State Bank was transferred to the new institution. The capital was $300,000, and T. A. Harrison was president, his brother, H. G. Harrison, the vice-president, and Joseph Dean, cash ier. The board of directors included these officers and Judge C. E. Vanderburgh, Judge Franklin Beebe, Judge J. M. Shaw and W. W. McNair. The bank commenced business in the building at Third street and Hennepin avenue, now occupied by the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1879 the capital was increased to $400,000, and in 1880 to $1,000,000. The death of Mr. T. A. Harrison in 1877 and of his brother in 1891 removed the founders of the bank, but their policies were continued by F. A. Chamberlain, who became president, and Perry Harrison, a son of Hugh G. Harrison, who became cashier and subsequently vicepresident. In 1908 the Security became a national bank. The statement of July, 1908, showed capital $1,000,000, surplus $1,000,000, and deposits of $13,427,702. The offi cers are now: F. A. Chamberlain, presi dent ; Perry Harrison, vice-president; E. F. Mearkle, vice-president; J. S. Pomeroy, cashier; Fred Spafford, George Lawther, S. H. Bezoier, assistant cashiers. The Swedish-American National Bank was organized as the Swedish American Bank in 1888, and began business with a capital of $100,000. O. N. Ostrom, formerly a banker at Evansville, Minnesota, was president; Col. Hans Mattson, secretary of state for Minnesota, the vice-president; and N. O. Werner, formerly of Red Wing, cashier. It gained a foothold at once, and its growth was rapid and substantial, neces sitating in two years an increase in capital to $250,000. Mr. Mattson resigned the vicepresidency about this time and was suc ceeded by C. S. Hulbert, who has since held the position. I11 1893 occurred the death of President Ostrom. Mr. Werner succeeded him. In 1894 the bank was reorganized un der a national charter. The capital of the bank was again increased in July, 1905, to $500,000. The surplus and profits are $400,000, and the deposits about $3,200,000. The present officers are N. O. Werner, president; C. S. Hulbert, vice-president; J. A. Latta, vice-president; E. L. Mattson, cashier; and A. V. Ostrom, assistant cashier. The Hennepin County Savings Bank was organized in 1870 by the late Judge E. S. Jones and J. E. Bell, they being respectively president and cashier. The capital was at first $50,000, but was increased to $100,000 within a few years. Both a savings and a general banking business have been done and the bank has been very successful. Af ter many years location at the corner of Washington and Hennepin avenues, the bank moved to the Phoenix building at Fourth street and First avenue south. The bank now shows a surplus of $100,000 and deposits of $4,000,000, and the officers are as follows: John E. Bell, president; David P. Jones, vice-president; W. H. Lee, cashier, and H. H. Barber, assistant cashier. These with F. A. Chamberlain, David C. Bell, F. M. Prince, and Andrew Tharalson are the trustees. The Farmers' & Mechanics' Savings Bank of Minneapolis was formed in 1874. Eder H. Moulton was its treasurer and manager at the outset and for many years, building it up from nothing to the position of the largest savings bank in the Northwest. Its board of trustees has always included a group of the strongest business men of the city. For many years Clinton Morrison was president. In 1905 Mr. Moulton's outside business interests led him to withdraw from the management of the bank and N. F. Hawley was elected treasurer, and has since served the bank as its executive offi cer. The deposits are now about $11,500,000, and the officers are: John DeLaittre, president; Thomas Lowry, vice-president; O. C. Wyman, second vice-president and assistant treasurer; N.' F. Hawley, secretary and treasurer. The officers with H. C. Akeley, T. B. Janney, C. S. Langdon, E. H. Moulton, Wm. G. Northup, A. F. Pillsbury, and John* Washburn constitute the board of trustees. The German-American Bank was or ganized in 1886 at Plymouth and North Washington avenues by Anthony Kelly, A. H. Linton, Henry Gund, John Heinrich, Edmund Eichhorn, R. B. Langdon, J. THE GROWTH OF BANKING M. Griffith, E. C. Chatfield, Charles Gluek, J. A. Schlener, Henry Doerr, Jas. C. Miller, Henry Winecke, George Huhn, Geo. W. McClelland, Robert Pratt and J. C. Oswald, and with a capital of $50,000. On the first of January, 1886, the deposits were only $36,000, but from this they have grown to about $1,850,000. The present capital is $100,000, and the surplus is also $100,000. The present officers are: Francis A. Gross, president; Chas. Gluek, vice-president; J. 243 came its cashier. Its capital is $50,000, with as much more in surplus and undivid ed profits accounts, while its deposits are over $400,000. Its officers are: F. E. Kenaston, president; A. M. Woodward, vicepresident; Conrad Birkhofer, vice-presi dent; A. A. McRae, cashier; Olaf E. N. Olson, assistant cashier. The Peoples Bank dates back to 1886, when it was founded by A. D. Cotton. It was reorganized some time later, and for T H E F I R S T NATIONAL B A N K BUILDING. M. Griffith, vice-president; G. E. Stegner, cashier; G. P. Huhn, assistant cashier. The Germania Bank was organized by Otto E. Naegele in 1893. It has been very successful, and in addition to its capital of $50,000, has a surplus fund approximating that amount and deposits reaching up wards of half a million. The present offi cers are: O. E. Naegele, president; L. Paulle, vice-president; J. J. Heinrich, vicepresident; George Vollmer, assistant cash ier. The South Side State Bank was orga nized in 1899 by A. A. McRea, who be- many years has been doing a prosperous business at the old quarters of the First Na tional, corner Nicollet and Washington avenues. Its capital is $60,000, and its de posits are over $400,000. The officers are: H. G. Merritt, president; G. J. Sherer, vicepresident; C. L. Grandin, vice-president; C. E. Cotton, cashier; H. D. Davis, assist ant cashier. Two of the more recent banks of the city are the East Side and the Metropolitan. The former was organized in 1906, with F. E. Barney as president and Howard Dykman as cashier. The bank has made rapid 244 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS progress. Its capital is $100,000 and de posits run well over $200,000. The officers are: F. E. Barney, president; Isaac Hazlett, vice-president; D. L. Case, cashier; C. L. Campbell, assistant cashier. The Met ropolitan was incorporated in April, 1907, with a capital of $100,000, and George C. Merrill as president. In a year's time it was carrying deposits of approximately twice the amount of its capital. The offi cers are now: V. H. Van Slyke, president: M. R. Waters, vice-president; C. F. Wyant, cashier. TRUST COMPANIES. In 1883 the business of trust companies was commenced in Minneapolis by the Min nesota Loan & Trust Company, which was formed by E. A. Merrill and E. J. Phelps, the former being president and the latter secretary. The capital stock was first $200,000, but was soon increased to $500,000. The company erected "a fine office building at 313 Nicollet avenue, which it still occu pies. It has been very prosperous, and now shows a surplus account of some $250,000. The officers are: E. A. Merrill, president; M. B. Koon, vice-president and trust offi cer; A. M. Keith, vice-president; H. L. Moore, treasurer; W. A. Durst, secretary. The Minneapolis Trust Company was formed in 1888 by Samuel Hill, who was its first president, with Clarkson Lindley as secretary and treasurer. Its capital is $500,000, with $25.0,000 in the surplus ac count. For years the company occupied its building at Fourth street and Hennepin avenue, but in 1907 moved into the new First National Bank building, occupying the banking room No. 109 South Fifth street. The present officers are: Elbridge C. Cooke, president; W111. H. Dunwoody, vice-president; Robert W. Webb, secretary and treasurer. BARNEY, Fred Elisha, president of the East Side State Bank, of Minneapolis, was born at Swanton, Vermont, October 10, 1859, the son of Valentine G. and Maria L. Barney. The father was in the marble business in Vermont; served in the Civil War and was Lieutenant-Colonel of the Ninth regiment of Vermont volunteers. In 1869 the family left Swanton and moved to Min neapolis and, in 1872, moved to Charles City, Iowa. In the autumn of 1881 he came back to Minneapolis to work in the Commercial Bank, East Minneapolis, having had business training in an abstract and loan office in Charles City, Iowa, where he attended the public schools. Dur ing the last two years of service in the Commer cial Bank, Mr. Barney was assistant cashier. Since March, 1888, he has conducted an insurance, loan and real estate agency in Minneapolis repre senting five important insurance companies. He was active in the organization of the East Side State Bank, in 1906, and became its president. He has always been a republican in politics and was elected, in 1 9 0 0 , a member of the board of county commissioners and served four years, in 1903-4 being chairman of the board. He is a member of the Commercial Club, and is a director and has been a member of the public affairs committee; a member of St. Anthony Club and a director; a member and director of the Minneapolis Whist Club; a member of the Masonic order and of the Sbriners. Mr. Barney attends the First Congre gational church, but is not a member of any church. He was married September 17, 1885, to Mary Case, of Charles City, Iowa, and to them three children ' have been born—Hadwen C., Elizabeth and Mary, all of whom are attending the East Minneapolis high school. CHAMBERLAIN, Francis A., president of the Security National Bank, was born April 20, 1855, at Bangor, Maine, son of James T. Cham berlain, a merchant of that city. Mr. Chamber lain passed his early years at Red Wing, Minne sota, where he attended the public schools and subsequently studied two years at the State Uni versity but did not graduate. His business train ing was early devoted to banking and finance for which he proved himself admirably adapted, nota bly because such special knowledge rested upon a broad substructure of good general busi ness principles. Mr. Chamberlain has shown himself to be a wise financial counselor, and the Security National Bank, under his management, has proved itself to be one of the strongest bank ing institutions in. the Northwest. He is an example of steadfast adherence to economic and financial truth. Mr. Chamberlain is a director of the Minneapolis Athenaeum and a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial clubs. His church affiliations are with the Methodist Episco pal denomination. He was married on May 23, 1883 to Frances Foss, daughter of Bishop Cyrus D. Foss. They have three children—Cyrus, Ruth and Caro. CAMPBELL, Wallace, lawyer and banker, was born at Waverly, Tioga county, New York, September 8, 1863. He is the son of Solomon C. Campbell and Mary Aurelia (Farwell) Campbell. His father was, for twenty-two years, resident buyer at New York City for the 246 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Chicago house of J. V. Farwell & Co. There was stanch Scotch-American ancestry on both sides. Campbellstown, New York, was founded by Robert Campbell, great-grandfather of Wal lace. On the maternal side another great grandfather, John Knox, founded Knoxville, now part of the city of Corning, New York. Wallace Campbell was educated in the public schools of Corning and at Hamilton College, from which he graduated in 1883, as an A. B. After a year of alternate teaching in the Brooklyn Polytechnic and of study at Columbia Law School, he was admitted to the New York Bar, beginning practice in the Hon. R. W. Todd's of fice. Two years later he came to Minneapolis where he became a member of the law firm of Stryker & Campbell until 1891, when he entered the firm of Hill Sons & Co., bankers. Seven years later he gave, up his interests here to be vice-president of the Northwestern Life Insur ance Co. Mr. Campbell later became president of the People's Bank. He has also occupied other positions of trust and responsibility in business and professional ways. He is an ar dent republican, stumped the state in the Harri son campaign of 1888, and has been a frequent contributor to the best magazines of the country, writing upon national topics with force and ease. He is an enthusiast on rare books—also upon out door sports; and a first edition has the same charm of the cha,se for him that the first trout catch has. Mr. Campbell belongs to the Minne apolis Club, the Minneapolis Commercial Club and the Twin City Bankers Club and the Automobile and Miltona Clubs. At Lake Miltona he has a country home. He attends the Presbyterian church. He was married in 1886 to Minnie V, Adams, of Chicago, and has two daughters. CHAPMAN, Joseph, Jr., vice president of the Northwestern National Bank, is a native of Iowa. He was born in Dubuque on October 17, 1871. He is the son of Joseph and Catherine Cassidy Chapman. His father for many years has been connected with the railroad business and at the time of his son's birth was division freight agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad with headquarters at Dubuque. At the present time he is located at Fairport, Ohio, as manager of the terminal? of the Baltimore &" Ohio'road. The son attended the public schools of Dubuque until 1887, wfien the family moved from Iowa to this city. He at once entered the Central high school to finish his preparatory course and grad uated the following year. Upon graduation Mr. Chapman obtained a position with the Northwest ern National Bank and has since been continu ously connected with that institution. He ad vanced rapidly from one position to another and. was appointed cashier several years ago. As an aid to his business training Mr. Chapman took the night law course of the University of Min nesota and graduated in 1897. Mr. Chapman is a member of several of the social and municipal improvement organizations of the city and is well-known among his associate business men. He is a member of the Minneapolis Board of Charities and Corrections, and also belongs to thfc Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, and the Six O'Clock Club, of which he was president in. 1906-7. For six years, from 1*900 to 1906, Mr. Chapman was secretary of the Minnesota Bank ers' Association and has served as a member of its executive council and in 1908 was elected its president. He is also a member of the execu tive council of the American Bankers' Associa tion, as well as a member of the board of trustees df the American Institute of Bank Clerks. He is a clear-cut forceful speaker and is frequently ailed upon to make addresses on financial and business topics. In 1897 Mr. Chapman was mar ried to Miss Elizabeth Mayhew of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and they have two daughters, Katherine and Elizabeth. The family attends the Hennepin Avenue Methodist church. COOKE, Elbridge C , president of the Min neapolis Trust Company, is a native of Illinois and the son of Joseph Clark and Amy Wade Cooke. The family is of English origin and Mr. Cooke traces his ancestry back to the settlement of certain of the name in Sandwich, Massachusetts, in 1630. His early life was spent in New England, where he attended school and prepared for col lege. He is a graduate of Yale, 1877, and a mem ber of the Yale Club of New York City. After completing his college course he studied law and was admitted to the bar in Connecticut in 1879. He soon came west and was a prominent member of the Minneapolis bar for many years. Since 1895 he has been connected with the Minneapolis Trust Company and since his election as president of the company has devoted most of his time to the business of the institution. Mr. Cooke was married in 1883 to Miss Belle Boies Turner whose home was in Norwich, Connecticut. He takes an active interest in the social and public affairs of the city, is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club and Long Meadow Gun Club, and is a republican in politics, though never an office holder. COTTON, Charles Edgar, cashier of the Peo ples Bank, was born at Franklin, Pennsylvania, April 30, i860, son of Austin D. Cotton, a banker of that city. The son was educationally trained in the local schools and graduated at the Franklin high school, receiving business training in bank ing and making that his life's business, follow ing in the footsteps of his father. Mr. Cotton was married October 30, 1895. He is a Presby terian in his church relations. CRANE, Archibald A., vice-president of the Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis, was born at Austin, Minnesota, July 1, 1866, the son of Caleb C. and Emily (Warner) Crane. He THE GROWTH OF BANKING was educated in the public schools of Austin and Anoka, Minnesota, and entered banking as a clerk in the Anoka National Bank in 1883. He came to Minneapolis in 1887 as assistant cashier of the Flour City National Bank and was made cashier in 1893. Following a consolidation of banking interests in 1895 he became assistant cashier of the National Bank of Commerce and was appointed cashier in 1900. In 1906 he was advanced to the vice-presidency. In 1908, upon the consolidation of the National Bank of Com merce with the Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis, Mr. Crane became vice-president of the latter institution. Besides taking a prominent part in the financial affairs of Minneapolis, Mr. Crane has been active in the American Bankers' Association, of which he is treasurer. In Janu ary, 1908, he was elected by the Minneapolis Clearing House Association to the office of pres ident. He is a Mason, Knight Templar and Shriner, and a member of the Commercial and Minikahda clubs. Mr. Crane was married at Minneapolis in 1890 to Miss Fanny M. Stevens. DECKER, Edward W., vice-president and general manager of the Northwestern National Bank, is a native of Minnesota. He was born at Austin, August 24th, 1869. His father, Jacob S. Decker, was of an old family of mingled Holland and Frcnch Huguenot extraction which settled on the Delaware River in 1700. The son spent his boyhood and youth with his parents 011 the farm near Austin attending the common schools and Austin high school from which he graduated in 1887. He at once came to Minneapolis and commenced service with the Northwestern Na tional Bank as a messenger. His progress was rapid and in 1895 he was offered the position of assistant cashier of the Metropolitan Bank. A short service in this position was followed by promotion to" the cashiership, and a few years later, in 1901, by the recall to the Northwestern as cashier. In 1903 he was made vice-president and general manager—one of the most responsi ble banking positions in the city. Mr. Decker has not, however, escaped other responsibilities. He is a director of the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company of Minneapolis and is fre quently called upon to participate in the public affairs of the city. He is president of the Twin City Bankers' club, vice-president of the Min neapolis clearing house, a director of the Young Men's Christian Association, a member of the Minneapolis club, the Commercial club and the Minikahda Club and of the Minneapolis 247 Chamber of Commerce. In 1892 Mr. Decker married Miss Susan M. Spaulding, a daughter W. A. Spaulding, one of the old settlers of Minneap olis, a prominent member of the G. A. R., and distinguished for his military service in the 2nd Battalion Light Artillery. Mr. and Mrs. Decker have four children, Edward W., Jr., Margaret, Catherine and Susan. They are attendants of Plymouth Congregational church. GROSS, Francis A., president of the German American Bank of Minneapolis, is the son of Mathias and Mary Gross, the father being en gaged in the real estate business. Mr. Gross was born August 10, 1870 in the township of Medina, Hennepin county, Minnesota, but the family moved to Minneapolis the next year and he has spent his whole life here. He attended the public and parochial schools of this city and St. John's University, Stearns county, Minnesota. As a boy he clerked in his father's grocery. At the age of nineteen he entered the employ of the German American Bank in the capacity of mes- " ''% - ' I, PHOTO EDWARD \V. DECKER. 248 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS senger. From the position of collection teller, he was promoted to that of paying and receiving teller, to assistant cashier, cashier and at last to the presidency, the office which he now holds. Though he has never held political office Mr. Gross has been active in public affairs, especially on the North Side. He was the first president and is now ex-president of the North Side Com mercial Club. He is a Past Regent of the Royal Arcanum, a member of the Catholic Knights of America and of the Elks. In 1893 he married Ida K. Buerfening. Their children are Roman B., Francis B., Marie B., and Carl B. Gross. Mrs. Gross is the daughter of Captain Martin Buer fening and grand-daughter of Frederick Weinard, a pioneer who came to St. Anthony, now Min neapolis, in 1854. HARRISON, Hugh G., for many years a very prominent business man and banker of Minneapolis, was born on April 23, 1822, near Belleville, Illinois. He was the son of Thomas Harrison who migrated from North Carolina in 1803 and settled in Illinois, then an almost un known wilderness. His son Hugh was educated at McKendree college at Lebanon, Illinois, and in his early life was associated with his father and brothers in the milling business at Belle ville. In i860 with his brothers, Thomas A. and William, he moved to Minneapolis where he lived until his death on August 12, 1891. During this residence of thirty years,"Mr. Harrison was one of the most prominent citizens of Minneapo lis, a progressive and far-seeing promoter of solid business interests and an active participant in all things which made for the betterment of the city. In 1862 he with his brothers built the old Harrison block at the corner of Washington and Nicollet avenue. In 1863 he was associated with Joseph Dean in the lumber business and in 1877 T. A. and Hugh G.- Harrison with Mr. Dean organized the Security Bank of Minnesota, one of the oldest financial institutions of the city. Mr. Hugh Harrison was vice-president of the bank until the death of his brother, when he be came president and continued at the head of the institution until his death. Notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his banking interests Mr. Harrison took an active part in other business affairs, gave his name to one of the larger wholesale grocery establishments of the city and at the time of his death was vice-president of the Minneapolis Trust Company. He also took a very active part in the social, political and re ligious life of the city. For many years he served on the school board, was mayor of Min neapolis in 1868, served as director and treasurer of the Minneapolis Exposition and was a gen erous contributor to church and benevolent work. A prominent Methodist and member of the Hen nepin Avenue Methodist Episcopal church, he gave largely to that denomination, and took a deep interest in the work of Hamline university. Mr. Harrison was twice married. His first wife died on August 13, 1876, leaving five sons, Ed ward, George, Lewis, Hugh and Perry. On Oc tober 25, 1877 he married Mrs. Elizabeth W. Hunt of Allenstown, Pennsylvania, who survives him. HARRISON, Perry, vice-president of the Se curity National bank of Minneapolis, was born in this city on October 11, 1862, the son of Hugh Galbraith and Irene Amelia (Robinson) Harri son. He attended the Minneapolis public schools and the Northwestern University Preparatory school and at the age of sixteen began his experience in banking, entering the Security bank which had just been organized by his father and his uncle T. A. Harrison. Mr. Har rison began at the bottom of the ladder and learned the banking business thoroughly. Dur ing his thiry years connection with the Se curity bank it has become one of the most prominent banking institutions in the west. Mr. Harrison became cashier in 1891 and was made vice-president in 1898. In 1879 Mr. Harrison joined the first regiment, Minnesota national guard and was for some years a prominent mem ber of that organization, resigning in 1887 as its lieutenant colonel. He is a republican in politics and in church affiliations a Methodist. He is a member of the Minneapolis club, the Long Mea dow Gun club and the Lafayette club. In 1887 Mr. Harrison was married to Miss Miriam Thom as at Hokendauqua, Pennsylvania. They have had four children. HAWLEY, Newton F., treasurer of the Farm ers & Mechanics Savings Bank of Minneapolis, was born at Springdale, Iowa, November 28, 1859. He was the son of N. J. and Delia (Canfield) Hawley. He attended the common and high schools at Tipton, Iowa, and Iowa College at Grinnell, from which he graduated in 1879 A. B. and received the degree of A. M. in 1882. He was admitted to the practice of law at Minne apolis in 1884 and was successively a member of the law firm of Hahn & Hawley; Hahn, Belden & Hawley; and Belden, Hawley & Jamison. Mr. Hawley continued in active practice until Janu ary 1, 1906 when he was elected treasurer (man aging officer), secretary and trustee of the Farm ers & Mechanics Savings Bank. He has been for years a trustee of Iowa College. During his residence in Minneapolis he has taken a very active part in municipal affairs and has had a strong influence in movements looking to bet ter municipal condition. He was a member of the charter commission of 1898 and again of the charter commission of 1906 and was a member of the board of education from 1899 to 1905. He is a republican but quite independent in local mat ters. Mr. Hawley is a member of the American Academy of political and Social Science, the National Municipal League and other organiza tions for the studying of social and municipal questions. He' is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial, Minikahda and Six O'Clock clubs. X* 'J vk 250 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS which he held in conjunction with the other of fice. The following year, however,' he resigned the cashiership to devote his time to the duties of the higher office, which he occupies at the present time. Mr. Jaffray is well-known in the local club and social life and is a member of the more prominent organizations, including the Min neapolis and Minikahda clubs. He takes an active interest in athletic sports, is a member of the Min neapolis and Long Meadow gun clubs and is an enthusiastic golfer. Mr. Jaffray is married and has a beautiful home on Mt. Curve Avenue. SAMUEL T. JOHNSON. Mr. Hawley was married at Minneapolis, Septem ber 5, 1884 to Miss Ellen M. Field. The family attends Plymouth Congregational Church. JAFFRAY, Clive T., for more than twenty years prominently associated with the banking business of Minneapolis, is a native of Canada. His father was W. Jaffray, a resident of Berlin, Ontario, and for a number of years the post master of the place. Clive T., was born at Ber lin and received his education in the Canadian, schools. Following the completion of his acad emic training, Mr. Jaffray entered upon a business career and gained his first experience in the bank ing business in the Merchants Bank of Canada. He entered the service of that institution in 1882 and was associated with it for five years, during that period acquiring valuable training. In 1887 he resigned his position to move to Minneapolis, where, shortly after his arrival, he accepted a clerical position with the Northwestern National Bank. He became bookkeeper in 1889 a n d two years later was promoted to the post of assistant cashier, which he held until 1895. In the latter year he was offered the cashiership of the First National Bank, which was then, as now, one of the leading financial institutions of the city. This position he accepted and has since been an of ficial of that bank. He was for nine years cashier and in 1905 was appointed to the vice-presidency JOHNSON, Samuel T., formerly vice-presi dent of the Minnesota National Bank of Minne apolis and now engaged in the lumber and manu facturing business, is a native of Indiana. He was born near Indianapolis, November 16, 1858. His father, Lawrence A. Johnson, was a practicing physician and of a family which was among the first settlers of Marion county. As a boy Mr. Johnson lived at home, attending the common schools and early entering business. He came to Minneapolis in 1884 and soon became identi fied with the public affairs of the city, following the family traditions—for his father and other progenitors had been active in the public service in various capacities. He served as vice-president of the Board of Trade which was later merged in the Commercial Club. Relief work during the Spanish-American war left Mr. Johnson in broken health and he had scarce recovered when in 1901 Gov. S. R. Van Sant appointed him Public Examiner and Superintendent of Banks for Min nesota. The appointment took effect January 1st, 1902 and came at a time when the office was first charged with the duty of examining the books of all corporations paying a gross earnings tax. Mr. Johnson's examination of the railroad ac counts showed over $1,000,000 unpaid taxes over due, of which he collected about $250,000 and left $500,000 or more in course of collection when he retired from office, the rest being cut off by the statute of limitation. The change which this investigation brought about in the system of railroad reports for taxation has added over $125,000 a year to the taxes now being paid. During his incumbency not one of the 400 state banks under his supervision failed to comply with the law and no defaults occurred among county or state officers. Undertaking the first exhaustive examination ever made in the state auditor's of fice, Mr. Johnson developed claims of hundreds of thousands of dollars in state timber and tres pass cases but lost to the state by reason of the statute of limitations. But he also found claims amounting to over $200,000 not yet outlawed, which have been collected, and others for some $500,000 more are in process of collection, having been affirmed by the supreme court. His action in enforcing claims against the various individuals and corporations was met with tremendous op position but, notwithstanding, he proceeded for THE GROWTH OF BANKING the three years with his work—and the courts have sustained the position taken by him and the legislature has passed laws making the recurrence of such evasions impossible. The legislature of 1903, by unanimous resolution, and Gov. Van. Sant's message to the legislature of 1905 both publicly recognized the "services and persist ence" of Examiner Johnson in the performance of his general duties and in investigating the rail road taxes and timber trespasses, saying that as a result "many needed reforms in the conduct of the state's business had been adopted." The Gov ernor further said: "I take this occasion to publicly commend the untiring energy and faithfulness of Hon. S. T. Johnson, who has for the past three years served the state in the capacity of Public Examiner. His devotion to duty and his desire to preserve the interests of the people, have caused him to step beyond the mere routine of his office, and to meet the greater requirements of the law. Not contented with disposing of new matters as they arose, he went back to matters that were years ago deemed closed and brought to light the fact that the people had been unfairly dealt with by persons and corporations. The result is that the state will receive hundreds of thousands of dol lars which otherwise would have been lost to it. The energy and devotion to duty of Mr. John son may well be emulated by all who serve the people." This work of Mr. Johnson's has resulted in timber trespass and railroad tax dodging becom ing a lost art in Minnesota. Upon leaving the office of public examiner, Mr. Johnson was called to the active manage ment of the Minnesota National Bank as vicepresident, retiring on January 1, 1907, to enter the lumber business, at the same time becoming a director of the Peoples Bank. Mr. Johnson is a Mason, Knight Templar, Shriner and a member of the Park Avenue Congregational Church. While in the banking department, he was twice elected president of the National Association of State Bank Superintendents, and is now an honorary member of that body. He was married March 11, 1880, to Miss Katherine Starr, a daughter of John Starr, an old resident of Indianapolis. They have one son, Everett Starr Johnson. The family home is 1724 Logan avenue south. McRAE, Alexander A., cashier of the South Side State Bank, is a native of Canada, the son of James Roy McRae and Flora McRae, and of a family which was among the pioneers of Glencoe, Ontario, the place of his birth. He was born on January 27, 1870, passed his childhood and early youth at home, attended the public and high schools of the town and in 1889 came to Minnesota. He first entered the service of the First National Bank of Little Falls as book keeper. Three years later he assisted in the or ganization of the Bank of Hutchinson at Hutchin son, Minnesota, and served as assistant cashier 251 from its organization until September 1, 1899, when he assumed the cashiership of the South Side State Bank which he was instrumental in organizing. Since that time he has remained in the active management of. the bank which has been very prosperous. He has taken a leading part in the promotion of public interests and has served as president of the very active and efficient South Side Commercial Club. In politics he is a re publican although independent in municipal mat ters. Mr. McRae was married on June 3, 1896, to Jean Adair Thomas. They have three children, Douglas, Allister and Marion. The family at tends Park Avenue Congregational Church. MATTSON, Edgar Lincoln, banker, was born in Minnesota thirty-seven years ago and has spent practically all his life in Minneapolis. His father was Col. Hans Mattson, a distinguished citizen of the state who came to Minnesota in 1852, and was prominent in pioneer days as well as serving later in public life. Col. Mattson won his title in the War of the Rebellion as colonel of the Third Minnesota. After the war he was prominent in state politics and served for several terms as secretary of state. Later he was consul general in India under presidents Garfield and Arthur and held other public trusts. His son Edgar attended the Minneapolis public schools, leaving the Cen tral high school at the age of 17 to enter the banking business. He has been connected with the Swedish-American National Bank since its organization in 1888, commencing as a messenger and holding nearly every position in the bank up to that of cashier—the position which he now occupies. An active life devoted to the responsi ble business with which he is connected has left little time for outside affairs, but Mr. Mattson has taken a practical business man's interest in poli tics without seeking office. He is a republican. Mr. Mattson is a member of the military order of the Loyal Legion, of the Commercial Club of Minneapolis, of the Minnetonka Boat Club and of the Odin Club—of which organization he was president in 1906. He is treasurer of the Min nesota State Agricultural Society. Mr. Mattson is married and has four children. He is devQted to out door sports, fishing and hunting-, and spends his summers at Lake Minnetonka where he has a home at Wildhurst. MERRILL, George Costin, president of the Merrill Abstract Co., was born in Manchester, Scott county, Illinois, son of Joseph Winthrop and Anna E. M'errill. His father, who was a noted horticulturist, removed to Cook county, Illinois, residing in Chicago and suburbs of that city where George attended the graded schools and a private academy and studied in the under graduate course of the University of Chicago. In 1882 he came to Minneapolis, where he began the business of furnishing abstracts of title to realty in Hennepin county, forming the firm of Merrill & Albee. This partnership continued untill 1886. For a time he conducted the business 252 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS for which his varied commercial experience gave him unusual qualifications. H e continued a t the head of the bank until it was well established, when he withdrew t o devote himself t o the busi ness of the abstract company. Mr. Merrill is a member of the Commercial Club and other o r g a n izations interested in the civic and material a d vancement in the city. He was married in 1875 t o Miss Alice Swindler a n d has t w o children— Alice Reba and F r e d Raymond. G E O R G E C. MERRILL. in his own name until it increased t o such large proportions that he organized the Merrill Ab stract Company in 1 8 9 2 , he being president and manager of t h e organization. I n this enterprise h e has brought his fine expert knowledge of title examination into most effective action. H e studied law in the law school of the University of Minnesota, graduating in 1 8 9 5 a s Bachelor of L a w and was admitted t h e same year t o practice law in Minnesota, taking the degree of Master of L a w in 1 8 9 6 . As a title expert Mr. Merrill has commanded the utmost confidence, and this confidence was illustrated by his nomination on the republican ticket in 1 9 0 0 under the new primary law, when the friends of t h a t law were desirous that the nominees s o selected should have special qualificatipns for the respective of fices, f c r register of deeds of Hennepin county over many competitors, and his election a t the polls in November by a very large majority. I n 1 9 0 2 he was re-elected t o the same office, and again in 1 9 0 4 . Mr. Merrill cast his first vote f c r Grant and is a life-long republican, but he has never been a n office-seeker, while he may be numbered a m o n g those who have the sub stantial interests of the city a t heart. I n the s p r i n g of 1 9 0 7 Mr. Merrill became one of the promoters of the Metropolitan S t a t e Bank of Minneapolis. H e was closely associated with its organization and upon incorporation was elected to fill the office of president, a position M O R R I S O N , Clinton, a notable figure in Minneapolis life and progress, was born a t Livermofe, Maine, J a n u a r y 2 1 , 1 8 4 2 , and came with his parents, when thirteen years old, t o Minneapolis. As a boy he was one of the pupils, in 1 8 5 6 , of the old Union School which stood o n the site of the present Minneapolis court house a n d city hall. H e entered business a t an early a g e and under t h e guidance of his father was soon a capable business man. A t the age of twenty-one, h e a n d his brother, George H., engaged in the business of outfitting lumbermen and, incidentally, they became investors in pine timbered lands, mills and lumber. T h e brothers operated a water power saw mill on the platform a t the Falls a n d opened a lumber yard in the lower part of t h e city where they did a large business until t h e death of George H., in 1 8 8 2 , when Clinton gave special attention t o the assistance of his father in his many undertakings and particularly t o the build ing up of the Minneapolis H a r v e s t e r W o r k s , which had been run by a stock company. W i t h failure impending, the Morrisons assumed most of t h e stock, took charge of t h e business and made a great success of it. Soon after t h e re organization the management of t h e business was essentially entrusted t o Mr. Clinton Morrison, who was the vice-president and whose close a t tention t o i t s affairs brought it t o a n advanced s t a g e of prosperity. T h e company adopted t h e twine-binder invented by Mr. Appleby, of the Harvester W o r k s , and the invention proved very profitable. T h e Harvester W o r k s were sold dur i n g t h e nineties t o t h e W a l t e r A. W o o d H a r vester Company, which was organized in St. Paul. Mr. Morrison has been one of the leading factors in the promotion of the success of the F a r m e r s and Mechanics Savings Bank of Minneapolis, which has t w o o r three times proved its Gibral tar-like strength in time of financial nervousness and panic. I t has twice come out of "runs," gen erated by mischievous tongues, and millions t o the good, and is one of the s t r o n g e s t banks in t h e northwest. Mr. Morrison was a trustee and president of t h e bank for m a n y years. D u r i n g his administration it erected t h e handsome build i n g on F o u r t h street near First avenue south. Mr. Morrison was married in February, 1 8 7 3 , t o Tulia, daughter of Nehemiah W a s h b u r n . Mrs. Morrison died in 1 8 8 3 , leaving a s<->n, Angus W a s h b u r n Morrison, and a daughter, Ethel, now the wife of Mr, J o h n R. Vanderlip, an a t t o r n e y SWEET, PHOTO f 254 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS W' OTTO E. NAB6BLI3. of Minneapolis. Mr. Morrison is a member of the Minneapolis Club and of the Universalist Church of the Redeemer. NAEGELE, Otto E., president of the Germania Bank of Minneapolis, was born at New Ulm, Minnesota, May 28, 1858. He was the son of Lambert Naegele who learned the printer's trade in Rottweil, Germany, emigrated to America in 1848 and became a publisher of German news papers in this country. He published the New Ulm Pioneer from 1857 to 1869; the Minneapolis Free Press from 1869 to 1889; the Montana Staats Zeitung, at Helena, 1889 to 1901, and the Wash ington Staats Zeitung, at Seattle, 1901 to 1905. He served in the Civil War and was absent with the Federal Army at the time of the Indian mas sacre of 1862, which is one of the earliest recol lections of his son Otto. The party was with the small band of refugees who escaped from New Ulm during the night, arriving at St. Peter, Minnesota, the following morning. Here they were given shelter and care and all were con veyed to St. Paul. After that until the close of the war, the family lived in Milwaukee, but re turned to New Ulm when the father was released from military service at the front. Otto E. spent his earlier years at New Ulm, moved to Minne apolis with his parents in 1869 and attended the public schools of this city. He supplemented his schooling with a term at a business college and then at the age of fifteen years became an appren tice in the book bindery of the Minneapolis Trib une then located in the old City Hall at Bridge Square. After three years he entered the post office, advancing rapidly to a responsible position in the money order and registry department and continued in the post office until May, 1886. He. then resigned to take up the profession of bank ing. After several years' experience as assistant cashier he became the organizer of the Germania Bank on May 11, 1893, a n d has from the begin ning been the president and active manager of the institution. His political affiliations have always been with the republican party from the time he cast his first vote in 1879 for Jas. A. Garfield as president. He has taken an active part in public affairs of the city and is associated with various business clubs and organizations. He was mar ried at Minneapolis on May 28, 1881, to Miss Anna Rauen. They have had four children of whom two are living, Richard O. and Gladys. ORDE, George F., cashier of the First Na tional Bank of Minneapolis, was born in On tario in 1864. He commenced his banking career in 1883, when he entered the service of the Cana dian Bank of Commerce.. Three years-later in September, 1886, he moved to Chicago where he was employed in the American Exchange Na tional Bank for the following ten years. When he left the American Exchange in 1895 he had risen to the position of assistant cashier. He re signed to accept the cashiership of the Northern Trust Company Bank of Chicago. This position he retained until May 1, 1905, when he resigned to come to Minneapolis to accept his present position. In January, 1906, he was made a director of the First National Bank, and although a resident of the city but about two years is one of the best known bankers in the Northwest. Mr. Orde has an extensive acquaintance among the bankers of the country and has been honored with membership in the Executive Council of the American Bankers Association, serving from 1899 to 1902, and was elected treasurer of the as sociation at New Orleans in 1902, and wag re elected at San Francisco in 1903. Mr. Orde was married in 1887. He is a member of the Min neapolis Club; of the Minikahda Club; and of the Minneapolis Curling Club, of which he was elected president in November, 1907. PRINCE, Frank M., president of the First National Bank of Minneapolis, was born at Am herst, Massachusetts, on July 23, 1854. He was the son of George H. Prince and Sarah E. (Nash) Prince, the father being a successful business man at Amherst. As a boy Mr. Prince attended the public schools of his native town and on the completion of a high school course he entered a store where he worked until he was twenty, when he came to Minnesota. He first went to Still water and was employed for a year in the general THE GROWTH OF BANKING store of Prince & French. A short period of school teaching was followed by employment in the First National Bank of Stillwater where he obtained his first experience in banking. In July, 1878, he came to Minneapolis and secured a posi tion in the First National Bank as correspondent .and teller. Mr. Prince remained in this position until November, 1882, when he resigned to return to Stillwater to accept the position of cashier in the First National Bank, where he had been pre viously employed as a clerk. His connection with the Stillwater bank continued for the next ten years and the position was resigned to take that of secretary and treasurer of the Minnesota Loan & Trust Company of Minneapolis. Two years later Mr. Prince went again to the First National of Minneapolis, this time as cashier, and since that date, August 1, 1894, he has been con tinuously connected with the institution with a large part of the responsibilities of its manage ment. On January i, 1895, he was chosen vicepresident and he was made president in January, 1905. Mr. Prince has found time to take a part in other financial and business institutions and is a director in the Minnesota Loan & Trust Com pany and the First National Bank of Cloquet. He is a member of the leading commercial and social organizations of the city including the Minne apolis club, the Commercial club, the Minikahda SWEET, PHOTO FRANK M. PRINCE. 255 club, the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts and others. In political faith Mr. Prince is a re publican. SHEPHERD, William Lyon, was born at Ra cine, Wisconsin, December 6, 1869. Acquired his education at Ogdensburg, New York, and his business experience with the National Bank of Ogdensburg and Trust Companies of Minneapolis. He has been a resident of Minneapolis since 1889; and since January, 1897, has been a dealer in in vestment securities. STEGNER, George Elias, cashier of the Ger man-American Bank since 1905, is the son of Rev. William Stegner and Catherine (Bauernfiend) Stegner. Rev. William Stegner was a native of Saxony, Germany, from whence he came to the United States when eighteen years of age. He settled in Minnesota, entered the ministry and associated himself with the work of the Evangeli cal Association of the state. For many years he was active in the work of that organization and held parishes at a number of towns throughout the state, continuing pastoral work until the time of his death on August 6, 1883. George E. was born on*July 11, 1866, at Maple Grove, in Henne pin county, Minnesota, where his father was then in charge of a church.. His mother, who still re sides in Minneapolis, was a native of Bavaria, Ger many. Owing to his father's frequent change of location in following his evangelical work, George E. received his education in various public schools of the state, attending at different times the schools of Mankato, Waseca, and other points at which his father had churches. For fcJUr years he was in Minneapolis and attended the Lincoln school, which has since been torn down. After his schooling, Mr. Stegner learned the tinner's trade and for a time was engaged in that business in the city, but in 1892 he secured a position in the German-American Bank. He served first as a messenger, but was soon promoted and succes sively held all of the positions in the bank mov ing up from the bottom through hard work and application to the details of the business. He was appointed in January, 1905, to his present office, that of cashier. During his connection with the bank Mr. Stegner has become well known as one cf the conservative bankers of the city. He is a member of the North Side Commercial Club and of the Odd Fellows order, and through these or ganizations as well as in his capacity of private citizen he takes an interest in public work, partic ularly that involving the interests of the North Side. He is not married. STEVENS, Eugene Morgan, head of thft. commercial paper and investment bond firm of Eugene M. Stevens & Co., was born at Preston, Minnesota, on February 1, 1871, a son of Andrew J. and Clara M. Stevens, his father being manager of the Winona Wagon Company at the time of his death in 1880. Eugene lived at Rushford and 256 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ary 14, 1899, Mr. Stevens was married to Mary F. Rolfe. They have one child, Eugene Morgan Stevens, Jr. I SWEET, PHOTO EUGENE M. STEVENS. Winona until 1891, receiving his education at the common schools and high school and in the em ploy of the Winona Wagon Company, after which he came to Minneapolis and was employed by F. H. Peavey & Co., in various capacities, of ficial and otherwise, with their several subsidiary companies during ten years, the last five years as general auditor of the entire Peavey grain sys tem. In 1901 Mr. Stevens established under his own name a business in commercial paper, muni cipal, corporation and railroad bonds, admitting as a partner in 1906, Mr. Edward T. Chapman. The firm have business with most of the leading banks and many investors of capital in the Mid dle West, handling high grade paper and the best securities. Mr. Stevens is a republican in politics. He is one of the founders of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra association and a member of its executive committee and has been a director of the Philharmonic Club for many years. He is a member of the board of directors of the Young Men's Christian Associa tion and a member of the state executive com mittee. He is a member of the Minneapolis, the Minikahda, the Minnetonka, the Roosevelt, the Six O'clock clubs of Minneapolis, and of the Minnesota Club of St. Paul. Mr. Stevens is a member of the Hennepin Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, a member of the official board, and chairman of its music committee. On Febru WINTER, Bert, was born at Cleveland, Min nesota, October 12, 1861. His father, John Win ter, came to Minnesota with his family from Chatham, Canada, and settled in the present Yel low Medicine county on a farm near the Upper Agency where the first county seat, Yellow Medi cine village, was located. His father was one of the first county commissioners and his family was the first white family located in Yellow Medicine county. Granite Falls later became the county seat and the residence of the Winter family. Bert Winter attended school at Yellow Medicine village and at Granite Falls and studied awhile at Carleton College, Northfie.d, Minnesota, after which he taught country schools for some time and then worked in the store of J. Winter & Son at Granite Falls. In 1885 he was employed as cashier of a bank at Sacred Heart, Min nesota, remaining there until January 6, 1898, when he was elected cashier of the Yellow Medicine County Bank at Granite Falls, the first state bank in the county. This position he resigned on February 1, 1904, to take the position of secretary and treasurer of the Union Investment Company, Minneapolis, which he now holds. While in Yel low Medicine County, Mr. Winter served as city recorder, city treasurer, member of the board of education and treasurer of the Board, at Granite Falls. The Union Investment Company has built up an extensive business in farm loans, bank stocks, bonds and commercial paper and loans to banks and is one of the recognized strong insti tutions of Minneapolis. Mr. Winter is a member of the Commercial Club and of the Men's Club of the Church of the Redeemer, of which he is also a member. He was married to Regina Winter in February, 1894. JONES, Edwin Smith, pioneer lawyer, banker and philanthropist, was born in Connecticut, June 3, 1828. He came West with his bride and set tled at the Falls of St. Anthony in 1854. He studied law in the office of Judge Isaac Atwater, and was admitted to the bar in 1855,—the first lawyer admitted to practice in Hennepin county. Three years later he was elected judge of pro bate of Hennepin county and held the position for three years. From his earliest residence here Judge Jones was in touch with the public move ments of the time, both business and moral, and became a leader in philanthropic work. He was one of the incorporators and first president of the Atheneum Library association. After the Civil War broke out Judge Jones entered the army and was commissioned as Commissary of Subsistence with the rank of captain and was assigned to duty in the Department of the Gulf. Here his financial ability was recognized and his services were so appreciated that he was brevetted major. 258 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS His work was commended both by the members of the army and the government. His services in the south brought him in touch with the needs of the people there and in after years, as his means increased, he felt that the south was in need of financial assistance and industrial and educational stimulation. As a result of Judge Jones' interest in the South and southern people, a free kindergarten for colored people at At lanta, Georgia, to which he contributed both in money and counsel, was named "The Jones Kidnergarten" in recognition of his work. At All Healing Springs, near King's Mountain, North Carolina, he established and maintained a school known as the "Jones Seminary" for young ladies with a corps of teachers, the special mission of which was to give education to the white girls of the mountains, not only along the lines of the text books, but sewing, cooking and domestic econ omy. Judge Jones was one of the first supervis ors of the town of Minneapolis and he was elect ed as alderman of the city. Among objects which were benefited largely by Judge Jones' benefac tions were the Western Minnesota Academy at Montevideo, Minnesota, now Windom Institute, of which he was a trustee; Carleton College at Northfield, Minnesota, of which he was a trustee; The Chicago Theological Seminary, of which he was also a trustee, and The American Board of Foreign Missions, of which he was a corporate member. He also gave the site of the JonesHarrison Home on the shores of Cedar Lake in the suburbs of Minneapolis, a beautiful tract of eighty acres, and was most liberal in general bene factions and in the support of church activities. He was for many years one of the prominent members of Plymouth Congregational Church of Minneapolis. In 1870, Judge Jones, in associa tion with J. E. Bell and others organized the Hennepin County Savings Bank, which has been one of the most successful banking institutions of the city. He was chosen the first president of this bank and held this position continuously until his death, January 26, 1890. Judge Jones was a strong man, physically, mentally and morally, courageous in his convic tions, wise in his business judgment, kind and sympathetic, progressive and prompt to act for the best interests of his city, his state and his country, and always generous with his time and his means in supporting those things which make for good. Had he sought to accumulate property he would have been a very wealthy man, but he has administered his estate by his gifts during his lifetime and died a man of moderate means. He was three times married, his widow, Susan C. Jones, surviving him. Nine children were born to him, of whom but two survive, Mrs. Frank H. Carleton and former mayor David P. Jones. CHAPTER XVII. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE T HE first real estate transactions in Minneapolis had to do with claims on government land not yet sur veyed, and to which no title of any kind could be secured. Such claims were made on the east side as early as 1836. They passed from hand to hand in an irregular sort of way, and it was not until 1848 when that part of the old reservation was sur veyed and formally opened to entry, that any clear title could be obtained. On the west side, in Minneapolis proper, the conditions were similar, except that entry was much longer delayed and the official action of the government was fore stalled by settlers who filed claims and oc cupied the land long before anything but a "permit" of questionable value could be shown as a warranty. However, so confi dent were the settlers that their claims would be recognized, that they actually sur veyed and platted their property some time before they secured title, and many of these lots were build upon and occupied for com mercial purposes before the original pre emptions had been made. The original Minneapolis was surveyed in 1854 by Chas. W. Christmas for Col. John H. Stevens, the first settler who laid out the city in his farm acres. It was Col. Stevens himself who determined the direc tion of the streets, and who fixed their width and the size of the lots and blocks. In a short space of time he and Mr. Christ mas cooly staked out ground now worth a hundred million dollars. . And then Col. Stevens began to give it away. To any one who would build, he freely donated a lot. It was a policy of development copied many times in later real estate promotion schemes. In these first real estate deals in Minneapolis, there was neither deed nor covenant. "As no deeds would be lawful," writes Col. Stevens in his "Personal Recollections," "none were given;" neither were* memoranda or arti cles of agreement signed. I trusted them and they trusted me, and when the proper time came, they received deeds for their land." Col. Stevens was a splendid promoter. In an incredibly short time buildings were going up and business establishments were engaged in trade. The first lot to be given away was at the corner of Hennepin avenue and First street, where the Northrup, King & Company building now stands. After a time lots had a cash value and Col. Stevens sold a great number, but the aggregate of sales was not large, and the man who owned the original town site of Minneapolis never realized a fortune on Minneapolis real estate. Soon the day of the real estate, dealer arrived. Early in 1855 Simon P. Snyder and Wm. K. McFarlane came to Minne apolis and opened the first regular real es tate office in the city. Their office build ing—a small one-story frame structure, stood "at the top of the hill" as one mount ed the rise from the old ferry landing. In this office a large business was transacted. The firm had ample capital and much en ergy and enterprise. They were the first to use a prospectus for the advertisement of Minneapolis real estate; and their circu lars, telling of the advantages of Minneapo lis and Minnesota, were spread broadcast over the country. They were fitting fore runners of the hustling real estate men of the later days. Col. Stevens testified that "probably to Messrs. Snyder & McFarlane are the citizens of Minneapolis more in debted than to any others for the rapid 260 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS SIMON P. SNYDER. progress in the early industries on the west side of the falls." Mr. Snyder still lives in Minneapolis. Other firms followed in rapid succession. Hancock & Thomas, Beede & Mendenhall and Bell & Wilson were among the earliest. C. H. Pettit came, opened a bank and hand led real estate and lands. H. T. Welles made heavy investments. Daniel R. Bar ber and Carlos Wilcox were early realty dealers and S. C. and Harlow A. Gale be came active real estate men. Everyone was in real estate in those days. Whatever his business the pioneer Minneapolitan was sure to have some little side interest in realty. THE FIRST "BOOM." With the advent of the real estate deal ers, business became very active, and dur ing the next year Minneapolis experienced its first real estate "boom." Prices were low—that is, low compared with later days, but it must be remembered when two lots on Fourth street between Nicollet and First avenue south sold in 1856 for $200 that this same land had been purchased from the government only a few months before at $1.25 an acre, or at the rate of about 30 cents a lot. About the same time all of block 67, Fourth avenue south between Third and Fourth streets sold for $1,000, and lots 1 and 2 at Fourth street and Sec ond avenue south for $350. Still the average value of lots in the city was but $5. The year 1857 saw prices open still higher, but with the appearance of the panic of that year there was a collapse in the real estate market and corner lots which sold for $3,000 in May had little, if any, value in October. For the next three years there was little progress. But values had not entirely dis appeared, and though many mortgages were foreclosed and many owners were ruined, many others held to their property, and in the end realized good prices. The bottom was.reached about i860, and though recovery was slow the gain was steady. The real estate of Minneapolis was as sessed in i860 at $1,054,812, and in St. An thony at $800,992. After the war came the period of railroad building and general commercial expansion, and real estate val ues responded to the improved conditions; but until about the year 1880 the real es tate business in Minneapolis was on what might be called a village basis. City con ditions and prices have come in the past thirty years. Previous to 1880, however, some of the best known real estate men of the city had commenced business. Elwood S. Corser began in 1871, and with the exception of S. C. Gale, is probably the veteran of the real estate men continuously in business in the city. W. A. Barnes joined Mr. Corser in 1872, and for many years the firms of Corser & Co. and W. A. Barnes & Co., which was formed in 1884, were conspicu ous in the early affairs of the city. Lester B. Elwood joined Mr. Corser in 1875. I. C. Seeley was a clerk for Mr. Corser for a year at the beginning, and in 1872 entered business for himself and became one of the most prominent real estate men of the city. P. D. McMillan began in 1872, the late REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 261 FIRST REAL ESTATE OFFICE IN MINNEAPOLIS. The office of Snyder & McFarlane, erected in 1856, cn lower Bridge Square. From a photograph made In '06 and still in the possession of Mr. Snyder. The men shown in the view were (from left to right) J. B. Gilbert, S. P. Snyder, John Murry, John McFailane, W. K. McFarlane, \V. P. Ankeny. Edmund Eichhorn in 1873, and the late H. established in 1886 and the David C. Bell O. Hamlin, first in 1866 with S. C. Gale Investment Company in 1889, though hav and afterwards on his own account in 1877. ing its origin in the business of Bell & NetW. H. Lauderdale went into real estate in tleton, established several years previously. 1879. There were many others whose prop- E X P A N S I O N I N T H E EIGHTIES. erty interests later developed real estate For some ten years, from about 1879 or agencies, but who were, in the early days, classed as real estate owners, rather than 1880, a period of most intense activity in dealers or agents. Among these were the Minneapolis realty set in. It was a time late Judge E. S. Jones, who was first law of the most rapid expansion of population yer and then banker. The firm of David P. and business, in the city and the northwest. Jones & Co. is the successor to his large There was great excitement in real estate. interests. Richard and Samuel H. Chjife Prices advanced rapidly, and for a time were early investors and real estate dealers, there seemed no limit to the capacity of the though the name of Chute Brothers was investing public to absorb lots singly and not assumed until 1865. The Chute Realty in blocks. Fortunes were made in months Company of to-day is composed of their and even weeks. New additions were plat sons. The Edmund G. Walton Agency was ted and placed on the market as rapidly as 262 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS the surveyors could do their work. The housed under its own roofs. In residences, number of real estate firms multiplied as ii as in business building, there has been a by magic; in 1883 the city directory showed marked tendency towards better quality; 213 names of agencies and dealers; in 1878 the architecture of the city has improved they numbered but fifty. The business was most wonderfully. The place has taken on much overdone, largely through mistaken an air of permanence and solidity unknown enthusiasm and confidence in the future of twenty-five years ago. the city, and partly, it must be admitted, NEW METHODS OF PROMOTION. through unscrupulousness. For its failure to curb the latter spirit the city suffered, In place of boom methods the develop as have many western cities, though by no ment of "additions" along rational and logi means to the same extent. cal business lines has become common and Since 1894 there has been a steady recov profitable. It is now the reasonable theory ery of prices and a constant increase in the that any given section of tli£ city must take volume of transactions. Business property on something of a uniform character. The has reached prices never before realized; real estate agent nowadays plats his addi but, compared with other cities, is now re tion, and determines from general location garded as a most desirable investment. and surroundings what class of residences Vacant places in the business center have and occupants it should appeal to. He then filled up. In the same way the residence' advertises for that class and fixes his prices portions of the city have been solidified. at a suitable figure. In this way Lowry It has been a feature of the past decade Hill was offered to the public after the that homes have multiplied rapidly, that panic of 1893, at prices and on terms that the working men have bought and built, would appeal ouly to the best class of home and that the great middle class has been builders. A little further out a notable example was Sunnyside and Linden Hills and Lynnhurst at Lake Harriet, Kenwood and other additions in the vicinity of Lake of the Isles were developed on this plan. The name of each soon meant something to the public; property was given a def inite place and value. In the same way additions particularly designed for the occupation of artisans and the industrial classes were platted and presented to thoss who would find the prices and localities suited to their needs. Perhaps the most conspicuous example of this class of prop erty is Columbia Heights, in Northeast Minneapolis, owned by Thomas Lowry and platted and placed on the market by Edmund G. Walton as a great indus trial suburb, the idea being to devote suit able tracts to manufacturing enterprises and supply on adjoining ground homes for the officers, managers and employes of these concerns, of every grade from the highest to the lowest. HOW VALUES INCREASED. KICHARD CHUTE. Ti e enormous advances in value in Min neapolis real estate in the course of the past half century have been the frequent subject REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE of interesting articles. A very few in stances only can be given here. S. C. Gale (the oldest real estate man of Minneapolis continuously in business) bought a quarter of a block at the corner of First avenue south and Fourth street in the sixties, pay ing $900 for the property. It was then quite well out of the business center. He lived on the property for many years, and finally sold it for $150,000. It is now worth easily $250,000 without the buildings. The present site of Temple Court at Washing ton and Hennepin avenues was valued by the owner in 1857 at $2,500. It is now regarded as worth at least $175,000. As late as 1877 L. M. Stewart bought the half block on First avenue south between Fifth and Sixth streets for $20,300; it is now estimated to be worth at least $500,000. The other half of this block, occupied by the Syndicate block was sold to the Syndi cate company in 1881, for $77,500, and is now worth about $1,250,000. During the past few years the real estate transactions as indicated by the recorded transfers have been: 1901, $11,557,585; 1902, $16,873,104; 1903, $13,811,346; 1904, $13,565,470; 1905, $18,125,485; 1906, $17,542,400; 1907, $24,911,962. In the same period the building opera tions as shown by the permits issued from the office of the building inspector were: 1901, $6,766,303; 1902, $7,087,053; 1903, $7»73 2 799; I 9°4, $6,696,985; 1905, $8,905,205; 1906, $9,466,150; 1907, $10,006,485. THE REAL ESTATE BOARD. A strong influence in promoting the real estate interests of the city and in regulat ing transactions maintaining standards, has been the Minneapolis Real Estate Board which was organized in May, 1892, and re organized in the spring of 1900 upon a very substantial and business-like basis, its membership consisting of the representa tive real estate and loaning houses of the city. The officers for 1908-09 are: presi dent, R. D. Cone; vice-president, George Odium; secretary, H. F. Newhall; treas urer, A. V. Skiles; chairman of executive committee, D. P. Tones. FIRE AND LIFE INSURANCE The fire insurance business in Minneapo- 263 SAMUEL H. CHUTE. lis has been for the most part that of the agencies of companies having home offices elsewhere, and its history is largely that of the real estate men of the city; for the agencies have been until very recently, largely adjuncts of the real estate offices. In the early days of Minneapolis the best companies did not seek business in the frontier towns. With the growth of the city, however, the character of the popula tion and its business-like attention to mu nicipal improvements and fire protection brought solicitation for business from the best companies in the world. The first insurance ^office opened in Min neapolis proper was that of ' A. -K. Hartwell, established in 1854, Judge E. B. Ames opened an office in 1857, and Gale & Co., Snyder & McFarlane and others wrote in surance in the first few years of the city's life. For a long time the real estate men controlled the agencies and it was not until comparatively recent years that exclusive A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 264 •S ; \* -"t; iliMs !£&&$¥ am* SWEET, PMOTO SAMUEL C. GALE. agencies began to develop to any extent. Twenty-five years ago there were twentyeight agencies in the city, but fully half of them combined real estate or some other business with that of insurance. At that time it was not uncommon for a real estate firm to handle fire insurance and life insurance also. For instance, Gale & Co., one of the largest real estate firms did a large fire insurance business and were also Minneapolis agents for the Mutual Life Insurance Company. C. A. J. Marsh, best known as a real estate man, was a fire insurance agent, and also represented the Continental Life. Frederick Paine, the vet eran insurance man, only recently de ceased, then represented both life and fire companies. For many years the habit in the east of looking upon St. Paul as the business cen ter of the northwest prevented the estab lishment of agencies of important life in surance companies in Minneapolis. As late as 1883, there were but three state agents in Minneapolis. Changes came rapidly, however. One of the evidences of recogni tion of the importance of the city was the erection in 1889 of the New York Life In surance Company building. Many import ant state agencies have been established here and as in fire insurance, the city is now the general headquarters for the north west. Few important companies, either life or fire, are not represented here, and within the past two decades the business of acci dent, casualty and liability insurance—in all its- variety of form—has been greatly developed. Many strong agency firms have been formed and have built up a heavy business. NORTHWESTERN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY.— The Northwestern National un der its former name, came to Minneapolis twenty-two years ago, moving into offices consisting of two small rooms on a side street. It had been in existence but a short time, and had recently closed its first year with assets amounting to $600.46. To-day the company occupies its own home office building, at Nicollet avenue and Eleventh street, completed in the spring of 1905. This office building and the auditorium, architecturally one, but practically separate structures, constitute one of Minneapolis' most substantial improvements of recent years. The office building is most admir ably adapted for its purpose. The entire property, costing over $400,000, constitutes a splendid investment, of steadily increas ing value. From $600.46, the admitted assets of the company have steadily increased, until the total as shown by its annual statement, De cember 31st, 1907, amounts to $5,231,828; the payments to beneficiaries and policy holders at the same date having been $6,620,024; the total insurance in force reach ing nearly $23,000,000, and protecting the lives of nearly 30,000 people. The company, originally organized under the old assessment laws, was reincorporated in 1901 upon a legal reserve basis. In the spring of 1905, the old officers of the com pany resigned, a complete reorganization resulting, the management passing into the hands of experienced life insurance men, under the directorate of Minneapolis' most REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 265 HOME OFFICE OF THE NORTHWESTERN NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. (Bertrand & Cliamberlin, Architects.) successful and substantial financiers. The company, now thoroughly estab lished upon a sound basis, has become one of the leading financial institutions of the Northwest, and gives promise of still more rapid development and a most successful and brilliant future. Its president and gen eral manager, Leonard K. Thompson, who took charge of the affairs of the company in the spring of 1905, and, in connection with Minneapolis' leading bunkers, conduct ed its reorganization, is a trained and suc cessful life insurance man of twenty years' experience, thoroughly familiar with all the details and problems connected with sound life underwriting and successful company management. Mr. Thompson is surrounded with an exceptional corps of assistants: William J. Graham, formerly of New York, vice-president and actuary; Dr. Henry Wireman Cook, from Baltimore, medical director; John T. Baxter, counsel; George E. Towle, for many years a North Dakota banker, treasurer, and Robert E. Esterly, secretary. The directorate of the comgany is espe cially strong, including chief executive offi~ cers of the leading banks of the city, and is as follows: F. A. Chamberlain, president Security National Bank; A. A. Crane, vicepresident Northwestern National Bank; John T. Baxter, counsel; Geo. E. Towle, treasurer; C. T. Jaffray, vice-president First National Bank; E. W. Decker, vice-president Northwestern National Bank; B. F. Nelson, Nelson-Tuthill Lumber Co.; W. J. Graham, vice-president and actuary; L. K. Thompson, president. TIIE NORTHWESTERN FIRE AND MARINE IN SURANCE COMPANY was organized at Grand Forks, North Dakota, in 1899 and for sev eral years did a very successful business; gradually extending its field until, in 1904, its officers saw the desirability of a more central location and made plans for -re moval to Minneapolis. This move was made early in the year, the company ac quiring as an office building the old In surance Exchange at 13 and 15 North 266 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Fourth street which had long been identi fied in the public mind with fire insurance. The company was subsequently reincor porated under the Minnesota Laws with a capital stock of $200,000. This has since been increased to $300,000. Since coming to Minneapolis its business has enlarged very rapidly though along conservative lines, and now doing business in twenty states, comprising the best part of the coun try. At the close of 1907 the company had in force insurance to the amount of $44,847,108; carried a net surplus of $76,641; and had total assets amounting to $770,092.. O. O. Tollefson who was the secre tary of the company at the organization, is now president and manager; Alvin Rob' ertson is vice-president; J. D. Brown, sec ond vice-president; H. N. Stabeck, third vice-president; W. A-; Laidlaw, secretary; C. H. Baldwin^ assistant secretary; and Charles Carothers, treasurer. Since 1895 the fire insurance companies doing business in Minneapolis have main tained a salvage corps or fire insurance patrol, well equipped'for salvage work and, as experience has shown, doing efifective work in lessening fire losses. The patrol is managed by the Minneapolis Board of Fire Underwriters, the local organization of the insurance men. It works in connec tion with the city fire department. Fire losses have been comparatively small in Minneapolis owing to good building laws, an efficient fire department and water sup ply and the work of the salvage corps. ARMATAGE, Arthur Wellesley, for many years engaged in the insurance business in Min neapolis, is a native of Canada. He was born in Quebec and his early years were spent near that place on his father's farm. He began his educa tion in the public schools, acquiring there his elementary and preparatory training. Follow ing his studies in the public schools, he entered St. Francis College, at Richmond, Quebec. After one year spent at St. Francis he left college and entered upon his commercial life. His first po sition wa3 in the auditor's department of the Canadian Express Company at Montreal. He re mained in that office for three years, at the end of which time he moved to Minneapolis and here began his experience with the real estate busi ness, with which, in connection with insurance, he has since been associated. He entered the employ of I. A. Dunsmoor & Company, re maining with that firm for three years. He then resigned to enter the insurance business as an adjustor and continued in that capacity for three years. At the end of that time on July 1, 1891, he formed a partnership with Mr. Samuel S. Thorpe, and his brother, under the firm name of Thorpe Bros. & Armatage, and engaged in the insurance business. This association still con tinues, the company now being a part of the Minneapolis Insurance Agency, which carries on a very extensive business in fire and marine in surance. Mr. Armatage is treasurer of the com pany. In political faith he is a republican. Mr. Armatage is a prominent member of several clubs and fraternal orders; among which are the Commercial Club, of which he was for six years a director. He is also associated with the local Elks body; is a thirty-second degree Mason, and a Shriner. With his family he attends the Hen nepin Avenue Methodist Church. Mr. Armatage was married on June 18, 1890, to Miss Maude A. Dunsmoor of this city, and they have three chil dren, one son and two daughters. BADGER, Walter Louis, was born on May 27, 1868, at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. He is the son of George A. Badger, a successful merchant of Fond du Lac, and Harriet E. Hastings; both parents being natives of Massachusetts and de scended from old New England families. Mr. SWEET, PHOTO A R T H U R W , ARMATAGE. 267 REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE Badger attended the public school of his home town till 1878 when he came with his parents to Minneapolis. Here he again attended a prepara tory institution for two years and then left school to commence an active business life. He entered the real estate office of J. Goldsbury where he re ceived his first training in the business with which he is now prominently identified. In 1886 Mr. Badger opened an office for himself, which he managed for four years. He then entered the firm of Corser & Company as a special partner, an association which continued for three years, until 1893, when he again opened his own office and has since conducted his business independently. He makes a specialty of the management of large estates, and has built up a most successful busi ness in general real estate dealing and the man agement of estates and office buildings, and has a large eastern clientage. Mr. Badger is a re publican in politics, and though he has never sought public office, is actively interested in muni cipal improvement and reform. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club and Commercial Club and active member of the Minneapolis R. E. Board. Mr. Badger attends Plymouth Congregational Church. In 1890 he was married to Miss Anna Dawson, of Keokuk, Iowa, and they have had two children—Lester Robert and Norman Dawson. CAMPBELL, Lewis William, was born at Harrington, Washington county, Maine, son of Dennison Campbell, a civil engineer. His grand father was James Campbell, one of the framers of the Constitution of Maine, also judge of the Supreme Court and a colonel of the militia of that state; his great-grandfather, Alexander Campbell, was colonel of the 6th Massachusetts during the war of the Rev«.0ution. later a Maior General and judge of the Superior Court; state senator for the Eastern District of Maine for seven years, one of the organizers of the East Machias, Washington countv, Academy.and one of the original trustees of Bowdoin College. Lewis W. during his early years attended the Academy at East Machias, on August 4th, i86%he enlisted in the n t h Regiment of Main^ volun teers and- served in the army until February 13th, 1866; he was in many of the greatest battles of the war, and was present at the surrender of Lee, April 9th, 1865. His commission as an of ficer came to him at Appomatox. During his army life he was on a number of different boards and at the close was judge in the Freedmen's Bureau, near Fredericksburg, Virginia, making contracts with the planter and his for mer slave. He was in business at Machias, Maine, for three years, coming to Minneapolis in 1869; was engaged in the milling business until 1892, and since then has been prominently en gaged in real estate, loans and insurance. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, a member of the G. A. R. and Loyal Legion, of the Com mercial Club and the Chamber of Commerce. In 1892 and '93 he was the first and second vice •A M LEWIS W. CAMI'BIXl.. bai . in: - r^w *- 5WEET . PMOTO president of the Chamber of Commerce and the Board of Trade at the same time, the only man in the city to enjoy that distinction. Mr. Camp bell is a member of the First Congregational Church, was for fifteen years one of its deacons, and prominently identified with the Sunday school movement, as superintendent nine years and as teacher eighteen years. He was president of the State Sunday School Association in 1890, and served on the International Sunday School committee in 1891. He was married May 31st, 1871, to Sarah Fisk, who died November 6th, 1905. They have two daughters, Mahala P. Holman and Mary A. Campbell. Mr. Campbell has been identified with all of the reform movements for the uplift of his fellow men. He now enjoys the title of Colonel, having been on the staff of the former Governor of Minnesota. CHADBOURN, Charles Henry, founder of the Chadbourn Finance Company of Minneapolis, son of Nathaniel and Ruth Hill Chadbourn, was born in Sanford, Maine, November 8, 1831. His father was a farmer and Charles, after receiving a common school and academic education, went to 268 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS California by way of Panama. He reached there in April, 1852, with twenty dollars left in his pocket, the remainder of his boyhood savings. He went to work in the gold mines at Columbia Gulch and, after four years he left the Golden Gate with about $5,000. Returning East, he engaged in business with his brother at Columbus, Wisconsin, and, in November, i860, he removed to Rochester, Minnesota, forming a private banking partnership in 1862, which was incorporated in 1876 as the Rochester National Bank. Elected in 1887 presi dent of the Flour City National Bank, of Min neapolis, he removed to this city and in 1889 he formed a partnership with his sons to engage in the business of real estate and insurance. This business was incorporated in 1893 as the Chadbourn Finance Company. Mr. Chadbourn pur chased in 1887 the five-story Stillman Block and remodelled it into the handsome hotel known as The Vendome, which at the time of his death, May s, 1900, he and his sons were conducting. Mr. Chadbourn was married in 1858 to Henrietta Jane, daughter of Alfred Topliff. There are four living children: Charles Nathaniel, Henrietta Ruth, missionary to San Jose, Costa Rica; Katibel, and Rodney Whitney, associated with his brother in the management of the Chadbourn Finance Company. Mr. Chadbourn was a re publican in politics and a member of the Congre gational church. To his family and the com munity he left a notable example of public spirit and strict integrity. CHUTE, Frederick Butterfield, is the son of one of the early pioneers and business men of Minneapolis and was born and has made his home in this city. His father was Samuel Hewes Chute, for many years prominent in business and social affairs and one of the original Chute Brothers who conducted an extensive and suc cessful real estate business in this city from 1857 till 1893 when the firm incorporated as Chute Brothers Company. His mother was Helen E. A. (Day) Chute. Fred B. Chute was born on De cember 21, 1872, in Minneapolis and his boyhood was spent here and his preliminary and prepara tory education obtained by tutor and in private schools of this city. He entered the preparatory department at Notre Dame University in Indiana in 1885 and was graduated in 1892, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Letters. He took one year in the Notre Dame law department but wishing to continue his legal studies at home he entered the law department of the University of Minne sota and at the completion of his post-graduate work received, in 1896, his degree of LL. M. After finishing his college work Mr. Chute prac ticed law and later became connected with the Chute Realty Company, of which he was one of the incorporators, and. since that time has been prominently associated with the real estate busi ness in this city. Though he has practiced his profession independently to some extent and in connection with his commercial interests, Mr. FRED B. CHUTE. Chute's time has been for the most part engaged with the real estate business and the different firms of which he is a member have been asso ciated with some of the largest and most impor tant transactions in realty which have been con summated in the city. He is at present the secre tary of the Chute Brothers Company; the second vice president and secretary of the Chute Realty Company, and a member of the firm of L. P. & F. B. Chute, and is active in the management of the financial and commercial interests which these firms represent. Mr. Chute has engaged, aside from his business life, in many branches of public and social activity and is a member of the more prominent organizations of a public and social character. For some time he was connect ed with the National Guard of Minnesota and during two years was the First Lieutenant of one of the local companies. As a member of the Board of Education he has been an important promoter of some of the educational movements. Politically Mr. Chute is a republican but has never desired to hold public office, though inter ested in the advancement of good municipal gov ernment. He is well-known in Minneapolis social circles as well as in commercial life, being a member of the larger cluts, among them the Min neapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, the Minnetonka Yacht Club, the Roosevelt Club, the Sons of the American Revolution, the Knights of Co- REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE lumbus, the State Bar Association and the Min neapolis and St. Anthony Commercial Clubs. He attends the Catholic Church. CHUTE, Louis Prince, lawyer, born in Min neapolis, October 17, 1868, belongs to a Minneap olis family which has been prominent in the locality from the time Dr. Samuel H. Chute, his father, came to the early village of St. An thony. Dr. Chute and his wife, Helen E. A. (Day) Chute, were leaders in all enterprises of a public or social character for nearly a genera tion of the growth of the city, especially as re lated to the East Side. Their children now occupy as public-spirited a relation. Louis P. Chute spent his early life here, getting his edu cation at first under a private tutor. This was seconded by several terms at the Archibald Busi ness College, and completed in the legal depart ment of the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. From this institution, Mr. Chute received his A. B. in 1890, and LL. B. in 1892. He was ad mitted to practice in Indiana in 1892, and re ceived the degree of LL. M., in 1893, at the University of Minnesota. Since then law and real. estate have occupied him. He is a busy man, but finds time to belong to most of the leading social clubs of the city. He is on the Citizens' staff of John A. Rawlins Post, G. A. R. and is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. Mr. Chute is a member of the Civic Affairs committee of the Commercial Club and is secretary of the Minnetonka Yacht club. He is a Roman Catholic. Is unmarried. CHUTE, Richard, a resident of Minneapolis since 1854, and until his death a member of the real estate firm of Chute Brothers, was of Eng lish descent. The lineage has been traced to Alexander Chute, . a resident of Taunton, Eng land, in 1268, whose ancestors were among those of Norman blood, who came to Britain with William the Conquerer. His ancestors on the ma ternal side were revolutionary soldiers, among them being Captain Roger Clapp, who in 1664 commanded the "Castle," now Fort Independence in Boston Harbor. The parents of Richard Chute were James Chute and Martha (Hewes) Chute. James Chute taught a private school in Cin cinnati, Ohio, but after his son's birth entered the Presbyterian ministry and moved to Colum bus, Ohio. He resided at Columbus until 1831, when he moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he died in 1835, having survived his wife two years. Richard Chute was born in Cincinnati on September 23, 1820. His education was re ceived from his parents, and when twelve years of age he entered the store of S. & H. Hanna & Co. at Fort Wayne. The d'ath of his father left him the oldest of the family, and he con tinued his employment—being connected with various firms until in 1841 he accepted the posi tion of clerk with W. G. & G. W. Ewing, large dealers in furs. In 1844 this firm desired to establish a fur-trading post at Good Road's vil 269 lage, eight miles above Fort Snelling, and sent Mr. Chute out for that purpose. While ac complishing this commission Mr. Chute visited the Falls of St. Anthony and recognized the splendid advantages which the then almost wild location had for the site of a large city. He continued in the fur trading business for some years, in 1845 becoming a partner of the Ewings and later joining the firm of P. Choteau, Jr., & Co. In 1854 he moved to St. Anthony and be< came largely interested in real estate and soon acquired a part ownership in the land controlling the water power on the east side of the river, then owned by Franklin Steele and others. Two years later the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company was incorporated and Mr. Chute be came its agent. This offi.ce he held until 1868, when he assumed the presidency of the company, holding the position until the property was sold to Jas. J. Hill. This corporation developed the power at the Falls which was of such importance in the growth of the milling interests of the city. In 1865 Mr. Chute began his association with his brother in the realty business and since that time the firm of Chute Brothers has been one of the important factors of the real estate business of the city. Mr. Chute also engaged at various times in other industrial and com mercial projects, which proved successful ven tures. Mr. Chute's public services in the in terests of the city and state were extensive and BRUSH, PHOTO LOUIS P. CHUTE. 270 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS varied. -With R. P. Upton and Edward Murphy he supervised the expenditure of the public funds for clearing the channel of the Mississippi from Minneapolis to Fort Snelling, for steam boat traffic, and in the fall of the same year was appointed territorial delegate by Henry M. Rice to aid in passing the railroad land grant bill in Washington. With H. T. Welles he finally accomplished the enactment of the bill which resulted in the construction of 1,400 miles of railroad in the state. He was made a charter director of several of the railroad companies and was especially prominent in the affairs of the Great Northern system. He was one of the organizers of the Board of Trade, for many years on its board of directors and for two years its president. Governor Ramsey appointed him in 1862 special quartermaster for a detachment of troops at Fort Ripley and he was later made assistant quartermaster of the state with the rank of lieutenant colonel. From 1863 until the close of the Civil War he was United States Provost Marshal for Hennepin County. Mr. Chute was particularly influential in the work which has been done to preserve St. Anthony Falls, first through his association with the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company and later when, after failing twice to secure the passage of a land grant bill for the purpose, he succeeded in having passed in Washington a bill appropriating $50,000 for permanent im provements for the conservation of the local water power. This sum together with subse quent congressional appropriations and muni cipal subscriptions erected the present _ con crete dyke and permanent apron. While in the fur-trading business Mr. Chute became ac quainted with the various Indian tribes and was influential in arranging, and was present at the signing, of, the treaties at Agency City, m 1842, with the Sac and Fox tribe; in 1846 in Washing ton when the Winnebagoes sold the "Neutral Ground;" and at Mendota and Traverse des Sioux, when the Sioux concluded the treaties which opened Minnesota for settlement. Mr. Chute served some years on the board of regents of the state university. He was a republican and was one of twenty who in 1855 organized that party in Minnesota. Until 1882 Mr. Chute continued in active business life, when ill health compelled him to retire, after which, until his death on August 1, 1893, he spent a large part of his time in the southern states. Mr. Chute was married in 1850 to Miss Mary Eliza Young. They had five children, three of whom, Charles, William Y. and Grace, are still living. CHUTE, Samuel Hewes, came to Minneapolis on May 1, 1857, and has been one of the most prominent factors in the development of the city. He was born in Columbus, Ohio, on December 6, 1830, the son of Rev. James Chute and Martha Hewes (Clapp) Chute. Shortly after his birth his parents moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and in that town Dr. Chute passed the early part of his life and began his education which he finished at Wabash College at Crawfordsville. He com menced to study medicine under Drs. C. E. Sturgis and J. H. Thompson of Fort Wayne in No vember, 1849, and shortly afterwards matriculated at the Medical College of Ohio at Cincinnati and in February, 1852, graduated with the degree of M. D. Almost immediately he joined a party of friends who were making the then perilous jour ney across the plains to Oregon, as the physician of the party. Dr. Chute reached Portland, Ore gon, and spent the winter of 1852 in medical prac tice there. In the spring of 1853 he again made a journey on horseback to California where for six months he engaged in mining. He resumed his professional work, however, and for four years practiced and was in charge of the hospital at Yreka, being the only graduated physician in the locality. In 1857 he returned to the "States" by way of San Francisco, Panama and New York, and coming west arrived in St. Anthony on May 1, 1857, having traveled by steamboat from Prairie du Chien to St. Paul. He immediately engaged in the real estate business with Richard Chute, his brother. The firm name of Chute Brothers was assumed in 1865 and was retained until the death of Richard Chute in 1893 when the company was incorporated as the Chute Brothers Company, of which Dr. Chute has always been president. His business interests have extended to numerous en terprises. When the great improvements were made for the preservation of the Falls of St. An thony, Dr. Chute, as executive officer of the board of construction, was in charge, with J. H. Stevens as engineer. This office he held until Col. Farquhar was sent out by the government to take charge of the permanent construction work. He was for a long period associated with the Mis sissippi and Rum River Boom Company, first as its vice-president and director and from 1879 to 1886 as president. Dr. Chute was the agent of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company from 1868 to 1880. In the latter year the property was sold to J. J. Hill and others. Before holding the position of active manager of the plant Dr. Chute had been a director and at one time the stock of the company was owned entirely by the Chute Brothers. His interests have been connected largely with the realty business, however, and numerous additions and divisions of the city have been platted and developed by the firm of which he has been the head. In politics Dr. Chute is a republican. During his long residence in the city he has held many municipal offices, both elective and appointive. At several times he has been a member of the council and as early as 1858 was supervisor of the poor. He was for some time city treasurer of St. Anthony and was one of the most influential and energetic founders of the public school system. From 1861 to 1864 he was a member of the board of education and during the greater part of that time president. He was again on the board in 1878, at the time when the separate educational boards of the east and west divisions of the city were united. From REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 271 through his efforts, while the story of his ac tivity in developing the water-power of the Falls of St. Anthony, is one of the most interesting passages in the history of the city, and his part in the work of securing the national aid ill the preservation of the Falls, when the disintegrating sandstone brought down the Trenton limestone, is fully recognized. William Y. has strong busi ness instincts like his father. He attended the common schools in his youth and attended the state university and took a course at the Massa chusetts Institute of Technology at Boston and is now head of the Chute Realty Company at No. 301 Central avenue, one of the oldest firms in the city. Mr. Chute has also been president of the Minneapolis Real Estate Board, which is one of the strongest and most progressive bodies in the city. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club, Commercial Club, the East Side Commercial Club, the Minikahda Club, the Town and Coun try Club and the Automobile Club and is presi dent of the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts. Mr. Chute is a member of the Christian Science church. SWEET, PHOTO WILLIAM Y. CHUTE. March, 1883, until April, 1885, he was a member of the park commission. In all his public posi tions Dr. Chute displayed ability and earnest ness and he has been instrumental in many of the city's progressive movements, particularly along educational lines. On May 5, 1858, he was married to Miss Helen E. A. Day and they have had six children, four daughters, Charlotte Rachel, deceased, Mary Jeanette, Agnes and Elizabeth, and two sons, Louis Prince and Fred erick Butterfield. Dr. Chute is a member of the Presbyterian church. CHUTE, William Y., son of Richard Chute, was born September 13, 1863, in Minneapolis. His father was most conspicuously and commendably identified with the development of Minneapolis. It was he who, coming in 1844, to the Northwest to establish a trading post for the Ewing Brothers of Fort Wayne, Indiana, in the Indian country, beheld the Falls of St. Anthony in a natural condition and a mighty volume of water power going to waste and took off his hat to the rushing, tumbling waters and exclaimed, "Here is the site of a mighty city."' With strong faith Mr. Chute devoted his life to the work of making good the prophetic observation. An In dian trader, he dealt honorably with the Indians, with whom it was his duty to negotiate treaties and vast areas of public land were acquired CORSER, Elwood Spencer, president of the Corser Investment Company and for nearly forty years interested in the real estate business in Minneapolis, is descendetf'from the Puritan set tlers of New England. William Corser emigrated from London in 1635 and settled in Boston where he married; and the lineage of E. S. Corser is traced through the following members of the family—John Corser, born near Boston in 1642; John Corser, born near Boston, or Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1685; John Corser, born at Newbury in 1718, who served with other New Hampshire settlers in the French and Indian War of 1758, and later settled with his family on Corser's Hill in the town of Boscawen, now Webster, near Concord, New Hampshire. He had six sons, five of whom served during the Revolutionary War with the New Hampshire Militia Volunteers. David Corser, one of these sons, was born at Kingston, New Hampshire, in 1754. He served with the patriot army at Bennington in 1777 and at other points, and after the war made his home at Boscawen, New Hampshire, where a son, David Corser was born in 1781, who removed to Ogden, near Rochester, New York, about 1820. Caleb Burbank Corser, father of Elwood S. was born at Boscawen in the year 1803, and passed his life as a farmer in Ogden, and in Gates, New York. The maternal great-great-grandfather of Mr. Corser was a Mr. Pell, (afterward known as Bell) a settler in the Mohawk Valley, New York. In April, 1758, he together with his wife and three young sons, was ambushed by the French and Indians near Fort Herkimer. Father and sons were killed and scalped, and the mother severely wounded and also scalped, was left as dead, but was found in the early morning and lived to give birth three months later to a 272 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS daughter, who in 1776 married Richard Elwood, of Tryon county, New York, who served as an ensign in the battle of Oriskany in 1777, under General Herkimer. Elwood Spencer Corser was born in Gates, New York, October 3, 1835. His elementary training he received in the public schools of New York, and his subsequent study was in an academy in that state. Mr. Corser re mained in New York until he was twenty-six years of age, when at the out-break of the Civil War he enlisted as a Berdan Sharpshooter, with Capt. Elijah Hobart, Albany, New York, Novem ber 9, 1861, and served through the greater part of the war in the successive positions of orderly sergeant, second lieutenant, first lieutenant and company commandant. He was with the army of the Potomac in 93rd Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry during years 1862, 1863 and 1864, until mustered out of service September, 1864, on account of disability from a wound. He was present at the battles of Williamsburgh, Vir ginia, Antietam, Maryland, Gettysburg, Pennsyl vania, and in all the engagements from and inclusive of May 5th to 12th, 1864, and at the battle near Spotsylvania, Court House, Vir ginia, May 12, 1864, being in command of two consolidated companies, B and I, of his regiment, he was shot inside the lines of the Confederates at the "Bloody Angle," his regi ment being a part of Hancock's Corps, which formed the advance line of the Union forces, making the assault at day dawn, upon the Con federate intrenchments. The 93rd New York was one of the four hundred regiments which, having suffered severely during the Civil War, are classed and known as the 'Tour Hundred Fighting Regiments." Mr. Corser is' a member of Rawlins Post, G. A. R., Minneapolis, and of the Minnesota Commandery of the Loyal Legion. Politically, Mr. Corser acted with the republican party during all the presidential campaigns from 1856 to 1892 inclusive, and voted with the demo cratic party in the campaigns of 1896 and 1900, having been in these two campaigns last named, active in the State and National organizations and work of those known in 1896, as silver repub licans, and commonly known in 1900 as Lincoln republicans. During three years Mr. Corser rep resented the Fourth Ward of Minneapolis in the city council and served one term as presiding officer. Mr. Corser is a member of the Min nesota Historical society and of the Minikahda club of Minneapolis as also of the Society of Colonial Wars and Sons of the American Revolu tion. During the incumbency of Gov. John Lind, he held by appointment the position of Sur-^ veyor General of logs and lumber, in the Min neapolis District. He was in early life a Presby terian, but during the past thirty years or more, he has been a rationalist, and has during a quarter of a century been a member of the First Unitarian society of Minneapolis. Mr. Corser married in Ogden, New York, October 18, 1861, Miss Mary Roycraft, who died in Minneapolis, August 16, 1903. He married again in Minneapolis, May 17, 1905, Mrs. Katharine (Bremer) Raines. He has two daughters, children of his first wife—Mary Elwood (Corser) Gale, wife of Harlow Stearns Gale of Minneapolis; and Helen H. (Corser) Belknap, wife of Austin L. Belknap, also residing in this city. EICHHORN, Edmund, a resident of Minne apolis from 1873 until his death in 1907, and dur ing that time prominently associated with the real estate and fire insurance business, was a native of Germany. His ancestors originally came from Austria, where they ranked with the landed and governing class. Members of the family moved to Germany and F. F. Eichhorn, father of Edmund, settled in the Thuringian For est, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits, and for some time conducted a manufacturing business, as well as being locally prominent in public affairs. Edmund Eichhorn was born on August 15, 1825, at Boehlen, in the Thuringian Forest in the Principality of Rudolstadt. He passed the early years of his life near the place of his birth and attended the common schools, until eleven years of age, when he went to the city of Arnstadt to enter a commercial college to continue his education and at the same time begin his training for a commercial life. In 1838 he left school and during the next four years was connected as an apprentice with a wholesale and retail drug and grocery house at Arnstadt, later going to Hamburg and Magdeburg and acting for a time as a volunteer in the counting rooms of several commission houses in those cities. He acquired considerable commercial experience and was offered a position with the large jobbing house of Boehwe & Company in Leipsic, which he accepted and for four years was a commercial traveler in their tobacco business. Political troubles and an adherence to the revolutionary spirit which was then prevalent among the young men of Germany made it apparent to Mr. Eich horn that it would be to his advantage to emigrate to America, where the established government offered the freedom which he and his compatriots, Carl Schurz and Franz Segel, had vainly sought in the country of their birth. He arrived in the United States in September, 1848, and began ener getically to put to a practical use his business training. He came to the Northwest as the best field for the achievement of material success and located at Mayville, Wisconsin—opening a country store and engaging in the manufacture of potash. For a number of years he continued this business with varied success and in 1857 moved to Hastings, Minnesota. There he again entered the retail line, establishing a grocery business, which he conducted for sixteen years, finally dis posing of his interests to move to Minneapolis in 1873, where, during his life time, he was prom inent in commercial and public capacities. He REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE engaged in the fire insurance, real estate and loan business and the firm which he founded still continues in the same lines. Mr. Eichhorn was actively engaged in this business until his re tirement from commercial life; but his interests were not confined to real estate and insurance. He was one of the principal promoters and founders of the German-American Bank which was established in August, 1886. He was for three years its president, or until ill-health made necessary his retirement, but he retained for some time a directorship in the institution. The in surance business organized by Mr. Eichhorn now operates under the name of E. Eichhorn & Sons, and is one of the prominent underwriting agencies of the city, and does an extensive business as well in real estate and loans. Mr. Eichhorn retired from an active association with the firm several years before his death and spent his time in travel residing a great part of the time in California. He returned to the land of his birth several times, making trips to Europe in 1868, 1887 and in 1889, touring at these times nearly all parts of Europe and Italy. Mr. Eichhorn held a number of public offices at different times. While in Hastings he was elected register of deeds, and alderman of Hastings and school inspector. From 1882 to 1887 he was alder man of the Third Ward of Minneapolis, resign ing in the latter year, winning during his term of service the esteem of his colleagues and constit uents. Mr. Eichhorn was a member of a num ber of social clubs and musical organizations about town and was fond of social enjoyments and athletic amusements. He was married on August 15, 1852, at Watertown, Wisconsin, to Miss Veronica Goeldner, whose parents were from Breslau, Silesia, who died in October, 1877, at Minneapolis. They had two sons and two daugh ters; Alvin A., and Arthur E. Eichhorn, both connected with the firm of E. Eich horn & Sons—and Ottelie V., the former wife of J. W. Dreger, but whose death occurred in 1905, and Helma, now Mrs. Arthur Stremel. Mr. Eichhorn was again married and his wife, Matilda, survives him. He died on May 14, 1907, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Stremel, at Min neapolis. ELWELL, James T., was born July 2, 1855, on a farm in Ramsey count}'. Minnesota, near the Hennepin county line. His early life was spent in Washington county, Minnesota, where he at tended the district school, afterward taking a par tial course of study at Carleton College. He was the eldest of eight children and having been born in Minnesota he early revealed the Minnesota spirit and disposition to self-help. To the manner born, he struck out for himself with a will and, when sixteen years old, he invented what was known as the Minneapolis Spring Bed and began to manu facture it in Minneapolis. Out of this exploita tion of inventive talent were developed the Min- SWcET, PHOTO JAMES T. ELWELL. neapolis Furniture Company, now owned by G. H. Elwell, and the Minneapolis Bedding Com pany, of which C. M. Way is the head. Mr. El well, with his Minnesota tendency to be con tinually "doing things," and taking a large view of the future of the state and of Minneapolis, invested liberally in real estate where he thought it would do the most good. In 1882 he laid out Elwell's Addition and improved it by the erec tion of fifty-five houses upon it immediately and afterwards laid out Elwell's Second, Elwell's Third and Elwell and Higgins additions. Mr. Elwell, with intelligent regard for the future, planted hundreds of elm trees in all these addi tions, which now add greatly to the attractions •of the beautiful university district. In 1886 Mr. Elwell bought 52,700 acres of land in eastern Anoka county. The greater portion of the lands were meadow and needed drainage, but this de fect was overcome by Mr. Elwell's enterprise in •the construction of about two hundred miles of ditching on the property, reclaiming many thou sand of acres of land for farming purposes. He early perceived the great advantage of good roads for farming communities and has made a notably good record as a promoter of such real improve ment. He believes in straight roads as well as good roads, and he built the first air-line wagon road in this part of the state, notably that con necting his two large stock farms in Anoka 274 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS County, a distance of eight miles, at a cost of $1,000 a mile. Mr. Elwell's activities in this di rection have been of great practical value to the state, as he has not only proclaimed his belief in the necessity and value of good roads, but has supplemented theory by effective practice. When a member of the legislature, in 1899, he did much to promote the good roads cause as well as the stock interests of the state. Mr. Elwell was elected state senator from the Thirty-ninth Dis trict in 1906. In this position his services for the state university have been especially marked. He has been president of the St. Anthony Commer cial Club and has an abiding interest in the pro motion of the development of Minneapolis and of the state, knowing that the substantial de velopment of the state means the sure increase of the prosperity of the state's metropolis. He has a strong belief, moreover, that the commer cial union of Minneapolis and St. Paul will be ac complished in the near future. Mr. Elwell was married to Lizzie A. Alden June 28th, 1882, and they have a family of nine children, five boys and four girls—James T:, Jr., Margaret A., Edwin S., Alden W., Elizabeth, Ruth, Alary, Lawrence R. and Watson R. They are members of the Como Avenue Congregational Church. ELWOOD, Lester B., vice-president of the Corser Investment Company, was born in Roch ester, New York, October 19, 1856. His father, E. P. Elwood, was a Rochester banker, the fam ily later moving to Oneida, New York. Mr. Elwood came to Minneapolis in 1875, enter ing the firm of Corser & Company, now the Corser Investment Co., the oldest and one of the most prominent real estate firms in Minneapolis, and has been a member of this firm and corpora tion continuously for the past thirty-two years. Mr. Elwood has steadily adhered to the business which first drew him to Minneapolis in his boy hood, and long since won, and has ever since re tained, the confidence and respect of the business community. Mr. Elwood is politically, a demo crat, never holding or running for any office, however, until appointed in 1906 a member of the State Board of Equalization, by Governor Johnson! Mr. Elwood is a member of Plymouth Congregational Church, a member of the Minne apolis club, and one of its board of governors; of governors; of the Commercial club; and of the Minnesota club of St. Paul—also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. In 1900 he was married to Miss Mealey of Monticello and they have two children, a daughter, Catharine P. and a son, Lester Elwood, Jr. ESTERLY, Frank Curtis, son of George W. and Kate Haines Esterly, was born at White water, Wisconsin, on September 21, 1873. The ancestors of the family were among the early Dutch inhabitants of New York, and some of the furniture used in the home of Governor Peter Stuyvesant is still in the possession of the Esterlys. The grandfather of Frank C., George Ester ly, was the manufacturer of what was probably the first reaper. He took out patent rights on an improved model which took the gold medal at Chicago in 1848 for the best harvester. A large business was built up, which was mov.ed, in 1892, to this city, when George W. Esterly became president; but in the business depression which immediately followed, the firm became involved and a receiver was appointed. The father of Frank Curtis, now Deputy Auditor for the State Department at Washington, at the time of his son's birth made his home at Whitewater. There his son began his education. He attended the State Normal School and graduated from White water high school in 1892. In the same year the family came to Minneapolis, and he entered the State University, but left college in 1894 t o associate himself with the . insurance firm of Fletcher, March & Co. For three years he re mained in that business and then carried out his ambition to study law and took up that subject in the Columbian law school, receiving an LL. B. degree in 1899. Two years later he was admit ted to the bar in the District of Columbia. In 1898 he did, in addition to his legal studies, the work of clerk in the Treasury Department at Washington, holding the position till 1900, when BRUSH, PHOTO LESTER B. ELWOOD. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 275 the War Department sent him to Porto Rico. He returned in 1901, and for a time was in the office of the Secretary of War, but later came to Minneapolis and commenced advanced law study at the university. The following year he took an LL. M. degree and was admitted to the bar in this state. In 1901 he had become a mem ber of Belden, Wallace & Co., an insurance firm, which firm in 1904 organized the EsterlyHoppin Company (Inc.), of which Mr. Esterly is president. Mr. Esterly is a republican in poli tics and is a member of the Roosevelt Club, of which he was secretary from 1902 to 1906. He is also a member of the Chi Psi, Phi Delta Phi, and Theta Nu Epsilon fraternities, and of the Minikahda and Commercial clubs. He was married on September 20, 1905, to Miss Stella Regina Peterson, daughter of Theodore Peterson, of Brookline, Massachusetts. GALE, Samuel Chester, one of the early resi dents of Minneapolis, and for half a century, < ne of its most public-minded and energetic business men and citizens, is a native of Massachus* tts. He was born at Royalston, Worcester cot nty, September 15, 1827. His family was an old one in that vicinity, his grandfather, Jonathan Gale, being a revolutionary soldier. His father, Isaac Gale, was a farmer who died in 1838, lea^ ing a family of ten children, of which Samuel w is the seventh, to the care of his widow, Tamar Goddard Gale. Her limited means could affoid then but a district school education and when a boy Samuel was apprenticed to an uncle in the tan ning trade. This work was not to his liking, however, and when about seventeen years of age he left the trade and began to prepare for col lege. Dependent upon his resources and intermit tently teaching school and attending some fitting academy, he managed to enter Yale University in 1850 and graduated four years later, a member of Phi Beta Kappa and elected by his class of one hundred members as class orator at gradua tion. For a short time he resumed teaching, and then entered Harvard Law School for one year, leaving to read law in the law office of Bacon and Aldrich, Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1857 he came to Minneapolis to visit his brother, Har low A. Gale, who had located here in the year pre vious, and, recognizing the natural advantages which the city possessed, determined to make it his home. Here after reading law for a few months in the office of Cornell & Vanderburgh he was admitted to the bar in 1858. The city of Min neapolis at that time, offered small opportunity for an extensive practice in the legal profession, so Mr. Gale in i860 opened a real estate and loan office in partnership with his brother under the name of Gale & Co., later taking into the firm Geo. H. Rust. From that date Mr. Gale has been engaged continuously in the various branches of the neal estate business and under his capable management the firm which he organized has been for the most part a success. Many of FRANK C. ESTERLY. the most important realty transactions of the city have been made in the interest of that firm or its individuals. They purchased and platted several tracts of land as additions to the city, the most important of which are Oak Lake, 60 acres; Forest Heights, 160 acres; Gale's sub division in Sherburne and Bjeebe's addition, 100 acres; Gale's First addition, 40 acres; Gale's Sec ond addition, 100 acres; and Gale & Hamlin's Outlots, 80 acres. Mr. Gale has been during all his life actively identified with the measures to promote the growth or betterment of the city. Shortly after he came here, a number of people about town organized an association for the pur pose of giving a series of lectures. Mr. Gale was made president and under his management many lectures of educational and artistic value were given. The Minneapolis Athenaeum was founded in 1-860 and Mr. Gale for several years was president of the organization, and lent to its success material aid. He was likewise one of the original promoters of the public library and was on the first board of directors. From 1871 until 1880 he was a member of the Board of Education and to his personal effort is due in considerable measure the perfection of our pres ent school system. Among the other institutions to which he has given his support are the Acad emy of Natural Sciences and the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts. As member, director and 276 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS president of the Board of Trade of Minneapolis for some years he found opportunity to serve the city in many ways. The conception of a park system, the building and maintenance of the city's many beautiful boulevards, the present system of naming the streets, and various proj ects for the betterment of transportation facil ities in and about the city, were greatly assisted by him. He was also one of the largest promotors of the Minneapolis Exposition while that institution was maintained, was from the first to last a director in that organization and for sev eral years its president. In 1861 Mr. Gale was married to Miss Susan A. Damon of Holdon, Massachusetts. They have always resided in Minneapolis and have five children, two sons, Edward C. and Charles S., both graduates of Yale, the former being a practicing attorney and the latter in the insurance business in this city; and three daughters, all graduated of Smith Col lege, Northampton, Massachusetts, Mrs. David P. Jones, Mrs. Clarkson Lindley and Miss Marion Gale. Mr. Gale, has, ever since its organization, been one of the chief supporters of the Unitarian Church, in this city, having furnished half the cost of the church edifice. EVANS, Daniel Harvey, was born on January 30, 1862, at Cleveland, Le Sueur county, Minne sota, the son of "David Evans and Mary Evans. David Evans was a farmer and his son spent the early years of his life on the farm attending school at Cambria and Mankato, Minnesota. He completed his education at the Mankato State Normal School after which he studied law and was admitted to the bar in South Dakota. He has never practiced his profession, but in 1882 engaged in the loan and real estate business at Ipswich, South Dakota. He remained at Ips wich for eight years and in 1890 disposed of his interests and came to Minneapolis where he again entered the loan and real estate business continuing in that line for several years. In 1897 he retired from the real estate business to accept the position of Northwestern manager of the Continental Casualty Company of Chicago and for the past ten years has represented that com pany, making his headquarters in Minneapolis. This company does a general accident and health insurance business and Mr. Evans has been very successful with his work in his territory which covers Minnesota, Wisconsin, North and South Dakota. The Continental now handles a larger volume of business in its line than any other company represented in this section. Mr. Evans is a republican in politics, and while a resident of South Dakota was prominent in state politics. Since his removal to Minneapolis he has not been active politically. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., Anchor Lodge Number 88. He at tends the Fifth Congregational Church, and is one of its trustees. On September 11, 1889, Mr. Evans was married to Miss Margaret M. Owens. They have three children, Ethel, Kenneth and Dorothy. GORHAM, George. Ives, president of the Gorham-Braden Company of Minneapolis, is a native of Vermont. His father, James T. Gorham, was captain of company H, 9th Vermont Infantry in the Civil War; his mother was Adelaide N. Ives. George Ives was born at Pittsford, Rutland county, on October 4, i860, and spent his early years in that vicinity attending the village schools and the Black River Academy at Ludlow, Vermont. At sixteen he left school to engage in business and found his first busi ness training in the vicinity of his native town. The year 1882 found him in the west—engaged in the coal business at Stillwater, Minnesota, where he remained until 1899. He entered the fire insurance business in 1890, and from 1890 to 1899 he was local agent at Stillwater. He moved to Minneapolis in May, 1899, a °d from that time until 1903 was special agent, and in March of the latter year became a general agent. During this time he has made his headquarters at Minneapolis and has become prominently iden tified with the insurance business of this city and the Northwest. With the close of the year 1906 a favorable opportunity for a consolidation offered and Mr. Gorham's business was com- DAXIEL H. EVANS. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 277 bined with that of Chadbourn & Braden under the name of Gorham-Braden Company, he be ing president of that company. This brought into the new agency a large list of strong out side companies. He is also treasurer of GorhamGarbett Company, owners of large iron deposits in Crow Wing county, Minnesota. A company capitalized at $1,000,000, owning over a section of land in the center of the Cuyuna Range. The firms occupy part of the third floor at No. 10 South Fourth street. Mr. Gorham was a mem ber for eight years of Co. K, N. G. S. M. at Still water. He is a republican in political affilia tions and a member of Wesley M. E. Church, of which he is treasurer. He was married in 1886 to Miss Clara A. Boyden of Hudson, Wis consin. They have one child, a son. GRAHAM. William Joseph, vice president and actuary of the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, was born in 1876 in Jeffer son county, Kentucky. His father was Captain William Thompson Graham, an old resident of his home state and one of the family of "fighting Grahams" that were known throughout the state for their military records. The family are the American descendants of the ancient Scottish House of Montrose. Mr. Graham passed the early period of his life in Louisville, where he acquired his preparatory education and then en tered St. Xavier College where he took up his under-graduate work. After completing his studies at that institution, he matriculated at the College of St. Francis Xavier in a post graduate course for the M. A. degree. In order to pre pare himself for his actuarial career, Mr. Graham took the examinations of the Actuarial Society of America and received a Fellows' degree in 1902. He had held, however, the position of actuary with the Sun Life Insurance Company, having accepted that place in 1895. From 1902 to 1905 he was on the actuarial staff of the Metro politan Life. In the fall of 1905 when the west ern states determined to examine the New York Life Insurance Company, Mr. Graham resigned all company connections to become Actuary in Charge for these states, including Minnesota, Wisconsin, Kentucky, Tennessee and Nebraska. During the progress of this examination, Mr. Graham visited the various capitals of Europe investigating the-foreign life insurance business. In 1906 he aceptcd his present situation with the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company. Mr. Graham has had wide and careful training in his profession and is eminently fitted for his labors and for the high esteem of the business men of the Northwest. In 1904 he was a member of the International Congress of Mathematicians at Heidelberg and of the International Congress of Science and Arts at St. Louis. Two years later he went to Berlin as a member of the Interna tional Congress of Actuaries. Mr. Graham holds membership in the Graduate Club of New York, the Catholic Club of New York, the American $' SWEET, PHOTO WILLIAM J. GRAHAM. Mathematical Society, the American Society for the Advancement of Science and Arts; and a fellow of the Actuarial Society of America and the American Statistical Association. GRAY, Fred L. } president of the Fred L. Gray Company of this city, was born at Riceville, Pennsylvania, in 1866. He received a common school education and afterward attended Alle gheny College at Meadville, where he was a member of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. After leaving school he entered the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, occupying various responsible positions in the traffic de partment of that road at Jersey City and New York. In 1891 he gave up railroad work to engage in the, then comparatively new, business of em ployers' liability insurance, becoming connected with the well-known insurance firm of John C. P&ige & Co. of Boston. In the fall of that year he located in Minneapolis, where he has since resided qnd where the firm which he established in 1892, and of which he has since been the head, has become recognized as one of the lead ing and most successful insurance agencies of the West. Mr. Gray is a member of the Min neapolis, Minikahda, Long Meadow and Commer cial clubs, and is also affiliated with the Masonic (Scottish Rite) and B. P. O. E. fraternities. 278 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Works, one of the largest enterprises of its kind in America, and is largely interested in the Crown Iron Works and other manufacturing interests in the city. He has been a member of the Com mercial Club since its organization and, as he himself says, during times "when we had to stand several assessments to pay the obligations of the club." He is also a member of the Odin Club. In 1892 Mr. Hedwall was married to Rose Sayer, of Two Rivers, Wiscinsin. Mrs. Hedwall is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin and taught mathematics in high school for two terms. To Mr. and Mrs. Hedwall have been born two children, Majorie and Karl. BNU8H, PHOrO CIIAULKS J. IIIODWAMj. HEDWALL, Charles J., was born at Soderliamn, a town on the Gulf of Bothnia, in the Province of Gefleborg, in eastern Sweden, on April 12, 1865, son of Andrew and Gustava Eliza beth Hedwall. Mr. Hedwall attended the public schools of his native place until he was fifteen years old, when he came to Minneapolis and, while supporting himself, took a course of busi ness training at the Curtiss Business College, graduating in 1889. He then attended law lec tures in the evening at the University of Minne sota during 1891 and 1892. He was employed for three years and one half in the cloak department of Ingram Olson & Co., Nos. 213 and 215 Nicollet avenue. He had three years' training in the in surance and loan office of Pliny Bartlett & Co., Temple Court, and in that business he has been engaged for about twenty years past on his own account, and has given special attention to the fire insurance business and adjustment of losses Mr. Hedwall has, through persistent and unfal tering energy and self-denial, won his way to a most honorable standing in the community and has built up one of the leading insurance agen cies of the Northwest. Mr. Hedwall is a director of the Peoples Bank of Minneapolis and is also interested in the Flour City Ornamental Iron HOOD, Charles H., head of the insurance firm of Hood & Penney, was born in Pennsylvania, at the town of Chester, on July 14, i860. His family is an old one in this country, his ancestors being among the colonial settlers. One of his grandfathers was during the Revolutionary war a soldier in the patriot army, and served during the entire war. The parents of Charles H. were George A. and Martha Hood. Mr. Hood, senior, was a clergyman, who at the time of his son's birth was in charge of a parish at Chester. His son received a good common school education, and soon after leaving school, began a commer cial career. With his family he had moved to Minneapolis where his brother had accepted a call from the Pilgrim Congregational Church, of which he was pastor for a number of years. He entered the employ of the Minneapolis Millers' Association, filling the position of book-keeper. Mr. Hood was with the Millers' Association for some time and then resigned to associate him self with the Mandan Roller Miljs Company and later with the Davenport Mills Company. In 1889 Mr. Hood left the milling'business to engage in insurance, a line with which he has since been continuously connected. For several -years he was one of the firm of Macdonald, Hood & Pen ney, general agents for the Ocean Accident & Guarantee Corporation (Limited) of London. Mr. Macdonald withdrew from the firm in 1901 and it was reorganized under the name of Hood & Penney and as such has become one of the largest insurance concerns of the Twin Cities. Since reorganization the company has not only retained its old agencies but at the present time is the representative of the Title Guarantee & Surety Company of Scranton, Pennsylvania. Though Mr. Hood's business life has been- a busy one, he has found time to become a part • of the social and club life of the city and is identified with the prominent organizations—be ing a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, the Lafayette Club, the Long Meadow Gun Club, and the Lotos Club of New York City. He has been married twice. His first wife was Miss Madge L. Hopkins, to whom he was married in 1885 and who died four years later. In 1898 he was again married to Miss Emma Allen. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 279 HOPKINS, Daniel C., one of the most suc cessful of the group of Minneapolis men which has been engaged in the development of the farm lands of the northwest, was born at Princeton, Indiana, on April I , 1857. He was the son of James Hopkins and Harriet Revis Hopkins, both of old Kentucky families. James Hopkins had been a farmer near Louisville, Kentucky, and after a residence of some years at Princeton re moved to Minnesota in 1869, where his son Daniel completed his education at Carleton College, Northfield. After leaving Carleton, Mr. Hopkins went to the University of Michigan law school at Ann Arbor and after admission to the bar estab lished himself in Watonwan county, Minnesota, where he practiced with success for eighteen years. It was while resident at Madelia, Waton wan county, that Mr. Hopkins consented to serve his district in the house of representatives of the state legislature. He has never held other office, but has been a consistent and loyal republican ever since he was old enough to take part in public affairs. Mr. Hopkins' law practice brought him into touch with land matters, ai:d his inter- YVAUKKN M. IIORNIilt. >:* ests gradually increased until he found it de sirable to leave the practice of law and devote his entire time to the land business. This also brought him to Minneapolis where in due time the Hopkins Land Company was organized. He has become very largely interested in farm lands and has extensive holdings in Watonwan, Nobles, Murray, Washington and Aitkin counties, Minne sota, as well as in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. In the handling of these properties and others he has been very closely associated with F. E. Kenaston, S. T. McKnight, F. M. Prince, S. S. Thorpe, G. F. Piper, E. C. Warner and other Minneapolis men who have been prominently identified with the development of the city and of the northwest. / SWEET, PHOTO CHARLES H. HOOD. HORNER, Warren Murdock, was born on March 14, 1870, at Ripon, Wisconsin. His family is one which has been prominent in public service for the country. His great-grandfather, Dr. Gustavus Brown Horner, was a surgeon in the Con tinental Army during the Revolution. Settling in Virginia after the war he was married to Frances Harrison Scott. Their third son was John Scott Horner, born in 1802, who was educated in Vir ginia, practiced law successfully and in 1835 was appointed by President Harrison secretary and acting governor of the territory of Michigan, at that time embracing what is now the whole A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS 280 in the commercial and political world. In politics he is a republican. Mr. Horner is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial clubs. ?.">i BfftET, PMOiO w\ +? PHILIP li. H I NT. Northwest. He was prominent in the settlement of boundary disputes; in the adjustment of In dian troubles and in 1836, as its secretary, as sisted in founding the territory of Wisconsin. Later he became Register of the Green Bay land office, and was the original owner of the land upon which the town of Ripon was founded by himself and Captain Mapes. Andrew Watson Horner, father of Warren M., was a son of Gov ernor Horner. Mr. Horner attended the public schools of Albert Lea,Minnesota, and studied for two years at the University of Minnesota. Upon leaving college he established a stationery busi ness which he conducted for two years, and then entered the Life Insurance business, beginning an association with the Provident Life and Trust Company of Philadelphia which has been con tinuous. He has held various positions with that company and for several years has been general agent for Minnesota. By a natural aptitude for the work as well as by application he has de veloped his territory until it is now one of the mcst successful sections which his company covers. Mr. Horner has always been interested in movements for public improvement, supporting generously matters of educational and mifnicipal interest. He has always exerted his influence toward helping young men in business life, and has contributed several articles to the press on the place which the young man should occupy HUNT, Philip Barstow, son of George S. Hunt and Augusta Merrill (Barstow) Hunt, was born at Portland, Maine, June 13, 1869. His an cestors on both sides were identified with the early history of the New England Colonies, among them being Elder Brewster, who came over with the first colony on the Mayflower. Mr. Hunt's early life was spent in his native city where he attended the public schools, entering Tufts College in 1888. He came to St. Paul in 1890, moved to Minneapolis in 1894, where he was engaged for five years in the tea and coffee job bing business, afterward starting a baking powder manufacturing plant, which still bears his name. For the last six years he has devoted his atten tion to life insurance, and holds the position of State Manager for the Phoenix Mutual Life In surance Company of Hartford, Connecticut, with offices at 1032 Security Bank Building, Minneap olis, and 1020 Pioneer Press Building, St. Paul. In politics Mr. Hunt is a republican, but he is more inclined to be guided by his own judgment than to be restricted by party lines. He is a member of the Minnesota Club of St. Paul, of the Society of Colonial Wars, of the Lafayette Club and of the Life Insurance Underwriters' Associa tions of the Twin Cities. At St. Paul on Novem ber 7, 1894, Mr. Hunt married Fannie E. Kibbee, daughter of Chandler W. Kibbee, and to them three children have been born, George S. Hunt, 2nd, Marjorie Frances Hunt and Philip Barstow Hunt, Junior. JONES, David Percy, son of the late Judge Edwin S. and Harriet M. (James) Jones, was born in Minneapolis, July 6, i860, his father be ing of direct Welsh descent. Judge Jones came to Minneapolis from Connecticut in 1854 and en gaged in the practice of law. He served through the war of the rebellion and on his return to Minneapolis he founded the Hennepin County Savings Bank, the first institution of its kind in the city, and also established the real estate and mortgage investment firm, now known as David P. Jones & Co. David P. Jones spent his boy hood in Minneapolis, going through the grade schools and graduating from the Central high school in 1878. He then took a course in the state university, graduating in 1883 with the de gree of Bachelor of Arts. Shortly after gradua tion he entered his father's office and thoroughly mastered the business, succeeding to its manage-, ment upon the death of Judge Jones in 1890. On January 1, 1900, the business was incorporated under the title of David P. Jones & Co., and the firm has become one of the foremost in its line. Mr. Jones early became interested in municipal affairs and made his entrance into public life in 1808 as a member of the city council from the Fifth ward, serving six years, during the last W*' SWEET, PHOTO / ' 282 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS four of which he was president of that body. His incumbency of this office, when former Mayor Ames became a fugitive from justice in August, 1902, made Mr. Jones acting mayor for the un expired portion of the term, and gave him an opportunity to put into operation certain reforms in municipal government to which he had long been devoted. As a member of the first charter commission he stood for civic betterment, and as alderman he was directly responsible for the passage of what was known as the wine room ordinance. While acting mayor he imposed strict regulation upon the liquor business, struck a hard blow at gambling and successfully segre gated the social evil. He declined to be a can didate for election in the fall of 1902 but made the race in 1904, and took his seat as mayor on the first of January, 1905. His administration w-as marked by a series of progressive reforms, continuing the policies in augurated as acting mayor and culminating in an order issued in November, 1905, closing the saloons and bars of the city on Sunday. Public gambling was entirely abolished, and the business and residence districts were rid of all houses of ill fame. Strict economy was exercised in the expenditure of the funds of the departments un der the direct control of the mayor, marked im provement was brought about in the management of the city hospital, poor department and work house, and practical civil service was established in the matter of appointments in the police de partment. Mayor Jones also clearly established the relative rights of his office and the city coun cil in the matter of letting contracts by securing a decision of the state supreme court, which gives the mayor co-ordinate authority with that body. As mayor he was ex-officio a member of the board of charities and corrections, the armory board, municipal building commission, sinkiner fund commission, library board, park board, board of health, and police pension board. Mr. Jones is a member of the Sons of Veter ans; of the Loyal Legion; of the Minneapolis, Commercial and Six-O'Clock Clubs; is a corpor ate member of the American Board of Foreign Missions; vice president of the board of trustees of Carleton College; trustee of Windom Institute; alumni member of the University Council; mem ber of the executive committee of the National Municipal League; president of the board of di rectors of the Bethel Settlement; and is an active member of Plymouth Congregational church. He has delivered addresses before the Economic Club of Boston and the City Club of Chicago on municipal reform and ballot reform. Mr. Jones is a republican in politics but in clined to a non-partisan position in purely mu nicipal affairs. He was married on May 13, 1891, to Miss Alice Gale, daughter of Samuel C. and Susan Damon Gale, and has three children— David Gale and Anna and Helen Holmes. JOYCE, Frank Melville, Minnesota state agent of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Com pany, was born on March 18, 1862, at Covington, Indiana. He is of Dutch-Irish descent. His father was the eminent Methodist clergyman, Bishop Isaac W. Joyce; his mother was Carrie W. (Bosserman) Joyce, born in Indiana and who received her education in Baltimore. Col. Joyce passed the early years of his life in Indiana, at tending the public schools at Lafayette, and com pleting his preparatory work by a special course in Baltimore. He entered De Pauw University —then known as Indiana Asbury University—at Green Castle, in 1877, graduating in 1882, A. B., and later took the degree of A. M. at the same college. During his university course Col. Joyce was prominent in all lines of college activity and won the gold medal for mathematics. He was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity and while a resident of Cincinnati published the Fraternity Magazine, and later the Fraternity Song Book, which was in use for many years. At the com pletion of his college work Col. Joyce went to Cincinnati where he became teller in the Queen City National Bank. In 1888 he was appointed 4 • s tt SWEET, PHOTO FRANK M. JOYCE. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 283 general agent of the Provident Life & Trust Company and after two years began work for the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company in Cin cinnati. In 1894 he was given the state agency of the company for Minnesota. Col. Joyce is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial Clubs, the Knights of Pythias and is a Mason of the thirty-second degree Scottish Rite. He is a member of the Apollo Club and was for many years its secretary or president. He is the presi dent of the Northwestern Beta Theta Pi Alumni association. He was formerly president of the Minneapolis Automobile Club and now holds that office in the Minnesota State Automobile Asso ciation. Col. Joyce gained his military title as a member of Governor McKinley's staff, an ap pointment received in 1892. While at De Pauw he was a Cadet Major in the military department and organized and trained the then famous "Asbury Cadets," a company which won. many first prizes in Interstate Competitive drills. While in Cincinnati Col. Joyce was captain of the Cin cinnati Light Artillery and served during the famous Court House riots. Col. Joyce is a mem ber of Hennepin Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church and the secretary of the board of trustees. In 1883 he was married to Miss Jessie Birch of Bloomington, Illinois, and they have four children —Arthur Reamy, Carolyn, Wilbur Birch and Helen. VAN NEST, Hiram, was one of the oldest settlers in the vicinity of the Falls of St. Anthony, where he came in 1850 when only nineteen years of age. Mr. Van Nest was born in Sandusky, Ohio, on January 27, 1831, the son of Addy and Margaret Van Nest. While he was yet quite young, the family moved to Illinois where the father engaged in farming. At nineteen the son determined to make his own way and came to Minnesota where he found employment in the lumber camps, on the frontier farms and for a time in the management of the stage line between St. Paul and St. Anthony. It was related that one of his early employments was that of plow ing on the site of the Syndicate Block in the heart of the city. Of frugal habits and with a fai seeing grasp of the conditions about the Falls of St. Anthony, Mr. Van Nest commenced the investment of his small savings in real estate almost as soon as the present site of Minneap olis was opened for settlement. He bought with judgment and rapidly became a man of substance. One of his purchases was a farm on which he es tablished his home and which is now in the center of the city. He became a skillful and progressive farmer, took an active part in the promotion of HIRAM VAN NEST. agriculture and horticulture in the new state, raised fine cattle, but at the same time found op portunity to take part in public affairs, filling the position of school trustee, asssessor and other offices in the township of Minneapolis. He was active in the promotion of the temperance cause and, in 1859, was one of the founders of the local organizations of the order of Good Templars. As the city grew his property holdings made him in dependent, and at the same time failing health made it necessary for him to spend his winters in another climate. This led to the purchase of a forty acre tract near Los Angeles, which he stocked with fruit and with which he occupied himself during his seasons in California. Mr. Van Nest was married on January 1, 1861, to Miss Blaisdell, daughter of Robert Blaisdell of Min neapolis. They had three sons, Robert Addy Van Nest, a resident of Windom, Minnesota, John H. Van Nest, who has for some years represented the Thirteenth Ward in the Minneapolis city council, and Charles E. Van Nest. Mr. Van Nest died on October 17, 1894. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 284 Odin Clubs of which he was a member for some years. Mr. Lund died at Minneapolis on August 5, 1908. i)£ldj ; • " J#4. v: „ . a... "• >• " •i. ' , ' -r.- - , v r i I • I \ •7 *%s t WIl.r.IA.M II. MLUI'IIY. LUND, John G., was born in Rushford, Fillmore county, Minnesota, in 1868, of Norwegian parentage. His parents moved to Canby, Minnesota, in 1876, and there the son grew to manhood receiving a common school education and a training 111 business with his father O. N. Lund, who was a successful business man. In 1887 Mr. Lund opened a collection, loan and real estate office in Canby, doing business in a small way locally. But he soon became con vinced that more aggressive methods were neces sary to success and commenced the development of a system of agents throughout the farming district of many states which has built up a very large business and influenced the immigration to Minnesota and the Dakotas of thousands of fam ilies. He also established local offices at numer ous centers through the northwest and finally moved to Minneapolis where he opened his cen tral office, from which he directed the operations of the local offices and perhaps 2,500 local agents. Although wonderfully successful in business Mr. Lund found time to take an active part in public affairs. While living in Canby, Minn., he was mayor of the town and in 1905 was a member of the state legislature. In Minneapolis he was identified with the work of the Commercial and MURPHY, Harry Gates, state agent of the National Life Insurance Company of Vermont, was born at Cincinnati, on November 9, 1870. He was the son of William H. and Maria G. Murphy—the former a veteran of the War of the Rebellion and a life insurance man of long stand ing. The son's early life was spent at Cincinnati and Evanston, 111., where his father later moved. He received a high school education and then joined his father in the insurance business com ing with him to Minnesota in 1889. The firm of Wm. H. Murphy & Son was subsequently formed and for some years past has held the state agency for the National Life. Upon Mr. William H. Murphy's death in 1906 the work was assumed entirely by his son who is carrying on the agency with success. Mr. Murphy is unmarried. He takes an active part in the social life of the' city and is a member of the Automobile, Commercial and Minikahda clubs and of the highest degrees of the Masonic order. He attends the First Con gregational Church. j J A ^ -S\ ' y f * ; • jsr r* :: f Hj 4' • , .• HARRY G. MURPHY. Tm f REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE MURPHY, William H., for many years one of the most prominent life insurance men of Min nesota, was born in Cincinnati, March 31, 1842, and died at Minneapolis, May 12, 1906. He grew up at Cincinnati, received his education in the pub lic schools and received his first military training in the high school cadets. When the Civil War broke out he was not yet of age but he entered the army while still in his twentieth year. He was enrolled a private in Battery H, First Ohio Light Artillery, for three years, on October 28, 1861; discharged on surgeon's certificate for dis ability, December 16, 1862; enrolled as a second lieutenant in Company H, Second Ohio Heavy Artillery, on June 18, 1863; appointed first lieu tenant, August 28, 1863; transferred to Company D, May 24, 1864; promoted to captain, May 31, 1865. mustered out at Nashville, Tennessee, August 23, 1865; and honorably discharged at Columbus, Ohio, 011 August 28, 1865. Mr. Murphy made insurance his life work. He was eminently successful—an active, en ergetic and enthusiastic solicitor and show ing much facility in handling the agents working under him. From 1889 until his death he was associated with the National Life Insurance Company of Montpelier, Vermont, and for 18 years held the state agency in connection with his son, Harry G. Murphy, the firm being Wm. H. Murphy & Son. Mr. Murphy was much interested in military and fraternal orders. He was a member of the Loyal Legion of the United States, being elected on January 14, 1896, a com panion of the First Class Original, and for more than eleven years was an active member of the John A. Rawlins Post. No. 126. Department of Minnesota, G. A. R. From early manhood he af filiated with Masonic orders, being a member of Cataract Lodge No. 2, St. Anthony Falls Chapter No. 23, Adoniram Council No. 5, Darius Commandery No. 7, the Scottish Rite bodies and also of Zuhrah Temple, Order of the Mystic Shrine. It was by order of Scottish Rite bodies that he was finally laid to rest at Toledo, Ohio. Mr. Murphy was married at Cincinnati on August 3, 1866, to Miss Maria G. McBride. They have had two children. McMlLLAN, Putnam Dana, was born at Fryeburg, Maine, August 25, 1832. "Blood tells," they say, and Mr. McMillan certainly illustrates the saying by the sturdy way in which he has faced the storm and stress of life and mastered difficul ties before which weaker spirits would have quailed. His great-grandfather on his father's side, Col. Andrew McMillan, of Scotch-Irish nativity, fought in the War of the Revolution, and his son John was a general in the war of 1812, the latter's son Andrew being the father of P. D. McMillan. The distinguished General Israel Putnam was Mr. McMillan's great-great- 285 BRUSH, PHOTO 1MTNAM D. McMlLLAN. grandfather 011 the mother's side, her father Col. Israel Putnam Dana, being a son of the Winches ter Dana who married Hannah Putnam, daughter of the fighting general and hero of Horseneck Precipice and Pomfret Cave. Mr. McMillan's father was a graduate of West Point, a civil engineer and prominent in Vermont dem ocratic politics, and a member of the legis lature. The son received a common school and academy educational training and, for a few years, was a clerk in a country store, after which he went to California on a sailing vessel around Cape Horn and engaged in mercantile business and mining for several years, returning to Ver mont and engaging in farming. Upon the break ing out of the Civil War he enlisted in the Fif teenth Regiment of Vermont Volunteers and served as quartermaster during its term of ser vice, afterward going to Buenos Ayres, South America, where he settled as a sheep farmer on the Parana River, near Rosario. After several years of success, civil war broke out and played havoc with all peaceful vocations, bringing financial ruin to Mr. McMillan, aggravated by an epidemic of cholera which carried off his wife and four other members of his household. Crushed with grief, he return to the United States and located in Minneapolis, engaging in the real estate business in 1872, and making himself a public benefactor by his enterprise and public spirit. 286 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Mr. McMillan is a member of the Rawlins Post, Grand Army of the Republic, and of the Loyal Legion and a member of the Congrega tional Church. In politics he is a life-long repub lican. His first wife, who died in South America, was Helen E. Davis, daughter of Hon. Bliss N. Davis, a prominent lawyer of Vermont. One child of this marriage, Emily Dana, survived the grievous catastrophe in South America. Mr. Mc Millan was married again to Kate Kittredge, daughter of Hon. Moses Kittredge, of St. Johnsbury, Vermont, and of the three children of this marriage two remain, Margaret and Putnam Dana. PENNEY, Truman E., of the general insur ance firm of Hood & Penney, was born in Adams, Jefferson county, New York, on November 28, 1857. H e was the son of Simon E. and Clarissa M. Penney. His early education was obtained in the public schools of Newark and Columbus, Ohio, followed later by a course at Otterbein University, Westerville, Ohio. After leaving the university he studied law in Kenton, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar before the supreme court at Columbus in 1879. Mr. Penney was court commissioner and deputy clerk of court of / Cochise county, Arizona, for about three years. He then came to Minneapolis, early in 1883, and was engaged in the business of mortgage loans and real estate until 1893 when he entered in surance. In 1898 he became a member of the firm of Hood & Penney, who act as general agents for the Ocean Accident & Guarantee Cor poration and the Title Guarantee and Surety_ Company. They have been very successful and do a large business in these special lines of in• surance. In politics Mr. Penney is a republican. He is an active member of the principal social organizations of the city including the Minne apolis Club and the Lafayette Club and is presi dent of the Long Meadow Gun Club. He was married at Springfield, Ohio, in 1886, to Miss Kate E. Downs. They have two children, Tru man C. and Robert S. PRAY, Albert Fenderson, for years a prominent insurance man of Minneapolis, was born on September 24, 1863, at St. Cloud, Minnesota. He was the son of Otis A. Pray and Frances A. Pray. His father, who died in 1890, was one of the pioneer citizens of Minneapolis and was for many years engaged in Minnesota as a mill contractor and in the foundry business; and at the time of his son's birth, was a resident of St. Cloud and engaged in constructional work there. Albert F. Pray received the usual prepara tory education and then went east for his college training. He entered the Pennsylvania Military College with the class of 1884, taking a course in civil engineering, completing his studies with his class and graduating on June 12, 1884. While in college Mr. Pray was prominent in the cadet service and during his last year was the senior cadet officer. Following his graduation he re turned to Minneapolis. He did not follow up his profession of engineering, but soon after his re turn entered his father's machine works and foundry, and learned the machinist's trade. Mr. Pray later entered into a partnership with his father to establish and operate the Minneapolis Foundry Company with a plant at Woodland near Minneapolis. They did a general iron working and founding business, which was continued until after Mr. O. A. Pray's death, when his son dis posed of the plant and business to enter insur ance. In 1896 he accepted the position of special agent and adjuster of the Royal Exchange As surance, of London, England. Early in 1908 he was elected secretary of the Milwaukee German Fire Insurance Company and moved to Milwau kee. For many years Mr. Pray has been promin ently identified with the affairs of the Minnesota National Guard. He became associated with the local infantry organization in 1887 and was rapid ly promoted through the various ranks, holding the successive offices in his company. On Janu ary 8th, 1893, he was commissioned inspector general with the rank of brigadier general. On March 13th, 1903, he was appointed ordinance officer, First Artillery, M. N. G., with the rank of first lieutenant. When the battery was re organized in 1905 with the idea of making it a crack artillery company, Mr. Pray was elected captain and filled that position very acceptably until his removal from the state. On January 7, 1908 his name was honorably entered upon the list of retired officers. At the same time it was officially recorded by the adjutant general that: "To Captain Pray belongs the distinction of being the only member of the Minntsota National Guard, who qualified in the highest grades of markmanship with the service rifle, revolver and 3.2 field gun in one target season, same being made during season of 1905." To this it may be added that Captain Pray is the only one in the United States who has this record. In political faith Mr. Pray is a republican, but has never cared to hold public office. He is a member of Minneapolis Lodge No. 19, A. F. and A. M., and is a past master of that lodge; of all the Scottish Rite bodies; and of St. John's Chapter and Zuhrah Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. On June 17, 1890 Mr. Pray was married to Frances A. Laraway, and they have two children, twins, born on Janu ary 28, 1905, Frances and Florence. SAWYER, Charles Lincoln, was born on March 28, i860, at Lee, New Hampshire, the son of Jefferson and Elizabeth J. Sawyer. His father was a farmer and his boyhood was spent on the farm, where he began his education in the district schools of the vicinity. He afterwards attended the high school at New Market, New Hampshire, New Hampton institution, a Freewill Baptist academy, from which he graduated in 1884, deliv ering the latin oration, and "Partmouth college, from which he gr^dyjfited in 1888, standing fourth REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE 287 Master of Minneapolis Lodge, No. 19, A. F. and A. M., Past commander of Zion Commandery of Knights Templar, Past Thrice Illustrious Master of Minneapolis Council No. 2, a thirty-second de gree Scottish Rite Mason and a member of Zurah Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He be longs to a number of Minneapolis organizations, including the Commercial club and the Six O'Clock club and is a member of the Park Ave nue Congregational church, of which he was a deacon for four years. Mr. Sawyer was married in 1892 to Miss Olive M. Bennett of Gilford, New Hampshire. They have four children, Esmond Bennett, Russell Jefferson, Charles Arthur and Miriam Louisa. CHARLES. L. SAWYER. in a class of sixty-five. His graduation degree of A. B. was followed by the degree of A. M., con ferred by Dartmouth in 1891 for three years' lit erary work. During his college life, Mr. Sawyer made his own way, engaging in various kinds of employment and when he left college, he turned to school teaching and during twelve years in this profession, spent four years as superintendent of the schools at Waukegan, Illinois, one year in New Hampshire and seven years as principal of the South High school, Minneapolis. While in the latter position, he attended the law depart ment of the University of Minnesota, graduating with the class of 1897, but he has never devoted himself to the practice of law. In 1899, he re signed his position and entered the real estate business as a member of the firm of Moore Bros. & Sawyer, and in recent years has been in busi ness by himself. He has never lost his interest in educational matters, and during a term of ser vice in the Minnesota legislature, in 1907, was chairman of the educational committee of the House and introduced and carried through, the high school anti fraternity bill and other educa tional measures. Mr. Sawyer also introduced and secured the passage of the mortgage registra tion bill and the pure paint bill and also took active part in general legislation of the session. He was renominated and re-elected for the thir ty-sixth session of the legislature in the fall of 1908. Mr. Sawyer is a prominent Mason, is Past SNYDER, Simon Peter, one of the pioneer settlers of St. Anthony, is of German descent, his grandfather coming from the vicinity of Ham burg to this country where he settled in Mary land, later moving to Pennsylvania where he ob tained a title to about half of the land on which the town of Somerset was established. Part of this land was afterward donated by the owner toward the erection of a public school, court house and Lutheran church. Simon Peter Sny der, son of John A. Snyder and Elizabeth Shaf fer, was born at Somerset, 011 April 14, 1826. He received a common school education and when fourteen began to clerk in his uncle's general store, later taking sole charge of the establish ment which he bought at the end of two years and conducted in his own interest. In 1850 he sold out, and came by team as far west as Peoria, Illinois. Receiving there a communication from an uncle interested in general merchandise in Springfield, Ohio, Mr. Snyder returned and pur chased the store, operating it until 1855, when he came to this city. Here he immediately formed a partnership with W. K. MacFarlane for the pur pose of locating lands, having offices with O. Curtis on Main street, St. Anthony, about where the Pillsbury A mill now stands. In the fall of 1855 the firm built an office on Bridge Square where they continued their land business and opened the first banking house in Minneapolis. Mr. Levic L. Cook joined the firm in 1855, which was then known as Snyder, MacFarlane & Cook. Soon after his arrival in Minneapolis, Mr. Snyder bought eighty acres of land near Nicollet avenue and Tenth at $100 per acre and platted, as Sny der's First Addition to Minneapolis, land now worth several millions of dollars. In the years 1856, 1857 and 1858 he was treasurer of the Min nesota State Agricultural Society, during which time the first fair was held on the ground where the public library now stands. Mr. Snyder es tablished in 1862 the first auction store in the city and in 1876 built the first warehouse for the storage of overtime railroad freight. During the outbreak of the Indians in 1862, a volunteer com pany was formed with Anson Norihrup as cap tain and Mr. Snyder as first lieutenant, which joined the regiment under General Sibley to go 288 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS apolis, where he has since resided. He was special agent for the Provident Life and Trust Com pany for four years and in 1896 he became general agent of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Com pany of Philadelphia, which position he now holds. He was elected to the lower house of the Minnesota Legislature and served in the sessions of 1891 and 1897, and was elected to the senate and served in the sessions 1899-1901, and in the extra session of 1902. He was the democratic candidate for congress in the Fifth District in 1900. Mr. Stockwell is a democrat and an active member of the Commercial Club and president of the Municipal Ownership League, and is a mem ber of the First Unitarian Society. On October 4, 1887, Mr. Stockwell was married to Maud Conkey and they have had three children, of whom two, Charlotte and Elizabeth, are living. S. AI.ItEItT STOCKWELL,. to the relief of New Ulm and Fort Ridgley. Impatient at the delay of the movement this com pany, led by Mr. Northrup and Mr. Snyder, ad vanced on their ovvo responsibility and were.first to bring relief to Fort Ridgley. Mr. Snyder has lived in Minneapolis continuously since 1855 and has three children—Frank C., Fred B. and Mary C. Snyder. Mr. Snyder has been promi nently connected with the advance of public and private enterprises in this city and Colonel Stev ens, in his "Personal Recollections of Minne sota" says: "Probably, to Messrs. Snyder and MacFarland, are the citizens of Minneapolis more in debted than to any one else for the rapid prog ress in the early industries on the west side of the Falls." STOCKWELL, Silvanus Albert, son of Silvanus and Charlotte B. Stockwell, was born June 8, 1857, at Anoka, Minnesota. His ancestors on his father's side came from England and settled in Massachusetts in 1628, and on his mother's side, they came from Holland in 1700 and set tled in New York. Silvanus Albert was brought up on his father's farm and attended the com mon schools, graduating at the Anoka High School, after which he taught school three years in Anoka and adjoining counties and then was employed by the American Express Company for twelve years, removing in 1880 to Minne THOMPSON, Leonard Kellogg, named for his grandfathers, General Leonard Thompson, of the War of 1812, and Reverend Robert R. Kel logg, a Presbyterian clergyman, was born at Le-, Roy, New York, January 10th, 1861. A few months later the family removed to- Brooklyn, now a part of New York City, where he received his education, going through the public and high schools, and a preparatory college course. Being compelled to shift for himself at sixteen, he be gan his business career with the Merchants Ex change National Bank, opposite the old city hall, in New York, and was subsequently employed in the freight traffic department by Railroad Com missioner Fink. In 1881, when but twenty-one years of age, he married Miss Eva H. Geraghty, of Brooklyn, and removed to Binghamton, New York, where he became financial manager for Charle. 1 A. Weed & Company. A few years later he interested himself with the senior member of the firm in extensive lumber operations in western Pennsylvania, which occupied him until 18S7, when he formed a partnership with H. B. Osgood, of the Binghamton Scale Works. Messrs. Osgood & Thompson continued business until 1892, doubling their output each year, when Mr. Thompson, 011 his physician's recommendation, sold his interest in the business and removed to Minneapolis. While in Binghamton Mr. Thomp son served as a trustee of the Board of Trade, a director in its prosperous Building & Loan As sociation, was president of its Y. M. C. A., and a member of the New York State Committee. He was also a trustee of the West Presbyterian Church of Binghamton, and very active in all the city's affairs, although never holding politi cal office. After coming to Minneapolis, Mr. Thompson was for thirteen years manager of the Northwestern department of one of the New York Life Insurance companies, having charge of its business in all of the northwestern states. In the spring of 1905 he accepted the invitation of the bankers of Minneapolis to reorganize the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company Car ' V wmmmmi 290 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS st d bt m SWEET, PHOTO JEROME B. TABOUR. and to undertake its management. Surrounding, himself with carefully selected men, of special training in their several departments, Mr. Thomp son soon demonstrated his executive ability in the complete systematizing of the business of the company, and at the next annual meeting was unanimously elected president. His special success as an organizer, coupled witn the power of his personality and happy optimism, is strongly felt in every department of the company and to its remotest agency. Under his guidance the Northwestern National has been given a stand ing in insurance circles and a place among the financial institutions of the Northwest of which Minneapolis is justly proud. Mr. Thompson has always been actively interested in the religious work of the city, and has been for many years a member of the official board of Westminster Church. He is a member of various clubs; is a life-long republican—not caring for political office, but actively interested in the problems of city and state. TABOUR, Jerome B., president Tabour Re alty Company, was born in Minneapolis on June 8, 1856. His parents, Lorenzo T. and Sarah C. Tabour were living in a house which stood on what is now one of the most closely built blocks in the business center of the city, but then in the outskirts of the little village. Mr. Tabour has, therefore, seen the development of Minne apolis through all its remarkable stages and, as boy and man, has had a part in its progress. His father was a contractor and builder who took part in the practical work of t city building. The son attended the city schools graduating from the high school, spent a few years on a farm near Minneapolis and then returned to the city to engage in the real estate and loan business. He has been prominently identified with real estate matters for the past twenty-five years. In politics he has been a republican and in church affiliations a Methodist. THOMSON, James Presley, for more than thirty years engaged in business in Minneapolis, is of Scotch descent. He is a native of Ohio, born in that state 011 April 12, 1852, in Jefferson county, the son of Hugh Laughlin Thomson and Margaret Ann Thomson. In 1854 his father moved with his family from Ohio to Illinois. There the son passed his early life and ac quired his education, attending and graduating from the Aledo Academy at Aledo, Illinois. Having completed his course at that institution Mr. Thomson decided to engage in business rather than take up college work and recognizing the splendid opportunities offered by the North west, he came to Minnesota in 1876. In the same year he became associated with the wholesale dry goods business and was a member of a local firm for a number of years. He was selected as the American representative of the firm of Morison, Anderson & Butchart of Dundee, Scotland, for their branch in this city and later entered the business in which he is at present engaged. He formed a connection with the Minneapolis Trust Company becoming the manager of the insurance department and has since been continu ously connected with fire insurance business. Upon the consolidation of some of the larger insurance agencies of the city a few years ago under the name of the Minneapolis Insurance Agency Mr. Thomson became vice president. Mr. Thomson's energies and time have been for the most part devoted to his business associations, so that he has had comparatively few opportunities to con cern himself with public and political matters. Politically he is a republican, but has never de sired to hold public office. He takes, neverthe less, an active part in every movement that tends toward civic righteousness and purity in politics, and as he himself says, his amibition is to fulfill the duties of a good citizen. Mr. Thomson is connected with several of the well-known busi ness and social organizations of the city, in cluding the Commercial Club and the Westmin ster Club. He is a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church. In 1880 Mr. Thomson was married to Miss Amanda Idalette Hunter of Toledo, Ohio. They have always made their home in Minneapolis and have had four children, Ruth R., Henry S., Elizabeth L. and Kenneth W., of whom two sons and one daughter are living. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE TIMBERLAKE, Byron Harvey, was born near Salem, Washington county, Indiana, August 17, 1861, son of Aquilla and Jane Thompson Timberlake, both of whom are deceased. His great-grandfather, John Timberlake, was a farmer in Virginia, of English ancestry, who long be fore the civil war, brought his family and slaves to Ohio, and freed the latter in that state, giving the required bond. Many of the Virginia Timberlakes fought with the Confederate Army dur ing the war for the Union. Byron H., in his earlier years, worked on his father's farms in In diana and Illinois, and in Kansas. In 1883 he came to Minnesota and attended the Minneapolis Academy and the state university, taking honors in oratory and receiving the degree of B. L. in 1891. During thesd years he main tained himself by working for the Minneapolis Harvester Company in South Minneapolis, and experting in the field, taking meantime a course in a business college. After graduation at the university, Mr. Timberlake engaged in the life insurance business, and was for two years, 18971899, deputy insurance commissioner of Minne sota, having his office in the Capitol at St. Paul. He is now manager for Minnesota of the Pru dential Insurance Company of America. Mr. Timberlake is a republican in politics, and was clected in 1904 to the lower house of the state legislature. He was again elected to the House from the thirty-ninth district for the thirty-fifth legislative session, was a member of several im portant committees, and chairman of the insur ance committee that put through so many reform measures. He was prominent on the appropria tions and university committees, and particularly effective in securing large appropriations and favorable legislation for the University. Mr. Timberlake is a member of the Masonic order; of the Knights Templar; and of the Commercial Club. He is a communicant of the Episcopal Church. He was married in 1891 to Emma Kemp, who died in 1899, leaving three children, Lucile, Harold Carl and Emma. In 1901 Mr. Timberlake was married again to Lillian Chatterdon. CONE, Robert D., president of the Minne apolis Real Estate Board, 1908, was born at Lowville, New York, January 29, 1854, the son of Robert Cephas and Mary (Pratt) Cone. He is a descendant of Daniel Cone, who emigrated from Paisley, Scotland, in 1662 and settled at Haddam, Connecticut. He received his educa tion in the public schools of New York City and at the age of sixteen entered the employ of Roosevelt & Son, plate glass dealers, at 94 Maid en Lane, continuing with this house until it re tired from business. Afterwards he was connect ed with the firm of B. W. Merriam & Company, manufacturers of mirrors, New York, until 1883, when he came to Minneapolis. He established the firm of R. D. Cone & Company, real estate 291 R O B E R T I). C O X E . and city mortgages, on November 1, 1883, and has continued uninterruptedly in this business for twenty-five years. Mr. Cone is a republican in politics, and is a supporter of all movements for bettering civic conditions. He belongs to various local organizations, including the Sons of the American Revolution, Commercial Club, Minnetonka Yacht Club and the Minneapolis Real Estate Board of which he was elected pres ident in 1908. He was married in New York City on July 5, 1882, to Miss Catharine Allen. They have two sons, Robert Allen, -born Febru ary 21, 1887, Theodore Usher, born May 21, 1893. The family attends the Presbyterian church. NEWHALL, Harry Frank, president of the Finance Company of Minnesota and secretary of the Minneapolis Real Estate Board, was born at Chicago, on January 21, 1849. He was the son of Harrison and Nancy Caroline (Goodrich) Newhall. Mr. Newhall completed his education at Harvard College. He began business in Phil adelphia in 1871, where he was employed by Jay Cooke & Company at the time that that firm was promoting the Northern Pacific railroad. Upon the failure of these bankers in 1873, Mr. Newhall formed the stock brokerage firm of Creamer & Newhall, which afterwards became Rutter, New hall & Company. During his business life in Philadelphia Mr. Newhall became intimately as- 292 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS sociated with the men of capital and the larger interests of the East and when he came to Min neapolis in 1885 brought with him a connection which has given him a leading position among the representatives of eastern investment inter ests. He has now been engaged for twentythree years in the real estate and loan business. In 1901 he incorporated his business under the name of The Finance Company of Minnesota, of which he has since been president. In addition to handling a general real estate and loan busi ness Mr. Newhall has undertaken the platting and development of various additions to the city, notably Kenilworth, and Burnham Wood, at tractive properties in the vicinity of Lake of the Isles and Cedar Lake. Mr. Newhall has been a member of the Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York for thirty years, but does no active business in stocks now. He is the secretary of the Minneapolis Real Estate Board, a position he has held for five years. He and his wife are members of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) church. Among the Minneapolis social organizations in which he is interested is the Commercial Club. He was married on May 28, 1874, to Elizabeth Barrett. They have had six children of whom five sons are living. VAN CAMPEN, Charles Howard, secretary and treasurer of the Fred L. Gray Company of this city, was born on September 29, 1872, in Chicago, Illinois. Among the Dutch settlers that left Holland in 1640 to join the colony in New York were the ancestors of the Van Campen family who established the American branch of the lineage. From these Charles Van Campen, father of Charles Howard, was a direct descen dant who in 1872 had married Miss Mary_ L. Elkins, and was residing in Chicago. He later received an appointment as agent of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad at Rochester, Minne sota, and moved there with his family. Charles Howard received his , preparatory education in Rochester, attending the grade and high schools, and then entered the law depart ment of the University of Minnesota. He completed his studies in 1894 and gradu ated in that year. After finishing college, he began the practice of his profession in Minneapolis, forming a partnership with Mr. Eugene. G. Hay under the name of Hay & Van Campen. The firm had a large general practice in the city and was connected with several im portant cases. The association continued until 1900, when the partnership was dissolved and Mr. Van Campen dropped his legal practice to become a member of the Fred L. Gray Company of this city. This organization does an extensive insurance business and is the northwestern man ager of several large underwriting companies, among them the London Guarantee & Accident Company, the Metropolitan Surety Company of New York, the General Accident Assurance Cor poration of Perth, Scotland, and the United States Casualty Company. Besides his member ship in the firm, Mr. Van Campen fills the offices of secretary and treasurer, and conducts a part of the active management of the firm. Mr. Van Campen is a member of the Minneapolis, the Minikahda and the Lafayette Clubs. In 1901 he was married to Miss Genevieve Clarke (the daughter of Thos. E. Clarke, general manager of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rail road Company) who died in 1903 leaving no children. WARREN, George Henry, for many years connected with large real estate and land inter ests in Minnesota, was born at Oakfield, New York, on January 16, 1845. He was the son of James Warren and Sarah Warren—the father a successful business man engaged in the manu facture of threshing machines, carriages, wagons and sleighs. Mr. Warren's early life was spent at Oakfield where he attended the common schools and the Cary Collegiate Seminary. From the latter institution he went to Genesee Wesleyan Seminary at Lima, New York. He then entered Genesee College (now Syracuse Uni versity) from which he graduated in 1866 with the degree of B. S. and from which institution he received the degree of M. S. in 1872. Soon after graduation Mr. Warren came to Minnesota and became principal of the high school at Hast ings,, Minnesota, during the school year of 1867-8. During the two years following he was superin tendent of public instruction and principal of the high school at Faribault, Minnesota. In 1870 he left educational work to engage in land sur veying in which he was engaged for about eight years and during that time gaining extensive knowledge of the resources of Minnesota and Wisconsin. This knowledge he put to practical use in 1878 when he entered the real estate and land business in which he has engaged very ex tensively, acquiring large interests in pine and mineral lands. Mr. Warren made his home in Minneapolis in 1872, and during his long residence here has taken an active part in the affairs of the city. He was elected a member of the city council from the 13th ward in 1889 and was chairman of the committee on railroads during the im portant period when the street.railroad company was required to change its system from horse to electric power. Mr. Warren has also been a member of the organizations which have had to do with the public affairs of the city and as a member of the Business Men's Union had an op portunity, in 1892, of being of special service to the city and the state university. His acquaint ance with men of affairs in the northern part of Minnesota gave him inside information regarding a movement to secure the state School of Mines for Duluth, thus separating that important de partment from the University. Knowing the un certainty of the outcome of a fight with Duluth for this institution, Mr. Warren as a member of the Business Men's Union urged the appointment •iS'i&r*! 294 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of a committee to raise the money for a building for an ore testing plant at the state university and, as chairman of the committee subsequently appointed, raised the funds among the people of the city, thus saving the School of Mines to Minneapolis. Mr. Warren is a member of the Masonic fraternity, Psi Upsilon, Commercial Club, Minikahda Club, Americas Institute of Min ing Engineers and the Academy of Natural Sci ences. He was married November 6, 1872, to Miss Jennie L. Conkey, of Faribault, Minnesota. Their children were Aurie Sarah, born September !3, 73, and who died March 28, 1876; and Frank Merton, born December 1, 1875, and who is now associated with his father in his various interests. VAN TUYL, Charles White, general agent for the State Mutual Life Assurance Company of Worcester, Massachusetts, was born December 17, 1859, in Addison, Steuben county, New York. He is of Dutch descent, as the name indicates, and the family came from Holland about 1720, when Mr. Van Tuyl's direct ancestor settled in central New York in the Mohawk Valley in or near the pres ent county of Schoharie. His father was Capt. Ebenezer Van Tuyl, who commanded Company G, First New York Infantry in the Civil War until wounded and taken prisoner at the Battle of Chancellorsville, which closed his military career. After the war he was engaged in railroad busi ness as station agent and division superintendent on the Erie Railway in southern New York until 1881, when he removed with his family to Oma ha, Nebraska, and became general tax agent of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in Ne braska, and later manager of the Western Car Service Association at Omaha, 'Nebraska, where he died in 1900. His wife, the mother of Charles White, was Sarah A. McNeil, who belonged to a Scotch-Irish family which settled in central New York prior to the Revolution. She died in Oma ha in 1899. Mr. Van Tuyl's education, judged by present standards, was meager so far as schools are con cerned. It was confined to fragmentary parts of a very few years in the public schools of New York state, namely, at Hornellsville and a country district school in Tioga county and in the graded schools and high school in Binghamton. In his seventeenth year he left school and became a clerk in the freight office of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railway at Binghamton, and after about six years in this office in various clerical situations he came west and joined his father's family at Omaha, Nebraska, in March, 1882. In the following September he entered the freight auditor's office of the Union Pacific Rail way at Omaha, and after successive promotions became chief clerk in the freight claim agent's office; and in 1886 was appointed assistant freight claim agent for the Union Pacific with headquar ters at Salt Lake City, Utah. This position, to gether with several others of like grade, was abolished November 30, 1887, and after some clerical work in the freight claim department at Omaha he again received his former position as chief clerk in that department as soon as it became vacant. In November, 1892, he resigned this posi tion and entered the life insurance business in the Omaha agency of the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company of Milwaukee, Wis., and after one successful year with that agency, came to Minneapolis, November 1, 1893, as general agent of the State Mutual Life Assurance Com pany of Worcestor, Massachusetts, which agency he still holds, having managed it successfully for about fifteen years. Mr. Van Tuyl is a republican in politics and a Presbyterian in religious faith, being a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church. He is a director in the Young Men's Christian Associa tion, a member of the Minneapolis Club, West minster Club and the Six O'clock Club, and is a Hereditary Companion of .the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He was married in September, 1889, to Katherine J. Bingham, of Northfield, Minnesota, whose acquaintance he made when she was preceptress in the Presbyterian Collegiate Institute at Salt Lake City, Utah. They have four children now living —Ruth, Ray-Whittier, Katherine, and Barbara. WASHBURN, William D., Jr., president of the W. D. Washburn, Jr., Farm Lands Company, was born on April 3, 1863. The family is an old one in this country, the settlement of the first members of the ancestral line in America dating back to the earliest colonial days. John Wash burn, from whom is descended the American branch of the family, held the position of secre tary in the Plymouth Colony; and the other branch traces back to Uno Cooke, one of those who came from England in the Mayflower to set tle in Massachusetts. W. D. Washburn, a de scendant of these early colonists, and the father of W. D. Washburn, Jr., came to Minnesota dur ing the time of its early development and has been active in the flour, lumber, land, and minor industries of the Northwest. His son was born in St. Paul, but most of his boyhood was passed in Minneapolis, where he attended the public schools. He then continued his educational train ing in Phillips Academy at Andover, graduating in 1883. He entered Yale University for his col lege work, completing his course afTd graduating with the class of 1888 and since that time has been engaged in journalistic work and in a busi ness career. He entered the employ of the Min neapolis Tribune as a reporter and advanced him self to the position of editorial writer, when he resigned to accept a place on the staff of the Chi cago Tribune, but returned to Minneapolis to establish himself in business. Since then his in terests have been connected with the flour and lumber industries, and at the present time he is the president and head of the W. D. Washburn, Jr., Farm Lands Company, which deals extensive ly in wild and farm lands, and minerals. Mr. REAL ESTATE AND INSURANCE Washburn is a republican in politics and is active in the political work of the state, having been a member of the state legislature during the three terms of 1901, the extra session of 1902 and in the regular session of 1905. He is actively inter ested in the promotion of good government and is a member of the Civic and Municipal Leagues and was formerly vice-president of the Reciproc ity League. Mr. Washburn is prominent in the social and club life of the city and is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial Clubs, the Six O'Clock Club, the Wranglers' Club, the Skylight and Minikahda Clubs and the Minnesota and Yale Club of New York City. He was married on September 25, 1900, to Miss Florence Savier, of Portland, Oregon, and they have four children, three boys and a girl. Y'ALE, Washington, who for many years had large interests in Minneapolis, was a direct decendant of the original Yale family of New Haven, Connecticut—a family whose name will always be honored through its connection with Yale University. I t was from Thomas Yale, a brother of Elihu Yale (whose gift determined the name of the university) that Washington Yale was descended. He was born in Paterson, Put nam county, New York, March 30, 1807. He was educated in his native state and afterwards learned the printing and publishing business and followed the trade for some years at Danbury, Connec ticut. While engaged in this business with his brother Moses, they had the distinction of origin ating the idea of a serial story in a newspaper and were the first to try it in the paper they published. Later he engaged in the dry goods business in New Haven but wishing to enlarge his field he disposed of his interests there and moved to New York where he built up an ex tensive importing and wholesale business. Mr. Yale in 1857 made a trip to Minnesota and visited Minneapolis, and having confidence in the future growth of this city made his first investment in realty two years later. During the following years he came to Minneapolis each summer and finally in 1871 sold his business and moved to this city. At that time he retired from active business life and until his death had no interests aside from his extensive real estate holdings. Soon after coming to the city Mr. Yale erected a resi dence on Thirteenth street where also he held a tract of about forty acres, part of which was included in his original investment here. This has since become one of the city's most beautiful residence localities, a large part of it being in cluded in Loring Park. Mr. Yale lived in his home on Thirteenth street until his death on April 23, 1897, when he was ninety years of age. 295 For a number of years Mr. Yale was a vestryman of St. Paul's Episcopal Church and advanced the money to erect the church formerly located on Hennepin avenue between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets, but which has since been moved to the Lowry Hill district. He was never prominent in public life nor desirous of attracting public attention, and his private life was rather retired, but he was interested in all movements which tended toward a higher civic standard and the material development of Minneapolis. Mr. Yale was married to Abigail Couch on March 5, 1833. There were two children born of this marriage but both died in infancy. Mrs. Yale died, August 19, 1866. In 1871 Mr. Yale married Margaret Gardner Perry, of New Haven, Connecticut, formerly of Nantucket. They had no children, Mrs. Yale died in Kennebunkport, Maine, Tulv 23, 1898. ZONNE, Ary Edmund, partner in the real es tate firm of J. F. Conklin & Zonne Co., was born in the state of Wisconsin. He is the son of Ary and Eliza Zonne, his father being a farmer of that state and there his son was born and grew up. His education was obtained in the public schools. He attended the county school near his home and later when the family moved to the city entered the grade schools. In this way he ob tained the usual grammar education; but did not care to study for or lead a professional life, so did not attend college but when seventeen years of age entered upon an active business life, and the greater part of his training was received in the experiences of a busy commercial career. When the old Grand Opera House was erected and opened under the management of J. F. Conk lin, Mr. Zonne was appointed to the position of ticket agent and later assistant business manager, and for several years served in that capacity. As a result of this association with Mr. Conklin, tne real estate firm of J. F. Conklin & Zonne was finally organized and now does a large business in the city in real estate, insurance and loans. In this company Mr. Zonne is vice president and treasurer. Mr. Zonne has also been connected for several years with that historic land mark of Minneapolis, the Hotel Nicollet, and was a half owner and one of the proprietors of that hos telry. Mr. Zonne is a republican in politics, but does not take an active interest in party affairs and has never sought to hold public office. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club and the Commercial Club of this city. In 1897 he was married to Miss Louise Cole, and they have three children, Constance Louise, Rosemary Ruth, and Hildegarde. CHAPTER XVIII. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY L UMBER manufacturing was the first important business at the Falls of St. Anthony and it was for many years the leading industry. After a time it took second place but for a generation Min neapolis has remained the greatest single lumber producing point in the world as well as being the principal lumber market in the northwest and the center of a very import ant trade in forest products, building materials and other closely allied articles of commerce. While the value of the flour product at Minneapolis has exceeded that of lumber for several decades the latter industry has always been the greatest employer of labor, and has been more conspicuous in the busi ness life of the city. From the felling of the timber in the pine woods to the mar keting of the finished product it is a pictur esque industry. In the nature of things it occupies much space in and about the city; in fact it is always in evidence. A small amount of lumber was sawed in the old government mill which was built by the troops in 1821 but the real begin nings of lumber manufacturing in Minne sota were in 1839 when a saw mill was built at Marine on the St. Croix river. About the same time a saw mill was built at St. Croix Falls, and in 1843 one was P11^ up at Stillwater. The industry had quite a foothold on the St. Croix before any at tempts were made to manufacture at Min neapolis. But the Falls of St. Anthony attracted the industry irresistibly. The location was ideal for lumber manufacture. Stretching away to the north, almost from the falls themselves, extended the largest body of pine timber to be found. in one watershed on the continent. The greater part of northern Minnesota was covered with a magnificent growth of white pine and nearly every log which was cut in a large part of this region could be floated directly to the falls through the Mississippi and its tributaries. Nowhere in the east had been found such a mighty logging stream or better timber. As to the market, west, southwest and south lay the great treeless prairies which must be supplied with lumber; so that the floating of the logs to the power which was to convert them into merchantable lumber brought them that much nearer the con sumer. The location was an almost per fect conjunction of bountiful supply of raw materials, easy transportation to the man ufacturing point, abundant power and a nearby and continually growing market whose needs were imperative. These were the conditions under which the pioneer lumbermen of Minneapolis be gan operations. Of course, in 1847 when the first saw mill was built at the Falls of St. Anthony there was little demand from this locality for pine lumber, but the demand developed rapidly. As to the out side demand, there never was a time when the products of the Minneapolis mills could not be sold to fairly good advantage. At first the lumber was rafted down the Mis sissippi to Iowa and Illinois points, where it was shipped into the interior as needed, but with the advent of the railroad the great bulk of the product went directly to the south and southwest and later, to the prairies of the Dakotas, directly west of Minneapolis. - THE FIRST SAW MILL. Franklin Steele built the first mill at the falls in 1847. Ard Godfrey, an experienced millwright from Maine, put up the mill and had an interest in it. It was a small affair and had but two saws, which would cut about 15,000 feet of lumber in a day THE LUMBER INDUSTRY and was first opened for sawing in the spring of 1848. It stood at the east end of a temporary dam on the East Side. This mill was so profitable during the first sea son that it was doubled in capacity in the fall of 1848. In 1849 Arnold W. Taylor of Boston acquired an interest in the first mill and proceeded to erect more mills along the dam, renting them to various per sons ; and it was as tenants of these early and rude mills that many of the men after wards very prominent in developing the lumber industry, made their start. S. W. Farnham, Caleb D. Dorr, Charles Stimpson, Loren Lovejoy and others were among these early lumber operators. A mill was built by Ard Godfrey at the mouth of Minnehaha creek in 1853. After a few years it was destroyed by fire, but the ruins of the stone dam remain to the present day. In 1854 George E. Huey opened the first retail lumber yard in Min neapolis. The first saw mill on the west side in the immediate vicinity of the falls, was that of Pomeroy, Bates & Company, which was put up in 1856, near the mouth of Bassett's Creek. This mill was burned in 1859 and was not rebuilt; for a mill without water power was not much thought of in those days. At about this period definite work was begun for the permanent improvement of 297 THE OLD WEST SIDE MILLS. the water power. The St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company and the Minneap olis Mill Company were chartered in 1856, the former controlling the east side, and the latter the west side powers. New dams were at once commenced and were com pleted in 1857 and 1858. These dams joined in mid-channel above the falls in the shape of a letter A much as the present structure does. The work was an enormous one for a frontier village. In 1858 the first saw mill on the . west side dam—the Pioneer Mill—was com menced by Gilpatrick & Hammons, but Major J. B. Bassett bought it before com pletion. This was a famous old saw mill. It changed hands frequently and some of the most prominent lumbermen of Minne apolis have operated it in their day. OLD TIME LUMBERMEN. SWEET COLLECTION SAW MILLS OF EARLY DAYS. This view shows the old lumber chutes used before shipping lumber by railroad became common. The group of mills on the east side dam grew until every foot of space was utilized and the same conditions prevailed after a few years on the west side. Associated with the operation of the east side mills previous to 1870 were the names of J. B. Bassett, S. W. Farnham, Samuel Stanchfield, Captain John Martin, Butler & Walker, W. E. Jones, Jonathan Chase, Chute Bros., J. S. Pillsbury & Co., John Rollins, J. Dean & Co., Leonard Day, Todd, Gorton & Co., Tuttle & Lane, F. G. Mayo, and Mayo & Clark. In the year 1870 the whole row of mills and the old Steele dam 298 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS were burned. A new dam 300 feet below the old one was at once commenced and five mills were built to replace the burned struc tures. These were owned by Levi Butler & Co.; Todd, Connor, Gaines & Co.; Todd, Haven, Leavitt & Co.; Levi Butler and James McMullen & Co. Merriman, Bar rows & Co. later controlled some of this sawing capacity and was one of the lead ing lumber firms of the city until 1891. After the Pioneer Mill on the west side, came mills owned by Leonard Day; W. E. Jones; Ankeny, Robinson & Clement; D. Morrison and W. D. Washburn. This last mill, built in 1865, was called the Lincoln and was Mr. Washburn's first enterprise as a mill owner, although he had managed the west side power for some years and had dealt in logs and lumber. All the space at the power dams was now completely filled with saw mills. Fur thest expansion of the industry at Minneap olis meant the use of some other power; and although steam was not supposed to be. as economical as water power, it was evident that it, must be utilized. One or two small steam mills had been built, but they had not been signally successful. But there was a man doing business in Minne apolis who had already surprised his busi ness contemporaries. This was Joseph Dean, who went into the lumber business in 1862 and startled the town by buying the entire .block bounded by First and Second avenues south and First and Second streets, at a cost of $500 a lot, for use as a lumber yard. At first J. Dean & Co. had logs sawed for them in the east side mills, but in 1866 the firm built the Pacific mill, at the foot of First avenue .north. This was the largest and best equipped mill yet built in Minneanolis. After ten years it was sold to Camp & Walker. Its particular interest m the history of the development of Minne apolis lumbering is the fact that it was the first to demonstrate the practicability of sawing to advantage by steam power in competition with water power and to show the desirability of.the very best equipment. It marked the beginning of the removal of the saw-mill district from the Falls of St. Anthony and a complete revolution in methods of operating and handling. Other changes were at hand. Previous to the -war the market for Minneapolis lumber was entirely along the Mississippi river. The product of the mills was sluiced to the still water below the falls and there made up into rafts to be towed to down river points where it was distributed into the interior. But as railroads were built west and south of Minneapolis the rafting of lumber was discontinued and the pic turesque old sluices were abandoned. This change in shipping methods was of course very gradual and fitted in well with the change of location and power already referred to. As has been said all the available space 011 the mill dams was occupied soon after the war. The men who would enter lum ber manufacturing thereafter must buy out existing mills or build further up the river and operate by steam power. In this way the Moffit mill, later known as the Goodnow mill, was built at the "foot of Fifth avenue north in 1871. Capt. John Rollins about the same time built a mill at the foot of Fourth avenue northeast which passed through several ownerships and in later years was best known as the Nelson mill. MOVING FROM THE FALLS. ' " There was little further building above the falls for several years—in fact not until the Minneapolis Mill Company, after 1876, began to give notice that leases of powers at the dams would not be renewed. This forced the issue. At the same time the growing inconvenience of hauling all lum ber from the mills to distant yards by team and the difficulty, as the city grew, of ob taining yards at all within any reasonable distance, was causing some of the mill own ers to make new plans. And besides, the mills at the falls were growing antiquated. New inventions in saw milling machinery were coming in. And to do the business which was beginning to ofTer itself larger individual mills were required. Still an other difficulty was that of handling the increased quantities of logs that were re quired for a growing business in the lowei reaches of the river near the crest of the THE LUMBER INDUSTRY falls. So all these, and perhaps some other influences, working together induced a gen eral movement to upper river points and within ten years only one saw mill was left at the falls. It was found that a part of the mill refuse which had formerly been thrown into the river could be burned and would furnish enough power to operate the mill. Land was secured stretching along the river front for miles above the falls—land acces sible to railroads and cheap enough and ex tensive enough to provide abundant piling facilities. But while this change of location is spoken of as a movement it should be ex- 299 a large amount of capital and a number of individuals and firms who came from the older lumbering regions. In many parts of the lower peninsula of Michigan the lands were fully cut over by 1885 and some of the lumbermen came to Minneapolis as the most favorable place at which to con tinue business. During this transition decade most of the corporations which have been conspicuous in the later greatness of the Minneapolis lumber industry were organized, or reor ganized from earlier firms and individual interests. In 1880 the firm of Nelson, Tenney & Co. was formed by B. F. Nelson, W. FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION THE EAST SIDE MILLS AS THEY APPEARED ABOUT 18S0.* plained that it was more accurately a move ment of an industry than a movement of individuals engaged in that industry. For, rather strangely, few of the mill owners of 1876 who were then doing business at the falls, followed the migration up the river. Most of them, as their leases expired, or as their mills burned, (as the East Side mills did in 1887) abandoned the business of manufacturing, either retiring or having their logs sawed at other mills. The in dustry grew up in its new environment largely with new owners and new mills. Another influence which had meant much to Minneapolis lumbering was the influx, early in the period under consideration, of M. Tenney and Hugh McNair. In the fol lowing year the firm purchased the Rollins mill on the east side and the business until lately conducted by the Nelson-Tuthill company and the Nelson-Frey company has developed from this beginning. T. B. Walker had been interested in log ging and lumbering since 1867. When he formed the firm of Camp & Walker, in 1877, he became for a time the- heaviest operator in Minneapolis. In 1887 the Pacific mill, owned by the firm for ten years, was torn down and Mr. Walker 'discontinued manu*An excellent view of the old East Side saw mills as they appeared about 1868 will be found on page 55. A view of the old government mill will be found on page 28. 300 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS TIIE LUMBER EXCHANGE. facturing in this city though carrying on extensive operations in other parts of the state. Charles A. Bovey who came to Minne apolis in the later sixties and had been the managing member of the firm of Eastman, Bovey & Company with mills at the east side dam, was one of the few lumbermen to continue business after the final de struction of the east side mills. The com pany was reorganized as the Bovey-DeLaittre Lumber Company, the machinery of the Pacific mill was purchased and re built into a modern plant at Thirty-ninth avenue north. The John Martin Lumber Company, or ganized in 1875, did a very large business until the burning of the mills in 1887 and then discontinued operations. The Hall & D u c e y Lumber Company was formed in 1866 and built a large mill at the foot of Fifth avenue north which has been operated for years by the Shevlin-Carpenter Company, succes sors to the original cor poration. The firm of C. A. Smith & Co. was formed in 1878, Ex-governor John S. Pillsbury being the "company" in the firm. The great mill owned by the firm at Shingle Creek was not built until com paratively recently. The corporation is now the C. A/ Smith L u m b e r Company. E. W. Backus & Co. acquired in 1889 a mill built by Beede & Bray on the east side in 1882 operating it for several years until it was burned and then built a large mill on the west side. The firm was an exten sive operator for years, but recently sold the mill to the Northland Pine Company which now operates it for the Weyerhauser interests. The H. C. Akeley Lumber Company was formed in 1889 and built a great mill at Twenty-eighth avenue north which for a while was the largest lumber producer in the city. It is now operated by the Itasca Lumber Company. The Carpenter-Lamb Company built at Thirtieth avenue north east. Many smaller mills have been built from time to time and several large ones which were always occupied in sawing lumber for the account of other owners have not been mentioned. With the gradual exhaustion of the timber supply they have gone out of business one after another and during the season of 1908 only five remained in service. These were the mills of the C. A. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY Smith Lumber Company, the Bovey-DeLaittre Lumber Company, the CarpenterLamb Company, the Northland Pine Com pany and the Itasca Lumber Company. THE BOOM COMPANY. The necessities of logging operations caused the establishment of an institution peculiar to the business very early in the history of lumbering. Logging was at first carried on in a very simple way. Logs came from very short distances—mainly 301 organized in 1851 to handle all logs in the river and separate them for the several owners. A few years' trial showed that a boom company was a good thing, but also convinced the lumbermen of the futility of two authorities of this kind, when one might serve better. So in 1856 the Missis sippi & Rum River Boom Company was formed, with a capital of $15,000, and the two older companies were absorbed. John S. Prince was the first president, J. A. Lovejoy, secretary, and S. W. Farnham, treas- A MODERN MINNEAPOLIS SAW MILL—PLANT OF THE C. A. SMITH LUMBER COMPANY. out of the Rum river at first—and each op erator hired his own men for the drive and got his logs into the booms at Minneapolis after his own fashion. But it soon became plain that some more orderly way must be devised. There were many disputes over ownership of logs through the unavoidable confusion in driving by so many, and the expense was large. In order to bring the whole subject under recognized supervi sion the Mississippi River Boom Company and the St. Anthony Boom Company were urer. The boom company proved a great success. It has continuously handled all the logs in the river as far up as "boom lim its" extend (and they now reach for many miles), attending to the drive, holding back when necessary, storing logs at convenient points and finally delivering them to the mills in Minneapolis in such quantities as may be needed to allow continuous opera tion during the season, and at the same time prevent inconvenient surplus stocks in the mill "pockets." All the mill owners are 302 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS represented in the boom company and have a voice in its management. R. H. Chute lias been for years its manager. LUMBER OUTPUT. From a trivial output as late as i860 the product of the Minneapolis saw mills rap idly increased, reaching 118,000,000 feet in 1870; 195,000,000 feet in 1880; 344,000,000 feet in 1890; and 595,000,000 feet in 1899. By 1890 the production of Minneapolis had exceeded that of other lumber making points and the city stood first as a lumber center in the world. The production "of 1899 was the high tide of the industry. Since then the total cut has diminished and will never again approach the half billion mark. The exact figures of the cut since 1890 are as follows: Feet. Feet. 1890 343,573,762 1899 594,373,000 1891 447,713,252 1900 501,522,000 1892 488,724,624 1901 559,914,055 1893 409,000,000 190 2 465,244,000 1894 491,256,000 1903 432,144,000 1895 479,102,000 1904 386,911,000 1896 307,179,000 190 5 362,166,000 1897 460,348,272 1906 297,112,811 1898 469,701,000 1907 214,182,932 For years past the lumber business of the northwest has been centering in Minneap olis. The product of scores of country mills is now sold from Minneapolis, whether it is actually shipped into or through the city or not. Some mill owners whose properties are located in various places in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and elsewhere have their offices in Minneapolis and live here; their lumber, in many instances, may be shipped in an opposite direction from this city, but the business is done here. A conspicuous ex ample of this branch of the business may be found in the interests of M. J. Scanlon of Minneapolis. Mr. Scanlon has never owned a mill in Minneapolis but through several corporations having mills in various parts of the country controls ai\ immense output of lumber and is one of the leading lumbermen of the world. The product of many other outside mills is handled through Minneapolis branch offices or local jobbers or brokers. Thus it can be seen that no statement of receipts and shipments of lumber into and from Minneapolis can fully give an idea of the volume of trade con trolled here, but, the following statement covering the past twenty-five years will be suggestive: Receipts, Feet. Shipments, Feet. 1880 20,400,000 167,840,000 1885 61,619,000 139,450,000 1890 117,510,000 300,495,000 Year. 1895. 81,150,000 364,635,000 1900 85,380,000 398,970,000 319,635,000 1905 157,890,000 1906 190,725,000 301,365,000 190 7 173,775,000 272,505,000 Jobbers of lumber in Minneapolis have increased in number and volume of busi ness very rapidly of late. Pacific coast lumber manufacturers are more and more establishing agencies or branches here. And in addition the "line yard" business has centered here as it developed to large pro portions. This is the business controlled by firms owning many individual country lumber yards which they manage from a central city office. By owning many they are enabled to buy much cheaper in large lots and to manage the business at a mini mum expense. Minneapolis being the nat ural market for the northwest, the business has gradually centered here. Pine has been the chief kind of lumber in the Minneapolis market so long that other woods have not had due attention. But they are rapidly coming into prominence as the white pine grows scarcer. The use of hemlock, once despised of all lumber men, is growing more common and south ern yellow pine and all kinds of hardwoods are sold more and more in this market. The hardwood lumbermen form a large group by themselves. Closely associated with them is a group of men engaged in handling a great variety of building materials. There are also large dealers in railroad ties, staves, hoop poles and a great variety of forest products. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY 303 Minneapolis is the headquarters for a number of the great organizations of lum bermen, notably of the Northern Pine Man ufacturers' Association, the Northwestern Lumbermen's Association, the Northwest ern Hardwood Lumbermen's Association, and the Northwestern Cedarmen's Associa tion. The production of lumber at Minneapolis is approaching its end. Sawmills will be in operation for some years, but the output will be in diminishing quantity and must eventually cease altogether unless the price of lumber rises to such a point that logs may be brought to Minneapolis by rail. The city will continue to be a great lumber market, however. Its position as the lum ber center of the northwest will continue unassailed for years to come. BAILEY, William Crawford, was born on July 22, 1836, at Milford, Maine. From both branches of the family he is descended from old New England stock, the great-grandfather having been a lieutenant in the patriot army during the War of the Revolution. He in turn, on his paternal side, was descended directly from the family of Thomas and Joseph Dudley, both gov ernors of Massachusetts, his grandmother's maid en name having been Catherine Dudley. Charles bailey, father of William Crawford, was at vari ous periods of his life, a tavern-keeper, farmer, postmaster and country squire. He married Mary Jane Ring and was in business at Milford at the time of his son's birth. William Crawford attended the district schools at that place and studied at different periods at the Hampden Academy and Bucksport Seminary in Maine. When he left school he was employed for a time in the tavern kept by his father, clerked in the post office and worked on the farm. This work, however, did not satisfy his aims, and he became a school teacher, filling that position for several terms until in 1864 he determined to enter the logging business. For about sixteen years he. was engaged in the Maine woods, in the logging camps in the winter, on the log drive in the spring, and with the disposal of his logs during the remainder of the year. With the exception of a short period when he was engaged in the general merchandise business in Old Town. Maine, and again when he was for a few months interested in live-stock dealing he has been con tinuously connected with the lumber industry. In 1880 he came to Minneapolis and in February, 1881, commenced to deal in the general hardwood WILLIAM 0. BAILEY. lumber trade, and has been associated with that business up to the present time, and has built up an "extensive and prosperous trade. Shortly af ter the outbreak of the Civil War, on July 31, 1862, Mr. Bailey enlisted with the Federal troops at Bangor, Maine, and served as a second lieu tenant, and before his term of service expired, participated in the battles of Antietam and Fred ericksburg. He is now a member of Chase Post, No. 22, G. A. R., and is the senior vice comman der. He also belongs to the St. Anthony CornCommercial Club. Mr. Bailey has been a stanch supporter of the republican party since its organ ization. Though he has never been an active office-seeker he has held several public positions, having been a member of the school board of his native town and during his residence in Lewiston, Maine, one of the common council of that city. He is a member of the Universalist church. On May 28, 1880, Mr. Bailey was married to Miss Phoebe Lee De Witt, and they have four children, Mary De Witt, Katie Deering, Annie Lucretia and George Crawford. BOVEY, Charles A., of the Bovey-De Laittre Lumber Company, has been with his partner, John De Laittre, continuously in the lumber busi ness in Minneapolis for a longer period than any one else actively identified with the industry. Mr. 304 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Bovey is a native of Maine. He was born at Bath, May 27, 1832, of English parents who came to the United States in 1815. His early years were spent at Bath receiving a common school education, and the original Bovey homestead where he passed his boyhood, as well as the school house which he attended, are still stand ing. While still a boy of fifteen, Mr. Bovey visited St. John, New Brunswick—a visit which led to his entering a large establishment engaged in West India trade and the lumber business. He was in active business there for about twenty years. Articles on the possibilities of the west written by Charles Cotton Coffin and others, soon after the war, turned 'Mr. Bovey's attention in this-direction and he came to Minneapolis in 1869. He at once engaged in the lumber business in partnership with the late W. W. Eastman and John De Laittre under the firm name of Eastman, Bovey & Company. This business has continued without interruption to the present time. About twenty years ago it was incorporated as the Bovey-De Laittre Lumber Company. During the earlier years the firm operated the "Pioneer" saw mill at the Falls on the west side, continuing to CHARLES A. BOVEY. manufacture at that place until the property was sold to the water power company. They then bought what was known as the Butler mill on the east side, operating it until it was burned about twenty years ago, when they bought the present site at Thirty-ninth avenue north where a mod ern steam mill was erected, at which time the present corporation was formed—including H. W. De Laittre and Frank A. Bovey. During his long business life in Minneapolis, Mr. Bovey has taken an active part in the development of the city and has had interests in various institutions from time to time and has now a large interest in the John C. Johnson Company, wholesale gro cers. Soon after coming to Minneapolis he built his home at Thirteenth street and Harmon place, then described by his friends as being in the outer limits of the city. To this home he brought his family from New Brunswick. He had been married in 1856 at Salem, Massachusetts, to a daughter of Luke Brooks, a merchant of Boston. They had six children who are all living—Frank A., associated with his father in the Bovey-De Laittre Lumber Company. Charles Cranston and William H., both connected with the WashburnCrosby Company; John Alden of the Bovey-Shute Lumber Company; and two daughters. Mrs. Bovey died November 15, 1906. The family has attended Plymouth Congregational Church since 1870. In political affiliations Mr. Bovey is a re publican, though independent in his views, and especially in local elections makes it a point to vote for the best man. He is especially inter ested in good municipal government and in the maintenance of good schools and worthy charit able institutions. BROWN, Henry Francis, one of the pioneer citizens of Minneapolis, is a native of Maine. He was born on his father's farm near Baldwin, Maine, on October 10, 1843. His father, Cyrus S. Brown, was a weil-to-do farmer and both he and his wife, Mary Burnham, represented old and prominent families in that part of the state. Their son Henry, who was one of the family of ten children, was educated at the common schools at Fryeburg and Limerick academies, but when sev enteen years old, came to Minneapolis in 1859, where he at once entered the lumbering business. For a few years he had a hard time to get a foot ing and even engaged in farming and school teaching to aid in securing money to invest in lumbering, but after a short time he became one of the most prominent lumbermen of the north west. During his long business career in Minne apolis, he has taken an active part in the financial and manufacturing industries of the city. He has large interests in flour milling, was at one time, president of the Union National bank, a director in the North American Telegraph company as well as in the Minneapolis Trust company and the Minneapolis Street Railway company. Mr. Brown has always been deeply interested in the breeding of fine cattle and for many years has maintained THE LUMBER INDUSTRY 305 an extensive stock farm at Browndale, near Min neapolis. He has become one of the most promi nent breeders of short-horns in the country, took the sweepstake prize at the world's fair in Chi cago in 1893, and for years has had the first prize for short-horns at all state fairs at his command whenever he chose to exhibit. In connection with his interests in stock breeding, Mr. Brown has been very influential in the agricultural interests of the state. Mr. Brown was married in 1865 t ° Susan H. Fairfield in Maine. Mrs. Brown was a member of the world's fair commission for the state of Minnesota and took an active part in the management of the women's department at that great exposition. CHUTE, Richard Henry, treasurer of the Mississippi & Rum River Boom Company, has engaged in the lumber business in several states and for the last fourteen years has been identi fied with that industry in Minnesota. He is a native of Massachusetts, born at Woburn on March 14, 1843, the son of Reverend A. P. Chute and Sarah M. Chute. His father was born in Massachusetts and was educated in the eastern states for the ministry, serving as a Congrega tional minister and occupying his pulpit for many years. The mother of Mr. Chute was born in Maine, her name before marriage being Sarah M. Chandler. Mr. Chute was educated in Massa chusetts. He attended the public schools at vari ous places, as the calls of his father's work made it necessary for the family to occasionally move from one locality to another. When he was nineteen years of age the call came for troops for the Civil war, and in August, 1862, he enlisted in the Thirty-fifth regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war, receiving several promotions during his term of service. He was transferred from the Thirty-fifth Regiment to the Fifty-ninth and held a captain's commission in the latter at the close of fighting in 1865. After being mustered out Mr. Chute moved from Massachusetts to St. Louis, Missouri, where he was variously engaged during the next four years and then entered the industry with which he has been so closely identified for almost forty years. From 1869 un til 1875 he was in the lumber business at St. Louis. He then moved to Wisconsin, where he acquired lumber interests at Eau Claire. .Mr. Chute remained in Wisconsin about eighteen years, building up a large business, but in 1893 transferred his residence and business headquar ters to Minneapolis, where the company he rep resents is one of the principal log handling con cerns. At the present time he is the treasurer of the Mississippi & Rum River Boom Company which handles the logs en route from the upper waters of the Mississippi and Rum Rivers to the various saw mills located at Minneapolis as well as those which pass over the Falls to the mills below the Twin Cities. The Northland Pine Company is another of the firms in which Mr HENRY F . BROWN Chute has holdings and of which he is the gen eral manager. Mr. Chute also holds among other positions the offices, of secretary and treas urer of the St. Paul Boom Company and similar positions with the Northern Boom Company. He gives his personal attention to the manage ment of these several companies. Mr. Chute has never been an enthusiastic political worker but takes an interest in public movements for good government and municipal improvement. He was also a promoter of the temperance cause while in Wisconsin. Mr. Chute is a member of the Grand Army, belonging to Eagle Post, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin. He attends the Lowry Hill Congregational Church. On November 6. 1867, he was married to Miss Susan R. Nelson of Georgetown, Massachusetts, and they have had five children, three of whom are now living Arthur L., the oldest son is a practicing surgeon in Boston; the younger, Robert W., is a teller in the Security National Bank of this city. There is one daughter, Rebecca, who lives with her parents at their home in Minneapolis. CLARKE, Hovey C., was born at Flint, Michi gan, May 7, 1859, son of George T. Clarke, who was a civil engineer. Mr. Clarke received his early educational training at Flint, and was a member of the class of 1879 at Ann Arbor Uni versity, Michigan, but did not graduate with the 306 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS class because h e entered business life before the expiration of the term. F r o m 1876 t o 1886 he was with the Chicago and West-Michigan Rail way Company, and in the latter year was one of the incorporators of the Hall & Ducey Lumber Company which was succeeded by the ShevlinCarpenter Company, of which Mr. Clarke is treas urer. H e is secretary and treasurer of the Crookston Lumber Company and of the St. Hilaire Lumber Company; vice-president of the J . Neils Lumber Company, and of the Shevlin-Clarke. Timber Company; treasurer of the Lillooet L u m ber Company, of the Land, L o g & Lumber Com pany, and of T h e Shevlin-Mathieu Lumber Com pany; director of the First National Bank of Min neapolis and of the First National Bank of Crookston, Minneapolis, also a trustee of t h e N o r t h western Mutual Life Insurance Company of Mil waukee. Mr. Clarke was foreman of the grand jury of Hennepin county in 1903, (which handled the famous Ames scandal). H e - i s an honorary member of J o h n Rawlins Post, G. A. R., and a member of t h e Minneapolis, the Minikahda, the Lafayette, and the T o w n and Country Clubs; and is also a member of the Spokane, ( W a s h i n g t o n ) Club the Spokane T o w n and Country Club, and of the S a n t a Barbara, (California) T o w n and Coun t r y Club. H e is president of the Lafayette Club, and a governor of the Minneapolis Club. Mr. Clarke is a member of St. Mark's Episcopal Church. H e was married in 1886 t o Maggie L. Rice of Detroit, Michigan! Mr. Clarke's business connections place him-distinctly a m o n g the lead ing men of affairs in Minneapolis and a positive factor in the forces of the forward movement of the community. . _ . DAY, Eugene H., engaged in the lumber busi ness in this city, has been, with the exception of a few years spent a t school in the east, a resident of Minneapolis during the forty years of his life. A m o n g t h e early territorial pioneers of Minne sota was J o h n W . Day, w h o engaged in the log ging and lumber business i n t h e pine forests" which have played s o g r e a t a p a r t in the rapid and substantial development of this section. H e was closely connected with the early life of t h e state, and underwent with the other settlers the perils of the well-remembered Indian uprising" and the other hardships of building a new country. J o h n W . D a y was the father of E u g e n e H . H e was married t o Lavinia Gray, and their son was born on May 26, 1867, a t Minneapolis. Mr. D a y is a graduate of the Minneapolis public schools, where he began his education, which was later continued in Phillips Academy, a t Andover, Mas sachusetts. H e completed t h e course a t Andover and returning t o Minneapolis entered the law de partment of the University of Minnesota. T h e r e he was engaged with legal studies until 1891, in which year he graduated with the degree of L L . B. Mr. Day, however, has never practiced his profes sion b u t has used his legal training only in the condact of his private affairs. I n speaking of his business life Mr. D a y says that it has been un eventful, but this does not mean lacking either in energetic effort o r the success which accompanies such endeavor. H e has been almost continuous ly in the lumber business. Shortly after leaving college he entered t h e employ of J . W . D a y & Company, lumber dealers, the firm which his father had organized and of which he was the head. H e remained with the firm f o r some time, resigning his office t o enter the fire insurance business with Messrs. March and Fletcher under the name of Fletcher, March & Company. H e withdrew from the organization in 1903 t o estab lish the E . H . D a y Lumber Company, of which he is the owner and manager, with headquarters and yards in this city. A general retail lumber business is carried on and the company, though s o recently organized, is doing a heavy business in and around Minneapolis. Mr. Day takes more than a passing interest in t h e movements tending toward the municipal and material progress of the city and is a member of t h a t large factor in the majority of such measures—the Minne apolis Commercial Club. O n J u n e 24, 1896, he was married t o Miss Mabel Conkey. D U L A N Y , George William, Jr., was born at F o r t Scott, Kansas, on July 11, 1877, the s o n of George W . Dulany, Sr. T h e members of the family for three generations have been lumber men in the Mississippi valley, for fifty years his grandfather, father and uncles having been well known a m o n g the timber operations of that sec tion. George William, Jr., resided in Hannibal. Missouri, during his boyhood and in the public schools of t h a t town began his education. At intervals his studies were suspended that he might spend his time in travel and he has been over a considerable part of t h e country, thus add ing an excellent general knowledge t o that of his text books. H e entered Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated with the class of 1895 and following this.preparatory work matriculated a t Yale University with the class of 1898. H e continued his studies a t that institution for three years and a t the completion of his course received his diploma with a degree of P h . B. in 1898. H e determined to engage in the civil en gineering profession and studied with t h a t end in view. T h e lumbering industry, however, in which a number of the members of his family were engaged, offered splendid opportunities for a successful business career and Mr. Dulany be came an officer in one of these concerns and has been continuously connected with some one of the various companies in which the Dulanys are interested. A t the present time he holds the of fices of vice president and treasurer of the Eclipse Lumber Company, which has its headquarters in this city and operates a n extensive line of retail lumber and coal yards throughout the states of Minnesota and Iowa. A t the outbreak of t h e Spanish-American W a r soon after h e had left college, Mr. Dulany enlisted in the United States SWEET, PHOTO 308 A HALF CENTURY O f MINNEAPOLIS Navy as a seaman, and at the close of hostilities was discharged as a second class quartermaster. Since moving to Minneapolis Mr. Dulany has. been connected with the National Guard of Min nesota as a second lieutenant in Battery B, First Artillery. In recognition of his energy and abil ity he was made a member of the executive com mittee in charge of the fortieth annual National Encampment of the G. A. R. in this city during August, 1906, one of the most successful reunions in every way that the organization of veterans has ever attended. Mr. Dulany is identified with the social life of the city and is well known in club circles, being a member of the Minikahda Club, the Lafayette Club, the Commercial Club, Roosevelt Club, the Chicago Athletic Association, the Sons of the American Revolution and the Chi Phi fraternity. In 1901 he was married to Miss Katherine R. McDonald, of Evanston, Illi nois, and they have one son,, George William Dulany III, who with his great-grandfather, Wm. H. Dulany, eighty-nine years of age, makes four generations of the family now living. GERHARD, Franklin C., son of Dr. Mathias and Harriet Gerhard, was born March 1, 1852, at Delaware, Ohio, where he lived twenty-nine years. Later he spent several years in the drug business in Ohio and at various points in Illinois, coming to Minneapolis in 1881, where he entered upon the strong and successful activities of his maturer life, first with the Pray Manufacturing Company and later in association with Major J. B. Bassett. His attention was early directed to the alluring opportunities of the lumber business, which, de structive in its remorseless appetite for standing pine, taking a dozen billion feet from the upper Mississippi region alone up to 1900, is neverthe less an opener of wildernesses and a promoter of towns and cities and transportation and settle ment and development generally. Mr. Gerhard's relations to the lumber trade are accentuated by his official positions of treasurer and manager of the Itasca Lumber Company; secretary and treas urer of the Deer River Lumber Company; general manager of the Minneapolis and Rainy River Railway Company. The Itasca Lumber Company was organized in 1883 by R. W. Turnbull, R. B. Barker, of Chicago, and David Joyce, of Clinton, Iowa; W. T. Joyce, of Chicago, being president, H. C. Akeley of Minneapolis, vice president; Thomas Hume of Muskegan, Michigan, secretary. The Rainy River Railway is one of those enter prises which open up regions for human settle ment and Mr. Gerhard's pushing and progressive tendencies back of it suggest abundant and fruit ful results. His residence of a quarter of a cen tury in Minneapolis has shown him to be the kind of citizen needed. Mr. Gerhard is a republi can in politics. He is a member of the Minneap olis Club and a member of the Episcopal church. He was married on June 8, 1875, i n Columbus, Ohio, to Mary Louise Downer, of Vermont. They have two children, Mrs. Franklin F. Andrews, and Mrs. William R. Wallace. JOHNSON, Charles J., son of John and Johana (Peterson) Johnson, was born September 12, 1849, at Hofmantorp, Sweden. His father was a farmer and Charles J. passed his early life on the farm and attended the public schools until he was fourteen years of age, when he com menced work on his father's farm and in a small water power saw-mill jointly owned by his father and neighboring farmers, which stood on his father's land. While employed in this mill Mr. Johnson received his first training in the lumber ing and saw-milling business. In June, 1869, he came to Red Wing, Minnesota, and the fol lowing year moved to Minneapolis, where he was immediately employed in the lumber yard of Dean & Company. He wished to continue his education and for two years he attended the public schools and then entered the University of Minnesota and studied for a year. He con tinued to work in Minneapolis until 1879 when he moved to Evansville, Minnesota, and there started a retail lumber business in connection with C. A. Smith of the C. A. Smith Lumber Company of this city. In 1884 Mr. Johnson returned to Minneapolis and became a member of the C. A. Smith Lumber Company and is still connected with that concern. He now holds the offices of vice president of the C. A. Smith Lum ber Company, the C. A. Smith Timber Company and the Northwestern Compo Board Company. Among his other business interests, Mr. John son is a director of the Swedish American Na tional Bank, of which he was one of the original organizers. In politics he is a republican and is active in the work of that party. For six years he was on the park board ; of this city and while in Evansville was for two years president of the village board. He is a member of the Odin Club. In 1861, Mr. Johnson was married to Miss Mary L. Kraft, of Minneapolis, and they have three sons, Victor, Guy and Ansel, aged respectively twenty-four., twenty-one and nineteen years. McKNIGHT, Sumner T., was born April 2, 1836, at Truxton, New York. His earlier years were spent in Truxton and in Homer, New York, where he attended the common schools. When he was twenty years old he entered the lumber business at Wausau, Marathon county, Wiscon sin, and subsequently established the firm of S. T. McKnight & Co., at Hannibal, Missouri. In 1871 the Northwestern Lumber Company was in corporated in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Of this he was treasurer from 1871 to 1898, and president from 1898 until 1902, and president of the Missis sippi Valley Lumbermen's Association in 1901 to 1903. He was vice president of the Flour City National Bank from 1895 to 1901, when he be came a director of the Security Bank. At the f . . i P . ? • . . 1 310 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS JOHN MARTIN. time of his death he was president of the S. T. McKnight Company. Comparatively few men had such broad, practical, inclusive and extensive ex perience in the lumber business as had„Mr. Mc Knight. It was his fortune to be engaged in the trade during the time of its greatest importance in the northwest. He was a large factor in the de-velopment of the white pine lumber industry; and saw it rise to the highest point and then .begin the decline which was inevitable. During the later years of his life he made, large investments in Minneapolis real estate and- was regarded as one of the most sagacious and conservative busi ness men in the city. Mr. McKnight was mar ried to Eugenia M. Manville at Ripon, Wisconsin, September 30, 1868, and to them three children were born, Mrs. Harriet Crosby, Mrs. Carolyn Christian and a son, Sumner T., Jr. Mr. Mc Knight died on August 3, 1908, at the age of seventy-two years. MARTIN, John, for many years a leading lumberman and prominent business man of Min neapolis, was born at Peacham, Caledonia coun ty, Vermont, on August 18, 1820. His father, Eliphalet Martin and his mother, Martha Hoyt Martin, migrated to Peacham from Woodbury, Conneticut. Their son, John, was one of a family of ten children and he shared the rugged life of the New England farm during his boyhood, attending school for a few weeks each winter and working during the rest of the year on the home farm. At the age of nineteen he left home and com menced steamboating on the Connecticut River. Ten years of steamboating brought him to the gold excitement of 1849 and he went to California by Panama and after a year returned to Vermont with considerable accumulation as a result of his ^ear in the west. He then determined to leave Vermont for good and settled in the village of St. Anthony in 1855. His- experience in steam boating was at once utilized by the people of the village who were organizing a company to oper ate boats on the lower river. He became a stock holder and subsequently captain of one of the steamers, but he had become interested in the lumbering trade and soon turned his attention to the purchase of pine lands and logging and saw ing lumber. This business developed very rapidly and was finally incorporated as the John Martin Lumber Company. Early in his business career he engaged in flour-milling and upon the organization of the Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company became its president. It was then the second largest flour manufacturing busi ness in the city. Captain Martin also took a prominent part in the financial life of the city and was a director and officer of the First Na tional Bank of Minneapolis from its organiza tion in 1864 until the time of his death. He was a director and vice-president of the Minneapolis & St. Louis road and sustained the same relation towards the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway. Captain Martin was married in 1849 to Miss Jane D. Gilfillan of Peacham, Ver mont, who died in 1886. They had but one daughter, Mrs. Jean Martin Brown. Captain Martin and his family were for many years prominent members of the First Congre gational Church. Although taking little personal part in politics, Captain Martin was a life long republican and a most public spirited citizen. MORRISON,. Dorilus, was born of Scottish ancestry in Livermore, Oxford county, Maine, December 27, 1814. He was early engaged in the .business of outfitting lumbermen at Bangor and, when he came to Minnesota in 1854 and located at St. Anthony he was duly impressed with the advantages of the state for lumbering. He took a contract to supply the mills located on the water power on the east side of the Mississippi with logs, and, employing crews of loggers, he operated on Rum river the next winter and de livered the logs in the booms in the spring. This business he continued for some years and after the Minneapolis Mill Company's dam was built he put up a saw mill and opened a lumber yard and went extensively into the lumber business, cutting the logs in the woods and manufacturing the lumber. Through his indefatigable work the property of the Minneapolis Mill Company was thoroughly developed and the canal was soon lined with mills and factories and received the \ V!' 312 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS care and guidance of Mr. Morrison until the property was sold to an English syndicate. Mr. Morrison was chosen in 1856 the first president and was afterward for some years a director of the Union Board of Trade, which was designed to stimulate the business interest of St. Anthony and the nascent town of Minneapolis. His in fluence was strongty felt in this connection. In 1857 he assisted in the organization of a New England society composed of settlers from that section. When the subject of the Five Million Railroad Loan Bill was in agitation, Mr. Morri son strongly opposed the proposition to loan the credit of the state to certain chartered impecuni ous railway companies to the extent of $5,000,000. In 1864 and 1865, Mr. Morrison served in the legislature with such men as Hon. John S. Pillsbury, Hon. Cyrus Aldrich and Judge F. R. E. Cornell. In 1867, on the incorporation of Min neapolis, Mr. Morrison was chosen the first mayor of that city. He was again elected in 1869 and proved himself a thorough business mayor. He was always a republican, though not a partisan. He was. a member of the first com pany organized to construct the first section of the Northern Pacific Railway associated with Messrs. Brackett, King, Eastman, Washburn and Shepherd, of Minneapolis; Merriam, of St. Paul; Payson and Canda, of Chicago; Balch, of New Hampshire, and Ross and Robinson, of Canada. The first section included 240 miles of the line and was completed in 1872. Mr. Morrison was made one of the directors of the Northern Pacific which position he held until the re-organization of the road after the failure of Jay Cooke. In 1873 Mr. Morrison was again on the board of construction which built the second section of the Northern Pacific, from the Red river to the Missouri. There being no money to pay for the work, Mr. Morrison assumed the shares of his associates and cancelled the indebtedness and re ceived from the company a large trac^ of pine lands in Northern Minnesota, which subsequent ly proved very profitable to him. During his long business career in Minneapolis, Mr. Morrison was identified with a large number of manufactur ing enterprises and financial institutions. One with which his name was most prominently as sociated was the Minneapolis Harvester Works, which he assisted in organizing, more as a matter of public interest than of personal profit. When this concern at one time seemed likely to fail, Mr. Morrison assumed the interest of the stock holders who desired to withdraw, gave the busi ness his personal attention and built it up to a position of success and made it a most valuable industry to the city. With his many business engagements, Mr. Morrison found time to serve the city in many ways. Twice he served upon the school board and for one term was its president. He was a very prominent and influential member of the first board of park commissioners. He was also deeply interested in the Athenaeum and in 'promoting plans for the Minneapolis Public Li brary. Mr. Morrison was married in 1840, in Liverpool, to Miss H. P. Whittemore, who went with him to Minnesota. She died in 1881 in Austria and was the mother of three children— George H., Clinton and Grace. George H. Mor rison died many years ago. His second wife was Mrs. A. C. Clagstone, a woman of culture and refinement. Mr. Morrison was a member of the Universalist Church of the Redeemer. MERRIMAN, Orlando Crosby, was born July 27,1827, at Somerville, St. Lawrence county, New York. He was the son of Orramel and Amanda Merriman. Mr. Merriman was born and brought up on a farm. He received his early education in the district school. In 1845 he entered the Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, the leading school of the kind in northern New York, attend ing the spring and fall terms for four years and working on the farm in the summer and teach ing school in the winter. At the age of twenty* three he began the study of law in the office of Charles Anthony at Gouverneur. After his ad mission to the bar in 1854 he moved to Janesville, Wisconsin. Soon after he moved to Jef ferson, where he formed a partnership in the practice of law with Lieutenant Governor John E. Holmes, In 1859 he moved to St. Anthony, Minnesota, where he continued the practice of law. When the Civil War broke out he was ORLANDO C. MERRIMAN. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY mayor of St. Anthony. In 1862 he was re-elected and in that same year he organized a company and was chosen captain. The company was merged in the Sixth Minnesota Volunteers. He served with this company on the frontier dur ing the Sioux uprising of 1862, participating in several battles with the Indians, notably Birch Cooley and Wood Lake. In June, 1864, Mr. Merriman, on account of ill health, was forced to resign his commission and return to St. An thony where he resumed the practice of law, forming a partnership with William Lochren, which partnership lasted until 1867 when Mr. Merriman was elected treasurer and general man ager of the Mississippi and Rum River Boom Company. In 1866 he was again elected mayor of St. Anthony. In 1870 he entered the general lumber business. His firm, L. Butler & Company and later Merriman, Barrows & Company, was one of the leading lumber companies at St. An thony Falls until 1891. After the consolidation of St. Anthony and Minneapolis, Mr. Merriman was elected in 1875 mayor of Minneapolis. He was for a number of years a member of the board of education of St. Anthony. In 1864, he was appointed regent of the state university and together with John S. Pillsbury and John Nichols placed the university on a foundation which will endure for all time. He served for a long time as director of the Northwestern National Bank and also as director of the Commercial Bank of Minneapolis. He also served for a number of years as member of the Board of Managers of the Minnesota State Reformatory and a member of the board of the Industrial Exposition of Minneapolis. He was a member of Darius Commandary and of the Loyal Legion. Mr. Merriman contributed much towards founding the First Unitarian Church of Minneapolis and was a trus tee of that church for a number of years from its foundation in 1881. In 1897 he w a s appointed Referee in Bankruptcy, which position he held down to the time of his death. Mr. Merriman was married in. 1854 t o Miss Rosannah Herring. To them were born seven children, of whom three have died. Those living are Orlando Crosby Jr., John Herring, Frances Frederika (Mrs. F. G. James) and Harry. Mr. Merriman died August 2, 1906. Mr. Merriman was indeed one of the makers of Minneapolis and was held in universal esteem by those who knew him during his long life in the city. An expression of this esteem was well voiced in a resolution adopted by the city council of Minneapolis on August 10th, 1906, immediately after his death. PETTIT, Curtis Hussey (C. H. Pettit), a pioneer of Minneapolis who has been prominently identified with the business, social and political life of the city for the last half century, was born in Ohio, at Hanover, Columbiana county, September 18, 1833. He was the son of Joseph 313 C U R T I S II. I'ETTIT. and Hannah G. (Hussey) Pettit. To give their children the best education possible was the strong desire of his parents, and though a farm er's boy he had the somewhat unusual chances, for those days, of a course at Oberlin, after some time spent at a Quaker school at Mt. Pleasant, Ohio. After leaving college Mr. Pettit entered business in Cleveland for a short time going from Cleveland to Pittsburgh where he remained about four years returning to Cleveland for a few months. At the age of twenty-two he came to Minneapolis, in 1855, where he at once established himself in the banking business, maintaining at the same time a real estate and land office. In i860 he disposed of his banking interests and engaged in the hardware trade until the autumn of 1866 when he went into the lumber business for a time, operating one of the saw mills at the falls under the firm name of Ankeny-Robinson & Pettit. Later he went into flour milling and in connection with other parties erected the Pettit mill which was operated by the firm of Pettit, Robinson & Company. This mill was destroyed in the mill explosion of 1878 but was immediately rebuilt and Mr. Pettit continued to h:.ve an interest in it until it became the property 314 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS and graduated from that institution. Mr. Rogers of the Northwestern Consolidated Milling Com did not take up a professional training, but en pany in 1891. The mill was then dismantled and tered at once upon an active business career, and converted into an elevator. Mr. Pettit has long a short time after leaving college came to Min since retired from active executive work in busi neapolis to accept a position with the C. A. ness, finding his time fully occupied in looking Smith Lumber Company. That was about ten after his extensive interests. From the first years ago, and Mr. Rogers was associated with Mr. Pettit took an active part in public affairs that firm in various capacities and for the last of Minneapolis. He was a member, of the sec three years as its secretary, until with his ond city council elected in 1859 and, always an brothers A. R. Rogers and John J. Rogers, he active republican, was for many years a member established the Rogers Lumber Company. Of of the county, congressional, and state central this organization A. R. Rogers is president, committees of his party and at different times was George H. Rogers vice president, and John J. chairman of each. He was a member of the Rogers, secretary and treasurer. Their head Minnesota State Senate for the sessions of 1866, quarters are in Minneapolis. Besides his official 1868, 1869, 1870 and 1871, and of the House of position Mr. Rogers is one of the heads of the Representatives for the sessions of 1874, 1875, active management of the concern. In politics 1876 and 1887. The Minneapolis Patrol Law Mr. Rogers is a republican but is not an active up to 1887 had been in force only as a city or party worker. He is well known in the social dinance which could be amended or repealed at and club circles of the city and is a member of any time by the city council. During the legisla the more important clubs—the Minneapolis tive session of that year Mr. Pettit introduced Club, the Minikahda Club, the Minneapolis Ath a bill which became a law defining the limits of letic Club, and the Rainier Club of Seattle. Mr. and making operative the Patrol Law by act of Rogers attends the Presbyterian Church. He is the Legislature thus taking the matter out of not married. the control of the council and making the patrol limits practically a permanent policy of the city SCANLON, M. J., was born August 24, government. This law has been and is one of 1861, in Juneau county, Wisconsin, seven miles the very best devices ever made use of for con from Lyndon. Like other lads who were raised trolling the liquor traffic in cities. During the same session Mr. Pettit prepared/ introduced and - o n a farm; he early-knew the meaning of work and the constant labors necessary to win a secured the passage of th'e law under which the living. During the winter months when little present Hennepin County Court House and Min work was done on the farm, he attended the neapolis City Hall has been erected. He was district school and later graduated from the appointed a member of the board of managers high school at Mauston, a neighboring village. of the State Reform School, now the State Train He taught school for several years during the ing School for Boys and Girls, by Governor winter months and entered the Madison Univer William R. Marshall in March, 1869, which posi sity in 1881. He took up the study of law at tion he held, with the exception of a few months the University but did not like legal work so in 1897, continuously -for. about thirty-two years in 1884 went to Omaha, Nebraska. Making his and until the board was, (as were other boards home with an aunt, he took a course in a busi of the state institutions) by an act of the legisla ness college and after completing it. he entered ture, superseded in August, 1901,-by a State Board the employ of the Nebraska Lumber Co., as of Control. During the last twelve years of his bookkeeper. Mr. Scanlon remained with the term he was president of this board to which firm and its successors for four years, advancing postion he was first appointed by Gov. A: R. Mcthrough the different departments until he had Gill in January, 1887. -He'was married on June charge of the sales and credits and occasionally 2, 1857, to Deborah M. Williams, and has had making purchasing trips to the leading markets five children, of whom four .died. His young of the north and south. In March, 1889, he re est daughter, Bessie Tabitha, is the wife of signed and went to Minneapolis as secretary of George P. Douglas, and has three children. The the C. H. Ruddock Lumber Co. in charge of its family is Presbyterian. sales and credits. In the fall of 1890 it decided to close up its Minneapolis business and pur ROGERS, George Henry, one of the younger chased a large tract of cypress timber in the lumbermen of Minneapolis, and the vice president vicinity of New Orleans. They organized the of the Rogers Lumber Company, was born on Ruddock Cypress Co. and Mr. Scanlon being March 5, 1873, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His secretary of the company, moved south to take parents were Alexander H. and Martha M. Rog charge of its sales and credits. The climate of ers of that city. Alexander H. Rogers, the Louisiana did not agree with his wife's health so father, was a railroad man. George Henry at his holdings in the Ruddock Company were dis tended the public schools of Milwaukee, gradu posed of and he returned to Minneapolis in ating from the high school. Having completed March, 1892. On his return to the north, he or his preparatory education he matriculated at the ganized the firm of Scanlon-Gipson & Co. which University of Wisconsin for his college work SWEET, PHOTO 316 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS did a jobbing business, buying stocks in Minne sota and Wisconsin and selling to the trade. The Scanlon-Gipson Lumber Co. was organized about January ist, 1895, by Messrs. Scanlon, Gipson and L. R., D. F. and A. S. Brooks. The company did a very heavy business from the start and in the spring cf 1896 purchased the business of H. F. Brown of Minneapolis. This gave the company a central wholesale yard which did an annual business of 60 million feet. In 1898 a double band mill was erected at Cass Lake, Minnesota, and has produced 40 million feet annually ever since. In 1899 Mr. Scanlon visit ed the Pacific coast and purchased a large tract of yellow pine timber in eastern Oregon, organ izing for that purpose the Brooks-Robertson Lumber Co. This concern owns upwards of one billion feet of timber and Mr. Scanlon is its president. The Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Co. was organized in 1901 with a capital of $1,750,000 and built an immense five band and gang mill at Scanlon, Minnesota. This plant has a daily capacity of 600,000 feet and is probably one of the finest saw-mills in the world. Mr. Scan lon is vice president of this concern and is also vice president of the Minnesota & North Wis consin R. R. Co., which was built in 1897 to haul logs to its saw-mill at Nickerson, Minne sota, and later extended to haul logs to the Scanlon plant. The road is standard gauge, well built and splendidly equipped and does a large general freight business. Mr. Scanlon is presi dent of the Brooks Timber Company which is the owner of valuable timber held for the dif ferent northern plants in which he is interested. In 1906 Messrs. Brooks Bros. & Scanlon pur chased about 90,000 acres of timber in Louisiana, estimated to cut over one billion feet of timber. They organized the Brooks-Scanlon Company of which Mr. Scanlon is president, also the Kentwood & Eastern Ry. of which he is vice president. The company operates two modern saw-mills at Kentwood, Louisiana, and does a large commercial business over its forty-five miles of railroad, known as the Kentwood & Eastern Ry. Co. Mr. Scanlon and his associates are interested in the Bahamas Timber Co. Ltd. and are now engaged in the construction of a large saw-mill on Abaco Island. They are also heavily interested in 110,000 acres of Florida timber known as the Central Florida Lumber Company of which Mr. Scanlon is president. For a young man, Mr. Scanlon has achieved won derful success. He is the active head of a sys tem of lumber interests, the annual business of which ranks with the first firms of the country. This success has been accomplished by strict integrity and straightforward business methods which has won him the esteem and confidence of his business associates. Mr. Scanlon was married in November, 1890, to Mrs. Sarah W. Hinkle of Minneapolis. They have a family of three children and have a beautiful home on Groveland Terrace. SCHAEFER, Jacob, prominent in business and official life in Minneapolis from 1865 until his death in 1884, was born at Baerenthal, near Strasburg in 1809. He was educated in the Strasburg schools and was attending the normal school in 1828 when he determined to come to the United States. His first work in this country was as a clerk in a wholesale grocery in Phila delphia. After a few years he commenced busi ness on his own account and for the next thirty years passed through many varied experiences, making and losing several small fortunes and enduring great risks and privations. From Phil adelphia he went to Canton, Ohio, in 1842; the next year built an oil mill at Mishawaka, Indi ana, which was burned with total loss; a few years later a flood wiped out his business at Rochester, Indiana. In 1849 he went to Cali fornia, making the journey across the plains, and from San Francisco went to Nicaragua where he engaged in silver mining—again meeting with disaster. In 1852, on the Atlantic coast, he and six others contracted yellow fever. The other six men died and Mr. Schaefer's coffin was pre pared, but he recovered only to suffer shipwreck a few years later as he was returning home after a more successful venture in Honduras. In i860 he returned to Canton, Ohio, and in 1862 enlisted in the 104th Ohio Vol. Infantry. He was made quartermaster and after a few months brigade quartermaster, and later was called to the stafif of Gen. Jacob D. Cox as quartermaster of the Third Division, Twenty-third army corps, in which capacity he served until the end of the war. Coming to Minneapolis in 1865 Mr. Schaefer engaged in the lumber business. He was very successful and was soon recognized as not onl/ a good business man but a man in whom people had the utmost confidence. It thus came about that Mr. Schaefer, though a modest man and not one to put himself forward, was nominated and elected county auditor in 1870. He filled the po sition with the greatest credit for four yers. In 1878 he was elected to the board of county com missioners and served as chairman for the next six years, retiring from official life only a few months before his death. Mr. Schaefer was a life-long member of the Presbyterian church and upon coming to Minneapolis joined the West minster church of which he became a prominent member. In the G. A. R. his name hns been per petuated by Jacob Schaefer Post. Mr. Schaefer married Miss Sarah Miller, a sister of Mrs. John H. Stevens. Mrs. Schaefer accompanied him to Honduras in 1855 and was the first American lady to travel into the interior of that country. Their daughter, Frances, now Mrs. W. O. Win ston of Minneapolis, was born at Yuscaren, Hon duras. Mr. Schaefer's death occurred -March 9, 1885. Mrs. Schaefer survived him for many years and died at the home of Mrs. Winston, in Feb ruary, 1908. Possibly no clearer insight into Mr. Schaefer's character may be gained than through t^e words of a friend shortly after his death, "Mr. Schaefer was one of the truest men this city hfi§ ever known." •-"••••v. f : ' JACOB SCHAEFHR .. * 318 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ROGERS, Arthur Ross, son of Alexander H. and Martha (Ross) Rogers, was born November 13, 1864, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Jacob M. Rogers, his paternal grandfather, came from New York to Wisconsin in the early days, and Hiram J. Ross, his mother's father, migrated from Ken tucky to Milwaukee in 1848 and for some years operated a saw-mill on the Menominee Kiver within the present city limits of Milwaukee. Mr. Rogers' father was an employe of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway. Arthur Ross was the oldest child and while acquiring his edu cation in a measure supported himself. After completing the grade school course he attended the Milwaukee high school for two years, work ing during the summer months as a brakeman for the Milwaukee road, and in the car service department "at the general office. In 1882 Mr. Rogers left school and entered the employe of Edwards & McCulloch Lumber Company as second man in their yard at Valley City, N. D., of which Mr. C. E. Blackwell was manager; here he remained for two years. He was then made manager of the yard of the Gull River Lumber Company at Sanborn, N. D. Two years later failing eyesight compelled him to resign and go to Milwaukee for treatment. Through Ex-Gov ernor John S. Pillsbury Mr. Rogers came in touch with Mr. C. A. Smith and when ready to return from Milwaukee applied to him for a po sition in his office, which he received and held until the following year when he was placed in charge of the retail yard of C. A. Smith & Co., in North Minneapolis, shortly afterward he en tered the main office where he had charge first of the credit and later of the sales department. In order to more fully equip himself for a busi ness life, Mr. Rogers entered the night law school of the University of Minnesota and grad uated in 1891. In 1892 the Smith & Rogers Lumber Company was organized, at Mr. Rogers' suggestion, with Mr. Rogers as secretary and treasurer, and a line of retail yards established along the "Soo" rail road in North Dakota. The C. A. Smith Lumber Company was incorporated the next year with Mr. Rogers as secretary, and in 1901 he was made vice president. From that time till Mr. Rogers left the company the management of the extensive business of the firm devolved upon him. His own business operations became so large, how ever, that he found it necessary January 1, 1904, to devote his entire energies to his large lumber interests throughout the country. Mr. Rogers is now the president of the Rog ers Lumber Company, and the Meyer Lumber Company—controlling over seventy-five yards located throughput the West and Northwest— also president of the A. R. Rogers Lumber Co. Ltd., a lumber manufacturing company of Enderby, British Columbia. Mr. Rogers is a member of the Minikahda, Minneapolis and Lafayette clubs and attends the St. Paul's Episcopal Church. In February 1894, Mr. Rogers was married to Miss Dora Waite, sister of Mr. H. B. Waite of the H. W. Waite Lumber Company. The family consists of three children, two boys and a girl. SHEVLIN, Thomas Henry, was born on January 3, 1852, at Albany, New York. On both sides of the family he is of Irish descent. Thom as H. passed his boyhood in Albany and until he was fifteen years of age attended the public schools of that city, acquiring a common school education. He then entered the employ of John McGraw & Co., a lumber firm of Albany, and with them began his training for the business in which he has since become so successful. He was connected with this firm until 1879, as man ager of important interests in several New York towns, and then went to Chicago, and thence to Muskegon, Michigan, where he took charge of the lumber interests of R. W. Harvey. About a year later he associated hiirtself with the Stephen C. Hall Lumber Company, and in 1884 started a branch company in Minneapolis under the name of the North Star Lumber Company. Mr. Shevlin now moved to Minneapolis and soon organized the Hall & Ducey Company. Upon the withdrawal of Mr. Ducey in 1887 the firm became the Hall & Shevlin Lumber Company and so continued until the death of Mr. Hall in 1888. Three years later Elbert L. Carpenter bought an interest in the business. Under the firm name of the Shevlin-Carpenter Lumber Company, the organization then established with Mr. Shevlin as president, is now doing a large business in Minneapolis. Since that time Mr. Shevlin has extended his operations until his interests include timber, lumber and mills in the south, west and in Canada. With J. Neils he established the J. Neils Lumber Company in 1895 with a mill at Sauk Rapids and in 1900 this firm installed a mill at Cass Lake, Minnesota,, with an annual capacity of 50,000,000 feet of lum ber. In .1896 he joined Frank P. Hixon in buy ing a large amount of timber on the Red Lake Indian Reservation, forming the St. Hilaire Lumber Company and building a mill. This company bought out the mill, logs and timber holdings of the Red River Lumber Company at Crookston and reorganized as the Crookston Lumber Company with Mr. Shevlin as presi dent. In 1902-3 the company built a mill at Bemidji with an output of 70,000,000 feet per year, running a logging spur east of Red Lake and connecting with the Minnesota and Internation al Railway at Hovey Junction, thus opening up a vast tract of hitherto unavailable timber. Mr. Shevlin is also connected with, and was active in founding a line of retail yards operated as the St. Hilaire Retail Lumber Company; with the Shevlin-Clarke Company of Ontario; and with the Rainy River Lumber Company which has erected and operates a plant at Rainy River, On tario, with a capacity of 70,000,000 feet—one of the most complete saw-mills in the world. Mr. 320 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Shevlin is also a director and stock holder in the Security National Bank; is president of the Iron Range Electric Telephone Company; and has many other important business interests. In politics he is a republican and was a member of the National Committee from 1900 to 1904 and during the campaign of 1900 did valuable work for his party. In 1901 he served as vice-presi dent of the Minnesota state fair, representing Minneapolis on the board of managers. His in terest in public affairs and the institutions of his state and city is also evidenced in his magnifi cent gift to the University of Minnesota—Alice Shevlin Hall, the beautiful building for the use and convenience of the women of the institution. Mr. Shevlin is a member of the Union League Clubs of New York and Chicago, the Minne apolis Club, the Minnesota Club, Manitoba Club and numerous smaller organizations. He was married on February 8, 1882, to Miss Alice A. Hall and they have three children—Thomas Leonard, Florence and Helen. SMITH, Charles Axel, president and head of the management of the C. A. Smith Lumber Com pany, like so many of the men who have won success in the northwest, is a native of Sweden, born in the province of Ostergotland, Sweden, on December 11, 1852. His early boyhood was spent in the land of his birth but when fourteen years of age he came with his father and sister to the United States, locating soon after his ar rival in this country at Minneapolis. During 1862 and 1863 he attended the public schools. Three years later he entered the University of Min nesota working all his spare time and vacations for Governor John S. Pillsbury. Failing health compelled him to leave school and he entered the hardware store of Governor Pillsbury and remained in that employment until 1878. " The firm of C. A. Smith & Company was then formed, Mr. Pillsbury being an equal partner with Mr.. Smith, and an elevator .and implement store and lumber yard were opened at Herman, Minne sota. Having formed a partnership with C. J. Johnson, Mr. Smith opened retail yards at Evansville, Brandon and Ashby, Minnesota, and for six years' a remarkably successful business was carried on. In 1884 Mr. Smith accepted an offer from Mr. Pillsbury to join him in cutting and sawing a lot of standing timber in which Mr. Pillsbury had acquired an interest. The former company was reorganized, C. J. Johnson taking an interest, and for several years operated log ging camps and had. their logs sawed at the cus tom mills at Minneapolis. Finally in 1887 the company purchased the saw-mill of the John Martin Lumber Company, which with four other mills was operated by the power furnished by the Falls of St. Anthony. The mill had run but sixty days under the new management when it was totally destroyed by fire. The Clough interests in the mill owned by Clough Bros. & Kilgore were acquired by C. A. Smith & Company in 1890 and for two years the mill was under the management of that firm, and was then sold to Nelson, Tenney & Company, who sawed for C. A. Smith & Company in 1892. The present or ganization of the company was effected in 1893 and the firm name changed to the C. A. Smith Lumber Company. The new company erected what was then the most complete and best equipped lumber manufacturing establishment in the city, of which it has been said by experts that it produces lumber at less cost and with less labor and waste than any mill in Minneapolis. In 1901 this mill sawed 112,000,000 feet of lumber. The Northwestern Compo Board Company is a branch of the C. A. Smith Company, which has a factory in connection with the C. A. Smith mill and utilizes the waste edgings in the manu facture of a patent board. Mr. Smith is the prin cipal owner of these companies as well as presi dent; C. J. Johnson is vice-president; Edgar Dalzell, secretary; and Enoch Oren, treasurer—all of whom have an interest in the business. Mr. Smith is president of the C. A. Smith Timber Company which was formed for the purpose of procuring timber for the company's mill, and which now has sufficient timber holding to make sawing for several years. He is also a heavy buyer of Pacific coast timber, holding probably as much as any one individual. Mr. Smith holds offices in several of the Lumbermen's organiza tions—is vice-president of the National Lumber Manufacturers' Association and treasurer of the Mississippi Valley Lumbermen's Association. Among his other club associations he is a mem ber of the Minneapolis, the Commercial and the Automobile Clubs. He is a republican in politics. In 1896 was a presidential elector from that party for McKinley and Hobart and in 1900 was a delegate to the convention which nominated Mc Kinley and Roosevelt. Mr. Smith has always been prominent in charitable work among his countrymen and has contributed extensively to the support of schools and churches in the north west. For this generosity he was honored by the King of Sweden with the bestowal of the rank of Commander of the First Degree in the Order of Vasa. He is married and has had six chil dren, three daughters and three sons, the eldest of whom died when seventeen years of age. TRABERT, Charles Luther, secretary of the C. A. Smith Timber Company, was born on April 30, 1871, at Ephrata, Lancaster county, Pennsyl vania. He is the son of Rev. George H. Trabert and Elizabeth M. (Minnigh) Trabert, both of old Colonial families that were active in the affairs of the Colonies and the Revolution. The earliest historical ancestor of the family fought under Gustavus Adolphus in the Thirty Years War. The earliest member of the lineage to settle in this country was killed by the Indians in 1650 and during the Revolutionary War both sides of the family were represented in the army both with the Colonial troops and under the banner 322 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of the king. The father of C. L. Trabert is an English Lutheran minister, who was the first missionary of that denomination to come to the Northwest and at the present time pastor of the Salem English Evangelical Lutheran - church of this city. Mr. Trabert spent his boyhood in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and there began his edu cation in the public schools. In 1883 the family moved to Minneapolis and he then attended the Madison and old Washington schools. He com pleted the grammar school when fifteen years o!d and entered the high school, being a member of the first manual training class to be instituted in the local schools. He entered Gustavus Adolphus College, at St. Peter, and studied for three years in that institution, then went to Newberry, South Carolina, where he took a year's work and graduated from Newberry Col lege, receiving his A. B. degree. For three years he studied law at the University of Minnesota and graduated from the Law De partment in 1899 with a LL. B. degree and in June of the same year was admitted to the bar. One year later he entered the office of the C. A. Smith Timber Company and since that time has CHARLES L. TRABERT been continuously in the employ of that firm. From this start he has advanced himself until at the present time he holds the office of secre tary of the C. A. Smith Timber Company. Mr. Trabert has never been actively interested in politics and has not sought to hold public office. He is a republican in his general beliefs but 011 some questions, such as the negro problem, he holds strong southern democratic views. The work of the American Forestry Association and National Geographic Society has always been of great interest to Mr. Talbert and he is a member of both organizations. He also holds member ship in the Odin Club and North Side Com mercial Club of this city. He was married on June 25, 1894, to Miss Harriett Abney Wells of Newberry, South Carolina, and they have one daughter, Dorothy. His wife comes of an old southern family, her father being a planter and slave owner in the ante-bellum days, and during the Civil War an officer in the Confederate Army. Mr. Trabert's family attend the Salem English Evangelical Lutheran Church. WAITE, Harry B., the head of the H. B. Waite Lumber Company, and otherwise prom inently connected with the lumber interests of the city, was born in Chicago, on July 23, 1865. He is the son of Henry J. Waite and Ann (Ellis) Waite. The family moved not long after his birth from Chicago to Marseilles, Illinois, where he began his education in the local schools. Af ter coming to Minneapolis, he completed his preparatory work, attending one of the local high schools. After his graduation he deter mined to study medicine and entered the Min nesota College Hospital, an institution of medical instruction then in charge of the most prom inent physicians and surgeons of the Northwest. Mr. Waite studied for several semesters in the college. He finished his work there but had at that time altered his purpose of following the practice of medicine and had decided to engage in business. Minnesota's pine forests seemed to offer large opportunities and Mr. Waite en tered the lumber business. He made rapid progress and is now at the head of one of the leading firms of the Northwest. He established, in- 1895, the H. B. Waite Lumber Company, with headquarters in Minneapolis, which has done a large and steadily increasing business in wholesale lumber until at the present time the volume of their trade is among the largest handled by any one firm. To the successful development of this organization Mr. Waite has devoted his energies and ability, holding the of fice of president during the greater part of this time, and being the active manager. Mr. Waite's other business interests are extensive. He is president of the Phoenix Lumber Company, which operates a long line of retail yards; his associates in this firm being T. S. McLaughlin, vice-president; A. S. McLaughlin, secretary; and H. S. Thompson, treasurer. He is also inter- 324 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ested with Mr. Coolidge in the cedar tie and piling supply business, under the firm name of Marshall H. Coolidge & Company, of which he is vice-president. In addition to these firms, he is interested in the Soby Manufacturing Com pany of Ballard, Washington, and other concerns around Puget Sound. Mr. Waite was formerly a member of the Minnesota National Guard, as a private in Company I. He belongs to several of the local clubs, the principal ones being the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, and the Lafayette Club, and attends the Episcopal Church. In 1891 Mr. Waite was married to Miss Luella Lichty of Waterloo, Iowa. WALKER, Thomas Barlow—The career of a man who makes money may or may not be inter esting. There is a glamour about money making which lasts while the man lives and while his operations are being carried on. But if he has done nothing else his fame is dissipated even be fore his fortune is scattered. The northwest has been fortunate in the number of men who made money with a purpose and who left behind not merely the tangible evidences of their business genius, but ideas unconnected with money mak ing as well. If Thomas B. Walker, the subject of this sketch, had never done anything but make money perhaps it would be unnecessary to go farther than to record the fact. But when one looks at the busy life of Mr. Walker his most distinct impression is not that of a money mak ing machine but of a life with a purpose, a pur pose to hold to a certain conception of character and not to allow anything to detract from that viewpoint of existence. Mr. Walker has not only become a local authority upon the material growth of Minneapolis, and one of the largest contributors to it, but stands today as one of the strongest bulwarks of moral Minneapolis, while in the realm of the fine arts he is the city's best example of the man who has the genius to do things without parade and inspire others without coercion. One of the first things a town growing into the metropolitan class desires is a public library. Mr. Walker, was one of the first who insisted that Minneapolis should have a library and have an adequate one and that it should be entirely one. The library was erected, equipped and Mr. Walker appointed one of the first direc tors, and he has been re-elected term after term by a vote which testifies that whatever of de traction there may be near a man. the general public sees and apreciates his work. In working for a public library Mr. Walker had in mind that Minneapolis when she emerged from the frontier stage must develop taste in the fine arts. He has labored! for the society of fine arts which is to day in a position to render valuable service to the boys and girls of Minneapolis who are con scious of artistic taste and the desire to express it. Not only that but he has gathered from the far corners of the earth a most complete collec tion of the masterpieces of art to which the pub lic has free access. The trend of Mr. Walker's mind is not dis tinctively commercial. His first success in life was gained in a position which brought out the mathematical genius. This mathematical trend together with his idealism no doubt accounts for the man of today. Given a problem in business his deductions are swift and sure, but they go be yond the mere present, the mathematical and logical side being reinforced by the ideal. The turning point in Mr. Walker's career was un doubtedly reached when he was obliged to decline an election to the chair of mathematics in Wis consin University because of arrangements al ready made to enter the government survey. The latter employment brought him into connection with the great lumber industry of the country, and it is on lumber that his fortune rests. When Mr. Walker first came to Minnesota he studied the timber problem from both the practical and the ideal standpoint. Practically and mathemati cally he was convinced that the future of the sec tion was more intimately related to the wood crop than the wheat crop. States might change their staple. California has changed hers three times, being successively first in the production of gold, wheat and fruit. She might change it again. Minnesota might change hers from wheat to dairying and probably will, but there was no possibility of a change in the shelter problem. Trees grew too slowly for that. Thus far the problem was capable of a mathematical solution. Many lumberman solved it in that way, skinned the land, took their profits and invested them in other lines. But Mr. Walker could not view the matter entirely from the practical standpoint. He wrought, wrote and pleaded for a broader con ception of the future of the state than was in volved in marketing the pine at the earliest pos sible moment; and, while the pressure of competion compelled him in a measure to join the procession of manufacturers he did not yield his ideals and today when many of his contempor aries have abandoned the field, he has merely enlarged his operations and holds now the larg est reserve of forest in California ever bought by private capital. It is organized not merely to se cure legitimate profits, but to perpetuate the value of the land by the practical application of the principles of commercial forestry. In this connection it is curious what a unanimity has marked the family in the matter of busi ness. All of Mr. Walker's five sons are in terested with him in lumber. Each has a de partment and each has won his spurs in his department. Of Mr. Walker's work for com mercial Minneapolis it is unnecessary to speak at length. It speaks for itself in the establishment of a public market, second to scarcely any other in the country, and in his bringing forth the capi tal with which to secure the Butler Brothers for the city No other man in the city could com- if?.'; SKT A*\' Jf-~ & a s^iVM SflBlfSlfSffi 6WEET, PHOTO 326 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS mand the capital with which to make this vital improvement in the wholesale facilities of Min neapolis and Mr. Walker in coming forward knew that he was drawing down money that was capa ble of earning greater returns elsewhere. Again he took money out of his own field of endeavor and going out to St. Louis Park built a manu facturing suburb at a time when Minneapolis was face to face with the fact that she could not al ways endure as a great city based on only two in dustries, one of which apparently had reached its zenith and the other its decline. In dealing with so active a life as that of Mr. Walker in sketch, one must necessarily leave out many interesting details, but it is the big things which indicate the trend as the peaks show the directions of the mountain range. The achievements of Mr. Walk er have not been entirely unmixed with dis appointments and mistakes but the sum of it is that he has kept his ideals and succeeded with them. He has never compromised his convic tions upon any question political, social or re ligious. The life of such a man is worth more to a community than his material successes. It is inspiration to those who, witnessing the fail ures of high principles and saddened by the apparent incapacity of moral ideals to cope with practical conditions, are cheered by the thought that it is not impossible. YALE, Stephen M., vice president of the Cur tis & Yale Company, though for a number of years a resident of Minneapolis, was born and educated in the east, and is a member of one of the oldest families of that section, and the one from which the great American educational in stitution, Yale University, derived its name. He was born at Guilford, New York, on August 15, 1857, the son of Uriah Yale and Melissa (Car penter) Yale. His father was engaged in agri cultural pursuits and his son passed the early years of his life on the farm. He received a public school education at the Academy at Afton, New York. When fitted for advanced vork, he entered Cook College at Havana, New York. Af terwards he attended several other eastern acad emies and fitted himself for the work of an instructor in the schools of New York state. He was thus engaged about five years, and then re signed to go into business. In 1881 he entered upon his association with the firm of which he is now an officer. This was then known as Cur tis Brothers & Company and operated a sash and door factory at Clinton, Iowa, to which place Mr. Yale came from New York. He remained at Clinton for one year, but in 1882 a new manu facturing plant of the company started at Wausau, Wisconsin, where the factory has since been located. The firm was later reorganized becom ing the Curtis & Yale Company, Mr. Yale ac quiring an interest. x He has continued to devote the principal part of his time to the management of this business though his interests have ex tended in other directions. In 1893 Mr. Yale came to Minneapolis, where the company estab lished its principal northwestern warehouse and from which point it distributes to its north western trade. Mr. Yale is now vice president of the corporation, the other officers being G. M. Curtis, president, and C. S. Curtis, secretary and treasurer. Among his other business con nections Mr. Yale is president of the McCoy Lumber Company of this city and is identified as well with other large industrial concerns. Though his business interests are extensive he gives to each a portion of his personal attention and to his energetic efforts and management is due much of the success which has been met by the companies of which he is an officer. Mr. Yale has not sought to acquire political promi nence nor distinction in public life but is never theless interested in all movements for public advancement and is a member of a number of organizations for the improvement of civic con ditions. He was one of the first members of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. On August 14, 1879, Mr. Yale was married to Miss Cora Morgan of Guilford, New York, and they have one child, Harry C. Yale. CHAPTER XIX. FLOUR MILLING T HE first flour ground at the Falls of St. Anthony was that made in the old government mill of 1823. The amount produced was small and it was not manufactured on a commercial basis. It was only the intention of the government to utilize the labor of the soldiers at Fort Snelling, and by raising a little wheat and grinding a little flour, save the expense of purchase and shipment to the remote fron tier post. Even this experiment did not seem to be successful, for the mill fell into disuse as an adjunct of the fort, and a source of supply for the commissary. From time to time the old mill was operated under the management of the earlier pioneers but its main usefulness, it would seem, was to serve as an object lesson—a humble witness to the fact that here was a mighty power waiting the development of man. Thirty years after the erection of the crude government mill, flour was first ground at the falls in a commercial way. This was in a mill built on the east bank of the river by Richard C. Rogers; but it was a "one run" mill and did only custom work for the few farmers who had by that time settled in the vicinity. In 1854 the first merchant mill was built. This may be said to be the real beginning of the milling industry of Minneapolis. However, this mill of 1854 was only a "three run" mill, and, notwithstanding its trifling capacity, it was too large for the resources of the country at that time. Not enough wheat was raised in the vicinity to supply even this little mill and the owners were com pelled to ship in the grain from points down the Mississippi river in Iowa and Wisconsin. The builders of this first mer chant mill w r ere John Rollins, John W. Eastman and R. P. Upton. W. W. East man was admitted to the firm after the com pletion of the mill. Another small mill was built in 1856, but the business developed very slowly, and in the panic times of 1857-58 was almost ex tinguished. In 'these days just before the Civil War, Minnesota was still practically unsettled and absolutely without transpor tation facilities. There were scattered farms at intervals along the Mississippi and Minnesota valleys for a few score miles west and northwest of Minneapolis but their product was trivial. There was little grain for the millstones and a meagre local demand for the flour. To ship to the east ern market meant an expense of an almost prohibitory character. The first shipment of flour was made in 1858, and it cost $2.25 per' barrel to send the 100 barrels to Bos ton. But the 'flour sold well and from that time on a market for the product of Min neapolis mills was gradually built up. On the west side the first commercial flour milling was done in the old govern ment mill which was refitted for business in 1854. George W. Crocker arrived in Minneapolis in 1855, a n d shortly after wards acquired an interest in this mill which was called the City mill. Through his entry into milling at this time Mr. Crocker has the distinction of being the oldest flour miller of the city. The year 1859 saw the first new mill built on the west side of the river. This was the Cataract mill built by Eastman & Gibson. This mill was purchased by Dan iel R. Barber in 1871, and was con tinuously operated by Mr. Barber until his death, and since that time by his son E. R. Barber; the Barber Milling Company thus being the oldest continuously conducted flour business in the city. To the people 328 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of Minneapolis this flour mill of 1859 seemed a great institution. It was two stories high and contained four run of stones. Its product of 325 barrels in a day was regarded as stupendous. Three years before this a young man had arrived in Minneapolis who was destined to take a most prominent place in the development of the city and of the flouring industry. This was William D. Washburn, who had come out from Maine to practice law. He found little legal business in the frontier village, and he soon became the secretary and agent of the Minneapolis Mill Com pany, the corporation controlling the west side power at the Falls of St. Anthony. Under Mr. Washburn's management, the first dam on the west side was built and the raceway opened—an undertaking re counted here in a dozen words, but which meant, in those days of panic and distrust, the exercise of the best energies, business sagacity and executive ability. The liberal policy adopted by the young agent of the mill company led to the establishment of the greater group of mills on the west side and the centering of the industry at this point. Mr. Washburn subsequently founded the Washburn Mill Company and is still largely interested in the milling business. The Cataract mill was quickly surround ed by others. Next to follow the Cataract was the City mill built by Perkins & Ferrant in the next year. The Union mill was completed in 1863 by Henry Gibson, and in 1864 Frazee & Murphy built the Minne apolis Flour mill. around the world. The foundations of the great Washburn-Crosby Company were laid by the erection of a mill which was afterwards known as the Washburn B This mill was built by Gov. Washburn, and at the time was the largest flouring mill west of Buffalo. • The operation of this mill brought into prominence Geo. H. Christian, who was to become one of the leading fac tors in the development of Minneapolis milling. In 1866 Taylor Bros, put up the Alaska mill which, after passing through various hands, became the present Pillsbury "B." During the same year the Arctic mill was erected by Perkins & Crocker. Growth from this time was most rapid. There were, in 1866 eight mills at the Falls of St. An thony, and they produced that year 172,000 barrels of flour. The next year there were thirteen mills in operation and they ground 220,688 barrels. Within a few years the Washburn A and R" mills, the Palisade., Holly, Galaxy, Humboldt, Anchor, Zenith, Pettit, Standard and other of the old time mills were built. At this period the first of the great disas ters which threatened the industry occurred. There were, then, as now, two distinct wa ter powers at the Falls of St. Anthony—one PROGRESS AFTER THE WAR. Progress up to this time had been slow but with the close of the war came a great reaction, a demand for northwestern flour and an era of railroad building. Immigra tion was stimulated and the discovery was made by the world that northwestern hard spring wheat made the best flour that had ever been known. In 1866 Governor C. C. Washburn of Wisconsin, a brother of W. D. Washburn, became actively interested in Minneapolis milling and the result was the building of mills and the establishment of a great business which has become known THE OLD EAST SIDE FLOUR MILLS. The building at the left is the Rrmrntt mill, in the middle is the Island mill and at the right the Morrison & Frescott mill. FLOUR MILLING 329 make Minneapolis flour known around the world came into first prominence. Wash burn, Pillsbury, Christian, Crosby, Barber, Dunwoody, Martin, Loring, Hardenbergh —these and others became synonyms for enterprise and business sagacity. INFLUENCE OF INVENTIONS. GOV. C. C. WASHBURN. Prominently connected with the early development of neapolis flour milling. Min on the east side and one on the west. They were then, however, under separate con trol. Improvement work on the east side was ill-advised and in 1869 caused such threatening breaks in the limestone rock underlying the falls as to lead to the fear that the whole ledge would be undermined and carried away, leaving but a long, irreg ular series of rapids in place of the falls. This destruction of water power was avert ed by the most prompt and drastic action and was supplemented by subsequent under takings by the federal government, which, at an expense of over half a million dollars, rendered the falls and the water power per manent. It was in the course of this work that the great "apron'-' was built, and the entire appearance of the falls was changed from a tumbling cataract to a rush of silent water down a timber spillway. From 1870 to 1880 was a period of intense significance to the flour milling interests in other ways. In the earlier part of this dec ade the names which were afterwards to These men were not only pioneers of a great industry, but they were inventors, financiers and industrial generals. During this decade three great inventions were per fected. These were the middlings purifier, the roller process and the self-binding har vester. The first two brought such im provements into the manufacture of flour that the product of Northwestern spring wheat mills took an acknowledged lead in the world's markets; the last made it pos sible to harvest that spring wheat at a greatly reduced cost, and, with the im proved processes of milling, made it an ac tive competitor with all other breadstuffs the world over. Minneapolis millers took an active part in the perfecting and adapta tion of the new processes and some of them visited Europe to stucly methods. One leading miller, dressed as a common work man, actually worked in foreign mills to study their machinerv and processes. Another event of the seventies was the beginning of the flour export trade. Gov. C, C. Washburn is credited with the first ambi tions in this direction. He induced William , " ' '' ' THE FIRST WASHBVRN MII.L 330 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS H. Dunwoody, then, as now, a leader in the flouring industry, to go to Europe to arrange for a foreign sale of the Minne apolis product. After overcoming almost insurmountable difficulties, Mr. Dunwoody made a beginning and exporting was com menced in 1877, and has since continued with generally increased volume, though the changing conditions in foreign markets and the varying demand at home have caused considerable fluctuation in the amount of flour sent abroad. In 1890 the exports exceeded 2,000,000 barrels and in 1900 were 4,702,485 barrels. THE MILL EXPLOSION. But in the midst of" this time of progress came the terrible disaster of 1878 when the explosion of the great Washburn A and AFTER THE GREAT EXPLOSION OF 1878. the destruction of five other mills by ex plosion and fire almost wiped out the flour another period of-increase commenced as is interests of the city. Recovering from this shown by the following: blow with characteristic courage the millers Output. Output. rebuilt their mills even larger than before ^ 6,988,830 1899 14,291,780 and the business continued t<p thrive, in-^ 1890 7,877,947 1900 15,082,725 creasing year by year in output. With new .1891 9,750,470 1901 16,021,880 mills, with cheapened transportation, cheap •1892. 1893 9,377,635 1902 16,260,105 ened methods of handling, cheapened meth "1894...: 9,400,553 -1903 15,582,785 ods of raising and harvesting whe^t, and • i895 10,581,635 1904 13,652 ,735 12,847,890 1905 14,366,095 with greatly improved methods of grinding 1896 13,625,205 1906 13,825,795 flour, the industry found itself within the 1897 1898 14,232,595 1907 13,660,465 space of a few years entirely revolutionized. Another aspect of the growth of the mill Thus it was that at the clos£ of the seven ties the millers of Minneapolis were con ing industry is found in the records of daily ducting business under new conditions. It capacity of the mills. When mill building may be almost .said to have been a new 'first began in earnest after the war the business, so radical were the changes which capacity at Minneapolis was only a few hundred barrels a day. A decade later, in had been effected. 1875, the capacity had increased to 6, OOD GROWTH OF OUTPUT.' •barrels daily, and this was doubled by 1880. Were the figures not supported by undis In 1885, the secretary of the Chamber of puted records, the later growth of the Min Commerce reported a daily capacity of 33,neapolis flour industry would not be be 175 barrels, which had grown to 44,100 in lieved—the increase year by year seems 1890. By this time the constantly increas almost incredible. In 1876 the flour mills ing capacity of the mills was due largely to of Minneapolis produced 1,000,000 barrels improved machinery which was being intro of flour. In 1880 over 2,000,000 barrels of duced, for all available sites about the Falls flour were produced and in i88r, the year had long been occupied and the complete of the organization of the Chamber of Com volume of water "power was leased. In fact, merce, 3,142,000 barrels were ground. In the power had proved insufficient for the the next five years this production had been needs of the mills at some seasons, and nearly doubled, but from 1886 to 1890 the nearly all were equipped with auxiliary output remained almost stationery. Then steam plants, In 1895, the mills were cred- A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 332 ited with a daily capacity of 55,900 barrels, and in 1908 with 88,175 barrels divided among the several milling companies and individual mills as shown below: FLOUR MILLS AND DAILY CAPACITY. PILLSBURY-WASHEURN FLOUR MILLS COMPANY Pillsbury A Pillsbury B* . . Anchor Palisade Lincoln (at Anoka) (LTD.). 17,000 7,000 3,5°° 4,000 1,700 — 33,200 WASHBURN-CROSBY COMPANY. Washburn Washburn Washburn Washburn Washburn A B C D, E 10,337 3,199 .... 8,560 2,915 2,964. — 27,975 NORTHWESTERN CONSOLIDATED MILLING COMPANY. A B C D E F G H 3,800 2,500 2,500 2,700 2,000 3,800 1,700 1,000 — 20,000 Cataract: Barber Milling Co Phoenix: Phoenix Mill C o D a k o t a : National Milling Co Christian, G. C Russell-Miller Milling Co : 1,300 600 600 2,000 2,500 -— T o t a l daily c a p a c i t y . . . . . . . . . . 7.000 88,175 ...GREAT MILLING CORPORATIONS. In the statement of the daily capacity of the Minneapolis flour mills is illustrated the grouping of the milling interests which has taken place more latterly. The develop ment of the great corporations in which the manufacture of flour at Minneapolis is now largely centered, has been one of the most interesting features of the flouring industry. As has been stated, the industry in the earlier years was carried on by a score or 'more of firms. This condition gradually changed until the early nineties and since then the larger part of the output has been produced by three concerns. The Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Co., Limited, grew out of the business e«h tablished by Charles A. Pillsbury in 1869. Mr. Pillsbury came to Minneapolis at the suggestion of his uncle, Gov. John S. Pills bury, who had come here in 1855. Gov. Pillsbury had not then engaged in milling, but with characteristic sagacity, he had forseen the coming greatness of the indus try. Charles Pillsbury first bought an in terest in the Minneapolis mill, then owned and operated by J. Welles Gardiner and George W. Crocker. During the following year the firm of Charles A. Pillsbury & Co. was formed composed of Charles A., John S. and George A. Pillsbury. A few years afterwards Fred C. Pillsbury was admitted to the firm. Charles A. Pillsbury developed a genius for flour-making and for business finance. Mill after mill was purchased or built; capacities doubled and tripled year after year. The Taylor mill, now Pillsbury B, was acquired in 1870; in 1872 another mill was added; in 1874 the Anchor mill came into the group, and in 1877 the Excel sior mill was leased. The daily capacity of the firm had now reached about 2,000 barrels—an unprecedented figure for those days. The introduction of improvements in milling which came in the later seventies, and in which Mr. Pillsbury took a most active part, led to such promise for the fu ture of the industry that the great Pillsbury A mill was planned, and was completed in 1881; Successive fires changed the char acter of the properties controlled by the company, and the early eighties found it operating only three mills—-Pillsbury A, Pillsbury B and the Anchor, but with a much greater total capacity than in the earlier days of more numerous mills. This capacity was steadily increased by constant introduction of improved machinery until 1889 when the Pillsburys sold their entire business to the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company, Limited, an English cor poration, in which, however, they retained a very large interest. At this time the mills of the Washburn Mill Company were ab sorbed. Charles A. Pillsbury remained as manager of the company until his death in 1899, when he was succeeded by Henry L. Little, who had been his assistant for sev eral years and an employe of the company ; •" ft. J * * * "• ; ; ; ; : ' • ;/*• v . / 7 ^ ' -' c " ™— • J. '< , - • - A -\ : . A 334 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS for about twenty years. The other officers of the company are L. P. Hubbard, treas urer, who has been connected with the busi ness since 1874, and E. N. Fairchild, assist ant manager, who entered the employ of the Pillsbury's in 1884. The company has gradually developed its properties until its mills now have a daily capacity of 33,200 barrels, and it has also acquired the owner ship of the water power at, and immediately below, the Falls of St. Anthony, and has developed under the direction of Win. de • la Barre, its engineer, a large amount of power in addition to that formerly used by \ the flour and lumber mills. The Washburn-Crosby Company devel oped from the original enterprises of Gov. C. C. Washburn. The copartnership of Washburn-Crosby & Company, which succeeded the firm of J. A. Christian & Company in the operation of the C. C. Washburn flouring mills, A, B and C, was formed February 1, 1879, and consisted of Gov. Washburn, John Crosby, Wm. H. Dunwoody and Chas. J. Martin. Gov. Washburn died in 1882 and Mr. Crosby in 1887. In 1888 James S. Bell, of the flour establishment of Saml. Bell & Sons, Phila delphia, removed to Minneapolis and be came a member of this firm, which in 1889 was incorporated under the name of Wash burn-Crosby Company. The directors of this company were Wm. H. Dunwoody, James S. Bell, Chas. J. Martin, John Wash burn, John Crosby, Jr., Saml. Bell, Jr., and Alfred V. Martin. The officers were James S. Bell, president, Wm. H. Dunwoody, vicepresident, and Chas. J. Martin, secretary and treasurer. Upon the retirement from the company of Alfred V. Martin, the number of direc tors was increased to nine and Chas. Crans ton Bovey, Fred G. Atkinson and Peter B. Smith were elected members of the board. The same executive officers have been elect ed from year to year, John Washburn being added as second vice-president. The company continued to operate the C. C. Washburn flouring mills under lease until 1899, when it purchased the mills out right. In addition to the C. C. Washburn Mills, A, B and C, the company purchased the Humboldt mill and 'the Minneapolis mill, known as the Crocker-Fisk mill, re modeled and added to them until the ca pacity and efficiency of all have been very greatly increased. The company also built a modern 5,000-barrel mill in Buffalo, N. Y., and a 1,500-barrel mill in Louisville, Ky., and owns and operates a 500-barrel MH"" WWHg. GENERAL VIEW OF THE FLOUR MILLING DISTRICT OF TODAY. Washburn "A" mill can be distinguished at the right oi the group; Pillsbury A in the distance at the left. FLOUR MILLING mill in Great Falls, Montana, and a 300barrel mill in Kalispell, Montana. The out put of the company has increased from 3,000 barrels per day in 1879 to 30,000 in 1908. A MILLING CENTER. Still another tendency which has devel oped during- the latter part of the quarter century has been the centering of the mill ing interests of the northwest at Minne apolis. Minneapolis had for a long time been the wheat market of the northwest. This drew the buyers of country mills to the city and gradually these outside millers began to establish offices here. This has gone on until a considerable number of ex tensive country milling properties are man aged from offices in Minneapolis. There have also been established many brokers in flour and millstuffs and the receiving and shipping business has reached large pro portions. Receipts and shipments for some years are as follows: RECEIPTS AND SHIPMENTS OF FLO'UR. 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1906... 1907.... Receipts. 70,302 76,788 164,133 282,232 149,704 136,045 140,263 •••• 144,342 156,885 . 196,702 233,102 240,779 246,241 291,651 352,093 246,154 240,010 Shipments. 6,693,501 7,562,185 9,368,784 8,950,760 9,025,640 10,973,713 12,757,135 13,390,573 14,262,761 13,957,798 14,954,806 15,995,427 16,818,150 16,227,299 14 ,129 ,785 14,898,348 14,082,946 THE SUPREMACY OF MINNEAPOLIS. Over $20,000,000 is now invested in Minneapolis milling besides a very large amount in connected business and the flour output now reaches $65,000,000 annually. Possibly no better evidence of the unques tioned supremacy of the city as a flour-mak ing point and the certainty of its future can be found than the comparative figures shown in the United States census report of 1905. Nineteen cities having a yearly output of over $3,000,000 value are tabu lated in order of value as follows: 335 FLOUR PRODUCT OF NINETEEN CITIES. Minneapolis New York Buffalo, N. Y Milwaukee, Wis Kansas City, Mo Seattle, Wash Indianapolis, Ind Louisville, Ky Nashville, Tenn St. Louis, Mo Chicago, 111 Topeka, Kan Toledo, Ohio Superior, Wis Alton, 111 San Francisco, Cal Decatur, 111 Rochester, N. Y Detroit, Mich Number of Value of Establishments. Products. 12 $62,754,446 8 11,085,674 9 9,807,906 6 6,320,428 10 5,515,749 6 4,593,566 9 4,428,664 5 , 4,373,890 4 4,242,491 9 3,974,437 5 3,9x9,276 9 3,745,130 8 3,676,290 3 3,617,819 3 3,460,896 9 3,422,672 5 3,407,504 10 3,222,257 7 3,034,388 On this showing the census report com ments in these words: "Situated at the door of the great northwestern wheat belt and with the Falls of St. Anthony furnish ing- an abundance of water power, Minne apolis has become the chief milling center of the country. At the census of 1905 there were 12 mills in operation in that city, the total value of production of which amount ed to $62,754,446, an average value of prod ucts per establishment of over $5,000,000. The value of products for Minneapolis was over five and a half times that of the next largest city, and greater than the combined output of the 11 next largest cities." BARBER, Daniel R., one of the early pioneers of Minneapolis and for many years a prominent miller, was born on February 14* 1817, at Benson, Rutland county, Vermont. His father was Roswell Barber and his mother, Aurelia Munson Barber. The family line is traced far back into colonial times and its members participated in the conflicts which make up so much of the' his tory of the colonies. Mr. Barber's early life was that of the New England boy of the period— divided between farm work and meager schooling in the country schools of the vicinity. He had a taste for business and when twenty-five years old had saved enough to enable him to buy out the largest general store in the village. For the next ten years he conducted this store succes'sfully but he had ambitions for greater things and in 1855 determined to go west and establish himself anew. He visited the Falls of St. Anthony and was im pressed by the certainty of the great future await- 336 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ing the young villages, then struggling for exist ence on either side of the Mississippi. He brought his family from Vermont and settling at St. Anthony engaged in the real estate business. The panic of 1857 unsettled realty values and for a tir*--e Mr. Barber returned to mercantile life. At thii pel iod he took an active part in the affairs of the young city and for eleven years in succession was honored with election to the office of city assessor. Meanwhile he had been a close ob server of the flour milling business and, in 1871, believing that a great expansion of this industry was at hand, purchased the Cataract mill, one of the oldest erected at the Falls of St. Anthony. He operated the Cataract mill with his son-inlaw, Mr. Gardner, until the death of the latter, when he associated in the business with him, his son Edwin, under the firm name of D. R. Barber & Son. This is the oldest flour business in continuous activity at Minneapolis. The Bar ber Milling Company continues to operate the Cataract Mill and through all its thirty-five years of existence has been a leader in the improve ment of processes and progressive in every de partment of the business of flour manufacturing and selling. Mr. Barber was a man of quiet and reserved temperament, one who had the utmost confidence of his friends and business associates, SL man conservative in his business dealings and in all his relations in life, and one who left, in the city in which he lived so many years, a record which was absolutely without stain. He was marrie,d in February, 1845, to Miss Ellen L. Bottum, of Orwell, Vermont. They have had two children—Julia and Edwin. The latter succeeded his father in the management of the business, which he has conducted along the same conserva tive though progressive lines laid out in the sev enties. Mr. Barber the senior, was for years a member of Plymouth Congregational Church. In political faith he was a republican, though holding principle above party. CHRISTIAN, George Henry, whose genius contributed perhaps more than any other man's to the development of milling in Minneapolis, is a native of Alabama. His parents were John and Susan Weeks Christian—the father a native of Ireland but an American from his early infancy. The son was born at Wetumpka, Alabama, in 1839, In his earliest years he developed a taste for mathematics and was an apt student in all the branches taught in the schools which he at tended. Interrupted in his education (to enter business) Mr. Christian never lost this love for study and throughout his business career and to the present time has been a constant student and a reader of wide range. He was first trained in business methods in a counting house in New York, .afterward became an employee of a Chi cago flour house for several years, and came to Minneapolis in 1867 as a flour broker for eastern jobbers. It was a period of some depression in flour-milling but Mr. Christian formed a partner ship with Gen. C. C. Washburn, of La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1869, and commenced the manufac ture of flour under the firm name of George H. Christian & Co., in what was then known as the "big mill," it being the largest in the United States, but one. Minnesota's flour was then so little known and liked that a favorite device with the millers of that time was to brand their flour as made at St. Louis, Missouri. Being by contact with manufacturers of other states better posted in the proper methods of milling Mr. Christian soon made his product the leading article of the state and when, a year or two later, he became aware of the superiority of French processes, he in troduced French machinery and with it what has since been called "the new process," his flour and that of other manufacturers of the state who speedily took up his methods, became the favorite bread flour of the country and distanced the best St. Louis brands in reputation and price. Sub sequently, in reading foreign works on milling he discovered that the Germans had made ad vances over the French in methods which better suited the character of Minnesota wheat and he introduced German machinery which placed the flour of Minneapolis still higher in the esteem of the bread-maker. From that time to this these revolutionary innovations have been retained and no mill without them could now survive finan cially a year, while Minnesota wheat which formerly was little esteemed is now recognized as one of the most valuable varieties. During these years of intense activity Mr. Christian de- 1 voted himself closely to business his only relaxa tion being found in a trip to Europe to investi gate at first hand the processes in vogue in for eign mills. This journey had been devoted to business exclusively. When, in 1875, he retired from business, selling his interests to his brothers, J. A. and Llewellyn Christian, he made a pro longed tour of Europe—a means of recreation and an opportunity for study which he has since repeated several times. Upon returning to Min neapolis Mr. Christian engaged in various busi ness enterprises and some twenty years after leaving milling returned to it for a brief period as president of the Consolidated Milling Com pany of Minneapolis. When the properties of this company were purchased in the attempt to form a flour trust, he withdrew again from con nection with the flouring industry. Among his other important interests has been the Hardwood Manufacturing Company, one of the large pro ducers of barrels and bags. Mr. Christian was married soon after coming to Minneapolis to Miss Leonora Hall, a daughter of S. P. Hall of this city. They have for years been, members of St. Mark's Episcopal Church and prominent in the social life of the city. BARBER, Edwin Roswell, son of Daniel R. and Ellen L. Barber, was born in Benson, Rut land county, Vermont, November 22, 1852. His father was a merchant in Vermont, who, upon I 338 a half Century of Minneapolis visiting the West in 1855, was impressed with the large promise of the water power of the Falls of St. Anthony and decided to locate in Minneapolis, returning in 1856., with his family and engaging in the real estate business and for a few years in mercantile business on Hennepin and Washington avenues, in 1871 purchasing the Cataract Flour ing Mills which he operated until his death in 1886. Edwin R. came to Minneapolis with his parents in 1856 and passed his childhood in the family homestead at Second avenue south and Fourth street and has seen the city grow up from a small village of a few hundred people to a metropolis of over 250,000 people. He used to shoot partridges where the West Hotel now stands and remembers when the site of the C., M. & St. P. R. R. depot was an impassable bog. Mr. Barber received his early education at the public schools and attended the State University, but did not graduate. He attended a business college and had private instructors in modern languages and gained practical business experience in the office of Gardner, Pillsbury & Crocker in what is now Mill "D" operated by the Washburn-Cros by Company, afterward going into the office of Gardner & Barber in the Cataract Mills in 1871, having now a record of thirty-six years practical and successful experience in the milling business and doing efficiently what was within his power to aid in the upbuilding of the city. He has al ways been a republican, independent in choice of candidate for election at municipal and county elections, and has loyally contributed his share in the purchase of the site of the old Chamber of Commerce, the Post Office site, the Minneapolis Industrial Exposition, the Young Men's Christian Association building, Westminster Church and other enterprises, and, with D. H. Dorman, was influential in inducing the Hennepin county dele gation in the state legislature to join Ramsey county in building the Lake Street bridge, paying the interest on the bonds in advance for three years, Hennepin county at the time having in sufficient resources to take on any further interest obligations. Mr. Barber is a member of the Min neapolis, the Minikahda, the Lafayette, the Minnetonka and the Automobile clubs, and has been one since the clubs were organized. He is a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church. Mr. Barber was married on October 1, 1873, to Hattie E. Sidle, eldest daughter of Henry G. Sidle, of the First National Bank. To them have been born four children—Henry Sidle (1877); Nellie L. (1882, died Dec. 28, 1888); Katherine Sidle (1890), and Edwin Roswell (1892). DE LA BARRE, William, engineer, agent and treasurer of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company and the Minneapolis Mill Com pany, is the descendant of a French Huguenot family that emigrated in 1652 from France to Germany. He is an Austrian by birth, being born at Vienna on April 15, 1849, the son of Carl and Josephine de la Barre. He was raised in the city of his birth and until he was twelve years of age attended the Protestant schools of that city. He then studied in the state schools for a time and in 1863 entered the Polytechnic Academy. He had been a student in that institu tion but two years when he was recruited into the Austrian Navy as a machinist and served a term of ten months. He participated in the naval battle of Lissa, on July 20, 1866, and while in this service received his first mechanical ex perience and training. Recognizing the oppor tunities offered in the United States for advance ment, in October, 1866, he emigrated to this country. He landed at New York, remained in that city long enough to look over its possibili ties, then moved to Philadelphia where his me chanical genius and ability soon found him em ployment as a draughtsman and engineer, and in these capacities he was connected with several establishments. He finally accepted a position with Morris Tasker and Company, engineers, founders and builders, and was connected with them about ten years, until he came to Minneap olis in 1878. For a couple of years he had the Minnesota agency for a patented apparatus for the prevention of dust explosions in flour mills and was engaged in selling and erecting these in the mills of this city. In this way he became known to the flour milling fraternity and in 1880 entered the employ of Ex-Governor C. C. Wash burn as engineer and superintendent of his mills. He held this position for eleven years, during which time he erected the Washburn A and B mills and made numerous other improvements in the construction and operation of the plant. He has had the management of the water-power facilities of the Minneapolis Mill Company since January, 1882, and when the consolidation of the water powers on both sides of the Mississippi River under the ownership of the PillsburyWashburn Flour Mills Company was effected in the fall of 1889 he was appointed engineer agent and treasurer of both the St. Anthony Falls Wa ter Power Company and the Minneapolis Mill Company. He has held these offices since that time and besides discharging the regular duties of his position has made extensive and valuable improvements in the systems of water power at the Falls of St. Anthony, had designed and super vised the construction of mills and elevators and has done considerable general engineering work. He was married in 1870 to Miss Louise V. Merian at Philadelphia and they have two children—Wil liam Jr., born at Philadelphia in 1872, now a practicing physician of this city, and a daughter born at Minneapolis in 1889. BRUSH, PHOTO 340 A H ALF CENTURY OF M INNEAPOLIS ceived his education in the local public schools. CROCKER, George Washington, the Nestor He graduated from the high school and then en of the flour millers of Minneapolis, and a citizen tered the academic department of the University in every sense of the word, self-made, was born in the town of Hermon, Penobscot county,- of Minnesota. While in college Mr. Dibble was elected to the Chi Psi fraternity by the local Maine, in 1832, son of Asa and Matilda Crocker. chapter. He graduated in June, 1900, with the His father had a small farm and kept an inn on degree of Bachelor of Science, soon after entered the road to Bangor. When a small child he went the Northwestern National Bank and was with to live in the family of a neighboring farmer that institution for a short time. He resigned his where he remained ten years, working on the position to engage in the grain business, accept farm, and attending the district school as he had ing a position with the P. B. Mann Company. opportunity. At the age of seventeen he went Recognizing the extensive field which offered in to Providence, R. I., and .was employed as a nurse the various branches of the grain industry, Mr. in Butler Hospital. A few years later, with his Dibble bought a membership in the Chamber of brother, he went West to the Pacific Coast by Commerce in 1901, and two years later, in March, way of Panama, walking across the Isthmus. 1903, entered business for himself. He organized They did some placer mining in California with the Dibble Grain & Elevator Company, retaining good returns, and opened a general store in the the largest interest in the business and holding Merced Valley. After splendid success they re the offices of president and treasurer. His opera turned to the East, landing in New York and pro tions have expanded rapidly and since that time ceeding West to Minneapolis where they arrived the E. R. Dibble Company has been formed of in 1855 and engaged in the real estate and loan which Mr. Dibble is also president and treasurer. business. Shortly afterwards Mr. Crocker bought The Minnesota Flour Mill Company is another interest in a grist mill which had been fitted up of Mr. Dibble's business interests and he is the out of the old government saw and grist mill at chief executive officer of that firm. Though still the Falls of St. Anthony, and engaged in that a young man, Mr. Dibble has established a flour business under the firm name of Perkins & ishing business, and has an extensive trade Crocker. Mr. Crocker was not bred to the mill throughout the Northwest. Mr. Dibble has never ing business, but he went to work and mastered taken an active' part in politics, nor sought to the mysteries of the industry. In 1865 the Arctic hold office, but supports the principles of the re Mill (stone), with a daily capacity of 300 barrels, publican party. He is a member of the Miniwas built and operated by Rowlandson & Crocker. kahda, Lafayette and Automobile clubs. He was In 1870 Mr. Crocker sold his interest in the Arc married on September 12, 1900, to Miss Ellen tic Mill and bought an interest in the Minneapolis Urling Haight of New York, whose mother was Mill, which had been built by Frazee, Murphy before her marriage a Miss Harper, a daughter of & Co. This mill has been burned twice and re the Harper family of which comes the members built each time with improved machinery and of the well known firm of Harper Bros. Mr. and larger capacity, producing the well-known brand Mrs. Dibble have two children, both daughters, of Crocker's Best, which has been on the market Ellen Louise and Mary. The family attends the continuously since. Mr. Crocker has been identi St. Paul's Episcopal Church. fied in the following milling firms as a practical GOODING, Will G., manager of the W. J. miller, manager and senior partner: Perkins, Jennison Company, millers, was born on Septem Crocker & Tomlinson; Crocker, Tomlinson & Co., ber 5, 1862, in Olmstead county, Minnesota. Gardner, Pillsbury & Crocker; Pillsbury, Crocker His father, A. Gooding, was in the milling and & Fisk, and Crocker, Fisk & Co. In 1893 the Minneapolis Mill was leased and afterwards sold 'grain business for a long period and made his home in Rochester for about forty years. The to Washburn-Crosby Co. Mr. Crocker was mar son spent his boyhood at Rochester attending ried December 25th, 1862, to Sarah Perkins the public schools and entered the grain business Moore. They had two sons, George Albert, a re with his father who was at that time a member tail druggist, who died in 1502 at the age of of the firm of G. W. Van Dusen & Company. thirty-three, and William G., who was with his Here he acquired his first experience in buying father from 1882 to 1893, and for the past fourteen years has been with the Washburn-Crosby Co. and selling grain and in 1884 felt himself fitted to engage in business for himself which he did, establishing in the grain trade at Watertown, DIBBLE, Eugene Russell, one of the younger South Dakota, About twelve years ago he be men engaged in the grain business in Minneap came connected with the milling industry and olis, was born in this city on June 27, 1878. His in his present connection as manager and vice maternal grandfather, W. S. Judd, was one of president of W. J. Jenniscn & Company has the pioneer settlers of Minneapolis and was entire charge of the eight hundred barrel capacity connected with many of the important commer mill of that firm at Appleton, Minnesota. Their cial and public movements of the city. Russell office is in the Phoenix building in Minneapolis Dibble, father of Eugene R., was also a resident where the principal business transactions of the of this city for many years, and died here in 1881. His mother was Ellen (Judd) Dibble. Mr. Dib concern are conducted. Mr. Gooding is a mem ble has lived in Minneapolis all his life and re ber of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. KMtotqn .!•-» L. P. HUBBARD *: A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 342 1891 when the business was sold to the North western Consolidated Milling Company. In the following year Mr. Hardenbergh organized the National Milling Company of which he is still the president and which operates the Dakota Mill. His son, Fred E. Hardenbergh, is associated with him as treasurer and secretary of the corpora tion. From his earliest residence in Minneapolis, Mr. Hardenbergh has taken-an active interest in ' the affairs of the city and though a life long re publican has never sought office although upon the consolidation of the cities of Minneapolis and St". Anthony in 1872 he was named as one of the first board of aldermen and in the following year was reelected to the city council as member from the Seventh Ward. He has long been a member of the Masonic order and was one of the found ers of St. Marks Episcopal Church in 1868. For many years during- his long connection with St. Marks church he has held official positions there as vestryman or warden. Mr. Hardenbergh was married in 1859, to Miss Mary Lee of^Hartford, Connecticut, daughter of Wm. T. Lee who after wards came to Minneapolis and built a residence on the present site of the Syndicate Block. They have had ten ^children of whom six are now liv ing— Mrs. W. P. Hallowell, Fred E. Harden bergh, Ernest L. Hardenbergh, Mrs. J. W. Jones, Elsie Hardenbergh and Clarence M. Harden bergh. CHARLES M. HARDENBERGH. HARDENBERGH, Charles Morgan, presi dent of the National Milling Company and, one of the oldest of the leading manufacturers of Minneapolis, is a native of New Brunswick, New Jersey. He was born on January 4, 1833. Mr. Hardenbergh's education was obtained in the schools of his native town and at Trinity College at Hartford, Connecticut*. After leaving .college, Mr. Hardenbergh entered the ship-building busi ness, but after a few years determined to go west and arrived in Minneapolis in 1862. He at once entered the manufacture Of iron work in connec tion with Wm. H. Lee under the firm name of Lee & Hardenbergh. At first their plant was on the east side but in 1865 they decided to cross the river and erected extensive buildings- on the site now occupied by the Crown Roller flour mill. The new establishment was named the Minne sota Iron Works and the business was continued under Mr. Hardenbergh's management until 1879 when it was sold to O. A. Pray & Company. The old buildings were then torn down to make way for the Crown mill. Mr. Hardenbergh left the iron business to become a member of the firm of Christian Bros. & Company and to take special charge of the construction and operation of the new flour mill. The firm was composed of J. A. Christian, L. Christian, C. M. Hardenbergh and C. E. French. Mr. Hardenbergh continued as part owner and operator of the Crown mill until DUNWOODY, William Hood, now one of the last of the pioneer millers of Minneapolis to remain in active business, is«of Scottish ancestry. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather were farmers who successively followed agricul ture in the same portion of Chester county, Pennsylvania. His father was James Dunwoody; his mother Hannah Hood, the daughter of Wil liam Hood whose ancestors came into Penn sylvania when Penn founded his colony. After a period of schooling in Philadelphia, he, at the ?ge of eighteen, entered the store of an uncle in Philadelphia and commenced what proved to be the business of his life. His uncle was a grain merchant. After a few years, Mr. Dunwoody brgan for himself as the senior member of Dun woody & Robertson. Ten "years of practical ex perience in the flour and grain markets of Phila delphia fitted him for wide operations in the west. He came to Minneapolis in 1869 and very soon afterward embarked in the milling business. Mill ing here was then in the old style—actively oper ated during the low freights eastward in summer, and very moderately during the high freights by rail in winter. In 1875 Mr. Dunwoody devised and was in strumental in organizing the Millers' Association, formed to equalize the distribution of wheat be tween the mills, at a time when the capacity for grinding was greater than the supply of wheat. Its work was most important in the development of early day milling in Minneapolis. It continued until the extension of railroads and settlement « ( , V, &mVy£t kMi, 344 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of the prairies northwest of Minneapolis led to the production of a greater supply of wheat. It was then found necessary to find a new market for an increased output of flour and in 1877 Mr. Dunwoody, at the instigation of Governor Wash burn, made a trip to Great Britain, where he re mained eight months in his efforts to introduce flour manufactured in Minneapolis. Failing to interest other Minneapolis millers, who declared it could not be accomplished, Governor Wash burn decided to carry the responsibilities alone and assume all necessary expense until it was demonstrated beyond question, that a direct trade with Great Britain could be established. Although provided with proper credentials and excellent letters of introduction, Mr. Dunwoody met with a very cool deception, and on the boards of trade was treated with scant courtesy, the influence of the brokers, whose commissions were threatened by this new departure, being distinctly felt. It was only by great persistence and the exercise of tact, discretion and courtesy that he induced some of the. younger men to make a trial, which fortunately proved satisfac tory and led to further shipments. Some months later the larger part of the C. C. Washburn plant was destroyed by the great fire and explo sion of May 2, 1878, and further efforts were held in abeyance until the mills could be rebuilt and a steady supply assured. But the aggressive policy adopted, in which Mr. Dunwoody was an active participant, created such a demand and so widened the outlet, that those millers who de clined to join in the first experiment, were only too glad to take advantage of the opportunity opened to them by his foresight and persever ance. From this small beginning in 1877 has grown the large export trade of the Northwest, until now there is scarcely a region of any size on the habitable globe where Minneapolis flour is not known and appreciated. Shortly after the great mill explosion in 1878, Mr. Dunwoody entered the firm of Washburn, Crosby & Company, which had been formed the previous year. Soon after this Governor Wash burn imported corrugated steel rolls and puri fiers from Hungary, which was the origin of what was subsequently known as the "Hungarian process" of manufacturing flour. The experi mental mill soon proved that the process was well adapted to the needs of the millers of this country. All of the mills in the city and sur rounding region were soon changed over to the same process, and the method has been generally adopted by all mills throughout the country. On July xo, 1889, the company was incorporated un der the name Washburn-Crosby Company, of which Mr. Dunwoody is vice-president. Mr. Dunwoody is also interested in several elevator companies which are allied with the milling in terest. He is president of the Northwestern Na tional bank and a member cf the Chamber of Commerce of Minneapolis and New York and of the Minneapolis Club, the Minnesota Club (St. Paul) and the Metropolitan Club (New York). He is a Presbyterian; in political affilia tions, a republican. Mr. Dunwoody, before leav ing Philadelphia, was married to Miss Kate L. Patten, the daughter of a prominent merchant of Philadelphia. Their home is a handsome resi dence on Oakland Terrace. FAIRCHILD, Egbert Nelson, for many years associated with the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company in this city, was born in New York City on September 28, 1868. His father was Egbert Henry Fairchild, who, at the time Egbert Nelson was born, was conducting an ex tensive contracting business in New York; his mother was Mary Seymore. Mr. Fairchild passed but a short time in the city of his birth, his family moving when he was still a child to Peekshill, New York. In that town he re ceived his education, attending the public schools; and then came to Minnesota and located in Min neapolis. In 1884 he accepted a position with Chas. A. Pillsbury & Company and has been continuously identified with the milling interests of that firm and the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company which succeeded it in 1889. Through his own efforts he has advanced him self to the office of assistant manager and holds a high place in the esteem and confidence of the company. He has also other extensive interests in the city and throughout the Northwest, being president of the Sioux Paving Brick Company, of Sioux City, Iowa, and holds the same office in Lower Brick Company, which has headquarters in that city, and is also a member of the Minne apolis Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Fairchild has devoted much time to business affairs, but has nevertheless found it possible to take a part in the social life of the city and is well known also in club circles. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club, and the Minikahda Club, being a governor of the latter organization, and a mem ber of the Minneapolis Curling Club. On Octo ber 4, 1893, Mr. Fairchild was married to Miss Gertrude A. Kenny, and they have two children, Catherine and Mary.. KING, Henry Havelock, president of the Sheffield-King Milling Company of Minneapolis, is a native of Maine. He was born at Calais, in that state, August 30, 1861, the son of James and Jane (Fleming) King. James King was a con tractor. He moved to St. Stephen, New Bruns wick, while his son Henry was still young, and the boy grew up in that place, obtaining most of his schooling at the St. Stephen private schools. At the age of twelve years he left school and ob tained a position as clerk, and was employed in this way until he was seventeen. In 1879 he moved to Minneapolis and for the next five years was employed as a bookkeeper. In 1884 he went into the feed commission business in which he was very successful, but after about eight years • to 'VP ' *,H 3• • Wfx. Wr. •L SWEET, PHOTO . S ; • _ . 346 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS he became interested in the milling business, and in 1892 engaged in flour milling, forming soon afterwards, with B. B. Sheffield, the SheffieldKing Milling Company. Mr. King was for a time secretary and manager of the business, and for some years now has been president of the company. He was married on May 3, 1905, to Helen M. Clark. Mr. King has taken an active part in the affairs of the Chamber of Commerce/ as well as in the general interests of the city, both commercially and socially. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club. .•* LITTLE, Henry L., manager of the PillsburyWashburn Flour Mills Company, Ltd., was born in 1857 on a farm near Webster, New Hampshire. His education was acquired in the public school and local high school of Web ster. He also attended the Academy at Penacook, New Hampshire, for a short time. His business career began as clerk in his father's store. Mr. Little came to Minneapolis about 1880, without friends or influence of any sort and first clerked in a hardware store with out reimbursement, awaiting a vacancy in the regular force. During this time he met Mr. C. A. Pillsbury who offered him a position in his office, which he declined as he was averse to doing clerical work. Shortly after this Mr. Pillsbury made him a proposition to go on the road and sell flour, which he accepted. After traveling a number of years Mr. Little assumed charge of the sales department in the office and in 1897 was made assistant to Mr. Pillsbury, upon whose death two years later Mr. Little became head of the largest flour milling plant in the world. LORING, Charles M., pioneer merchant, flour miller, and for years the president of the Min neapolis Park Board, was born at Portland, Maine, November 13, 1833, the son of Captain Horace Loring and Sarah (Wiley) Loring. His father, who was a sea captain, took him, while still a boy, on several voyages^and destined him to become a sailor, but the young man disliked the sea and in 1856 came west and engaged in business at Chicago. After a few years failing health influenced him to seek another climate, and he secured a situation with Dorilus Morrison-in Minneapolis during the year i860. Soon after, however, he joined Loren Fletcher in the general merchandise trade and the firm became prominent in the business life of the village. From 1868 to 1894 he was engaged in the milling business; and, since then, has been president of the Morgan Machine Company, of Rochester, New York. Mr. Loring's energy, business qualifications, public spirit and affability led to his being chosen for many posts closely connected with the general welt-being of the community in which he lives. He was a member of the city council from 1870 to 1873; as organizer of the North American Telegraph Company, serving as its president from 1885 until his resignation in 1897; first president of an improvement association existing here in early times; member of the Court House Com mission; president of the Board of Trade in ^75; president of the Chamber of Commerce from 1886 to 1890; president of State Board of Commissioners for securing Minnehaha Park; president of the Board of Park Commissioners from its organization in 1883 until his resignation in 1893; for several years a vice-president of Na tional Board of Trade; recently, president of the American Park and Outdoor Art Association, president of the Minnesota State Forestry Asso ciation, and a life member of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. For more than 30 years he was treasurer of Lakewood Cemetery Asso ciation, and was one of the trustees of Washburn Memorial Orphan Asylum until he resigned in 1905. Mr. Loring's activity in movements per taining to civic welfare and embellishment in the city of his adoption are recognized and appre ciated by all who sympathize with such labors and estimate the results at their true value. His efforts in this direction commenced soon after his arrival in Minneapolis and have been constant during more than forty years. From the first he was much interested in the subject of public parks and took part in all the earlier efforts to secure parks for the young city. Later as presi dent of the park board he had opportunity to do much for this cause, not only in actual accom plishment as an official-but in the way of moulding public opinion. He has been indefatigable in striving to secure land and perfect a park sys tem, which is counted as one of the main attrac tions of Minneapolis. A natural taste in this direction has been fostered and cultivated by ex tensive travels, both in this country and foreign lands, where keen observation, love of nature and intercourse with kindred minds have all con tributed to render this pursuit a veritable pas sion. In recognition of his services to the city the park board just before his retirement from the presidency, and in spite of his remonstrance, gave his name to the central park of the city, and he is familiarly called the Father of the Parks. Mr. Loring was married in early life at Portland, Maine, to Miss Emily Crosman. Their only son, A. C. Loring, is a prominent Minne apolis miller. Mrs. Loring died in 1894. Mr. Loring was again married in 1896 to Miss Flor ence Barton, daughter of A. B. Barton, of Min neapolis. Mr. Loring has always been a re publican in politics though in this as in all mat ters independent and liberal in his views. He is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and other organizations of a public and social character but finds his chief relaxation in study ing public grounds and in assisting in the promo tion of parks and parkways. He has been in vited to render such assistance in many cities and has made numerous addresses of a character cal culated to educate public taste for "the city, beau tiful." fclfc, feSl jjfeaBL BRUSH, PHOTO • a . . m A HALF CENTURY Of MINNEAPOLIS MARTIN, Charles J., was born in April, 1842, at Clarendon, New York. He went to Wis consin in 1863, and there enlisted as a private soldier in the Fortieth Regiment of Wisconsin Infantry and served in the war for the Union. In 1872 he was appointed secretary to Governor C. C. Washburn of Wisconsin and in 1874 he removed to Minneapolis and became connected with the Washburn flouring mills which were then operated by George H. Christian & Co., and later by J. A. Christian & Co. When the co-partnership of Washburn, Crosby & Co. was organized in February 1, 1879, Mr. Martin was admitted as a partner, and in 1889, upon the in corporation of the Washburn-Crosby Company, he was elected secretary and treasurer of the company and has since that time held that office. Mr. Martin's business ability was early recog nized by Gov. Washburn, who commissioned him to be his secretary and aide de, camp. He was appointed one of the executors of Gov. Wash burn's will and a trustee of the Washburn Mem orial Orphan Asylum. Among his business rela tions which he has filled with distinguished ability may be mentioned his work as secretary and treasurer of the Great Falls, Montana, Royal Milling Company and of the St.-Anthony & Da kota Elevator Company, and on the directory of the National Bank of Commerce. PILLSBURY, Charles Alfred, for many years the leading miller of the world, was born at Warner, New Hampshire, October 3, 1842, and died at Minneapolis, September 17, 1899. Mr. Pillsbury spent his boyhood in New Hampshire, attending the local schools, and afterwards went to Dartmouth College from which he graduated at the age of twenty-one. During his college life he partially supported himself by teaching at intervals. After graduation he went to Mon treal where he spent six years in various employ ments. He then came to Minneapolis,' in 1869, and purchased an interest in a small flour mill. Minneapolis flour milling was 'at that time in a quite undeveloped condition. There were, per haps, half a dozen mills at the falls and all of them used the old-fashioned buhr mill-stones and other old time appliances. But Mr, Pillsbury arrived just in time to assist in the devel opment and application of a number of wonderful inventions and to participate in the enormous growth of milling which followed the opening of the spring wheat district of Minnesota and the Dakotas. In 1869 when he reached Minneapolis the railroads extended but a few miles north and west; within a few years they had crossed large areas of prairie land making this unrivaled wheat raising district tributary to the Minneapolis flour mills. At about the same time the invention of the self binder cheapened the production of wheat while in the mills themselves many radical innovations were introduced. One of the latter was the middlings purifier, a Minneapolis inven tion which Mr. Pillsbury at once adopted with great profit. Almost at the same time the steel roller process was introduced from abroad and between the two inventions the making of flour was revolutionized both as to quality and cost of production. Mr. Pillsbury's advance during the seventies was extraordinarily rapid. In 1872 he formed the firm of Chas. A. Pillsbury & Com pany with his uncle, John S. Pillsbury, and his father, George A. Pillsbury, as his partners. Sub sequently his brother, Fred. C. Pillsbury, was admitted to the firm. A group of half a dozen mills was operated by Chas. A. Pillsbury & Co., for several years, but the business grew so rapidly that much larger capacity was needed which was secured by the erection of the famous Pillsbury A mill which when completed had <* capacity of 7,000 barrels per day. This mill was then the largest in the world but its capacity, through the improvement of machinery, has been more than doubled and is at the present time 15,650 barrels per day. During the period of active development of the milling industry, Mr. Pillsbury visited Europe repeatedly and be came widely known throughout Europe and America as the largest flour producer in the world. Besides making -a practical and detailed study of every phase of the production of wheat, its transportation, the making of flour and the marketing of flour and its by-products, Mr. Pills bury found time to take a large interest in many other commercial enterprises as well as to par ticipate in public affairs in the city and state. He-was frequently tendered political honors but the only office which he. held during his life in Minneapolis was that of State Senator to which he was elected for the term beginning in 1877 and which he held for ten years. In 1890 the firm of Chas. A. Pillsbury & Company was merged into the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company and a large part of the stock in the new concern was purchased by an English syn dicate. The new corporation also secured a con trolling interest in the entire water power at St. Anthony Falls. Mr. Pillsbury remained at the head of the business at a very large salary and retained a large holding of the stock. During the succeeding years the business was greatly developed and maintained its position as the leading flour producing company of the whole world. After a few years, on Mr. Pillsbury's recommendation, the company took up the fur ther improvement of the water power through the construction of an auxiliary dam a short dis tance below the falls by means of which 10,000 additional horse power was developed. This was the last great construction work under Mr. Pills bury's direction. During the thirty years of his active business life in Minneapolis Mr. Pillsbury was probably the most popular business man in the city, always in good health and spirits, easily accessible and generous to a fault. His philan thropies and benevolences were many, but for the most part are unrecorded. Mr. Pillsbury was a 350 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS BRUbHj PHOTO WILLIAM L. STEVENS. member of many local organizations: He was a very prominent member of the Minneapolis Cham ber of Commerce and was its president from 1882 to 1894. On September 12, 1866, he was married to Miss Mary A. Stinson of Goffstown, New Hamp shire, who died September 26, 1902. Two sons, Charles S. and John S., have assumed many of the business relations so long maintained by their father. The family has always attended Ply mouth Congregational Church and the sons have built, as a memorial to their parents, Pillsbury House in South Minneapolis where the settle ment work of Plymouth Church is conducted. PILLSBURY, George Alfred, the oldest of the Pillsbury family which has taken such a large part in the history of Minneapolis, was born at Sutton, New Hampshire, on August 29, 1816. He was the son of John P. and Susan Wadleigh Pillsbury, of a family tracing its ori gin back to William Pillsbury who came from England in 1640. He received a common school education and when eighteen entered business life in Boston. A large part of his life was spent in business in Warner, New Hampshire, where he served his town and state in various public offices. From 1844 to 1849 he was post master of Warner. In 1851 Mr. Pillsbury retired from mercantile business and was appointed purchas ing agent for the Concord Railroad Corporation and moving to Concord remained in this position for about twenty-four years, during which he handled very large sums of money. His inter ests broadened, including real estate investments, the organization of the First National Bank of Concord, the National Savings Bank of the same place and he also served as a member of the city council and represented his ward in the legisla ture. In 1878 he followed his brother, Governor J. S. Pillsbury and his son, Charles A. Pillsbury, to Minneapolis. He was then sixty-two years old and had acquired a competent fortune which he invested in business in Minneapolis, becoming one of the firm of Chas. A. Pillsbury & Co., which was for years the largest flour milling concern in the world. His many public services in the east were known, and he was soon called upon to serve the city of Minneapolis, being chosen for the school board and city council and in 1884 receiving the nomination by the republi can party for mayor. To this office Mr. Pills bury was elected by a majority of eight thousand. Mr. Pillsbury gave the city a careful business like administration. In his inaugural address he suggested that saloons should not be licensed in the residence portions of the city, and the de velopment of this idea of his son Charles A. Pillsbury, who was the originator of it, gave to Minneapolis the patrol limits system of saloon restriction. Besi(%s his interests in flour milling Mr. Pillsbury entered largely into the other bus iness undertakings of the city and was at various times president of the Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce and of the Pillsbury & Hurlbut Elevator Company,-of the Northwestern Nation al Bank, trustee of the Hennepin County Savings Bank, vice-president of the Minnesota Loan & Trust Company and stock holder and director in many of the financial and manufacturing en terprises of the city. In 1885 he was chairman of the building committee in charge of the first chamber of commerce building, and in the fol lowing year occupied the same position in con nection with the erection of the First Baptist church. A life long Baptist he took a prominent part in the affairs of the denomination and served as president of the Baptist union, Minnesota Baptist state convention and of the American Baptist union. He gave very liberally to Pills bury Academy of Owatonna which took its name in his honor. Tn 1890 he, in recognition of his life long relations with three New Hampshire communities, gave to Concord a free hospital named in honor of his wife, the Margaret Pills bury hospital; to Warner, a free public library and to Sutton, a soldier's monument. He was married on May 9, 1841, to Miss Margaret S. Carlton. They had three children; a daughter who died in infancy; Charles A. Pillsbury, known for years as the leading miller of the world, who died in 1899. and Fred C. Pillsbury, who was associated with his brother and father in busi ness, who died in 1892. STEVENS, William Lewis, is a native of Maine, the state which has furnished so great a part of the ability and energy that have made \ - • ).V- • ; - A '/i" . '*• -4' .;*« • • > . 'X'!v* 1 . »- ^ ^ v : , ,'%•»" .,. . . • ! ...^ 1 A. J','; . £>., :' 3 * . •» jf •*. » i 'k i* -JL ~7 - jpf.», :>«, .. •: T- -y ••'•} ^ ™, > • ,f ,- • •» ^ ™ ^ : r. -j. _ ' " p.,/ ; ®8 ^ ^ . r ' * - ' . _ - 352 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS possible the remarkable development of the Northwest. His home was at West Waterville, now Oakland, where he was born on December !7> !853> the son of Joseph E. Stevens and Susan A. Stevens. His father was a manufac turer of that town, and there William L. passed the years of his boyhood and began his educa tional training. He attended the village gram mar and high school and after completing his preparatory work entered the University of Maine. In 1876 he completed his studies in that institution and graduated in that year with a de gree of M. E. Soon after finishing his college work he came to Minneapolis where a position in the office of a flour milling concern was ac cepted and since that time he has been continu ously connected with some branch of the flour industry. From 1879 until 1884 he was asso ciated with a milling firm of this city which did a large export business and received the training of which he afterward made service in his own interests. In 1884 he became identified with the flour exporting line in his own name, and has since carried on the business on his own account. An extensive trade has been worked up in Great Britian and Holland and the flour of some of the leading merchant mills of the Northwest is dis tributed in those countries. A considerable ex port business is also done in Kansas hard wheat flours in conjunction with the products of the local mills. Mr. Stevens is a republican in poli tics, but does not take an especial interest in party matters. He was married in 1879 and has three children. The family attends the Congre gational Church. WILLFORD, Joseph Lewis, for some thirtyfive years a prominent manufacturer of Minne apolis, was born in Green county, Wisconsin, on July 10, 1849. He was the son of Joseph Willford and Phoebe Jane Hill Willford, and from his father, who was a miller, he doubtless in herited a taste for the handling of machinery, which led him to the line of business which he has followed successfully during the greater part of his life. Mr. Willford's boyhood was spent in Iowa and Minnesota, where he secured such training as the public schools afforded. But the death of his parents while he was still a child threw him quite early upon his own resources. He became interested in machinery and machine building and an experience of some years in practical shop work fitted him for the larger field which he has since entered. In 1871 he came to Minneapolis and this city has since been the headquarters of his business operations. In 1873 the firm of Willford, Rimers & Gillmore was formed and under this name Mr. Willford began the manufacture of middlings purifiers. This association was continued until about 1877 when he bought out his partners and operated the business independently for two years. In 1879 he formed a partnership with W. P. Northway under the firm name of Willford & Northway and commenced the building of middlings purifiers and other flour mill machinery, develop- JOSEPH L. WILLFORD. ing a large line of machinery, all of their own design. At first they occupied a small shop at Second street and Fifth avenue south, in the milling district, but the rapid growth of the business made necessary a larger plant and the building on Third avenue south between Third and Fourth streets was erected. In 1885 the business was incorporated as the Willford & Northway Manufacturing Company, with a captal of $130,000. Mr. Millford has taken a prom inent part in the development of the flour mill machinery business, which has done much to establish and maintain the supremacy of the city as the milling and mill building center of the world. In 1896 Mr. Willford established the Willford Manufacturing Company, of which he was president and executive head until 1905. when he sold his interest to his associates. Mr. Willford is an inventor of much ability and has devoted his attention to the development and im provement of flour mill machinery and systems. He has invented and patented many important machines, a number of which still take an im portant part in the milling industry. He is iden tified with the leading social and commercial associations of the city and is a thirty-second degree Mason, a Knight Templar, a Knight of Pythias and a member of the Order of Elks. Mr. Willford was married April 8, 1874, and has had five children, of whom three, Eugene, Mabel and Arthur, are living. CHAPTER XX. GRAIN TRADE AND CHAMBER OF COMMERCE T HE first grain shipped into Minne apolis came to supply the early flour mills and, strange as it may seem (when the supremacy of Minnesota as a wheat-raising state is considered) the first wheat for grinding here came from Iowa and Illinois. A little was brought into the village by the farmers hereabout, but the first merchant mill found it necessary to import grain from the south or shut down. At first the wheat from the south came in small quantities, and it was regarded as an important event in the trade when a ship ment of 2,000 bushels arrived on one steam boat in 1855. Settlement was rapid, how ever, and the trend of the wheat trade was soon turned in the opposite direction. With this turn in the course of the crop move ment Minneapolis for a time lost her hold upon the wheat. The southern part of Min nesota was settled in advance of the region west of Minneapolis, and very soon that part of the state was producing more wheat than the early Minneapolis mills could use and it turned naturally to another market. James J. Hill is authority for the state ment that the first wheat shipped out of Minnesota was raised about Le Sueur and went down the river on a barge in 1857. For some years after that this barge trade from the Minnesota river was a feature of the wheat business. But the gradual growth of the Minneapolis flour milling industry forced the wheat trade to this city. The rapid settlement of Central and Western Minnesota immediately after the war in creased w r heat production enormously, and the railroad building which went on at the same time furnished the means of bringing the grain to the Minneapolis mills. But, through all this period there was nothing corresponding to the grain commission business of the present day. Nearly all the wheat was bought directly by the millers. In 1859 the following dealers were classified as handling "grain and produceKimball, Johnson & Co., Jos. Moody, Thos. Moulton, George Perkins, J. H. Green & Co., Nut ting, Brown & Co., H. T. Crowell, Fletcher & Gould, and J. G. McFarlane. None of them made an exclusive business of hand ling grain. As late as 1871 there were but nine firms in the city classified as "grain dealers" and some of these were not ex clusively in this line. They were: Clark & Linton, W. H. Dun woody, Harvey & Bradley, John Osborne, E. & B. Palmer, Pratt & Foster, John Scheible, J. M. Varney & Co. and Wright & Fiske. Statistics of the early wheat trade are scarce and not altogether trustworthy, but the following figures (preserved by Mr. George A. Brackett, who was then a flour miller) showing the shipments into the city over the first railroad, and from practically the only railroad points then shipping here, are unquestioned and of much interest: MINNESOTA CENTRAL RAILWAY SHIPMENTS, Stations. Rosemount Farmington Castle Rock Northfield Dundas Faribault Medford Owatonna Totals Increase 1867-8. Crop, 1867. Crop, 1868. Bushels. Bushels. ... 35,386 40,204 161,794 132,392 14,910 10,454 101,231 68,830 13,485 13,788 44,989 76,086 14,982 20,669 74,846 186,930 461,623 549,353 87,732 In 1867 the Minneapolis Millers' Associa tion had been organized to buy wheat for all the mills and to prevent "dangerous 354 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS competition." The tardiness of the devel opment of a general grain commission busi ness was due to this association, which practically controlled the Minneapolis re ceipts of wheat. It is only necessary to glance at the sta tistics of receipts and shipments for the last five years of the Millers' Association before the organization of the Chamber of Commerce to see how the association con trolled the receipts. There were practically no shipments, and the wheat which was not shipped was handled by the association, and went into the mill bins. year, while for the past nine years they have been above 80,000,000, and in 1905 exceeded 93,000,000 bushels. The enormous consumption of the mills is shown by the fact that in the last few years the shipments have been not more than ten or eleven million bushels annually. Since 1886 the receipts and shipments have been as below: Receipts, Bushels. Shipments, Bushels. 1887 45,504,480 12,347,440 1892 72,727,600 21,161,010 1897 72,301,530 12,175,370 1902 88,762,120 11,770,170 15,608,800 Receipts, Bushels. Shipments, Bushels. 1903 86,804,070 1904 86,935,980 18,177,340 4,510,440 21,200 1905 93,263,910 23,152,920 1870 4,581,040 209,600 1906 80,694,580 20,332,970 1879 7.523,864 177,400 1907 86,030,990 20,343,590 10,258,700 133,600 16,316,950 514,250 Year. 1877 1880 188 1 : ; ; '. During the year following the organiza tion of the Chamber of Commerce the ship ments sprung from 500,000 to 2,000,000 bushels. Within five years they had grown to over 6,000,000 bushels, as follows: Year. Receipts, Bushels. Shipments, Bushels. 1882 18,947,500 2,105,000 188 3 22,124,711 2,125,719 1884 29,322,720 4,586,960 1885 32,900,560 4,944,240 1886. 34,904,260 6,651,780 From 1882 the business of handling wheat became a staple one. A market was assured and orders poured in from south ern and eastern millers. The grain men set to work to develop this shipping demand. So successful were they that vast amounts have been thus marketed during the past twenty years, the volume of the shipping business varying with the crops and the demand of the local mills. As high as 21,000,000 bushels have been shipped in one year. GREATEST PRIMARY MARKET. Minneapolis for the first time appeared in the list of the ten greatest primary wheat markets of the country in 1879—ninth on the list with receipts of about 7,000,000 bushels. New York stood first, credited with 71,000,000 bushels. Two years later, in 1881, Minneapolis had reached third place, as the following figures indicate: It WHEAT RECEIPTS OF TWENTY YEARS. Meanwhile, the receipts have increased more rapidly than the shipments. At no time since 1886 have the receipts fallen below 40,000,000 bushels in any calendar FIRST CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING. GRAIN T R A D E A N D CHAMBER O F COMMERCE 355 Received, Bu. 1 New York 44,297,11^ 2 Baltimore 20,933,255 3 Minneapolis 16,317,250 4 Chicago 14,824,900 5 St. Louis 13,243,571 6 Toledo 12,697,413 7 Milwaukee . 10,176,094 8 Philadelphia 8,399,032 9 Detroit 5,807,073 10 Kansas City 4,102,049 After four years more Minneapolis took first place as a primary market, and has maintained it ever since. The figures of that year, 1885, were as follows: Received, Bu. 1 Minneapolis 32,900,560 2 New 24,329,458 York 3 Chicago 19,266,772 4 Duluth 14,869,675 5 Toledo 10,717,145 6 St. 10,690,677 Louis 7 Milwaukee 9,814,903 8 Detroit 8,731,495 9 Baltimore 8,588,763 10 Kansas City 4,763,844 Comparisons with other cities than Duluth-Superior and Chicago became unnec essary as time went on as all other cities had dropped far behind 'as wheat markets. The figures which follow show the com parative receipts of these three leading mar kets for 1891, 1896, 1901 and the years since. Minneapolis has maintained a long lead ; and in several years has received twice as much wheat as the other two markets com bined : Minneapolis Duluth Bushels Bushels 1891 57,811,615 40,491,974 1896 69,568,870 56,607,897 19,161,812 1901. 90,838,570 47,000,965 51,197,870 Years Chicago Bushels 42,931,258 1902 88,762,120 42,406,923 37,940,953 1903 86,804,070 29,091,142 27,124,585 1904 1905- 86,935,980 92,176,870 26,655,205 31,186,725 24,457,347 26,899,012 80,694,580 41,558,151 28,249,475 86,030,990 52,299,825 24,943,690 1906 1907- ... COARSE GRAINS. Wheat being the most conspicuous grain in the Minneapolis market, most of what has been said about the development of the grain trade relates to the handling of that cereal. But wheat is by no means the only grain in which Minneapolis dealers traffic. COL. GEORGE I). ROGERS, First Secretary Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce. There is a constantly developing trade in coarse grains which will continue to enlarge with the diversification of agriculture in the northwestern states and the extension of farming to bring into productivity all the available arable land west and northwest of Minneapolis. Each year corn is being cul tivated further and further north. Rye and barley are well adapted to the climatic con ditions of Minnesota and the Dakotas, while the northwest is the finest place in the world for raising flax. In fact, the produc tion of flaxseed has developed so rapidly, and seems based on such stable conditions that Minneapolis has become the chief mar ket of the country and has more linseed oil mill capacity than any other point in Amer ica. The city has also wrested from Mil waukee and Chicago pre-eminence in the handling of barley. Receipts of corn in late years have averaged about 5,000,000 bushels annually and were, in 1907, 6,151,000 bushels. Oats are averaging over 20,000,000 bushels; bar- 356 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS war some method of economical handling and storage became a necessity. At first the flour mills pro vided storage, but they rapidly outgrew such facilities. And with the progress of agriculture and the lengthening o f t h e railroads there devel oped a tendency to hurry grain to market as soon as harvested. Bulk storage of some sort was necessary. This need was keenly felt before capital could be induced to invest in elevators. But in 1867 the Union Elevator was erected by the Union Eleva tor Company, com posed of W. W. East man, A. H. Wilder, Col. Merriam and D. C. Shepherd. It stood at Washington and Ninth avenues south, PRESENT CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING. on the Chicago, Mil waukee & St. Paul Railway, and had a capac ley reached- 20,000,000 in 1907; - and flax ity of 130,000 bushels. In the following year seed is 'averaging 10,000,000 bushels yearly. W. F. Davidson built the Pacific Elevator at ELEVATORS AND STORAGE. Washington and Fourth avenues north. It was a small house of only 85,000 bushels capa During the half century of grain handling at Minneapolis there has been a wonderful city, but in one of those early years it hand evolution in methods. In the fifties, rousta led a million bushels of wheat. When in 1879, elevator A, belonging to the Min bouts carried the wheat from the steamers' decks to the landing in the sacks in which neapolis Elevator Company, was built on the farmers had placed it on the lower river the Great Northern Railway at Chestnut farms. It- was hauled to the mills in avenue, it was regarded as an event of the wagons. After a time bulk barges were utmost importance. The capacity was 780,built for handling grain but when the rail 000 bushels, and it was the largest elevator roads began carrying wheat sacks were west of Chicago. The Minneapolis Eleva again resorted to.' Cars carried about 16,- tor Company, which built this structure, was officered by: L. Fletcher, president; 000 pounds as the limit or about 260 bushels C. H. Pettit, treasurer; F. S. Hinkle, sec as against 1 ,000, or more, frequently hauled retary; and C. W. Tracy, superintendent. on eight wheels nowadays. As the grain production and milling ca During the following year the Pillsbury pacity increased with great strides after the elevator was built on the east side, and in n GRAIN TRADE AND CHAMBER OF COMMERCE j 88 i the old Central elevator at Western avenue and Holden street was put up. These were the leading elevators up to the time of the organization of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce. To follow the building since then would be almost impos sible. With the rapid development of busi ness in the early eighties, which has been sketched elsewhere, elevator building went on with great rapidity. At the close of 1885 city boasted an elevator capacity of 9,515,000 bushels. In 1890 the capacity was 16,315,000 bushels; and it is now over 40,000,000 bushels. This terminal elevator capacity does noi, however, by any means represent the stor age capacity controlled by Minneapolis grain men. Throughout the entire North west, reaching from Wisconsin to the limits of grain production, there are elevators and grain warehouses at every railroad station. These country "houses" vary in capacity from a few thousand bushels to complete elevators of several hundred thousand bushels storage. A large proportion of these outside elevators are owned or con trolled by companies having headquarters in Minneapolis. Through these systems the Minneapolis grain companies extend their influence to every part of the West, buying in many cities and towns and controlling in the aggregate many times the terminal storage of Minneapolis proper. 357 gressive attitude of the grain men of this section has made this the center of the ele vator building business of the country. EVOLUTION OF GRAIN F I R M S . As was stated at the beginning of this chapter grain handling in Minneapolis was first a side line with the general merchants of the village; then a few commission men appeared, generally doing business as in dividuals; and as time went on great cor porations and large firms controlling heavy properties developed from their small pre decessors. The rise of the grain handlers is a story of great interest but can only be touched upon here. The development of the Peavey business is, perhaps, most fa miliar and at the same time most striking. In 1873 the late F. H. Peavey was man aging a little elevator at Sioux City; in 1874 he commenced to buy wheat for a Duluth elevator; in 1875 he was buying for the Minneapolis millers. By 1882 he was operating on all lines of the "Omaha" line southwest of Minneapolis and opened .an EVOLUTION I N GRAIN H A N D L I N G . Even the elevators themselves have changed radically in form and construction and method of operation. The accepted construction at first was of wood, but with in the past fifteen years many experiments have been made to secure some permanenl material at a reasonable cost, and steel, tile, concrete and brick elevators have come in. All of these materials are being used with success, and each has its advocates. At all events, the old style of wooden elevators seems to be doomed. The new construc tion reduces expense of maintenance and operation, and obliterates the insurance ac count. The activity in elevator building in Min neapolis and the Northwest and the pro FRANK IT. PEAVEY, For many years the head of the largest grain business in the country. 358 A H a l f Century o f Minneapolis office here and two years later he moved to Minneapolis. The next fifteen years saw the building up of a system comprising some ten affiliated companies controlling terminal storage of many millions and hun dreds of country elevators with enormous aggregate capacity.. The original Peavey company continued under the direction of George W.- Peavey, Frank T. Heffelfinger, Frederick B. Wells and Charles F. Deaver, who had been associated with Mr. Peavey while the allied companies include many well known Minneapolis grain men. • The business of H. Poehler Company is picturesque in its origin. Henry Poehler, the founder of the business, came to Minne sota in 1853 -and became a grain dealer at Henderson in 1855, participating in the earliest shipments of wheat out of the Min nesota river by steamboat and barge, and fighting Indians during the uprising of 1862. In 1887 he moved to Minneapolis and founded the present company with his sons Alvin H., Charles F. and Walter C. and George A. Duvigneaud. It has become a large and important business. James Marshall, in 1903 the president of the Chamber of Commerce and a very well known dealer, was one of the first members of the Chamber. He has the distinction of being the first member to make an option trade. This was in 1885—the beginning of the great "futures" market here. Another early member was William Griffiths, whose business after various changes became the' Brooks-Griffiths Company. Into this com pany John R. Marfield entered in 1902 through the purchase of the Brooks inter est. Mr. Marfield had had long experience in the grain business in Winona, and the consolidation of interests was fortunate. The firm became the Marfield-Griffiths Company in 1903 and in 1906 it was incor porated as Marfield, Tearse & Noyes, Mr. Griffiths retaining his interest and the office of vice-president. The late Samuel S. Linton was one of the first members of the Chamber and the firm of Mills & Linton did a large business in two small rooms in the old Johnson, Smith & Harrison building in the early eighties. In 1884 Mr. Linton with W. D. Gregory organized a new firm and from this grew the present firm of Gregory, Jennison & Co. Another of the older dealers is George C. Harper, who came in 1882 and has done business continuously under his own name ever since. • • The Van Dusen-Harrington company also dates from the early eighties when G. W. Van Dusen, who had been in the grain business at Rochester opened in Minne apolis with C. M. Harrington, who had been in his employ at Rochester. The business has changed little in form but has now a number of associated corporations and con trols a very large terminal and country ele vator capacity. George C. Bagley came to Minneapolis in 1885. His interests now include the At lantic Elevator Company, the Royal Eleva tor Company, the George C. Bagley Eleva tor Company and the Homestead Elevator Company—corporations which control a great terminal and country storage. The Huhn Elevator Company is the outgrowth of the small business established by Anton Huhn in 1884 and now one of the most ex tensive of the elevator companies of the city. One of the largest of the line elevator companies is the Minneapolis & Northern, of which C. M. Amsden has been the head for many years. It is, of course, impossible to trace even the beginnings of the scores of trading firms now doing business in the Chamber of Commerce. Many interesting facts will be found in the brief individual sketches form ing a part of this chapter. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE The history of the Chamber of Com merce cannot be separated from that of fiour-milling and the rise of the grain trade —in fact, the three must be read together to secure the complete story of the relation of Minneapolis to the cereal products of the country. The chamber was the logical sequence of the conditions which were to make the city a great grain market; but without the chamber the development of the market would have been much delayed. The organization of a Chamber of Com merce was first suggested by Col. George D. Rogers, who subsequently became the GRAIN TRADE AtfD CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 359 MODERN TYPE OF STEEL TANK ELEVATOR. first secretary of the Chamber, and, after some years, again occupied that position and is now general counsel. Colonel Rogers in 1881 succeeded in interesting a group of business men. First among these were the few commission and grain men of the city. But it was deemed important to secure the support of the whole business community, and, to make a good showing of strength at the outset, a number of prominent men in general pursuits were secured as incor porators, the names appended to the articles being these: H. G. Harrison, A. C. Rand, John Dunham, A. H. Bode, E. V. White, R. P. Russell, J. T. Buxton, W. F. Meader, C. M. Loring, A. D. Mulford, Samuel P. Snyder, A. B. Taylor, D. C. Bell, Anthony Kelly, James A. Lovejoy, Frank L. Morse, D. Syme, S. W. Serl, Robert McMullen, J. R. Coykendall, and R. L. Crocket. The articles of incorporation which were filed on October 19, 1881, were brief but so com prehensive as to give the Chamber a wide range for possible activities. The objects were stated to be: "To facilitate the buy ing and selling of all products, to inculcate principles of justice and equity in trade, to facilitate speedy adjustments of business disputes, to acquire and disseminate valu able commercial information, and, generalIv, to secure to its members the benefits of co-operation in the furtherance of their legi timate business pursuits, and to advance the general prosperity and business inter ests of the city in Minneapolis." The charter of the Chamber provided the following list of officers: president, H. G. Harrison; first vice-president, A. D. Mul ford ; second vice-president, A. B. Taylor: secretary, G. D. Rogers; treasurer, T. J. Buxton; directors, H. G. Harrison, A. D. Mulford, T. J. Buxton, James A. Lovejoy, R. P. Russell, F. L. Morse, W. F. Meader, John Dunham, S. W. Serl, D. Syme, R. McMullen, A. B. Taylor and John Coyken dall. Temporary quarters were secured in a room in the basement of the building at the corner of Third street and Hennepin ave nue, now occupied by the Western Union Telegraph Company. Here the first meet ing under the charter was held on Nov. 15, when the membership was increased by the election of twenty-one men, among whom were practically all the grain dealers then in the city. These new members were: F. A. Bishop, D. C. Moak, C. W. Johnson, Albert Hoppin, Oliver Merion, T. K. Ro gers, C. G. Hillman, Louis Deunsing, W. E. Steele, A. M. Woodward, O. A. Pray, J. A. Walkley, W, M. Cochrane, A. C. Loring, G. D. Rogers, Francis Hinkle, E. F. Dodge, 360 A HALF" CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Samuel S. Linton, Joseph H. Clarke, Wil liam Griffiths and Thomas Wight. Within a few weeks the most necessaryrules and by-laws had been adopted and the Chamber had moved from the basement quarters at Third street and Hennepin ave nue to the third story of the old Johnson, Smith & Harrison building at the corner of Third street and First avenue south. It did not take long, however,.to demonstrate the need of more accessible rooms, and quarters on the first floor of the same build ing were soon secured. More new mem bers were elected as follows: Theodore A. Sammis, Samuel Morse, T. S. King, C. G. Daggett, E. D. Bowen, D. H. Wright, C. P. Reigal, E.-W. Batcheldor, John T. West, Ed. M. Clement, W. A. Dolliver, C. W* Tracy, W. W. Huntington, John T. Byers, C. S. Hulbert, H. G. Croswell, James Mar shall, J. C. Joslyn, Oscar Absalom, W. S. TYPE OF BRICK ELEVATOR. Designed and built by S. II. Tromanhauser, Minneapolis. Embody, E. Cooley, Henry W. Holmes, M. W. Yerxa, R. H. Hankinson, Chas. P. Lovell, Louis Muldahl, C. H. Carpenter, Ste phen Cox, S. Grover Williams, and M. B. Rollins. During the month following organiza tion there were almost daily applications, and by the close of 1881 the membership had increased to one hundred and forty-six. The membership fee had been fixed at $25, but applications were so numerous in the first two months of 1882 that the Chamber voted to make the fee $250, after March 1 of that year; but before the date was reached there were enough applications to make a total of 53$ members. The limit was 550. Trading in memberships at once commenced and they were found to have a market value of from $60 to $70. This value subsequently increased greatly! In Octo ber, 1883, the fee was increased to $500 and the market value at once jumped from $160 to $175 and from that rose to $200 to $225. After the first building was completed, memberships commanded $300, but speedily went higher. At last the fee was advanced to $1,000, but the market for transfers continued to rise until sales were actually made at $4,000. As high as $5,000 apiece has been offered for a block of fif teen memberships. Within four months the Chamber was talking of a building and on April 5, 1882, a committee on site was appointed, con sisting of Thomas Wight, A. D. Mulford, R. P. Russell, John Dunham, R. McMullen, S. S. Linton, T. A. Sammis, C. M. Loring, George A. Brackett and T. J. Buxton, and F. S. Hinkle, A. B. Taylor, and J. H. Clarke were subsequently added. This committee recommended the site at Third street and Fourth avenue south, which had been of fered free of cost by property owners, and before the close of the year the foundation of the building had been laid. This build ing, long outgrown, was regarded at the time as a very large undertaking for a young trading organization in a new city and market. It was 90x150 feet in size, and cost about $175,000. The exchange room was occupied early in 1884. For four years after its organization the GRAIN TRADE AND CHAMBER OE COMMERCE 361 •sSKSFW'* .< " .xte %->< % ife 1 Ml awK-f«irajB MODERN TILE TANK ELEVATOR. Chamber was unable to secure recognition Chamber have been:' H. G. Harrison, L 88 I from the New York Produce Exchange and 82; E. V. White, 1882-83; Geo. A. Pillsthe press associations refused to send out bury, 1883-85; C. M. Loring, 1885-89; F. its quotations in the market reports. In L. Greenleaf, 1889-92; C. A. Pillsbury, fact, it was not until Minneapolis actually 1892-94; J. H. Martin, 1894-96; L. R. reached first place among primary wheat Brooks, 1896-98; C. M. Harrington, 1898markets that New York grudgingly accord 1900; John Washburn, 1900-02; James ed recognition to the new market. Marshall, 1902-04; E. S. Woodworth, 1904Within ten years after the occupancy 05; P. B. Smith, 1905-07; J. D. McMillan, of the old chamber building there was talk 1907-08; Henry F. Douglas, 1908-09. of another. After prolonged discussion it Col. George I). Rogers was secretary the was decided to build something quite in first year; C. C. Sturtevant served from keeping with the importance of the organi i882 r to 1893 when Col. Rogers again be zation and its tremendous business. Dur came secretary until 1905, when be was ing the winter of 1900 the decisive vote was made general counsel. L. T. Jamme suc taken. Shortly afterward the Chamber pur ceeded for two years and was followed by chased lots immediately in the rear of the John McHugh, who was appointed in 1907 old building, and diagonally across from and who is now in office. The, officers and the magnificent courthouse and city hall. directors for the year 1908-09 are H. F. Doug-, On this property was erected the new las, president; G. F. Ewe, vice-president; J. building, at a cost of about $700,000. Of R. Marfield, vice-president; H. P. Douglas, G.. all the exchange buildings of the country F. Ewe, F. M. Crosby, J. L. Tracyj A. H. it is much the best adapted to the needs Poehler, C. A. Magnuson, J. D. McMillan, J. of a grain trading body. R. Marfield, A. C. Loring, F. B. WeHs, F. The great exchange room is the heart of A. Hallet, W. O. Timerman, and G. F. Piper,' the building. It is a truly magnificent apart directors; G. D. Rogers, general counsel; John ment, seventy-five by one hundred and thir G. McHugh, secretary; E. S. Hughes, assists ty-two feet in size, and three ordinary ant secretary;"and C.-T. Jafffay, treasurer. \ stories in height. It has a floor area of AMSDEN, Charles ^M., was born at Belvi9,900 square feet. dare, Boone county, Illinois, son of Noah C. and Since organization the presidents of the Sarah Hulbert Amsden, both parents being 362 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS natives of New York State. The son's earlier life was spent in Dubuque, Iowa, from which place he went to Lamars, Iowa, and there began active business life in a country store following the vocation of his father. In 1879, like many an other enterprising and discerning man, Mr. Amsden came to the North Star State and settled in Minneapolis, where he has since resided) engaged in the elevator and grain business, for some time being associated with the Pillsbury" company. Mr. Amsden shares the progressive and aggres sive spirit of the stout-hearted and intelligent men who projected "the mighty flour mill and elevator corporations which have developed into such industrial giants of today. Although not numbered among the early pioneers, he has con tributed largely to the work of buttressing the structure which is rising step by step from the original foundations. Mr. Amsden is a member of the Minneapolis, the Minikahda and Lafayette Clubs, and some years ago was president of the Minneapolis Club. He attends the Plymouth Con gregational Church. He was never married. CUMMINGS, A. J., a well-known member of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, was born in St. Paul, May 15, 1865, the son of Peter Cum- 8RUSH, PHOTO 1IENUY F. DOUGLAS. mings, an early settler of that city. At the age of fifteen he learned telegraphy and became an operator for the St. Paul ; Minneapolis & Mani toba railroad, doing the first telegraphic work ever done for the young road, which was after wards to become the great transcontinental Great Northern system. P'rom railroad work the young man drifted into commercial ,'telegraphy and his proficiency won him the • post of night chief operator for the Western Union in the St. Paul office^ a post which he held during the years 1886 to 1888 inclusive. Seeing wider opportunities, Mr. Cummings left the operator's desk and went into the brokerage business. He was in business in Pittsburgh from 1890 to 1892, in New York in 1892 and .1893, and came back to Pittsburgh in 1894. He remained in Pittsburgh until 1898, when he removed to St..Paul, where he has since been engaged in general commission brokerage, maintaining a membership in the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce as an essential. He has been very successful and has built up a large business. DOUGLAS, Henry F., president of the Min neapolis Chamber of Commerce, was born on February 1, 1852, at Chambly, Province of Que bec, Canada, son of John and Elizabeth B. Doug las... .His father was born near Edinburgh, Scot land, and was a clergyman, and his mother was a native of,New England. Mr. Douglas lived in Montreal, Canada, attending private and high schools until 1870, when he removed to Winorra, .Minnesota, where he engaged in commercial busi ness whcnce, after three years, he went to North Dakota and, during the next^twenty years, was en gaged in merchandising, banking and stock-raising in North Dakota and Montana, having been for seventeen years of this period post-trader • and Indian trader at Fort Yates on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, N. D. Mr. Douglas came to Minneapolis in 1893, where he has since resided; . engaged in the grain business, to the activities of which he brought his manifold busi ness experience in the Northwest. Mr. Douglas is a republican in politics. He attends the West minster Presbyterian Church . and was married 011 March 18, 1874, to Eva M. Mead, at New Brighton, Pennsylvania. To them have been born two daughters, Mrs. Neale Murray, of Bowling Green, Kentucky, and Miss Marion Douglas, of Minneapolis. DUVIGNEAUD, George Auguste, a promi nent grain man of Minneapolis, is a native of Waukesha, Wisconsin, where he was born in 1859. He comes of ancestors prominent in France dur ing the earlier part of the last century. His father, Mitchell Justin Duvigneaud, took an im portant part in the French Revolution of 1848 and received much honor for his efforts. His mother was Marie Desire Evrard whose father Augustus Evrard received a decoration from Napoleon III. Mr. Duvigneaud spent his early . . . -• • \ •' 'W • v • A Vrv ' • -1 * • f • • • • ... . ' , , .. ^ ;'Y>v 364 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS life at Waukesha attending the common schools both at Waukesha and Milwaukee, finished a course at the Spencerian Business College at Milwaukee, and completed his education at Car roll College, Waukesha. His first experience in the grain business was as book-keeper. After employment at Hilbert and Chilton, Wisconsin, and with grain concerns in Chicago, he came to Minneapolis, August 29, 1883. He was first en gaged with W. F. Meader & Company but a few years later became associated with Henry Poehler and his sons, Alvin, Charles and Walter, the firm being even then prominent in Minneapolis and the Northwest. Later the H. Poehler Com pany was incorporated, with Henry Poehler, president; G. A. Duvigneaud, vice president; Alvin H. Poehler, treasurer; C. F. Poehler, secretary, and Walter C.- Poehler, assist-' ant manager. A few years later the Ex change Grain Company was incorporated, with E. A. Child, president; G. A. Duvigneaud, vice president. During his twenty-five years in the Minneapolis grain trade, Mr. Duvigneaud has become, perhaps, as widely known as any man on 'change. While never seeking office Mr. Duvigneaud has been an active republican worker since he cast his first vote for James A. Garfield, and as a delegate in many conventions. He is OEOHC.E A. DI VKiNEAl'D. a prominent member of the Commercial Club of which he was one of the organizers and of which he has been vice president for two terms. Dur ing the difficulties of the club in 1898 and '99 he devoted much time to the settlement of its af fairs. He is a Scottish Rite Mason, Knight Templar and a Shriner. Mr. Duvigneaud has been actively interested in the advancement of science throughout the country, devoting much of his leisure time to the study of scientific sub jects, and has developed theories that have been of general interest to American scientists. He is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and has contributed at different times a number of papers, the results of his studies, that have attracted national atten tion. Though born a Catholic he is not now af filiated with any church. Mr. Duvigneaud is un married. BAGLEY, George C., was born at Stewartstown, New Hampshire, March I, 1851. His fam ily removed to Milwaukee in 1856 and Mr. Bagley obtained his education in the public schools there. He commenced in the grain business in northern Wisconsin in 1875. Ten years later he came to Minneapolis where he has since been a prominent grain dealer and a leading member of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Bagley is president of the Atlantic Elevator Com pany, the Royal Elevator Company, the George C. Bagley Elevator Company and the Homestead Elevator Company, operating through these cor porations an extensive system of terminal and country elevators. He is also a member of the commission firm of Whallon, Case & Company and besides his membership in the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, which he has held since 1885, he is a member of the New York Stock Ex change, the Chicago Board of Trade and the Duluth Board of Trade. Mr. Bagley is a mem ber of the Minneapolis, Minikahda and the La fayette clubs. BROOKS, Lester Ranney, was born May 19, 1847, at Redfield, New York, and died at Min neapolis, November 11, 1902. He was the son of Dr. Sheldon Brooks and Jeanette Ranney Brooks. In 1856 Dr. Brooks, by reason of ill health, came west and since that time for more than half a century the family has been promin ently identified with Minnesota history. Dr. Brooks built a home in the Whitewater Valley, and laid out a town which he named Beaver. He was a member of the second Minnesota state legislature and to reach St. Paul for the legisla tive session made a thirty hour journey by stage upon the frozen surface of the Mississippi river. His son, Lester R. Brooks, very early manifested a decided talent for business and became especial ly interested in the grain trade and in 1873 formed' the firm of Brooks Brothers, of which he con tinued the senior member throughout his life. In 1880 he organized and became president of Tn^w • • ;. , » . . . * H , . ' ' msm. _i/ - . ^ . - V ; ; 366 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS the Winona Milling Company which erected what was then the largest steam flour mill in the United States. In it he installed the first Edison incandescent light system west of New York City. Soon after this the growing importance of Minneapolis as a grain market led him to re move to this city (in 1885) and establish here the headquarters of the Brooks Elevator Com pany of which he was president. He also founded the grain commission firm of Brooks-Griffiths Company which with various changes in style is still one of the leading grain firms of the city. Mr. Brooks at once became a prominent mem ber of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, served on various important committees and in 1897 was elected president. His service as presi dent was recognized as most efficient and con-' scientious and was signalized by his active agita tion of the movement for a new building. This agitation was successful and when the building was decided upon Mr. Brooks was made chair man of the building committee, a position of the utmost responsibility which he filled with complete satisfaction to the membership of the Chamber. Mr. Brooks also gave to the grain trade the Chamber of Commerce Clearings As sociation—an organization of which he was the first to recognize the need and which he or ganized, becoming its first president. Besides his large interests in grain and milling, Mr. Brooks was actively identified with other important af fairs, and notably in the lumber business. He was president of the Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company and director of the Scanlon-Gipson Lumber Company and the Brooks-Robertson Lumber Company. Mr. Brooks had early acquired a decided taste for banking and finance and was recognized as an able financier and during most of his life in the city was a director in the Northwestern National Bank, the Minnesota Loan & Trust Company and the Second National Bank of Winona. He was a constant and thoughtful student of all currency and money questions and was particularly well informed on these matters. Mr. Brooks was an enthusiastic yachtsman and served as comm&dofe of the Minnetonka Yacht Club. He was a member of the Minneapolis * Club and the Minikabda and one of the officers of the Lafayette Club, the chairman of its build ing committee and a memb'er of its board of governors. I11 politics he was" a republican and . as a Mason was a Knight Templar and Shriner. Mr. Brooks was married in 1873 to Josephine Bullene, w T ho with their son Philip Ranney Brooks, resides in Minneapolis. GREGORY", William Daniel, was born at Maumee, Ohio, March 22, 1855. His father was a physician of that town and the son received an academical education in Maumee and received practical training in the miller's trade, and has been in the milling and grain business through out his maturer life. He began his activities in this direction with the firm of Geo. W. Reynolds & Co., of Toledo, Ohio. Mr. Reynolds was his step-father and was one of the oldest millers in Toledo and Put-in-Bay. Mr. S. S. Linton and W. D. Gregory organized a 'grain commission firm in 1884. Mr. Gregory had met Mr. Linton when connected with Fallis & Lincoln, after leaving Reynolds & Co. The firm occupied quarters in the old Chamber of Commerce building, Minne apolis, after it opened in May, 1884. The firm is now composed of William D. Gregory, W. J. Jennison, E. H. Gregory, W. A. Gregory and W. J. Russell, under the firm name of Gregory, Jennison & Co. This firm controls and owns the Midway Elevator, with a capacity of 1,500,000 bushels of grain. W. D. Gregory is president of the company. He is also vice president and secretary of the Powers Elevator Company, which has thirty-eight country elevators and twenty-two lumber yards throughout the Northwest. He is vice president of the Duluth Universal Milling Company and president of Gregory, Bliss & Co., whose head office is in Duluth, the mills being located in Duluth and Royalton, Minnesota. Mr. Gregory was married on October 28, 1889, to Miss Nellie Sowle, whose father is head of the grain firm of L. T. Sowle & Sons. They have one son, Lawrence S. Mr. Gregory lives in one of the most beautiful homes on Park avenue. He is a member of the Commercial Club, the Minikahda Club and the Lafayette Club and of the Chamber of Commerce and Chicago and Duluth Boards of Trade. . GUNDERSON, G. B., was born in Minnesota in 1862. His parents came from Norway in the early fifties, settling first in Wisconsin and later moving to Goodhue county, Wisconsin. It was on this Goodhue county farm that Mr. Gunderson was born on December 24, 1862, and lived until he was fourteen years of age. He then left home, working his own way, spending the summers at farm work and going to school in the winter. He succeeded in so well equipping himself for business life that he, at the age of twenty-one, secured the position of assistant secretary of the then- newly organized Chamber of Commerce in Minneapolis. He soon went to North Dakota, however, where he spent two years in a position as bookkeeper and acquiring more practical busi ness experience. In 1885 he engaged in the milling business at Kenyon, Minnesota, and in 1888 came to Minneapolis again and became associated with W. L. Luce. Three years later he engaged in the grain commission business on his own ac count. The firm then formed, G. B. Gunderson & Co., continued in that style until 1904, when the business was consolidated with the Minne sota Grain Company, of which Mr. Gunderson has since been manager. As well as holding membership in the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Gunderson is a member of the Duluth Board of Trade and the Chicago Board of Trade. He is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and of the Odin Club of Min- ^ • v • • , f . * r • . • ' ' • " " • . — ' . * 'y??:V\ --V ~N« :a.:s'N ..'•; • , < . • a ' •'* •: _ -fS;..;., - • 368 A H A L F CENTURY O F M I N N E A P O L I S committees of the chamber. H e is regarded as an expert in all matters pertaining to grain and the grain business. Mr. Ewe was married in 1891 to Miss Julia Molitor and they have four children —Willie Frank, Clark W., Laura and Caroline. Mr. Ewe is a Shriner and has attained to the highest rank in Masonry. H e is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club and other leading social organizations. GEOKGE" C. IIAUPER. neapolis, and was president of the latter organiza tion in 1905. He was married 011 February 5, 1885, to Miss Jennie C. Jarl. They have four children, Herbert J., Walter B., Charles F. and Alice Jannette. Mr. Gunderson is a republican in political faith. E W E , Gustave F., a leading member of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, was born in May, 1863, a t La Crosse, Wisconsin. His father, Otto Ewe, was a native of Berlin, Germany, and came t o America in 1850, settling in La Crosse in the same year and establishing himself as a grain merchant. IT is son Gustave was, therefore, acquainted with grain handling from his boyhood and after leaving the La Crosse public schools where he received his education he began active participation in his father's business and for twenty-eight years has devoted himself exclusive ly to this line. After a time he came to Minne apolis and became associated with the Van Dusen-Harrington Company of which he is now vice president and one of the active managers. H e is also vice-president of the National Elevator Company, of the Home Grain Company and of the Atlas Elevator Company, all organizations affiliated with the Van Dusen-TTarrington Com pany. Mr. Ewe is now and has been for seven or eight years past a director of the Chamber of (Tommerce and has served on several important H A L L E T , Ferdinand A., the founder of the grain firm of Ilallet & Company in this city, was born in Taribault, Minnesota, on September 18, 1868, the son of II. C. Hallet, and Frances (Lieb) Hallet. The early part of his life he passed in Faribault and acquired his education there, at tending the public schools, and later becoming a student at Shattuck Military Academy in the same city, from which he graduated. After com pleting his college training, Mr. Hallet was en gaged for about ten years, first with the Cudahy and later with the Armour packing interests. This association continued until 1899 when lie resigned his position to organize and establish the grain firm of Ilallet & Company with head quarters in Minneapolis. T h e company, of which at the present time Mr. Hallet is president, and G. A. Bailsman secretary and treasurer, has since its foundation, done an extensive grain business and has held a membership in the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Hallet is at the present time a director and an influential member of the chamber. He is also a member of the Kenkel-IIopkins Company, grain dealers, which with his other varied interests gives full employ ment for his time and energy. Mr. Hallet is a member of the Minneapolis club. On August 13, 1898. lie was married to Miss Katherine Kenkel of this city and they have five children; Hermania, Ferdinand A., Jr., Eileen and Muriel. The family attends the Catholic Church. HARPER, George Clmdining, for many years engaged in the grain business in Minneapolis, was born in the Dominion of Canada on January 29, 1849. ITis boyhood lie spent in Orono and Toront6, Canada, attending the public schools, where lie received the usual grammar education, and then qualified himself for a business life by a course in the Toronto Business College, where among other subjects he studied telegraphy. H e graduated from that institution and put his tele graphic training t o practical purposes by accept ing a position as telegraph operator and express agent. This was in 1870, when he was twentyone years of age. H e filled that place until 1877, when lie became a freight and ticket agent, being connected with the railroad until 1882. In that year lie moved to Minneapolis, and here estab lished the grain commission firm, George C. Har per Company, which has done a commission business in this city since that time. T h e firm has grown with the increase of the grain business and has a large established clientage and trade *" ~ ':'> .V!--'J • * : *<• f. • '<> /;' " -,'v v ^^' ' V *v * jg«g|l 370 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS throughout the Northwest. Mr. Harper is also interested in the grain elevator business, and some years ago organized the Hennepin Elevator Company, which operates a line of elevators through the wheat states and has its headquarters in this city. He is president of both companies and at the head of their active management. Mr. Harper is a republican, but has never been de sirous of holding public office. He is a member of the Masonic order. In 1871 he was married to Miss Mattie Ingersoll Davison. They have no children. and is now known as one of the largest grain and lumber operators in the Northwest. The Imperial Elevator Company was organized in 1893 and owns and controls an extensive line of elevators on the Great Northern Railway in Min nesota and North Dakota, lumber yards in Min nesota and North and South Dakota and large saw mills in Minnesota and Montana. Mr. Howe is a prominent member of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, and of the Minneapolis and Lafayette Clubs. He is a republican on na tional questions, but inclined to be independent in local matters. He was married at Owatonna, Minnesota, on September 9, 1884, to Miss Min erva Adell Marble. HARRINGTON, Charles Medbury, one of the most prominent grain men of Minneapolis, is a native of the state of New York. He was born at New Berlin, New York, on July 11, 1855, HUHN, Anton, one of the prominent grain the son of Daniel Harrington. His early life was dealers of Minneapolis, was born February 18, spent in New Berlin where he obtained his « 1856, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Frank schooling. After graduating from high school he and Anna Durr Huhn. During his boyhood he learned telegraphy and in 1872 when but seven attended private schools in Milwaukee and this teen years of age he came west and secured a early education was supplemented by a thorough position as telegraph operator with G. W. Van business college training. Upon leaving school Dusen at Rochester, Minnesota. It was here that he entered the office of one of the grain firms of he first entered the grain business with which he Milwaukee and was bred, so to speak, to the grain has been identified for thirty-five years. When business, as from his youth he has been continu the Van Dusen interests outgrew the southern ously connected with it. At the time when he Minnesota field Mr. Harrington, then much ad entered the business as a boy Milwaukee was one vanced in the business, came to Minneapolis and of the great grain markets of the country. As at once took a prominent place in the grain Mr. Huhn gained experience he became an ex business. After a time the corporation became pert grain man and during the latter part of his/ the Van Dusen-Harrington Company—-t'he name life in Milwaukee was connected with one of the under which it has been known for about a score leading grain firms of that city. In 1884 seeing of years. Mr. Harrington became well known larger opportunities in Minneapolis, which was at and popular in the Chamber of Commerce and that time just coming into prominence as a grain has frequently been called to serve in its official market, Mr. Huhn came to this city and estab positions. He was elected second vice president lished himself as a grain shipper. He was the in 1896, first vice president in 1897 and president first large shipper of wheat from Minneapolis to in 1898 and again in 1899. It was during his eastern millers. Although business was large incumbency as president that the final decision for that period, the volume of shipments was to build the present great Chamber building was small compared with that of the present time for reached and he was largely instrumental in bring the business has developed enormously, and 'now ing about this conclusion of a long agitation. amounts to from seven to- ten million bushels of Mr. Harrington has always taken a prominent wheat per year, all of which is shipped to millers part in the social and business affairs of the outside of Minneapolis. During his twenty years city. He was one of the organizers and the first and more of business development in this city president of the Commercial Club and has been Mr. Huhn has seen Minneapolis supersede Mil for years a leading member of the Minneapolis waukee and even Chicago as a primary market, Club—of which he is an ex-president. He also and the development of his own business is a belongs to the Minikahda Club and other or good illustration of the great prospects of Min ganizations having much to do with the varied neapolis as a grain handling center. Some years life of the city. Mr. Harrington was married in ago Mr. Huhn organized the Huhn Elevator Com 1877 to Miss Grace Ross and they have one pany to care for the rapidly expanding business daughter, Laura Belle, now the wife of Walter G. under his control, and this company is voted one Hudson of Minneapolis. The family have long of the largest buyers of grain in Minneapolis, been members of St. Marks Episcopal Church. aside from the great milling companies. Mr. Huhn is conceded to be one of the best judges of HOWE, Pierce Lyman, president of the Im perial Elevator Company, was born at Monona, grain in the Northwest. In 1883 Mr. Huhn was married to Verona Sieben of Milwaukee. They Iowa, August 31, 1862, the son of Leonard Henry have a daughter and two sons, and the latter are and Alta (Chamberlain) Howe. He attended actively engaged with the father in the grain school at Monona, but had his first business ex perience in Minnesota where he came in 1882. business. Mr. Huhn is a member of the order of He entered the grain elevator business in 1886, the Knights of Columbus. ""' r • f."-* ;r> BRUSH, PHOTO " .• ; • •• 372 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS IREYS, Volney S., was born at Newport, R. I., May 26, 1872, son of John and Sarah A. Ireys. His father was a cotton planter of Mississippi. Volney Ireys' early life was spent at Newport, Rhode Island, where he received educational train ing in the common school and the high school from which he graduated. For several years after coming to Minneapolis, Mr. Ireys was employed in the auditor's office of the "Soo" Railway Com pany and subsequently established himself in the grain business for the successful prosecution of which he has shown himself eminently adapted by a natural endowment and personal inclination. Mr. Ireys is a member of the Chamber of Com merce. JAMME, Louis T., formerly secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, born at Troy, New York, June 10, 1870, is the son of George and Theresa Jamme. His father was a mining en gineer and the son's early life was spent in Nova Scotia. He was educated at St. John's College, Fordham, New York, and at sixteen began his business life in the west as office boy in the gen eral freight department of the C., St. P., M. & O. Ry. His headquarters were at St. Paul at first. He has filled a variety of positions, having been successively stenographer, contracting agent, chief clerk of the general freight department and assistant general freight agent. He was made secretary of the Miller's National Federation for 1904-05, and July 1, 1905, appointed assistant secretary of the Minneapolis Chamber of Com merce, with full powers as secretary of the same body on October, 1905. In 1907 Mr. Jamme re signed this office and moved to Chicago to ac cept one of the principal offices of the Chicago Transfer & Terminal Railway Company, for which both his railroad experience and training as a grain man render him especially fitted. Mr. Jamme is a republican. He is not married. In all the executive positions he has held he has shown remarkable efficiency. JOHNSON, Denman Frederick, a member of the grain firm of Piper, Johnson & Case, is a native of Minneapolis. He was born on De cember 18, 1873. For many years his father. Col. Charles W. Johnson, held public office in Minneapolis and Washington, being the treas urer of Hennepin county at the time of his death in 1906. Denman F. attended the public schools of this city and acquired his elementary training, later going to New Jersey to continue his education at the Lawrenceville Preparatory school. He did not take a college course, but upon leaving the school at Lawrenceville began his business career by entering the wholesale dry goods house of Harrison, Hopwood & Cross in Minneapolis. This connection Mr. Johnson continued for a little more than three years, until the firm retired from business and dissolved on December 31, 1895. From that time he has been connected with the grain busi ness both in this city and Chicago. He first accepted a position with Frank H. Peavey as bookkeeper of the Monarch Elevator Company, which has its headquarters in this city and ope rates a large elevator line. Mr. Johnson con tinued this association until 1898 when he re signed his position to become the secretary of the Duluth Elevator Company and was with that in this city. On February 1, 1905, Mr. John son moved to Chicago where he became secretary of the Peavey Grain Company resigning in 1902 to return to Minneapolis and take charge, as the local manager, of the Minneapolis office of Finley Barrell & Company, a stock and grain brokerage firm of Chicago with a large branch in this city. On> February 1, 1905, Mr. John son, together with Messrs. George F. Piper, W. D. Douglas, and E. C. Warner, established the firm of Piper, Johnson & Company, and began a business in grain commissions, stocks and bonds. The firm assumed its present form in 1908. Mr. Johnson is still a member of this company, which has grown rapidly and has an extensive and successful business. Mr. John son has found time outside of his business life to become identified with the social phase of the city and his name is enrolled with the more r PENMAN F. JOHNSON.' - 373 prominent clubs; among them the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, and the Lafayette Club. He was married on May 15, 1901, to Miss Gertrude Darragh Linton. JUDD, William Sheldon, a prominent business man of Minneapolis in the early days, was born on March 10, 1823, at Elizabethtown, New York. He was the son of David Judd, a farmer, and his early life was that common to the farmer's boy of New York in the earlier part of the last century. He obtained his education at the local schools and at the Keesville Academy of New York state and had his first business experience at Elizabethtown where he found occupation in the iron business. In 1857 he determined to come west and traveled by stage and steamboat to Faribault, Minnesota, where he entered the bank ing business. Seven years later he came to Minneapolis—in 1864—and entered manufacturing as a member of the firm of Eastman, Gibson & Company in which he was associated with Paris Gibson, the late W. W. Eastman, John De Laittre and Geo. A. Brackett. In 1867 Mr. Judd formed a partnership with Mr. Brackett, as Judd & Brackett, and leased the Cataract, Union and Washburn mills and for a time controlled twothirds of the flour output of Minneapolis. After wards Mr. Judd engaged extensively in the lum ber and grain business but during the latter part of his life retired from active mercantile pur suits. It is worthy of notice that he was one of the incorporators of the Minneapolis street railway the fore-runner of the present electric system. At the time of his greatest business ac tivity, Mr. Judd erected the well-known "Judd House" at the corner of Fifth avenue south and Fifth-street, which he occupied as a residence for many years, and which is one of the best known landmarks in that part of the city. Mr. Judd was a life-long republican and a public-spirited and enterprising citizen of Minneapolis. He was married in 1851 in his native town to Miss Mary A. Bishop. They had three children, Ellen H. Judd, now Mrs. Russell Dibble, Wm. B. Judd and Frank D. Judd. Mr. Judd died in Minneapolis on Nov ember 25, 1902. McLAUGHLIN, Walter S., is one of those enterprising Canadians who, preceiving the com mercial advantages of Minneapolis as a conven ient point to get a leverage on business in the Dominion and in the states concurrently, came to Minneapolis, where he has been since 1887 and has wrought to some purpose in his special ty, the grain business, in which he has been en gaged since the above named year. He is senior member of McLaughlin, Ellis & Co., who operate a line of elevators in Minnesota, South Dakota, Iowa and Nebraska, and, through the related house of McLaughlin & Ellis, Winnipeg, operate a line of country elevators on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Manitoba, Assiniboia and Saskatchewan, where the agricultural devel- SWEET, PMOTO WILLIAM S. JUDD. opment during the past few years has been marvelous. McLaughlin & Ellis led in the American invasion of the Canadian Northwest and has, by widening the market and facilitating the disposal of grain, been a large factor in the promotion of the settlement of that region. Mr. McLaughlin is proud of the city of his adoption and is particularly sympathetic with every for ward movement of the community. He is mar ried and has two children. MacLEAN, William B., was born October 25, 1862, at Great Barrington, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. His father was Edwin W. MacLean, a drygoods merchant at that place, where he died on February 25, 1875. William B. was educated in the public schools of Great Barrington and at Williston Seminary at East Hampton, Massachusetts. His earlier business experience was in the ^shirt and collar industry at Troy, New York, from which city he came to Minneapolis, arriving on August 30, 1885, and has since been connected with the grain trade of Minneap olis and Duluth, having been associated with Marfield-Griffiths Company (grain commission) 374 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Agnes E . (McMurdy) Marfield, who moved from Chilicothe t o Winona, Minnesota, in 1 8 8 0 . T h e r e Mr. Marfield acquired his preparatory education, attending t h e public schools until he was about seventeen years of age. After a few years spent with a Winona firm he entered t h e University of Michigan with the class of 1 8 8 9 , being while in college a member of the Sigma Phi Greek letter fraternity. H e did not complete his course but returned t o his active business career. H e began his training for a commercial life in 1 8 8 4 , when he accepted a position with H . J . O'Neil, a grain dealer of Winona. H e remained in his service until 1 8 8 9 and then with his father engaged in the grain business under the name of O . L. Mar field & Company. T h i s was in 1 8 8 9 , and Mr. Marfield continued that association until his father died in 1 8 9 6 . F o u r years previous t o this the firm had been made the Marfield Elevator Com pany, and in the reorganization following t h e death of Mr. 0 . L. Marfield, his son was made president and manager of the concern. Under his management the business expanded rapidly and had become one of the largest grain houses of Winona when, in 1 9 0 2 , t h e owners disposed of their entire interests t o t h e W e s t e r n Elevator Company of Winona. Of this organization Mr. Marfield was made a director, and still holds t h a t office in the company, which now controls a large line of elevators in the northwestern states. Mr. Marfield had acquired valuable training in the BRUSH, PHOTO grain business through his association with the WILLIAM R. MAC MOAN. * several firms a t Winona, and after the consolida now Marfield, T c a r s e & Noyes, for fifteen tion of the Marfield Elevator Company with the years. Mr. MacLean .is prominent a m o n g tlip Western Elevator .concern, lie determined t o enterprising men whose activities maintain the come t o Minneapolis-and enter upon the grain dominent position of Minneapolis a s a great grain trading business on a larger scale. H e purchased market. Mr. MacLean, when in T r o y , New York, the Brooks interest in what was then the Brookswas a member of the T r o y Citizens Corps a t Griffiths" Grain Company, the firm continuing t o tached t o the Fifth .Brigade N. G. N. Y.,- and conduct its business under t h a t name until t h e considered the crack reginiQiit of" t h e E m p i r e year. 1 9 0 3 . A t that' time Mr. Marfield incorpo State. W h e n he came west lie was honorably — rated his name in the firm title making it the Mardischarged and is still a n honorary menjber. H e field-Griffiths Company. . T h a t ' n a m e was retained is president of the Lin wood Gun Club; was pres until August, 1 9 0 6 ; - when following a reorgan ident of the Lake of. the .Isles Driving Club for ization it was changed t o its present form, Mar five years and last season his horses w o n , the field, Tearse^ & .Noyes. T h e firm is one of the championship in t h e , pacing and t r o t t i n g events. largest organizations interested in t h e grain trade H e was a member o f , t h e Lurline Boat Club,, the in this city, and in addition t o the home office first boat club in Minneapolis, and has always here has branch houses in Duluth a n d Chicago. been deeply interested in the promotion of all Mr. Marfield has numerous o t h e r business con athletic sports. H e is a prominent member of nections, especially with other grain firms of t h e the Chamber of Commerce. H e was married o n Northwest. H e is president of t h e Federal Ele September 1 4 , 1 8 8 9 , t o Miss Addie M. Lockwood vator Company which maintains its headquarters of Minneapolis, daughter of Mr. Addison Lockin Minneapolis and controls a line of thirty-seven wood, one of the pioneers of Minneapolis, w h o elevators along t h e lines of the Great Northern died in 1 8 7 9 . T o t h e m has been born one son, and Northern Pacific railways in Minnesota a n d Edwin Lockwood, on August 9, 1890. North Dakota. H e is a director in t h e Reliance Elevator Company which operates a line of ele M A R F I E L D , J o h n Russell, senior member vators along the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul of the grain firm of Marfield, T e a r s e & Noyes, railroad in Iowa and N o r t h a n d South Dakota, and prominently associated with the grain busi handling grain a t sixty-two different points in ness in Minneapolis and Winona f o r m a n y years, those states. T h e W e s t e r n Elevator Company was born in Chilicothe, Ohio, on October 29, of which Mr. Marfield is a director and stock 1867. H e is the son of O t h o L. Marfield a n d '.>4 . " ' - 4. , ' •I ' *•.. 'i.;; > V>-- ' " '*•; • • ' ' 376 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS holder has two hundred branch houses in Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota and through them handles annually an enormous amount of grain. Mr. Marfield's interests are not confined to the grain trade, however, extensive as are his hold ings in that business. He is the treasurer and a director of the Winona Fire Insurance Company and has other minor connections. His chief as sociation has always been, notwithstanding, with the business which has played so large a part in the commercial development of the Northwestern region. Receiving his early training under his father, who had before him achieved compara tive success he took up the management of af fairs relinquished by Marfield, senior, at his death, and has been engaged during practically his whole life in that business. By. his practical methods and executive genius he has built up a large and well-organized firm and has achieved great success in establishing his private fortunes. His integrity has won the esteem and honor of his business and social associates and he is a member and officer in many of the prominent organiza tions of the city. He is a director of the Cham ber of Commerce; a member of the board of gov ernors and the president of the Minikahda Club and member of the Minneapolis and Lafayette clubs. The family attends the St. Paul's Epis copal Church and Mr. Marfield is one of its ves trymen. He was married in 1892 to Miss Helen Horton, daughter of Charles Horton, a prominent lumberman of Winona. They have three chil dren—Katherine, John Horton and Marcella Rus 4 sell Marfield. • MARSHALL, James, a veteran among the grain men of Minneapolis, was born at Kinross, Scotland, in 1835. In his youth 1 he attended the common schools and was for some time a pupil in one which had for its principal Robert Burns Begg, a nephew of Scotland's wonderful bard, Robert Burns. Later he graduated from a busi ness college and entered upon the practical busi ness life. In 1862" in his young manhood, he vol unteered to serve in the Indian war growing out of the massacre of settlers in Minnesota by the Sioux and was a 'member of Captain Strout's company, participating in the Battle of Acton and in the defense of Hutchinson. Mr. Marshall has made a most excellent record as a patriot and a public spirited business man. He was president of the Minneapolis Chamber of Com merce for two years. Mr. Marshall takes pleasure in declaring that he is "an old-fashioned, Goldmoney Democrat"; but generally he does not care to talk about himself or his experiences, modestly saying that lie only "belongs among the' all sorts and conditions of men." Mr. Marshall was married in 1871 to Elizabeth Sturgeon and they have one daughter, Mary S. Marshall. PEAVEY, Frank H., founder of the Peavey system of grain elevators and the largest grain business in the world, was born on January 20, 1850, at Eastport, Maine, and died at Chicago, 011 December 30, 1901. Mr. Peavey was the son of Albert D. Peavey and Mary Drew Peavey. His father was engaged in the lumber and ship ping business and his boyhood was spent at Eastport where he attended school until fifteen years old when he went west to make his own way. He first went to Chicago where he be came bookkeeper in the Northwestern Bank. Two years later he moved to Sioux City, where he soon became interested in the possibilities of the grain business. At that time grain handling in the west was in its infancy, both in volume and method. But Mr. Peavey believed in its future greatness, and at twenty-three he was manager and owner of an old-style "blind horse" elevator of 6,000 bushels capacity at Sioux City. In the next year he obtained control of four small elevators on the old Dakota & Southern railroad, and commenced to buy wheat for the account of the first elevator built at Duluth, which had just been completed. At this period the Minneapolis flour mills were expanding rapidly, and Mr. Peavey in 1875 transferred his connection to the Minneapolis Millers' Associa tion, for which he bought wheat during the life of that organization. Gradually expanding his business, he reached the year 1878 with control of elevators at all points on the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha railway in South Dakota. Four years later Mr. Peavey's opera tions took in the entire "Omaha" road south west of Minneapolis, and in the same year, the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce having been organized and the grain business here put on a substantial basis, he opened his first offices in this city. Progress was so rapid that Mr. Peavey moved to Minneapolis in 1884 and from that time on took a most prominent part in building up the Minneapolis market. In the same year he extended his operations to all points on the Minneapolis & St. Louis railroad. From "1884 the history of the business is one of constant extension and expansion of resources. Only a few notable steps can be mentioned. The year 1889 saw the building of the Interior elevators at Minneapolis; and in the same year Mr. Peavey "built* a great elevator at Portland, Oregon, and put up thirty country houses on the lines of the Oregon Railway & Navigation Company in Ore gon and Washington. This was the first great terminal elevator on the Pacific coast. During the next year he built the Union Pacific eleva tor at Kansas City, extended his operations to the lines of the Union Pacific and leased a ter minal elevator at Omaha. In 1893 he took in points on the Northern Pacific. In 1894 he built the Republic elevator at Minneapolis, and in 1897 acquired the Belt Line elevator at West Superior. In 1898 the Peavey elevators at South Chicago were built, and in 1899 the Peavey Du luth terminal house, at Duluth, and the big eleva tor at Council Bluffs, and operations were in . ' . : . '• ' .. '' : v , - - - • . . . • • ' : ' . * >. . t . " • . K 1' • •• h 1 378 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS that year extended to a part of the Great Northern railway system. The Duluth Terminal elevator was the result of a long series of investigations and experiments looking to a more permanent and less destructible method of elevator construction. Mr. Peavey sent a special representative to Europe to investigate the concrete storage of that continent, and as a result determined to adapt the system to the needs of grain handling in America. An experimental concrete bin or cell was built at one of the Minneapolis elevators and after being thoroughly tested by filling and operating for some .months satisfied Mr. Peavey with the success of the system. He then commenced the erection of the Duluth Terminal elevator which was the first great concrete elevator to be erected in this country. In 1900 the Peavey Steamship Company was organized and four large grain carriers were built to operate on the Great Lakes. This was the last of Mr. Peavey's new enterprises. His sudden death on December 30, 1901, ended a most remarkable business career. Counting from the time he established his Minneapolis business in 1882, only nineteen years had been spent in building up the largest .grain"handling business in the world, the establishment of the highest credit and the acquisition of a Marge fortune. A dozen or more constituent corporations had been formed, owned or controlled by F. H. Peavey & Company. The operations of the company, cefitcred at Minneapolis, touched the Great Lakes at Chicago and Duluth, extended far into the southwest beyond Kansas City and Omaha, and reached far away to the - Pacific northwest. Since Mr. Peavey s death the business has continued * under the management of his son George W. Peavey, and Frank T. Heffelfinger, Frederick B. Wells and Charles F. Deaver, all of whom had been associated with Mr. Peavey for some years. Although engrossed in public matters Mr. Peavey looked-forward to the period when he might devote time to other things than business; • His interest 111' the public • schools led him to accept a place on the board of education in 1895; otherwise he never held public office. He was a republican m principle and practice though independent-in his political thinking. He was connected with the Universalist denomination. Mr. Peavey was married " in 1872 to Mary Dibble Wright. They had three children, Mrs. Frank T. Heffelfinger, Mrs. Frederick B. Wells and George W. Peavey. PIPER, George F., vice-president of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, is a native son of Minnesota. He was born in Minneapolis on April 11, 1856, the son of Jefiferson Piper and Mary McDuffee Piper. The father had come from New England to Minnesota for his health, stopping first in Minneapolis and afterwards engaging in farming near Mankato. His son, George, though born in Minneapolis, grew up on the farm and did not return to Minneapolis until 1873, when he entered the University of Minnesota. After a time, he entered the linseed oil business making a pronounced success. The larger opportunities opening in Minneapolis led him to remove to this city in 1896 and since then he has been prominently connected with the development of an industry which now has grown to feuch proportions that Minneapolis is the largest linseed oil producing point in the country, Mr. Piper is one of the principal owners of the Midland-Linseed Co. and also has large interests in the Canadian Elevator Co., the Winnipeg Elevator Co. and the Empire Elevator Company of Canada. - These companies have extensive elevator holdings in the Canadian Northwest and also operate a line of lumber yards. His acquaintance with the western Canada country has led Mr. Piper to invest extensively in farm lands in that section and he is treasurer and a large stockholder in the Saskatchewan Valley Land Co. Among his other interests are holdings in Douglas & Company of Iowa, one of the large manufacturing concerns of that state. He is director and^secretary of the Moran Oil Company in the Indian Territory. This is one of the prominent and substantial oil properties in that part of the country and is also extensively interested in lumber business in British Columbia. In Minneapolis he r has many interests and is connected with various financial institutions, holding among other offices a directorship in the Security National Bank. For a number of years he has been associated with the grain commission business in this city, and is now a member of Piper & Com pany, grain dealers, and of Piper, Johnson & Company, which conducts a large business in grain commission, stocks and bonds. Mr. Piper i i a s been for years a prominent member of the Chamber of Commerce and has been its vicepresident for several years. He is also a leading member .of the social^ and commercial organizations of the city, including the Minneapolis Club, the-Minikahda Club and the Lafayette Club and i s a l s o a member of" Zuhrali Temple and is a Shriner. \ He was married in 1882 and has four sons—Clarence B., Louis H , Harvey C. and George F., Jr. The family attends the Westminster Church * POEHLER, Alvin Henry, a prominent grain dealer of Minneapolis, was born at Henderson, Minnesota, January 15, 1864, the son of Henry a r , d Elizabeth (Frankenfield) Poehlen He at tended the public schools of Henderson and then entered the Shattuck School at Faribault from which he graduated in 1883, the valedictorian of his class, and captain of Co. B. In the fall of the same year he began his business career and during the next four years obtained experience in the banking business at Gaylord, in general merchandising with his father at Henderson, and in the grain business at Minneapolis. He located permanently in Minneapolis in 1887. Upon the incorporation of the business of Mr. Henry i->_ ffe v<:*\ • ^ !.''• ?v%V^A'4 kfeM'f.Jd 380 BRUSH, PHOTO A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ALVIX II. POEHLER. Poehler and his sons, as H. Poehler Company, Mr. Alvin Poehler became its treasurer and has been its executive manager, in fact, for some years. Is also treasurer of the Exchange Grain Company and vice-president of the Pacific Ele vator Company and of the German Bank at Eu reka, South Dakota. Mr. Poehler is a democrat in politics and is a member of Governor John son's staff with the title of. colonel. He is a trustee of Shattuck School, a director of the Min 7 neapolis Chamber of Commerce, a member of the Duluth Board of Trade, of Milwaukee Chamber of Commerce, and St. Louis Merchants Exchange. His club and fraternal associations are many, in cluding membership in the Minneapolis Club, the Commercial Club, the Minikahda Club, and the Linwood Gun Club, while in Masonry he is a Scottish Rite Mason and Knight Templar. Mr. Poehler was married at Minneapolis, February 19, 1896, to Miss Eugenia L. Cole, daughter of the late Emerson Cole. POEHLER, ler Company of grain dealer of identified with Henry, president of the H. Poeh Minneapolis, is the oldest living Minnesota and has been actively the mercantile and political life of Minnesota for the last half century. He is a native of Germany and was born on August 22, j 833, at Hiddesen, a village at the foot of a small mountain along the Teuteburger Wald on the top of which mountain stands the noted monument of Hermann, or Arminius, the deliverer of the Germans from the Roman Yoke, in the year A. D. 9. Mr. Poehler's father was the principal of the school at Hiddesen. Mr. Poehler with an uncle emigrated to America in the spring of 1848 at the age of fourteen, landing at New Orleans. . He lived in Iowa a number of years, going to St. Paul from Burlington in the year 1853, and thence up the Minnesota Valley. That same year, he and his elder brother, Frederick, built two of the first log cabins near Mankato, intending to take up claims at that point. A year later, by chance, he became employed by Maj. Joseph R. Brown, a prominent man in the early history of Minnesota, and assisted in the trans portation of goods from the outpost of Hen derson to Fort Ridgely.- All transportation up the Minnesota Valley was then done by boat and teams. In 1855- Mr. Poehler bought out the mercantile business of Maj. Brown at Hender son. The grain business in those days was done by steamboats and barging down the river to market at St. Paul and La Crosse. The ex periences of the early days were much the same as that of all the regular pioneers and merchants. The Sioux Indian outbreak of 1862 saw Mr. Poehler with others defending the frontier, while the women and children were transported for safety to Fort Snelling and St. Paul. Mr. Poehler moved to Minneapolis in 1887, became a member of the Chamber of Commerce and es tablished the business in its present form, though it was not till 1893 that it was incorporated. The members of the company are Henry Poehler and sons, Alvin H. Poehler, Chas. F. Poehler, and Walter C. Poehler and Geo. A. Duvigneaud. Alvin H. Poehler became identified with the grain business in 1883 and came to Minneapolis in 1885. George A. Duvigneaud, the vice-presi dent of the company, came from Wisconsin in 1883, having received part of his commercial training in the Milwaukee market and on the Chicago Board of Trade. He became identified with this'Company in 1887. Chas. F. and Walter Poehler entered the company upon their gradua tion from college. A. H. and C. F. Poehler are graduates of Shattuck School and Walter Poeh ler is a graduate of Minnesota State University. The company is affiliated with the grain trade in its various branches at the principal markets of Minneapolis, Duluth, Milwaukee, Chicago and St. Louis. The company celebrated its golden anniversary or semi-centennial May 1, 1905. Mr. Poehler's political record show-s that he was elected a member of the first state legislature in 1857-58, and re-elected in 1865; was elected state senator of 1872-73 and re-elected for 1876-77; and was elected in 1878 to the Forty-sixth Congress ''fvi i/ BRUSH, PHOTO . " • ' 382 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS at Washington as a democrat (the first demo cratic congressman since 1859 from this state, except Eugene M. Wilson) representing the second of the then three districts. Since his congressional service he has not been very ac tively in politics; but has served on various state boards, including the state reformatory board, he having also been on the commission which located the reformatory at St. Cloud. Mr. Poehler is a member of the local Chamber of Com merce and the Chicago Board of Trade. His church affiliations have been with the German Reform church. Mr. Poehler was married Sep tember 15, 1861 to Elizabeth Frankenfield of Bucks county, Pennsylvania. They had six chil dren, five of whom survive and are Alvin H., Charles F., of Minneapolis; Walter C., of Duluth, and the Misses Irene and Augusta of Los An geles, California. Mr. Poehler moved his resi dence from Minneapolis to Los Angeles in 1895, but spends the summer and autumn seasons in Minnesota. POWERS, Walter K., treasurer and manager of the Powers Elevator Company, was born at Tccumseh, Lenawee county. Michigan, in 1869. JOHN II. kiiii:U>AITI:U. He commenced his career as a grain man early in life as he left school at the age of sixteen and went to McGregor, Iowa, where he entered the em ploy of Bassett, Hunting & Co. After two years he came to Minneapolis and since 1887 has been one of the active members of the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce. The Powers Elevator Company under his management has developed from a small business to an extensive concern operating elevators and lumber yards through North Dakota and handling a large volume of business on the floor of the Chamber. R1HELDAFFER, John Henry, son of Rev. John G. Riheldaffer, D. D., was born in St, Paul, Minnesota, on December 2, 1859. His father, a Presbyterian minister, came to Minnesota in 1850 and located at St. Paul, where he made his residence until his death. John H. obtained his grammar and high school education in the pub lic schools of St. Paul and after graduating from the latter, entered the University of Minnesota with the class of 1882. He did not desire to take up a profession, so he did not complete his col lege course, but took up architectural work in the office of A. M. Radcliff of St. Paul. He re mained with Mr. Radcliff about a year, and in 1880 accepted a position as clerk at Elevator B, in St. Paul. After a year's experience in that capacity he was made superintendent of the plant and remained in charge until 1893, when lie resigned his place to associate himself with J. Q. Adams & Company, grain dealers of Min neapolis. He severed his connection with that firm three years later and associated himself with Commons & Company with whom he re mained until 1907. On May 8th of that year Mr. Riheldaffer, with D. L. Raymond, purchased Ele vator "H" from the Great Eastern Elevator Com pany and incorporated as the Sterling Elevator Company. Mr. Riheldaffer is vice president and general manager of this company. Mr. Rihel daffer has become prominent in the grain busi ness of the Northwest and at the present time is chairman of the Board of Appeals of the Min neapolis Chamber of Commerce. He is a mem ber and for six years has been a director of the Commercial Club; lie is a member and treasurer of the Automobile Club; is vice president of the Minneapolis Curling Club, and is on the board of managers of the Sons of the American Revo lution. Mr. Rihaldaffer was married in 1883 to Miss Susan Timcrman of St. Paul and they have live children. Helen, Margaret. Kathryn, Florence V., and John Paul. The family attends the Grace Presbyterian Church. SHELDON, Albert Millard, was born in Owatonna, Minnesota, 011 May 15, 1868. The early years of his life he passed at the same place and began his education in the local public schools. In the year 1882 he entered the Owatonna high school and graduated four years later. Not car- GRAIN TRADE AND CHAMBER OF COMMERCE 383 Minneapolis. He was first in business under the name of J. L. Tracy & Company, which was changed in 1906, to Lake, Brown & Tracy, when a partnership was formed with William H. Lake, of Chicago, and Edward L. Brown, of this city. Later the firm became Brown & Tracy. The firm is a member of the Minneapolis Cham ber of Commerce, the Chicago Board of Trade and Stock Exchange and the Milwaukee Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Tracy has been prominent in the affairs of the Chamber of Commerce and is one of the board of directors. He is a member of the Minikahda, Commercial and Automobile clubs and is a Scottish Rite Mason of the thirtysecond degree. In 1886 Mr. Tracy married Miss Kate Tunnicliffe at Erie, Pennsylvania, and they now make their home in this city. WHALLON, James F., was born at Mayville, New York, on March 13, 1858, the son of G. W. Whallon and Helen Pratt. His fa.ther was a mer chant both of Mayville and other cities of New York, and in that state Mr. Whallon passed his early boyhood, until the family came west to Minnesota in the year 1866. His father again en gaged in business and James F. entered the public schools of this state and there received his ele mentary training. He continued his education at the Shattuck Military Academy in Faribault, Min nesota, leaving school in 1876 to accept a position in the office of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 8WEET, PHOTO ALBERT M. SHELDON. ing for a professional education, immediately after leaving the high school in 1886, Mr. Shel don entered upon his active business career and entered the employ of the First National Bank of Stillwater, Minnesota, as bookkeeper. He oc cupied this position until 1889, when he estab lished the firm of Prince, Sheldon & Company, and organized a private bank at Cloquet, Minne sota. This banking business he managed until 1896 when he became convinced of the great op portunities offered by the grain business in Min neapolis, and together with P. L. Howe organ ized the Imperial Elevator Company. Since that time he has continuously held the office of treas urer and manager of this business. Mr. Sheldon is a member of the Minneapolis Club and at tends the Park Avenue Congregational Church. He was married in June, 1893, to Miss Wilhelmine C. Heegard and has one child, a son, Ralph Mil lard Sheldon. TRACY, John L., a member of the firm of Brown & Tracy, grain commission, was born at Titusville. Pennsylvania, June, 1861, the son of John S. and Margaret (Madden) Tracy. He attended the public schools and graduated from a high school course, then entering commercial life. In 1881 he engaged in the speculative branch of the oil business and was in that line for ten years, withdrawing in 1891 to enter the grain trade. Two years later, in 1893, he moved to SWEET, PhOTQ JAMES 1«\ WIIALLON. 384 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Railroad at Faribault where he remained until 1884 in the capacity of agent. The grain business seemed to offer large opportunities in this city, and in 1884 Mr. Whallon came to Minneapolis, and became connected with the grain firm of Pratt, Porter & Morton. This relation he discon tinued in 1890 to begin dealing in grains in his own interests under the fi-m name of Whallon & Co., and operated a line of country elevators through the Northwest. This proving to be a very successful venture, the company was, owing to the rapid increase in the business, reorganized and incorporated in 1902 as the Columbia Elevator Company, which now controls a system of eleva tors throughout the whole northwestern territory, and of which Mr. Whallon is vice president and manager. In August, 1901, Mr. Whallon together with Geo. P. Case, Charles M. Case and George C. Bagley established the firm of Whallon, Case & Co., doing a general commission business in stocks, bonds and grain. On January 1, 1908, the firms of Whallon, Case & Co. and Piper, Johnson & Co., consolidated, the new firm becom ing Piper, Johnson & Case. The firm is a mem ber of the New York Stock Exchange, of the Chi cago Board of Trade, the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce and the Duluth Board of Trade, and has a large established clientage in the city. Mr. Whallon is well known among his business asso ciates and is a member of the Minneapolis, the Minnesota, the Minikahda and Lafayette clubs of this city. In politics he is a republican, but does no active work in party affairs. He is a member of the Episcopal church. Mr. Whallon was mar ried 011 January 23, 1902, to Miss Louise Eustis of this city. They have 110 children. to this country from Darmstadt, Germany, the capital of the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, to test the breezy atmosphere of the New World's Northwest. Charles E. spent sixteen years on his father's farm working in the usual round of a farm boy's duties and attending the public school. Wishing a larger field for his life work, he took a course of training at a business college, and believing that there was profit to an industrious and practical man who understood the grain busi ness, he early gave it attention and study and since he was eighteen years of age has devoted his time and energies to this line. His experi ence has been chiefly in Minneapolis, where he is now secretary and manager of the Inter-State Grain Company, which has a line of terminal and country elevators with a storage capacity of three million bushels. He is also president of the Belen Mining Company, of the state of Sonora, Mexico. Mr. Wenzel is a democrat in his political affilia tions, but did not join it in its rambles among the quantitative and flat money theories and ad hered to sound money principles. He is a mem ber of the Minneapolis and the Commercial Clubs and of the Masonic order. He was married in 1879 and has three children. TIMERMAN, William O., of the grain firm of Stair, Christensen & Timerman, and form erly secretary and treasurer of Nye, Jenks & Company, grain dealers, was born on July 18, 1859, at Minneiska, Minnesota. He was the son of William S. Timerman r.nd Carrie J. (Orton) Timerman; the former engaged in business as a grain dealer. The son received his common school education at Lake City, Minnesota, and in St. Paul, where the family later resided and where Mr. Timerman was in business until lie came to Minneapolis in 1890. He has been man ager of the business of Nye, Jenks & Company for many years and is one of the well-known grain men in the Minneapolis Chamber of Com merce and a director at the present time. The present firm was formed in September, 1908. Mr. Timerman belongs to the republican party, is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, of the Masonic fraternity and is a Shriner. He was married in 1884 to Miss May Hazzard of St. Paul and they have two children, Donald and Dorothy. The family attends Fowler Methodist Church. WENZEL, Charles E., was born in Hillsdale county, Michigan, son of Valentine and Catha rine Wenzel. His father was a farmer who came WU.UAM (>. TI.MKK.MAN. CHAPTER XXI. VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES T HE first explorer who gazed upon the primitive Falls of St. Anthony must have realized that eventually tliey must be exceedingly useful to man. This certainly was the conclusion of the lat er explorers and the opinion of Franklin Steele Avhen he made the first claim at the falls and started the utilization of the power. Just how useful the falls would be could not have been anticipated by the pioneers or explorers, however, for few of them could have fancied that after a while the falls would move but a small part of the wheels of industry turning in the vicinity—having served their purpose of centering produc tion at this point and having been outgrown by the sturdy makers of things who have succeeded to the rights of the pioneers. The falls created Minneapolis but the majority of the manufacturers of the present day scarcely realize their presence and it might almost be said, that they might be wiped out entirely without affecting the perma nency of the manufacturing industries of the city. For decades, however, the falls were the mainstay of the city. The lumber and flour milling industry depended upon the cheap power and got its foothold in the commer cial world through this advantage. And to the falls must be given all honor for giving a location to the first manufacturing done in Minnesota. In 1821, when the soldiers of Fort Snelling started up the primitive waterwheel at the Falls of St. Anthony, they laid the foundations of an industrial development which was to demolish prec edents and records and be the central fig ure in the Activities of a commercial empire. Years passed away before any further attempt was made to utilize the power fur nished at the falls for other manufacturing. In 1847 the first sawmill was built, and in 1854 the first merchant flour mill. The lat ter year saw the erection of the first furni ture factory. This was built by Orin Ro gers, who established a business which has continued to the present time, and is now the Barnard-Cope Manufacturing Company. Mr. Rogers was also the pioneer in the sash and door business. He commenced the manufacture of sash and doors in a small way in the same year that he started his furniture factory, and in the following year erected a building especially for the busi ness. This building w r as on Hennepin island and water power was utilized. Few people know that the old East Side pumping station occupies this same old sash and door factory of 1855. A certain Mr. Morey established himself in the same line of business in 1857, and from his hum ble start the great business now conducted by Smith & Wyman has grown. Various small shops were opened during the very early fifties but few developed into any thing more. In 1854 the demand for building brick led R. P. Russell, Isaac I. Lewis, David Bickford and Col. John H. Stevens to form a company for the purpose of opening a brick}^ard and the foundations of the pres ent great brick-making industry were laid then and there. The first of the iron workers of the city was E. Broad, who established a shop for making edge tools at St. Anthony in 1855. An iron foundry was established by Scott & Morgan in 1859—the junior member of the firm being George H. Morgan who afterwards became a general in the Union army during the Rebellion. This foundry 386 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS was burned and the business discontinued. S. T. Ferguson commenced to make plows in i860, and was thus a pioneer in the ex tensive business of manufacturing agricul tural implements. PROGRESS FOLLOWING T H E WAR. The census of i860 reported 562 manu facturing establishments in Minnesota, em ploying a capital of $2,388,310. A consid erable proportion of this capital was in vested at Minneapolis, not a little of it EARLY MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. The building in the background in the center of the view is the old Prescott furniture factory; at its right stands the Scott & Morgan factory which was burned in 1863. These buildings faced on Main Street Southeast. being in flour and lumber manufacturing. The war brought a cessation of develop ment for a time, but with the close of that struggle the northwest took on new life and manufactures made rapid progress. The story of the development of the flour lrfilling and lumber industries at this period are told in other chapters. Along with their rise almost every line of manufacture pros pered in Minneapolis; and at this period many of the strong manufacturing estab lishments of the present time had their be ginnings. Before the war was over, in 1864, the North Star Woolen mill was built by East man, Gibson & Company. After changing hands and names several times it passed into the hands, in 1875, of the North Star Woolen Mill Company, which has contin ued to operate it ever since. Wm. G. Northup, its president, has been the manager of the business ever since 1879. Another woolen mill was built about this time, but the demands of the flour business led to its diversion to the uses of the millers. The. paper manufacturing business began in 1859, when Cutter & Secombe established the Island Paper Mill on Hennepin island. The Minneapolis Paper Mill was built , in 1866, at the foot of Seventh avenue South, and was operated successfully by Warner, Brewster & Co. for many years. It was purchased in 1889 by B. F. Nelson, T. B. Walker and Gilbert M. Walker, who incor porated as the Hennepin Paper Company. This mill stood partly on the site of the old government mill of 1821. It was torn down some years ago to make room for the new building of the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Company, erected for the cereal food department of its business. When the lat ter building was erected the old founda tions of the government mill were brought into view. The most conspicuous undertaking in iron working immediately following the war, was the business of Lee & Hardenbergh. They had commenced in i860 and in 1865 built a large plant on South First street. C. M. Hardenbergh, the veteran flour miller, conducted the business until 1879 when the shops were torn down to make room for the Crown Roller mill. Otis A. Pray entered the iron business in 1868 and until his death in 1890 was a prominent figure in the trade. P'hilip Herzog started a small iron working shop in 1869—establishing the business which grew to prominence as the Gillette-Herzog Com pany and which is now the Minneapolis division of the American Bridge Company. In 1872 J. E. Lock wood founded the busi ness still well known as the Union Iron Works. Gregor Men/.el, in 1874, began business at Third Street and Tenth avenue south, and built up a foundry business which is still in existence. t VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES. The beginnings of the furniture industryhave been alluded to. The second under taking which had any permanence was that of M. C. Burr, who, in 1868, opened a small furniture factory on Second street. I11 1873 D. M. Gilmore secured an interest and the business finally grew into large pro portions as D. M. Gilmore & Co., with a plant on Western avenue, which is now operated by the Luger Furniture Company. Salisbury, Coots, Rolph & Co. began the manufacture of spring beds, mattresses and such goods in 1877. After Mr. Coots' death the concern became Salisbury, Rolph & Co. and in later years was incorporated as Sal isbury & Satterlee Company by the present proprietors, Fred R. Salisbury and W. E. Satterlee. They have a large plant on Main street southeast. The Minneapolis Furniture Company commenced business in 1882 with James T. Elwell as president, and George H. Elwell, secretary. The latter had begun the manufacture of furniture in 1874. This business developed rapidly and became one of the largest in the northwest. George H. Elwell is' now president and has been for years the executive head of the busi ness. Charles M. Way, who was at one time vice-president and secretary of the Minneapolis Furniture Company, withdrew and founded the Minneapolis Bedding Com pany of which he is still the head with J. M. Anderson as vice-president and man ager. I11 the sash and door line Mr. Rogers' pioneer shop was followed by many under takings, parts of an enormous industry. The Morey business changed hands from time to time but since 1862 when J. G. Smith purchased it, the company has been under the continuous management of him self, his son (the late H. Alden Smith), and James T. Wyman, who became a partner in 1874. The name has been Smith & Wy man since 1881. A sash and door mill was started in 1863 by George Wheaton and C. E. Reynolds, which through successive changes continued to be one of the leading factories for more than thirty years. George A. Wheaton, son of the founder, was for many years the executive head of the con cern. I11 1872 J. F. Wilcox became a part 387 ner, but in 1884 retired and founded the extensive business of J. F. Wilcox & Co., now owning one of the largest plants of the city. The Bardwell-Robinson factory origin ated in the partnership of L. C. Bisbee and C. S. Bardwell who built a shop in 1873 about where the Pillsbury A mill now stands. The firm became Bardwell, Rob inson & Co. in 1877 a n d the extensive plant in North Minneapolis was built in 1885. During the later eighties the sash and door business became very profitable and many factories were erected. Linseed oil manufacture came in 1869, when the Minnesota Linseed Oil Works were started by G. Scheitlin, David C. Bell and J. K. and H. G. Sidle. Four years later the North Star Boot and Shoe Company Avas organized, and the manufacture of shoes in Minneapolis commenced. Major C. B. Heffelfinger was manager and has always been at the head of the business, which is now one of the largest in the northwest. In the same year the manufac ture of crackers and confectionery was commenced by H. F. Lillibridge in a build ing at Washington and First avenue south. The plow business founded by Mr, Fer guson in i860 grew into the Monitor Plow Works, long one of the leading manufac turing concerns in that line. O. M. Laraway, a Minneapolis pioneer, with C. K. Perrine, started the Minneapolis Plow Works in 1868. The Minneapolis Har vester Company was organized in 1873 and for many years was a prominent industry of the city. Its influence was felt in center ing the implement business here rather than in St." Paul. Willford & Northway were the pioneers in the flour mill machinery business. They commenced the manufacture of middling purifiers and other machinery in 1879 and built up a very large business. The North western Casket Company had its beginning in 1882 ; the manufacture of saddlery and harness was commenced in the same year by Bishop, Dodson & Fisher, now the Dodson, Fisher, Brockmann Company; leaded and stained glass was first made in 1885 by Young & Brown; and knit wear was first 388 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS GENERAL VIEW OF THE MINNEAPOLIS THRESHING MACHINE COMPANY'S PLANT. made in 1888 when the Northwestern Knit ting Company commenced business. STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION. To trace even the beginnings of the mis cellaneous manufacturing industries of Minneapolis during this period would be impossible within reasonable limits. But it may be said, in a general way, that dur ing the seventies and early eighties the principal lines had been started in some way or other, and the foundation laid for a great structure of varied industries. Sta tistics for the period are rather doubtful. The Minneapolis Board of Trade claimed a total value of the product of miscellaneous manufacturing in Minneapolis and St. An thony in 1866 of $831,650, as detailed in the following statement written out in a report by George A. Brackett: Capital Value of Invested. Product. Woolen and carding mills.... $119,500 $174,000 Pail and tub factory 40.000 60,000 Machine shops, etc 203.700 211,450 Paper mills 25.000 100,000 Planing, sash, blind and door mills 62.000 c84,200 Cooper shops 20,700 106.000 Furniture 39,000 96,000 Total $609,900 $831,650 Ten years later the board claimed a total product of $3,776,000, and in 1877, $4,802,000. All these figures are stated to be ex clusive of flour milling and lumbering. CHANGING CONDITIONS. It must be remembered that the condi tions under which Minneapolis manufactur ing had developed during its first quarter century were vastly different from those which now surround new undertakings. Commencing w r ith war times, the consum ing market was very small and shipping facilities were wanting. These conditions changed rapidly but even as late as the early eighties were very different from the present time. Many raw materials then brought from the east and other distant places, are now produced close at hand. Fuel for power was high ; electrical power was not thought of. And many lines of production were then impossible simply because inventions now common and of necessity to the business were not then in existence. Changes came rapidly with the enormous growth of tributary population, the rapid railroad extension and the development of inventions in the decade of 1880-90. One of the first changes was the scatter ing of factories to suburban locations. This was due to the rapid growth of individual concerns and to the great advance in real estate prices. Expansion was imperative in many instances, and it was natural to seek cheap locations in outlying districts. It was also necessary in many cases to lo cate upon railroad lines for convenience in receiving and shipping. The invention of the telephone and the electric street car VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES. made this change in manufacturing loca tions easy. The move brought into exist ence the manufacturing suburbs of St. Louis Park and Hopkins, and led to the development of other districts considerably distant from the business center. . Coincident with the tendency to establish manufacturing establishments of the larger kind in suburban locations came the devel opment of the small manufacturing busi ness in groups in large buildings. In the earlier time all the manufacturing was small; but the shops were for the most part scattered. Where they used power it was steam power, operated at large comparative cost. The first notable move towards con solidation of plants was the erection by the Island Power company of a building 011 Nicollet island, in 1882. This building was supplied with power from the east side dam, and has always been filled with small manufacturing establishments, which have economical power and the economy of one roof. As electricity came in, opportunities for these economies of concentration multi plied. The most notable example of con centration with the use of electrical power was in the Edison building, which was put up about 1890. As transportation facilities developed Minneapolis manufacturers rapidly extend ed their selling territory from a circumfer ence of a few hundred miles to almost world-wide limits. Of course, foreign ter ritory is open to but a few lines. Minne apolis flour is exported across both the At lantic and Pacific; and not a few of the other manufactures reach foreign parts. But for the most part the Minneapolis ter ritory is the western part of the United States; and in a still more restricted class of products—staples which come into com petition with staples of substantially the same quality—the Minneapolis territory is the immediate "Northwest"—that is Minne sota, North and South Dakota, Montana, western Wisconsin and northern Iowa. But in many lines Minneapolis manufac turers are not confined to a local or logical territory. The makers of some kinds of building materials are in a position to com pete in almost any part of the country and 389 frequently accept orders for construction in distant parts of the south and east in com petition with bidders from nearer points. CONCRETE EXAMPLES. A few examples will suffice to show the wonderful advance of manufacturing enter prise in Minneapolis during this latter period of development. The Minneapolis Threshing Machine Company was orga nized in 1887 with a capital of $300,000, and erected an extensive plant at Hopkins on the western borders of the city. In twen ty years this plant has been enlarged, mod ernized and developed in productive capa city until it is the equal of any thresher manufactory in the country. It now pro duces threshers, thresher engines and trac tion engines besides various accessories. Its product now sells in every part of the United States and in many foreign coun tries. Shipments have been made in recent years to European countries, to Constanti nople for the Turkish trade and to South America. F. E. Kenaston, president of the company has been for years its executive officer, and it is to his policies and progres sive management that its remarkable suc cess is due. In 1890 the business managed for years m Wisconsin by S. E. Davis was moved to Minneapolis and incorporated as the Moni tor Manufacturing Company with a capital of $200,000. The plant was established at St. Louis Park where it has grown to large proportions. Subsequent changes made it the Monitor Drill Company with a capital of $1,000,000. It is one of the largest manu facturers of grain drills and other farm im plements in the west. Mr. Davis has always been the executive head of the business. In 1902 the Minneapolis Steel & Mach inery Company was organized by a group of Minneapolis men headed by J. L. Rec ord, who had large experience in steel con struction ; and George M. Gillette, who had been engaged for years in the structural iron and steel business. A complete plant was erected near Lake street and Minne haha avenue and buildings covering many acres of ground were put up with the ut most rapidity so that the company was able to commence active business at once. It 390 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS immediately undertook the largest contracts to be had and has erected the structural steel work for many prominent buildings in Minneapolis and the Northwest as well as on the Pacific coast and in Honolulu. Steel construction for mining and manufacturing purposes has extended to all parts of the west and into Mexico; bridge construction has been undertaken in distant states and steel elevators in every part of the grainproducing section. The plant employs 1,200 Other knitwear factories have been estab lished, each manufacturing some special class of goods and are making rapid ad vances as, for instance, the Northland Knit ting Company, which has recently absorbed a concern from another city and erected a new factory where knit jackets, coats, fine sweaters, toques, shawls and other special ties are made. Another factory produces the coarser wear wanted in the outdoor in dustries of the north, another makes under VIEW OF THE MINNEAPOLIS STEEL AND MACHINERY hands and is the equal in equipment and effectiveness of any in the country. Another establishment which demon strates the way in which Minneapolis has developed manufactures at a distance from usual supply of raw materials is the North western Knitting Company, which has built up the largest knitwear business under one brand or name in the country. This com pany was organized in 1888. Twenty years have been sufficient to put it in the front rank of underwear makers. The plant which is modern and complete in every detail, now has a capacity of 20,000 garments per day and these goods are sold in every part of the United States and in some foreign coun tries. Clinton Morrison is president of the company, E. J. Couper, vice president and active executive manager, F. M. Stowell, secretary and C. S. Gold, treasurer. COMPANY'S WORKS. wear to order, and so on. The total output of the industry now exceeds $1,000,000 per annum. FIRST IN LINSEED OIL. The making of linseed oil has progressed so rapidly in late years that the city is now the first in the country in this line and lin seed oil ranks third in value among the manufactures of the city. There are seven linseed oil mills in the city and vicinity, whose product approximates $5,000,000 in value yearly and with a capacity of about 700,000 barrels. It will surprise many well-informed Min neapolis people to learn that the fourth in dustry of the city, according to the census of 1905, was bag making. There are only two bag factories in the city, those of Bemis Bro. Bag Company and the Hardwood Manufacturing Company, but their output 391 is valued at upwards of $5,000,000 per year. They not only supply the great Minneapolis flour mills but sell to hundreds of mills in every part of the northwest. Within a short time Minneapolis has be come the principal point of manufacture of artificial limbs and this "commodity" is sent to every part of the country. No one has been able to give any logical reason for the development of this industry here, ex cept the enterprise and energy of the men every part of this continent and abroad. A few years ago the old Minneapolis Exposi tion building, one of the largest structures in the west was purchased to house this business and the allied industries which have grown up about it. Numerous other stock food and stock medicine factories are in operation and the entire volume of the trade, including patent medicines of all kinds, now approximates $2,000,000 an nually. THE KILGORE-PETELEK COMPANY'S MAXI'FACT!'RING PLANT. Here is manufactured much of tlie equipment for the great contracting business conducted at Minneapolis. engaged in the business. It is equally diffi cult to account for the large production of saur kraut in a community where the pre vailing foreign element is not German. On the other hand, it is very easy to understand the development of such indus tries as the sash and door line (now sixth in importance in the city), the cooperage industry, the cereal foods line, the fur busi ness and others which find their raw ma terials ready to hand. A little more difficult to account for is the remarkable growth of the stock food or stock medicine business. M. W. Savage came to Minneapolis in 1889 and founded the International Stock Food Company, which manufactures a tonic or stimulant which is sold in enormous quantities in CONTRACTING AND OUTFITTING. Another large business of which little account is taken by the general public, but which has had much to do with the pros perity of the northwest in the past twenty years, is that of railroad and other heavy contracting. The building of railroads, though not properly classed as manufactur ing, requires the maintenance of large exe cutive organizations, the employment of many men and the purchase and mainte nance of a great amount of equipment. Many heavy contracting firms have their headquarters in Minneapolis and a great amount of capital is invested in the busi ness. One of these firms, Winston Bros. Company (composed in earlier days of the late Philip B. Winston, Fendall G. Winston 392 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS and W. O. Winston) carried on many of extent and importance of the manufacturing the larger contracts in railroad building industries of the city may be found in the during the past thirty years not only in returns of the census of 1905. Until the the northwest but in distant parts of the United States census bureau put the col country.. F. G. Winston is still at the head lection of manufacturing statistics on a of this business. The late R. B. Langdon business basis all figures were wholly or with A. H. Linton were very prominent in partly estimates. And the constant changes railroad construction work and the business in the methods of taking the census make is still carried on by Mr. Linton and C. S. comparisons difficult, if not actually mis Langdon. leading. A very crude census in 1880 gave The outfitting of contractors has been an the city credit for about $29,000,000 as the enormous business and it is a most inter value of its manufactures. In 1890 the total esting fact that a Minneapolis manufacturer was placed at $82,922,974; in 1900 (new and inventor—Col. Francis Peteler, who in basis of collection) $94,407,774 and in 1905, vented the dump car—made possible rail $121,593,120. road construction which could hardly have The census reports the number of wage been accomplished otherwise. In 1870 Col. earners as 21,752, the wages paid as $11,Peteler organized the Peteler Portable Rail 460,385 and the cost of materials as $89,way Manufacturing Company and put 011 086,269. the market his dump car then just invented LEADING CITY OF THE STATE. and perfected. It was the first dump car In the whole state of Minnesota the total ever used in railroad construction and revo lutionized the contracting business. To in value of products was $307,858,073. A com troduce his cars and show their merits Col. parison of the manufacturing of Minne Peteler took contracts on some of the early apolis with that of the two next largest railroad construction in the northwest. The cities of the state is this: car was a success and has been imitated by MANUFACTURING IN FOUR CITIES. other manufacturers, but the Peteler car Number of made in Minneapolis is still the standard all Establishments Capital over the country. A few years ago the Minnesota 4,756 $184,903,271 business was consolidated with that of the Minneapolis 877 66,699,604 Kilgore Machine Company and is now the St. Paul 614 36,401,282 Kilgore-Peteler Company. This concern Duluth 163 9,537,548 manufactures dump cars, steam shovels and Value of sawmill machinery, but the largest output Wage Earners Products is in dump cars. The plant, which is a , Minnesota 69,636 $307,858,073 21,752 121,593,120 large one, is on Thirtieth avenue southeast. Minneapolis 14,363 38,318,704 Charles S. Hale is president of the com St. Paul Duluth 3,987 10,139,009 pany; F. B. Snyder, vice president; Frank C. Bestor, secretary and treasurer, and From these figures it may be seen that Charles B. Peteler, superintendent. The St. Paul employs but one-half as much capi latter is a son of Col. Peteler, who has re tal, and about two-thirds as many wagetired from active business but still lives in earners, and produces just about one-third Minneapolis. the product. The citation of such examples of the di Even with flour and lumber eliminated versity, progress, success and general econ from the Minneapolis totals, the city is still omic value of Minneapolis manufacturing some millions ahead of St. Paul. It is also industries might be carried on at great interesting to observe that, although the length if space permitted. combined population of St. Paul and Duluth was, in 1905, about the same as that of Min THE CENSUS RESUME. A more comprehensive and, at the same neapolis, the combined values of the manu time, luminous showing of the variety, factures of the two places do not approach VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES. the Minneapolis figures in any classification —number of establishments, capital, wageearners or product. Among the great manufacturing centers of the country Minneapolis ranks fifteenth as shown in the subjoined table: RANK OF PRINCIPAL MANUFACTURING CITIES. i 2 - 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ix 12 13 14 New York 5j51 ,526,523,006 Chicago 955,036,277 Philadelphia 591,388,078 St. Louis 267,307,038 Boston 184,351,163 Cleveland 172,115,101 Cincinnati 166,059,050 Pittsburg 165,428,881 Baltimore 151,546,580 Newark 150,055,227 Buffalo 147,377,873 Milwaukee 138,881,545 San Franciscoi . . . 137,788,233 Detroit 128,761,658 15 Minneapolis 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Kansas City, Kan. Providence New Orleans Louisville Rochester, N. Y.. Indianapolis Jersey City South Omaha... . Peoria Bayonne, N. J . . . . Lynn. Mass Paterson, N. J... Omaha Worcester, Mass.. Youngstown, O.. $1 ,172,870,261 797,879,141 519,981,812 193,732,788 162,764,523 126,156,839 141,677,997 165,002,687 135,107,626 112,728,045 105,627,182 110,854,102 107,023,567 88,365,924 121,593,120 94,407,774 96,473,050 91,980,963 84,604,006 83,204,125 82,747,370 82,227,950 80,023,107 78,657,103 57,446,116 66,110,474 59,668,959 59,322,234 72,929,690 69,508,899 75,740,934 67,415,177 60,920 ,411 60,633,761 44,569,371 38,601,429 55,003,023 39,347,493 54,673,083 54,003,704 52,144,965 48,126,885 48,502,044 38,074,244 46,793,372 33,908,459 It will be noted that the position of Min neapolis is much nearer the cities immedi ately above her in rank than the group right below. And the advance in manufactures during the three years since the taking of the- census has been such as to warrant the belief that had the comparison of the re sults of 1908 been possible Minneapolis would have had a considerably higher place in the list. ANDERSON, Josiah M., was born March 3, 1863, at Eden Prairie, Minnesota, son of Robert and Mary Anderson. His father was a farmer and both parents were of Scottish descent, the forebears coming from Paisley, Scotland, to this country, where the family distinguished them selves for their public spirit in the Colonial period and in the War of the Revolution. Josiah M., 393 born and brought up on a Minnesota farm, had the advantage of a good common school educa tion and having otherwise prepared himself, he entered the state university when he was twenty years old and remained there through the Jun ior year winning high honors in oratorical work, and then entered the service of a mining syndi cate in Canada for a year, and was engaged dur ing the next fifteen years in Minneapolis in the music business. Mr. Anderson in 1905 entered upon the manufacturing business as vice-presi dent and manager of the Minneapolis Bedding Company, a position which he now holds. He is a republican in politics. He was appointed by Governor Clough one of the commissioners to represent Minnesota at the Omaha Exposition. Mr. Anderson was a member of the Executive Committee of the Y. M. C. A. for ten years. He is a member of the Minnesota Congregational Club and a member of the Commercial Club. He is a Congregationalist in his church relations. He was married on September 26, 1888, to Mary J. Dyer and to them have been born four children, —Alice, Edward, Margaret and Elizabeth. ANDREWS, George C., was" born on May 10, 1863, at Minneapolis, or St. Anthony, as it was called at that time. Among the early pioneers that settled at St. Anthony was Thomas Francis Andrews, who came here from Merrimac county, New Hampshire, in the fall of 1855, and was a resident of Minneapolis for many years and one of its public-spirited and useful citizens. For nearly twenty years he was engaged in business as a merchant in company with his brother, and built up a large and substantial business. In 1862 he was elected as an alderman, and at various times served for thirteen years, being in 1882 president of the council and holding at times the office of acting mayor. He was appointed by Mayor George A. Pillsbury as one of the Board of Water Commissioners in 1884, and held at other times various offices of public trust. In 1859 he was married to Miss Lizzie Fisk, the mother of his son, George C. He lived in Min neapolis continuously until his death, on July 14, 1892. George C. Andrews has passed his whole life in this city. He attended the public schools, graduated from the high school in 1882, and then entered the mechanical engineering department of the University of Minnesota and graduated with the class of 1887. For a short time he held a position with the Porter Steam Heating Com pany of this city and then began business on his own account. Since that time he has been en gaged in the various branches of the heating business. He originally directed his attentions toward a contracting business in steam and hot water heating plants, and during this period in stalled some immense and elaborate plants, such as those in the Northern Pacific Railroad shops at Tacoma and the Great Northern shops at Spokane. He also executed contracts for heat ing many of the buildings belonging to the Uni-i 394 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS he has made the company one of the best or ganized and widely known concerns in the coun try. In politics Mr. Andrews is a republican and has always taken an interest in the local campaigns and elections with a view of pro moting the cause of good government and civic progress. He is a member of the St. Anthony Club, of the Publicity Club and Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He was also for a number of years one of the few members of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the state. He attends the First Congregational Church. Mr. Andrews was married on April 30, 1903, to Miss Jessie Fuller, who died on March 13, 1904, at the birth of her son, Thomas Franklin Andrews. Mrs. Andrews was a woman of unusual beauty of per son and character, and possessed of wonderful business ability. She had been with the Andrews Heating Company from its beginning, and much of its success as a national business was due to her efforts. 8WLET, PHOTO GEOKGE C. ANDREW'S. versity of Minnesota and several of the Minne apolis school buildings. He later began the manufacture of radiators under the name of the Minneapolis Radiator & Iron Company, and at one time the firm supplied to the trade one-half of the radiators used in "Minneapolis. Mr. An drews invented" several new forms of radiators, one of which resulted in gaining an increase of twenty-five per cent, in " the heating capacity, and this was used in the new Hennepin County Court House. About 1898 Mr. Andrews organized what is now known as The Andrews Heating Com pany, for .the purpose of selling by mail steam and hot water plants.' This has now been built up into a^busines's that extends over the whole country, an innovation in the heating business that was pronouiiced impossible when begun. He has supplied heating plants to customers in all but one of the states and Canada and Alaska. Under the name t>f the Andrews Heating Com pany he has'offices in Chicago, Minneapolis and St. Paul, and Winnipeg, Canada, and handles much important contract work, among his pres ent commissions being the heating in the two new main buildings of the Minnesota State Uni versity and the new shops for the Twin City Rapid Transit Company. Air. Andrews has at all times kept in touch with every branch of the business, and by his personal supervision and the employment of educated engineers as assistants BARNARD, Frank M., is a native of Minne sota, being the son of one of the state's early pio.neers, Dr. Albion Barnard. Dr. Barnard, before moving to this state had a successful medical practice in Maine, which he was forced to aban don in 1858, owing to ill health. He 'came to Minneapolis, and built a home where the ware house of Wyman-Partridge & Company now stands at First avenue north and Fourth street. His father had been associated with the original survey of considerable land in Minnesota, includ ing a large part of the grant to the state univer sity. Albion Barnard engaged in a continuation of this work for some years. In 1865 he was ap pointed superintendent and physician of the Leech Lake Indian Agency. He had married Miss Emily A. Marshall and their son, Frank M., was born in Minneapolis on October 27, i860, so that he was not yet six years of age when he moved with his father into the Indian country. At that time the agency settlement, consisting of but five families, all government employees, was located in the heart of a wilderness reached only after a journey by stage from St. Cloud, the near est railroad point, to Crow Wing and from there to Leech Lake by team. Dr. Barnard held the position from 1865 until about 1875, during which time the settlers, located in the midst of three thousand Indians, were several times in danger by uprisings. In these surroundings Frank Barnard spent six years of his boyhood, acquiring a knowl edge of the Chippewa language almost equal to that of his own tongue, as well as becoming famil iar with the habits and traditions of the tribe. Dr. Barnard returned to Minneapolis after ten years of service and engaged in the milling business. He still makes his home here although now re tired from active business. His son attended the public schools, and in 1876 entered the prepara tory department of the University. He began the scientific course with the class of 1882 but VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES. after the sophomore year he left college to begin business. While in school Mr. Barnard had car ried papers for the local dailies, first for the "Evening Mail," at the time when Charles W. Johnson and Fred L. Smith were the publishers. He also served as carrier on the Pioneer Press, the Tribune and the Journal, and upon leaving college obtained a situation with the circulating department of the Tribune then owned by Gen eral A. B. Nettleton. He soon became manager of his department and later, with Lucian Swift, bought the contract to handle the circulation of the paper. When Mr. Swift bought an interest in the Journal, Mr. Barnard purchased his inter est in the Tribune contract and for some time handled it alone. After being with the Tribune about ten years he organized the Minneapolis Printing Company. About this time Mr. Barnard was appointed United States stamp-agent and served until the repeal of the law after the Span ish-American war. In 1900 he withdrew from the printing business to become promoter of paving for the Kettle River Quarries Company and has since been connected with that corporation. He was made assistant secretary and treasurer and later, in 1905, became secretary, the position he now holds. Mr. Barnard is a republican in poli tics and is a member of the Commercial Club and the Elks. He was, from 1898 to 1902, a director of the first named organization. In 1883 he was married to Miss Minnie A. Wilson and they have had two children—Marshall and Margaret, of whom the latter is living. BARNETT, Lewis Cass, president of the Barnett & Record Company, is a native of Kentucky and descended from ancestors who came across the mountains soon after the War of the Revolu tion and settled the new state in the wilderness. The line is traced even farther back to Scotch Presbyterian emigrants to the North of Ireland in the days of religious persecution. From Ire land, William Barnett, great-grandfather of Lewis C. Barnett, emigrated to America in 1750 settling in South Carolina. His sons served in the con tinental army and after the war emigrated to the new lands in the west, William, grandfather of Lewis C. settling in Kentucky where he became extensively possessed of land and slaves. His son William married as his second wife Lucy Reed Cable (whose family also had a revolutionary record) and of twelve children, eight of whom were boys, Lewis was the seventh son. He was born January 13, 1848, at Greensbury, Kentucky, where he passed his boyhood, attending the pub lic schools until fourteen years of age. In 1864 the family moved to Rock Island, Illinois, where Lewis continued his schooling. He also studied at Davenport, Iowa, before entering the Iowa State University, where he spent four years but left before graduation to take up farming. From farming he turned to the grain business. This led'by degrees to the line of business in which 395 Mr. Barnett has become a conspicuous figure, the construction of grain elevators. In 1880 he began his career as a contracting builder, mak ing a specialty of elevator construction. During the past twenty-eight years Mr. Barnett in his elevator building has kept pace with the wonder ful progress and development of this producing section. The' extent of his operations' can be real ized from the fact that the company has designed and built approximately one thousand grain eleva tors, many of them among the greatest elevators in the world. Mr. Barnett in 1892 organized the Barnett & Record Company, he being presi dent of the Company. Soon after this corpora tion was formed F. R. McQueen became prom inently identified with it and is now general manager.* - In 1905, owing to the rapid develop ment of»'the Canadian Northwest, Mr. Barnett to gether with Mr. McQueen organized a corporation under the laws of Canada, the Barnett-McQueen Company, limited. These two companies in their extensive building operations are using to advan tage patents on grain elevators and grain handling devices issued to Mr. McQueen. In the construc tion of fire proof concrete and tile grain eleva- W$>Y!§ P- IUUNETT. 396 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS tors these companies are easily among the most prominent concerns in the world. Among the elevators erected are, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company's elevator at Kansas City, Missouri, being of original fire-proof ter minal elevator construction, with a storage capac ity of 1,000,000 bushels; the "PV" elevator at Duluth, a fire-proof tile working elevator, with a capacity of 650,000 bushels; the steel working elevator, fire-proofed with tile, built at Fort William, Ontario, in 1905, for the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, having a Kvoirking capacity of 1,700,000 bushels, and the Canadian Northern Railway Company's elevator at Port Arthur the largest in the world with a capacity of approximately 7,000,000 bushels. This type elevator is the result of many years experience and experimenting and the demand for absolutely fire-proof construction. The company has also constructed many coal, dry, iron ore and other docks on the Great Lakes and on the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico. Air. Barnett has never been active politically. His principles so far as national policy is concerned are demo cratic. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Iroquois Club of Chicago and the Kitchi Gammi Club of Duluth. He is affiliated with the Presbyterian church. O11 November 16, 189,5, Mr. Barnett married Miss Laura A. Tombler, and they have one child Lucy Cable Barnett. SWEET, PHOTO GEORGE K. BELDEX. BELDEN, George K., son of Henry C. Belden, attorney, was born in Vermont, at the town of Lyndon in 1870. The family moved to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, and at that place George K. spent the early years of his life. Later his parents re moved to Minneapolis and in this city he com pleted his education. He entered the academic department of the University of Minnesota and graduated with the degree of B. S. in 1892. Mr. Belden was anxious to take up the profession of his father and with that end in view returned to college two years after receiving his first degree and studied law. He graduated from the legal department in 1897 and soon afterwards was ad mitted to the bar. For several years he was con nected with Thomas F. Wallace Jr., under the firm name of Belden, Wallace & Company, and held the agencies for several bonding and liability companies. In 1903 he engaged in the electrical contracting business as a partner in the W. I. Gray Company and is in that business at the present time. Mr. Belden is a member of the prominent clubs of the city—the Minneapolis, the Minikahda, the Roosevelt and the Minnetonka Yacht clubs. He has been connected with the Minnesota National Guard for many years and held a commission as captain of Company M, Fourth Regiment, sargeant major of the First Regiment and now holds a commission as first lieutenant of Battery B. Mr. Belden is a repub lican in politics and in his connection with the Roosevelt club has been interested in the work of that party in Minneapolis. He was married in January, 1906, to Miss Edith H. Knight of this city. They attend the Methodist Church. BESTOR, George Wilber, is the son of George L. Bestor, a lawyer and railroad contractor of Peoria, Illinois. He was born in that town 011 August 19, 1865, and his early life was spent in Illinois and Ohio. In the schools of those states lie received his preparatory education and after moving to Minneapolis in 1887 he entered the University of Minnesota, graduating from the College of Law in 1891. For a short time he was in the grain business both in this city and Illinois, then went to Seattle to accept a posi tion there with the Trust Company during 1892-3. He returned to this city, however, and was at torney for the Minneapolis Trust Company for two years. Mr. Bestor recognized the oppor tunities offered by the stone quarrying business and in 1895 turned his energies in that direction, assuming control of the Kettle River quarries at Sandstone. Minnesota. Since that time he has been continuously connected with the stone busi ness as president of the Kettle River Quarries Company. Mr. Bestor inherited through his father a membership in the Loyal Legion and also be longs to the Minneapolis, Lafayette and Com mercial clubs. He attends the Westminster Pres byterian Church. In 1900 he was married to Miss Nelle P. Hale. They have two children, George Clinton and Flora Hale Bestor. ' • ••'• BRUSH, PHOTO A. 398 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS twenty years of age, who is attending the Uni versity of Minnesota. Mr. Bintliff's father, Gershom Bintliff, was born in Salterebble, York shire county, England, on September 22, 1830, and came to America in 1840. He is secretary of the Bintliff Manufacturing Company at the present time. it BOUSFIELD, Edward Franklin, head of the Bousfield Wooden Ware Company of Minneap olis, is a native of Ohio. He was born September 4, 1849, at Kirtland, Lake county, a few miles from Cleveland, the son of John and Sarah Bous field. His father was a manufacturer of wooden ware—sash and doors, lumber, matches and other wooden products—at Cleveland and it was in his father's establishment that Mr. Bousfield obtained the acquaintance with the wooden ware business which has been the ground work of his success in later years. During his boyhood he attended the country schools at Kirtland and public schools of Cleveland, afterwards going to Oberlin College at Oberlin, Ohio. After leaving college he spent several years with his father in the business at Cleveland and in 1875 moved to Bay City, Michi gan, where he was in business for twelve years. In 1890 he came to Minneapolis and commenced the manufacture of wooden ware, developing a large and profitable business which is at the pres- CHARLES J. BINTLIFF. BINTLIFF, Charles J., was born in Ashland, Minnesota, on May 25, 1861. He attended school at Ashland until he was twelve years old when he moved with his parents to Minneapolis where he continued his schooling and began his busi ness life by selling newspapers after school hours. When he left school he secured work at the Ninety-nine Cent Store at three dollars per week. After several years he left this position to become book-keeper for Zesbaugh Bros., and about five years later bought out the half in terest of one of the brothers. This was the beginning of his career as a manufacturer of mouldings and picture frames. The firm was then known as Zesbaugh & Biritliff. In 1888 the firm of Zesbaugh & Bintliff was succeeded by the Bintliff Manufacturing Company, of which Mr. Bintliff is now president. Through his ef forts the company has been built up from a small concern to one of the largest of its kind in the Northwest. In 1902 he was elected a member of the board of education for the term of six years and in 1906 was elected president of the board. About the same time he was also elected one of the directors of the Commercial Club. He is and has always been a staunch sup porter of the republican party. Mr. Bintliff was a member of the Centenary Church, Wesley Church, and is at present a member of the Fowler M. E. Church. In 1887 he was married to Miss May C. Kinsey. They have one son •\ BRUttHj PHOTO EDWARD F. BOUSFIELD. VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES. ent time being rapidly extended. Mr. Bousfield was married in 1872 to Miss Delia B. Weed. They have three children, Fayette, Louis and Gladys, and another son, Clifton, who died in 1888. COUPER, Edgar J., vice-president of the Northwestern Knitting Company, was born July 21, 1864, at Morristown, New York. His father, J. P. Couper, was a farmer. His connection with the Northwestern Knitting company dates from 1887—or about the time of the organization of the business. Since that time the business has developed from quite small proportions to one of the largest knitgoods concerns in the country, producing and marketing its goods under its own brand or name. A capacity of 10,000 garments of new buildings and the installation of new maper day is being doubled through the erection chinery. Through the period of its greatest growth and development Mr. Couper has been actively associated with the management of the company. DOERR, Henry, of the well known tobacco firm of Winecke & Doerr, and vice president of the Minneapolis Drug Company, is a native of Wisconsin. He was born at Milwaukee. His father was Val Doerr, the owner and proprietor of a hotel at La Crosse, and Henry passed the early years of his life in Milwaukee and there received his education graduating from the Mil waukee Academy and entering immediately upon business life. For some time he was located at La Crosse, Wisconsin, and then came in 1870 to Minneapolis, where he has since been engaged in business. His first employment in this city was with a wholesale cigar house, where he ac quired his training for the business in which he has since - been so successful. In 1873 Mr. Doerr formed a partnership with Henry Win ecke and engaged in the wholesale and retail cigar and tobacco business in Minneapolis. Mr. Winecke died in 1901, and at that time Mr. Doerr became full owner and manager of the business though the firm name remained un changed. From a modest beginning the com pany's business grew until it was one of the largest wholesale tobacco handling establish ments of the Northwest, and carried its trade all over that territory. It also operated a large number of retail stores in Minneapolis. In 1907 the wholesale branch of the business, was con solidated with the Eliel-Jerman Drug Company under the name of the Minneapolis Drug Com pany, Mr. Doerr becoming vice president of the new corpoi-ation. The city retail ' business has continued as before under his individual owner ship and supervision and the same firm name as that taken in 1873. Mr. Doerr has extensive interests outside of the tobacco business. He is secretary and treasurer of the Salzer Lumber Company which operates a line of country yards; and is the president of the Minneapolis Plow Works. He is also a director of the German- 399 American Bank of this city. Mr. Doerr is a republican. He is prominently identified with the club life of the city; is a member of the Minneapolis, Minikahda, Commercial and La fayette clubs, and also associated with the Ma sonic order. He attends the Presbyterian church. Mr. Doerr is married and has three children, George, Henry, Jr., and Clara. ELWELL, George Herbert, was born Novem ber 25, 1856, at St. Anthony, Minnesota. His father, Tallmadge Elwell, was engaged in the photograph business at that place which was then regarded by many as the real "future great" city of the Northwest. George Herbert was educated at the public schools of the town with supplementary higher education at Carleton Col lege and the state university. In 1874, in his early manhood, he began the manufacture of spring beds and furniture and has since 1882 been president of the Minneapolis Furniture Company. The manufacture of furniture has been, one of the noticeable features of the industrial activity of Minneapolis, the abundant supply of hard wood timber inviting investment in this business. The intelligent direction of the activities of the Minneapolis Furniture Company under Mr. Elwell's presidency has given that firm a leading place in the business. Mr. Elwell has served as chairman of the manufactures committee of the Commercial Club and is one of the directors of the St. Anthony Commercial Club. He is a staunch republican in politics, but has never been a candidate for office. He is a member of the First Congregational Church and superintendent of its Sunday school. He was married in 1882 to Miss Belle Horn, of Appleton, Minnesota. To them have been born seven children, of whom five are living. DAVIS, Spencer E., was born March 30, 1841, at Cazenovia, Madison county, New York, son of Edmund and Ada Curtis Davis. His father was a farmer whose ancestors came from Wales and settled in New England, where the greatgrandsires took part in the War of the Revolu tion. Spencer worked on his father's farm and for neighboring fafmers and worked teams in the lumber woods and clerked in the village hotel and took a turn at buying cattle and working in a melodeon factory at Syracuse until the break ing out of the Civil War, when he enlisted at New Woodstock, New York, on August 13, 1862, in the 114th New York Volunteers, a regiment which made a splendid record of pluck and en durance during the war. It was engaged in most of the severe battles in Louisiana and at Win chester, Virginia. Mr. Davis' clothing was cut in five places by Minie balls, one of which struck an army and navy dictionary which he carried in a breast pocket and glanced ofif leaving him un injured. This book he keeps among his war relics. After the battle and on the battle field at Winchester, Virginia, he showed such skill in 400 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS dressing the wounds of his fellow soldiers that his work attracted the attention of Surgeon Wagner, who, finding out who had done the work, de tailed him, against his will, to become field hos pital assistant. He protested vigorously, as he wanted to stay afield under any circumstances. He did wound dressing thereafter and when Sur geon Wagner was made medical director of the Middle Military Division, Mr. Davis was put in charge of the wound-dressing department. His regiment had 197 men killed and wounded at the battle of Winchester out of 300 men that were engaged; and 128 were killed and wounded at the battle of Cedar Creek a month later where 250 recruits and veterans were engaged. The state of New York erected a monument at Winches ter in commemoration of the heroism of the 114th New York. After the close of the war Mr. Davis returned to New Woodstock, New York, and embarked in the grocery business, but, not satisfied with the outlook, sold out and went to Wisconsin where he worked as baggageman for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, and then entered the employment of Van Brunt & Barber of Horicon, Wisconsin, as shipping clerk, to which was soon added the responsibility of the purchase of lumber for the company's fac tory. In 1870 Mr. Davis became assistant super- BRUSH, PHOTO 1IENUY E. FLETCHER. intendent for the Northwestern Furnace Com pany, manufacturers of pig iron, at Mayville, Wis consin, and in a few months was given entire charge of the works. In 1872 he went into business for himself and formed a copartnership with Mr. Van Brunt, son of his former employer, under the firm name of Van Brunt & Davis. In 1878 a stock company was organized with $75,000 capital, as the Van Brunt & Davis Company. The capital was increased in 1882 to $100,000 and in 1890 Mr. Davis bought a controlling interest and the plant was moved to Minneapolis and capitalized for $200,000 under the name "Monitor Manufacturing Company" and upon a further re organization, the name "Monitor Drill Company" was adopted with capitalization for $1,000,000, embracing one of the largest manufacturing establishments in the Northwest. During the thirty-four years Mr. Davis has been in the man ufacturing business he has experienced the in convenience of only one strike. He has looked after the financial part from the start, 1872, and has promptly met every pay roll to date. He was a director in the Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis for two years. In recent years he has conducted a sheep ranch in Wyom ing and a rice plantation in Texas. Mr. Davis is a self-made and a very successful man and he must be credited with the admirable chivalry of proudly conceding to his wife eminent ability as a counselor of great wisdom and an unusually good financier through all the varied experience of his career. This lady holds stock in all the various enterprises in which her husband has been engaged. Mr. Davis is a member of John Rawlins Post, G. A. R., of Minneapolis and has been First Commander of John Hanf Post, Hori con, Wisconsin, for two terms, and was member of E. B. Wolcott Post, Milwaukee. He cast his first vote while in the army for Abraham • Lincoln's second term and has always voted the republican ticket at presidential elections, but has at times exercised his power and right of contrary choice at local elections. When in Wisconsin, Mr. Davis was elected mayor of Horicon for three terms and was a delegate to Wisconsin State conventions and has generally been active in politics. He is a member of the Masonic Order; an Odd Fellow and an Elk. He is a member of the Commercial Club and his religious sympathies and affiliations are with the Christian Science Church. Mr. Davis, on De cember 26, 1871, was married to Alice Sherman, and to them have been born two children, Spencer Edmund and Phosa. FLETCHER, Henry Erskine, is descended from early pioneer families of New England— Robert Fletcher, born in England in 1592, emi grating to this country in 1650. The remote an cestors of the family were natives of Switzerland, from whence various members of the line moved and settled in England, establishing the branch of the family from which Mr. Fletcher is de- ' . • - , • i 402 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS scended. Captain Joel Flctchor, grandfather of Henry E., was born November 26, 1763, and thirty years later moved to Vermont where his ninth child, Joel, was born on March 3, 1818, at Lyndon, Caledonia county. Henry E. was born on July 31, 1843, at Lyndon, the son of Joel Fletcher and Zerviah Townsend Meigs. His family moved to St. Johnsbury, Vermont, where he secured the major part of his education, at tending the grammar schools and St. Johnsbury Academy, and in 1859 entered Dartmouth Col lege. He did not complete his college course, but entered the general office of his father's whole sale flour and grain business as bookkeeper, later being sent to Newport, Vermont, 011 Lake Meniphremagog, as manager of a branch house. Hav ing acquired some knowledge of the flour-manu facturing business he moved to Chicago in 1867 where he became a member of the milling firm of Marple & Fletcher, and was building up a promising business when the mill was totally de stroyed by explosion and fire. His father's health had been rapidly failing and in 1869, Mr. Fletcher returned to Vermont to take charge of the business there. His father spent several years in the Northwest, where his health seem ingly improved, but, returning to his old home for a visit in 1875, he suddenly died of apoplexy. Mr. Fletcher remained in St. Johnsbury until 1879, continuing the business established by his father, and became connected with other interests at that place, holding the office of vice presi dent in the Merchants National Bank of St. Johnsbury from its organization in 1875 until 1879. In the latter year he came to Minneapolis and became a member of the firm of Sidle, Fletcher, Holmes & Company which erected the well known Northwestern Mill and began the manufacture of flour. Under the firm name of Fletcher Bros, he was engaged in the lumber business from 1880 to 1886. In 1886 he was elect ed president of the Northern Pacific Elevator Company and held the office for one year. Mr. Fletcher was one of the incorporators of the Min neapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railroad and was the treasurer and a director of the Min neapolis and Pacific Railroad. After the consoli dation.of the two roads into the "Soo" Line Mr. Fletcher resigned his directorship. He was the president of the City "Elevator Company organ ized in 1889. Mr. Fletcher's business life has been active and varied and in the course of his commercial career he has 'been connected with enterprises that have not alone-been successful from his point of view but have materially helped to make known the rapidly increasing importance of Minneapolis. Politically he is a republican but has never desired public preferment. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial clubs and with his family attends the Plymouth Congregational Church. On December 8, 1866, Mr. Fletcher was married to Miss Rebecca A. Smith and they have had two children both of whom died in infancy. GILLETTE, George M. : the son of Mahlon B. Gillette, a farmer, was born December 19, 1858, at Niles, Michigan. His ancestors were French Huguenots, who during the period of Huguenot persecution fled to England. Thence the direct ancestors of Mr. Gillette came to America, in 1620, in the ship "Mary and John," and took their part in.the early colonial events. His parents located on a farm in Michigan, and he spent the early period of his life there. He obtained the common school education, graduated from the high school at Niles, and then entered the University of Michigan. He graduated from the literary department in 1880, and for a time employed himself 011 the farm. He then en gaged in the manufacture of farm implements, and later established a plant for the production of strawboard. In the year 1889 he moved to Minneapolis, and almost immediately became in terested in the manufacture of structural iron and steel and bridge work. Since that time he has been almost continuously engaged in that business and is now vice-president and treasurer of the Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company, the largest concern of its kind in the city, if not in the Northwest, employing a force of one thousand to twelve hundred men. Mr. Gillette is a republican, and served for one term in the state legislature. Fie is active in the social and CHARLES GLUEK """S". PH0T0 403 GLUEK, John G., was born in Minneapolis, May 1.1, 1868, son of Gottlieb and Caroline Foel Gluek. The father died in 1881 and the mother is still living. Gottlieb Gluek established the Rank & Gluek Brewery in 1857, which has now developed, through the activity of the sons, into the large Gluek Brewing Company. John G. Gluek was educated in the public schools of Min neapolis and received a thorough business col lege training and was admirably prepared to take a responsible position in the conduct of the brew ing business, which had been established by his father. He became secretary and treasurer of the Gluek Brewing Company, of which his broth er is the president. Mr. Gluek was a young man of fine business ability and, like his brother, was numbered among the effective industrial forces of Minneapolis. He was a member of the B. P. O. E. and of the Knights of Pythias. He was married on April 24, 1895, to Minnie Miller of Minneapolis. They have one child, Eugene G. Mr. and Mrs. Gluek were killed in an automobile accident near Lake Minnetonka August 19, 1908. GLUEK, Louis, president of the Gluek Brew ing Company, was born at St. Anthony, now the east division of Minneapolis on September 21, 1858, the son of Gottlieb and Caroline (Foell) Gluek. His father was one of the pioneers of Minneapolis who very early established himself JOHN G. GIXEK SWEET, PHOTO club life of the city and is a member of the prin cipal clubs of Minneapolis and holds a member ship also in the Engineers' Club of New York. Mr. Gillette attends the Baptist church. He was married to. Miss Augusta M. Perkins on October 18, 1883, and they have three children. GLUEK, Charles, was born in Minneapolis June 6, i860, son of Gottlieb Gluek, who came to this country from Germany in 1854, and after working in Philadelphia one year came the next year to Minneapolis where in 1857 he started a brewery, which has now developed into imposing dimensions through the business energy of his sons. Charles Gluek attended the public schools of Minneapolis and took a full course in business college and, when fully equipped with prepara tory business training, he took up his father's business and became vice president of the Gluek Brewing Company, which succeeded to the busi ness of Rank & Gluek, and represents a plant hav ing an annual capacity of over 100,000 barrels of beer. Mr. Gluek is also vice-president of the German-American Bank, a member of the leading clubs of Minneapolis, including the Commercial Club, a member of the Chamber of Commerce, and is a prominent member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On December 8, 1888, Mr. Gluek was married to Mary Thielen, of Minneapolis, who died leaving three children: Carl G., Emma C., and Alvin G. LOUIS GLUEK. 404 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS GOLD, Clias S., treasurer of the Northwest ern Knitting Company and vice-president of the Frank S. Gold Company, jobbers of notions, is a native of No'rthfield, Vermont. His parents were Sherman Gold and Eunice A. Golcf—and from the father who was a manufacturer, Mr. Gold per haps inherited his business instincts and abilities. He was one of the founders of the Northwestern Knitting company and has been its treasurer and one of its directors for upwards of a score of years. His political sympathies are with the republican party and his church connection with the Universalist denomination. He is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. Mr. Gold is married and has two children—Frank S. Gold and Carolyn L. Gold. BRUSH, PHOTO WILLIAM I. (iKAY. in the brewing business in the northeastern part of the city. Louis attended the public schools of Minneapolis and was early apprenticed to the brewing business. Under the instruction and di rection of his father, lie early became an expert in this department of "manufacturing. . After his father's death, about thirty years ago, he suc ceeded to the management of the business and upon the incorporation of the Gluek Brewing Company, became its president, and has re mained its executive head and active manager ever since. The business, which was established in 1857, is the oldest in its line in the city and one of the oldest business concerns of any kind in the state of Minnesotaf It has been continu ously prosperous for more than forty years. Mr. Gluek was married at Minneapolis in 1893 to Miss Laura Giesmann. Mr. Gluek is social in his tastes and is a member of many societies and orders, including the I. O. O. I'., B. P. O. E. and Knights of Honor, and takes an active in terest in the commercial affairs of the city, hav ing membership in the St. Anthony Commercial Club since its organization. I11 politics he is a democrat; in church affiliations, a Lutheran. Such time as he finds for recreation, he devotes to the management of a farm near Minneapolis, or to fishing and hunting. GRAY, William Irving, of the contracting firm of W. I. Gray & Co., was born at Lake City, Minnesota,, the son of Alexander Gray and Mary Dingwall Gray. All his ancestors were Scotch and his parents came to this country in 1862, settling in Wabasha county, Minnesota. His boyhood was spent on his father's farm, eight miles from Lake City, where he attended district school, later attending and graduating from the Lake City high school. He then entered the University of Minnesota, and graduated from the engineering department in 1892 with the de gree of electrical engineer. After a short time spent in practical experience in his profession, Mr. Gray, in 1894, engaged in the business of a con tracting engineer under the firm name of W. I. Gray & Co. taking contracts for mechanical plants of all kinds, such as heating, electric lighting, ventilating and plumbing. In addition to doing a large local business, the operations of the firm extend to three or four adjoining states and to Western Canada. Mr. Gray is independent in his political beliefs, but takes an active part in the public affairs of the city, is a member of the Commercial Club, and has been president of the State Board of Electricity since 1899. He is a member of Park Avenue Congregational Church and of the Congregational Club of Minnesota. In 1899 Mr. Gray was married to Isabelle W. Welles, and they have two sons, Alexander Welles and Frank Dingwall. HALE, Charles Sumner, president of the Kilgore-Peteler Company, was born on April 1, 1870, in Minneapolis, the son of Jefferson M. and Lou isa M. (Herrick) Hale. His father was one of the pioneer merchants of Minneapolis and was long identified with the dry goods business in the firm which was originally G. W. Hale & Company and later Hale, Thomas & Company. On his mother's side Mr. Hale also springs from pioneers of the city, his grandfather, Mr. Nathan Herrick, having established a marble yard in Min neapolis in 1851 on the present site of the Min neapolis Loan & Trust Company on Nicollet avenue. Mr. Herrick, who died in 1891, was one of the first business men in Minneapolis. At the 406 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS neapolis Club, Minikahda Club, Minnetonka Yacht Club and cxf the Chi Psi fraternity. He was married on June 23, 1897, at Mankato to Miss Marjorie L. Patterson. They have one son, Sum ner Patterson Hale. The family attends Ply mouth Congregational Church. SAMUEL J. IIKWSOX. time of Mr. Hale's birth the family home was at the corner of Sixth street and First avenue south. As a boy he attended the public schools of the city, graduating from the high school in-1888 and, entering the university, took the academic course and graduated in 1892. His first business expe rience was in the dry goods store of his father and uncle, G. W. Hale & Company, then located at the corner of Third and Nicollet. After gradu ation he was associated in the lumber business for four years with the late Jesse G. Jones and after wards was with W. S. Hill in the same business. In 1896 he became secretary and treasurer of the Kettle River Quarries Company, a corporation controlling extensive properties at Sandstone, Minnesota. This company does a large business in supplying building and paving material. I11 1904 Mr. Hale with George W. Bcstor organized the Kilgore Machine Company which soon after wards absorbed the Peteler Portable Railway Manufacturing- Company, the consolidated com pany taking the present name; Kilgore-Peteler Company, and engaged extensively in the pro • duction of contractors' machinery, making a spe cialty of the manufacture ,of dump cars. Mr. Hale is also president of the American Locomo tive Equipment Company of Chicago and presi dent of the Sandstone Land Company, owners of the town site and electric and water companies at Sandstone. Mr. Hale is a member of the Min HAYFORD, George Warren, secretary and treasurer of the Electrical Engineering Company, was born October 27, 1854, a t Boston, Massa chusetts. His parents were Warren and Abby (Lewis) Hayford. His father was a builder. On both sides of the family Mr. Hayford traces his descent back to colonial times and his an cestors took part in the stirring affairs of the colonies, the war of the Revolution, and the in teresting events incident to the building of a new nation. Mr. Hayford's boyhood was spent in Boston where he attended the public schools— the Brimmer Grammar School and the English high school—and completed his education with a course at the Boston University School of Law from which he graduated in 1875 with the degree of LL. B. The rapid development of electrical invention attracted his attention and after he came west in 1896 he became one of the founders and officers of the Electrical Engineering Com pany, one of the oldest concerns of its kind in Minneapolis. The company has recently estab lished itself in new and commodious quarters at 21 North Sixth street. Mr. Hayford was mar ried on December 17, 1885, to Ida A. W. Bright and they have two children living. He is a member of the Commercial Club and other busi ness and social organizations of the city. HEWSON, Samuel James, for twenty years prominent in the building material business of Minneapolis, was born at Detroit, Michigan, on September 28, 1857, the son of John and Alice Hewson. His father held a position in the office of one of the larger firms of Detroit. Sam uel J. passed the early years of his life in the city of his birth and was educated in the public schools there. He obtained a business position, and was associated with various firms of Detroit, until 1879 when he moved to St. Paul where he entered the employ of one of the large jobbing houses as shipping clerk. He remained with that company for about eight years, filling various positions and finally was made a traveling sales man. He continued his connection with the firm until 1887 when he resigned to come to Minne apolis and enter the building material business, as the general sales agent of the Menomonie Hy draulic Press Brick Company and has been in terested in that organization since that time. This company, with headquarters at Minneap olis, does a large business in the manufacture of staple and fancy lines of especially constructed bricks. Mr. Hewson, who as the general mana ger of the company has charge of its actual op eration, has built up a large and successful plant which has furnished the material for a majority VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES. of the finer brick buildings of the city. Mr. Hewson is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, and the Automobile Club. He was married on August 20, 1885, to Miss Fannie J. Burdick and they have two daughters, Katlierine and Alice. HEYWOOD, Frank, founder of the Hey wood Manufacturing Company, has been engaged in the paper box manufacturing business in Minne apolis for twenty-five years. He is the son of C. R. Heywood and Sarah A. (Brown) Heywood, his father being for many years in busi ness at Rutland, Massachusetts, where he owned and operated a saw mill. His son, Frank, was born on July 9, 1857, and passed the early years of his life in the place of his birth. He began his commercial career by accepting a position with a paper box manufacturing concern of Lowell, Massachusetts, and there acquired the training and experience in the line of work which he has since followed. He continued with the company in different capacities for four years and in 1878 resigned his position to continue his education at Phillips Andover Academy. He was at the academy four years, leaving school in 1882 to come west, where he located in Minne apolis. He engaged soon after his arrival in the paper box manufacturing business, starting a fac tory at 123 Nicollet avenue. The company has grown from a comparatively small beginning to the largest of its kind in the Northwest and is organized now as the Heywood Manufacturing Company, in which Mr. Heywood is president and general manager. Later Mr. Heywood added facilities for the manufacture of envelopes and 1 a printing department, and with these lines the plant now occupies a large three story building for manufacturing and warehousing purposes. Mr. Heywood is a Mason, and is also a member of several other local fraternal orders. HOWELL, R. R. & Company—About 1878 R. R. Howell and D. R. Howell came to Minneapolis from Cambria, Wisconsin, where they were born and where they had been engaged in the machin ery business, and commenced the manufacturing and jobbing of well and pump machinery at 222 North Washington avenue. The business rapidly expanded and in a few years a manufacturing plant was erected at Prospect Park in southeast Minneapolis. This plant was entirely destroyed by fire in 1890, but was immediately rebuilt and has since been enlarged from time to time to meet the growing demands of the business until it is now one of the leading general manufactur ing plants of the city. The firm has constantly added to its line of products and now makes a great variety of machines, including engines, boil ers, saw mills, gang edgers, lath and bolting ma chines, shingle and excelsior machines, well bor ing machines, rock drilling machines, feed mills, feed cookers, wood saws, drag saws, self feeders, horse powers, hay' tedders and complete grain 407 elevator outfits. The business is one of the sub stantial manufacturing enterprises of the city, and its product is distributed, all over the United States, Canada, Alaska, and Mexico. KELLY, Hubert, was born in New York City in 1862, the son of Hubert Kelly and Mary McClure Kelly. His. father remained in New York only a few years after the birth of Hubert, mov ing to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1868, where the family remained but two years, in 1870 moving farther west to Minnesota, where they made their home at Leaf Valley. Mr. Kelly ^pent his boyhood there and began his education in a neighboring town attending the public school at Alexandria. His parents came to Minneapolis from Leaf Val ley in 1879 and his education was continued here in the public schools but in 1881 he decided to leave school and prepare himself for a commer cial life by an active business training. He im mediately became connected with the business with which he is so prominently identified at the present time, starting in the plumbing and steam heating business in this city. He spent several years in acquiring a knowledge of the trade and then engaged in business under his own name, organizing the firm of' H. Kelly & Company which has since done general work in plumbing, gas fitting and the installation of steam and hot IIUHEttT KELLY. 408 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS water heating plants. Mr. Kelly is the active head of this company and through his capable management and energy the business has grown steadily and rapidly from the time of its inception until at the present time it does probably the largest business in that line in the Northwest. The company's operations are not confined to the Northwest, however, but extend to all parts, of the country. It has equipped some of the larg est elevator and other power plants in nearly every state in the Union as well as many in Canada and several of the big malting plants in the country have also been furnished and erected by them, the largest being in Montreal, Winnipeg and Omaha. Mr. Kelly is also largely interested in the Engineering & Steam Supplies Company which was incorporated in 1902, and in which he holds the offices of president and treas urer. This organization, as its name implies, en gages in the furnishing of steam fitting and en gineering accessories, and has a heavy trade in those lines. Mr. Kelly, though he devotes the principal part of his time to his business inter ests, is also active in the social and fraternal life of the city. He is a member of the Commercial Club, the Automobile Club, the Elks, and the Knights of Columbus. He attends the Catholic Church. In 1883 he married Miss Julia A. Movery, who died in 1894, leaving four children, Violet M., Frank J., Thomas E., and Irene. Mr. Kelly was again married in 1897, to Miss Bernadette Byrnes. " * ' JOHNSON, William Chandler, was born at St. Anthony Falls, Minnesota, on November 1, 1856, son of Luther G.. and Cornelia E. Morrill Johnson, the father being a merchant. William C. attended the public schools of St. Anthony and those of Minneapolis after the consolidation, and studied three years at the state university, but did not graduate. "Mr. Johnson's activities have been chiefly in manufacturing lines and he has been a strong factor in the building up of the great manufacturing interests of the city. The railroads perform the essential work of providing the inlets and outlets^.of transportation, while the manufacturing forces of a city perform the major part in determining the amount of busi ness the rolling stock shall carry. A city's ex pansion is measured by the expansion of its in dustries and the manufacturers deserve all the credit they can receive as builders of the majesty of cities. Mr. Johnson is one of those builders, and, as treasurer of the Northwestern Casket Company, and vice president of the Minneapolis. Office and School Furniture Company, he can feel that he has contributed his share to the progress 1 and greatness of the metropolis of the Northwest. Mr. Johnson is a republican in poli tics and is a member of the Minneapolis Com mercial Club, the St. Anthony Commercial Club, the Lafayette Club and the Native Sons of Minnesota. In 1891 Mr. Johnson was married to Blanche Gilbert McCall. KENASTON, Frederick Eugene, was born November 14, 1853, at Hatley, Stanstead county, Province of Quebec, Canada, son of J o s e p h P. and Jane W. E. Kenaston, both of Scotch an cestry. Mr. Kenaston received his early educa tional training in Canada and the United States, coming to the latter country when he was eleven years old. His training was largely under pri vate tutelage. After living seventeen years in Iowa, he came to Minnesota in 1881. Although he studied law and was admitted to the bar, Mr. Kenaston has never practiced although he would beyond doubt have stood high in the profession had he willed to put as much energy into the law as he has into his business activities. His training on the farm and in the shop and in the counting-room has borne fruit in the produc tion of a man of extraordinary executive ability, with a far-reaching vision in business operations. As president of the Minneapolis Threshing Ma chine Company, Mr. Kenaston, who fills the positions of president and treasurer, is at the head of one of the largest industries in that line in the country. The business reaches into Can ada and Mr. Kenaston, who was born in Canada, is one of those enterprising men who believes that international boundary lines and hostile tariffs are not able to fatally restrict profitable commercial intercourse between countries which geographically were intended to trade with the least restraint possible. The part his firm is playing in making a practical demonstration of the necessity for reciprocity is noticeable. He is interested in other lines of business, having Canadian connections which present the same suggestion. Mr. Kenaston stands high in the estimation of the community. He was married on November 22, 1874, to Julia E. Smith at Northwood, Iowa. They have one son, Burt Kenaston. LANGDON, Robert Bruce, was born in 1826, at New Haven, Vermont, the birthplace, also, of his father, Seth Langdon, a farmer of that local ity. He is of English descent on both sides of the family, his ancestors having settled in New England during the colonial days. His grand father was an officer in the patriot army, who later settled in Vermont. Mr. Langdon's mother came of an old English family, bearing the name of Squires. Robert Bruce received the usual academic education, and in 1848 became con nected with the railroad construction business as a foreman with the Rutland and Burlington road. He came west shortly after and for several years was engaged under Selah Chamberlain, in Ohio and Wisconsin, and then began constructional contracting for himself, his first work being the fencing of the Chicago & Northwestern line from Fond du Lac to Minnesota Junction. In 1853 he constructed for the Illinois Central a section of track from Kankakee to Urbana, and following that filled contracts for the Milwaukee & La 6WSET, PHOTO 410 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Crosse, and Milwaukee and Prairie Du Chien roads. In 1 8 5 8 he superintended the construc tion of the first railroad in Minnesota and two years later took the contract for the building of the Mobile and Ohio road but the out-break of the Civil War interrupted this work. In 1866 he moved to Minneapolis where he soon after became connected with the building of the Min neapolis Mill Company's canal. Outside of the railroad construction business Mr. Langdon's in terests were large and extended. He erected and owned at various times several blocks of buildings in this city, being president of both the companies which built and owned the Syndi cate block and the Masonic Temple. He was also the first executive officer of the Terminal Elevator Company and of the Belt railway, con necting the stockyards at New Brighton, of which he was a director, with the interurban systems of railroad. H e held at one time a director ship in the City Bank and was interested in the wholesale grocery trade, being partner in the house of Geo. R. Newell & Company. Very naturally he became connected "with the railroad business, and was a director and vice president of the Minneapolis & St. Louis railroad and vice president of the -Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic, now known as the Soo Line. Mr. Langdon was a republican in politics, active in the political affairs- of the state, and several times the successful candidate of his party. In 1872 he was elected to the state senate and served the interests of the people so well that he was suc cessively re-elected until 1 8 7 8 . He was again elected to the senate in 1 8 8 0 and served at the biennial sessions of 1 8 8 1 - 3 and 1 8 8 5 . His party again nominated him in 1 8 8 8 , when he was de feated a t the election.* During his senatorial service he was strictly devoted to the interests of the people and state, and filled the duties of his office with honor and integrity. H e served on the more important standing committees, such as election, railroad, prison, retrenchment and reform. In the national republican conventions of 1876 at Cincinnati, 1884 at Chicago, and 1888, he was a delegate from this state; and at the time of the national convention in Minneapolis served on several committees on arrangements. Mr. Langdon was for many years president of the Minneapolis Club and of the Vermont Asso ciation. His family attended St. Marks Episcopal Church and he was a vestryman of that parish. When he moved to Minneapolis in 1 8 6 6 Air. Langdon built a handsome home and lived there until his death in 1895. lie was married in 1859 to Miss Sarah Smith, daughter of Horatio A. Smith, a physician of New Haven, and at his death left three children, Mrs. IT. C. Truesdale. and Mrs. W . F. Brooks, both of this city, and a son, Cavour S. Langdon, a partner of his father's former business associate, A. IT. Linton, in the Linton & Company railroad constructing firm. As was his father, C. S. Langdon is a member of the Minneapolis Club, and has been fhe president of the organization. JACOB Kl'XZ. KUNZ, Jacob, one of the enterprising busi ness men of Minneapolis, is of German parentage and birth, but has been a resident of Minnesota for forty years, for the greater part of which time he has been engaged in business in Min neapolis. He was born in Germany in 1 8 5 7 , and spent his early boyhood in that country. When eleven years old, in 1 8 6 8 , his parents left Ger many to emigrate to America, and settled near Chaska, Minnesota, where his father entered the farming business. Jacob Kunz, remained at home upon the farm, aiut attended the public schools, until he was sixteen years of age. At that time he sought a position in which he might learn the railroad business, and secured a position as a locomotive fireman with the Omaha railroad. H e continued in this work for five years and then came to Minneapolis, in T 8 7 8 . W . W . Eastman was then in charge- of the management of the Island Power Company and he offered t o Mr. Kunz an opportunity to enter the service of that company as engineer and millwright. Mr. Kunz was connected with the company for several years and was advanced through a number of offices until lie was finally placed in charge as general superintendent. H e is largely interested in this company at the present time and is its general manager. His business associations have extended, however, to several other local con cerns and he is now the vice-president and a VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES. 411 director of the North Star Malting Company; the treasurer and a director of the Minneapolis Brewing Company; the organizer and president of the Kunz Oil Company; and a director of the German-American Bank. Varied as Mr. Kunz's interests have been, he gives to-each his personal •attention, and it is in a large part due to his energy and efficient management that they now rank among the leading concerns of the North west. Mr. Kunz's time is, necessarily, largely taken up by his commercial responsibilities, but he has also" found time for the social' life of the city and is a member of some of the larger clubs, among them the Automobile Club and the Com mercial Club. LEIGHTON, Horace Newel, one of the building contractors of Minneapolis, was born at Machias, Maine, on January 8, 1853. His father, Joseph H. Leighton, was a lumberman— the type of sturdy New Englander who has done so much in person or through his de scendants. for the building of, the northwest. During his early boyhood Mr. Leighton attended the schools at Machias but at.fifteen left school to begin work, completing his education as so many successful'men have done, in the shop, mill and business office. Seeing opportunities in the west he followed the example of many Maine men and came to Minnesota establishing OLIVER B. McCLINTOCIv. BRU8M > PH0T0 himself in Minneapolis. For the past twentyfive years he has been a contractor and builder and has erected many of the larger and more conspicuous buildings of the city. Although Mr. Leighton is a good type of the successful busi ness man of today he has not confined his ac tivities entirely to his private enterprises but has taken a large interest in public affairs, and, though not an office seeker, was induced to serve the city as alderman from his ward, the Third for four years from 1898 to 1902. He is a re publican in political faith though by no means party bound in municipal affairs. He is a mem ber of the Pilgrim Congregational Church and a trustee of Windom Institute at Montevideo, Minnesota,—one of the educational institutions fostered by the Congregational denomination of the state. Mr. Leighton was married on May J 9, !875, to Sarah L. Heaton, and they have had seven children, Mabelle E., Addie L., Maud A., Lizzie A., Lewis L., George E., and Sara L. HORACE N. r.KIOIITON. SWEET . PHOT ° McCLINTOCK, Oliver Bonnaffon, president of the McClintock-Loomis Company, is a Wis consin man, born near Berlin, Green Lake county, on November 20, 1865, the son of Robert C. and Ann David McCHntock. Much of the larger part 412 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS of his life has been spent in Minnesota. After attending the common school, night school and a commercial college, Mr. McClintock entered the grocery business at Owatonna in 1889 under the firm name of McClintock & Lennon. Seven years later he went to Council Bluffs, Iowa, as collec tor and solicitor for the- Minneapolis Threshing Machine Company. Only a few months later he was appointed manager of the branch house at Council Bluffs and filled that position until 1901 when he organized the American Bank Protection Company and moved to Minneapolis where the corporation established its office. Mr. McClin tock was elected secretary and treasurer and as such managed the business of the concern until March, 1908, when he resigned the active man agement, remaining a stockholder and director of the company. He is also a stockholder in the Sperry Manufacturing Co., of Owatonna, and other manufacturing corporations of the North west. Mr. McClintock's many business duties have not prevented him from taking a keen in terest in public affairs, although he has never held office except as a member of the board of education at Owatonna for three years, 1892, '93 and '94. He is a republican in politics and is a member of the I. O. O. F., K. P., R. A. and the Minneapolis Commercial Club. He was married October 28, 1892, at Owatonna to Miss Evva Webb. They have one daughter, Margaret. McMILLAN, Frank Griggs, was born Octo ber 4, 1856, at Danville, Caledonia county, Ver mont, son o£ Col. Andrew McMillan, a graduate of West Point. Educated in the public schools and at the Dummer Academy of Massachusetts, he learned the printer's trade and, until 1878, he set type in Boston and elsewhere in New Eng land, and then, because of failing health, he came to Minneapolis, where he worked as printer, car penter and millwright until he found the life work which brought him deserved prominence in the community where he had cast his lot. He stands in the front ranks of the builders and con tractors who have played such a great part in the promotion of the material welfare of Min neapolis. Throughout the business and residence portions of the city may be seen in varied forms of attractive architecture the evidences of Mr. McMillan's designing and constructive skill. His industry and conscientious activity brought him into demand for the service of the public and among his public services may be mentioned his four years' work in the state senate where he in troduced a resolution looking to the building of a new Capitol. He was chairman of the State Capitol Commission for two years and drew up the bill under which the present magnificent structure was erected. Mr. McMillan served as a member of the board of park commissioners for two years and for six years on the board of edu cation, of which he was elected secretary, and was chairman of the building committee, under whom the new East Side high school was con structed. He introduced measures in the board to secure the system of savings banks in the public schools. Mr. McMillan was appointed by Governor Lind a member of the State Board of Equalization for this district and, in recognition of his fine business sense he was elected presi dent of that important body and his work there has been strongly in behalf of correct assess ments and honest valuations. Mr. McMillan was six years president of the Master Builders Asso ciation of Minneapolis and president of the Min nesota Society Sons of the American Revolution and president of the John A. Rawlins Post of the Citizens Staff. He is a charter member of the Vermont Association of Minnesota to which he has given earnest and effective work, serving on the executive committee and as vice-president and latterly as president. In 1881 Senator McMillan married Miss Lillian A. Conner, a native of Min neapolis, and to them have been born four chil dren. The family attend the First Congrega tional Church of which Senator McMillan is a member and a trustee. NORTHUP, William G., was born at Salis bury Centre, Herkimer county, New York, July 21, 1851. His father was Daniel A. Northup, a merchant of that town. Mr. Northup came to Minneapolis in 1867 after receiving a common FRANK G. McMILLAN. 413 school education at the place of his birth and has resided here since. He was bookkeeper and mailing clerk in the office of the Minneapolis Tribune in 1871, and then learned the hardware trade in the establishment of John S. Pillsbury & Co., remaining there until 1874. Mr. Northup then went into the service of the North Star Woolen Mills Company, which was organized in 1864. In 1879, he was placed in management of this successful enterprise of which he is now the president. The company is widely known as the largest manufacturers of fine blankets in the country. It is one of those industries, the quality of whose product advertises the city where it is located. The company has a branch office at Twenty-first street and Fifth avenue, New York City. The success of the business is illustrative of the value of Minneapolis as a distributing point for merchandise. Mr. Northup is vice president of the Minneapolis Trust Company, a director of the Northwestern National Bank, a trustee of the Farmers and Mechanics' Savings Bank and a director of the North American Tele graph Company. He is a member of the Min neapolis and Lafayette Clubs. His ancestors ac companied Roger Williams when he left the Massachusetts Bay Colony and sought to estab lish a new colony in Rhode Island where religious freedom and real self-government could be en joyed, in 1636-63. Mr. Northup attends the Universalist Church. He was married in 1874 to Lela Tucker, of Providence, Rhode Island. PAULLE, Leonard, was born at Buffalo, New York, April 23, 1855. He is of French descent, his father, who lived to the age of ninety-five years, having served in the French army in the campaigns of Napoleon I. The family has an un broken record of longevity on the father's and mother's side, the latter being of German descent. Mr. Paulle, the subject of this sketch, spent his early years and was educated chiefly in the paro chial schools of Buffalo and St. Paul. Leaving the latter city in 1872, he came to Minneapolis where, after a few years, he embarked in the show case manufacturing business in which he has been engaged ever since with marked success. Mr. Paulle started in business where the Loan and Trust building now stands, and it is an interesting fact that he sold to William Donaldson the first show case the latter bought after he began busi ness in Minneapolis, the article being bought on credit. Mr. Paulle is first vice-president of the Germania Bank; a member of the Commercial Club; a member of the Masonic order since 1875, and one of the oldest thirty-second degree Masons in the city. He is a republican in political prefer ence. He held a colonel's commission on the staff of former Governor John Lind. He was married in September, 1905, to Miss Minnie Crozier of La Crosse, Wisconsin. Mr. Paulle has a part in, every movement for the advantage of the com munity. SWEET, PHOTO WILLIAM G. NORTHUP. PECK, Park W., secretary, treasurer and gen eral manager of the North Star Woolen Mill Co. of Minneapolis, is a native of Illinois. He was born in 1869, son of Edwin Peck, a farmer, and Nellie Warren Peck, and spent his boyhood on the farm in Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota. He entered *he employ of the North Star company in 1891 while still a very young man, and worked up through various positions until he reached that of executive head of the business. Mr. Peck is a modest and unassuming man whose business ability and high character have won him the con fidence and esteem of his friends and business associates. RAWITZER, Clarence M., was born on No vember 2, 1868, in Omaha, Nebraska. His father, William Rawitzer, was a veteran of the Civil War, who enlisted as a private in the Forty-first Regi ment of Wisconsin Volunteers at the beginning of the war, and was promoted before the term of ser vice was over to the rank of corporal. He mar ried Sophia Erdman of Platteville, Wisconsin, and after the war located in Omaha where he en gaged in business as a merchant. Clarence M. passed the first twenty-five years of his life in that city and was educated in the public schools. After'completing his course, he began a business life and a little later engaged in the tent and awn ing business, organizing a company and operating 414 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS SAVAGE, tional M. W., president Stock Food of Company the of Interna Minneapolis, began life as the son of a physician and drug gist and of moderate means largely made his own way from boyhood. His father wished him to the become a doctor and young man com menced the study of medicine but a natural love of animals and growing things turned him away from the practice of that immediately the medical profession, so after his marriage he settled upon a farm in Iowa and commenced the breed ing of age livestock. would It never is probable have turned that Mr. Sav aside from farm life had not a tornado completely destroyed ev erything above the ground on his farm. ing himself crippled, he moved to Find Dubuque to make a new start and commenced the manufac ture stock of food and remedies prescriptions long used in put up his. father's after practice. After a short time he moved to Minneapolis and since that time, 1889, has made steady and rapid advances until the business is much the largest of its kind in the world. T h e q u a r t e r s first occu pied were rapidly outgrown and some years agb Mr. Savage purchased the sition building on the occupied this enormous boyhood it had been horses. Minneapolis East Side and structure. Expo has since From his his a m b i t i o n t o r a i s e fine As soon as his growing business made the realization of this dream possible, Mr. Sav age bought a farm of some 700 acres about BRU8H, PHOTO CLARENCE M. RAWITZEU. miles south river, where breeding horses of Minneapolis he farm as on established in Dan the the horse buying such Cresceus—2:02%, a factory at Omaha for several years, but discon Directum—2:05^4. tinued his relations with this in 1897 to come to and notable records. this city. a m o s t c o m p l e t e w a y a n d h a s a fine He immediately organized the Ameri others ten Minnesota largest country, Patch—1:55, a»d the of fine breeding This farm is equipped in mile track can Tent & Awning Company and took charge for exercising and speeding. of the active management himself. The factory track, entirely enclosed, has recently been erect w a s first located at First avenue north and Sec ed where his horses ond street, but in 1905 the capacity of this plant during the winter. are A half-mile covered trained and worked The farm and the surround had been altogether outgrown, and the establish ing country are very attractive and ment was moved to its present situation on North has made it his summer home. Washington a beautiful house on the bluffs overlooking the avenues. avenue, between Third and T h e firm Fourth there occupies a three story building with the factory, warehouses and general farm and the valley for Mr. Savage He has erected twenty miles and during the season spends much of offices, a significant proof of the development of here. ests and his horses, Mr. Savage has other sub plant is now one of the largest in that line west jects of Chicago, a n d t h e business of t h e firm tion. over all the west and northwest extends territory. The of his many more his time the company since its organization in 1897. The Besides or importance to manufacturing which he gives inter atten Notable among these is the electric rail way the Dan Patch Air Line to run from Min demand for their goods in these states steadily in neapolis creases, and during 1906 the Montana trade alone now amounted to more than $25,000, facts that put the business in the front rank of growing enterprises is manager of in the Twin Cities. ness as well as its foreign affairs, and Harold M. Mr. Rawitzer is well known among his business associates and is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. member of the thirty-second degree. He was president. married to on St. Paul to construction, Dubuque, and of which which he is is He has two sons, E. B. Savage who the Toronto branch of the busi Savage, still in school in Minneapolis. He is also a the Masonic order and has risen and under SATTERLEE, William Eugene, vice presi dent of the Salisbury & Satterlee Company, with w h i c h firm he has been associated for the past August 2, 1890, to Miss Lizzie M. Keeler of Oma twenty-eight ha, and they have one daughter, Geneve. the years, was town of Viroqua. born in Wisconsin, at He is the son of William 415 VARIED PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRIES. Wilson Satterlee and Sarah Wilson Satterlee was a at the time of Sattcrlee. William Methodist minister, who his son's birth-on April 2, 1861, •was in charge of a parish at Viroqua. When Wil the entire Northwest. interests Mr. promoters Side and State liam E. was but a few years old the family moved rector t o M i n n e s o t a , a n d first associated, he entered the located at Elysian. grade schools, There continuing his studies in the schools at Waseca and St. Cloud, of party. Among his other business Satterlee an Bank that was one organizer and is at institution. politically, of of present Mr. with the the East a di Satterlee the is republican He takes an active interest in municipal and party affairs and at "the election of 1904 was Minnesota, to which towns the family had moved; made alderman of the Second ward, and at pres and later graduated from the high school at Min ent neapolis and T h o u g h his t i m e i s filled, mercial life. immediately entered H e first upon a com entered the employ of Sal- is a member numerous of- the business Charter Commission. in great measure, by his and political interests, Mr. isbury-Rolph & Company in 1880, and began his Satterlee has not been separated from the social training in the bedding and furniture manufac side of the city and is a member of several organ turing business. He became a partner in the busi izations, among them the Minneapolis Commer ness in 1887. This association was continued for several years and then with Mr. Satterlee formed Company. Fred R. Salisbury, the Salisbury & Satterlee This organization has since been in cial Club, the Minneapolis Whist Club and St. Anthony Commercial Club, and in 1907, was elected president of the last named or ganization. In 1883 Mr. Satterlee was married to corporated and the present officers are Fred R. Miss Salisbury, president; W. E. Satterlee, vice presi children—Gertrude Dorothy Adelaide. dent, and A. F. Smith, secretary. T h e firm car the October, Lillian M. Barton and Lillian, they Roland have three Eugene and ried on a general business in the manufacture and wholesaling of mattresses, spring beds and iron bedsteads—and now handle a trade which covers SIMMONS, Chester, son of Chester W. and Emily White Simmons was born in City, December 26, 1850. New York His father was a mer chant of New York and both, parents were Eng lish by birth. Mr. Simmons spent his early years in Tarrytown and Yonkers, New York, and received his education in the public schools, early develop i n g fine business qualifications, which, actualized in his maturer years, gave him a most honorable position in the business world. He has been identified with the Bemis Brother Bag Company for more than thirty years and has been a strong c o n t r i b u t o r y f o r c e i n t h a t p r o g r e s s i v e firm. He is a member of the Minneapolis and the Commer cial clubs, and is a member of Church. Trinity Baptist In politics he has always been a repub lican and an active member of his party. In 1875 he was married to Fannie A. Bemis and to them six children have been born—Chester B., Ethel, Lois M., Marmion J., Emily R. and Donald B. SMITH, Bela 1861, at Smith. Winficld, was born November, Norwich, Connecticut, son of Ezra L. His early years were spent at Norwich, until he was thirteen years old, when he came to Minneapolis and door where he was manufacturing he organized trained business the City Sash in the and, & Door sash in 1895, Company, which has taken a conspicuous place among the larger operators in that business, notably in the j o b b i n g line of activity, t h e firm the largest jobbers in claiming to be that specialty in the city. Mr. Smith is thoroughly identified with the group of active promoters of the city, and is himself the material interests of an illustration of what pluck and energy will accomplish in the stimu lating atmosphere of Mr. Smith the Northwest. is a mem'ber of the Commercial Club and of the Minneapolis Automobile Club. He is a member WILLIAM E. SATTERLEE. of the Lyndale Congregational Church. 416 A H A L F CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS capital stock of $150,000, occupies a large factory at 1 3 0 1 - 1 3 3 1 Central avenue and is the largest manufacturer of knit specialties in the world. On account of ill health, Mr. Stevens resigned active connection with the company in May, 1908. Mr. Stevens is a member of the republican party, attends the Methodist church and is one of the manufacturing committee of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. In 1 8 9 9 and 1 9 0 0 he was a member of the Minnesota National Guard. In 1 9 0 1 he married Miss Nellie G. Stickney and they have one son, Gould S. Stevens. ARTHUR W. STEVENS. STEVENS, Arthur Wellington, secretary and treasurer of the Northland Knitting Company, is a native son of Minnesota. H e ' w a s born Janu ary 3 0 , 1 8 7 5 , at Rushford, Minnesota, the son of Andrew J. Stevens and Clara M. (Bentley) Stev ens. His father who died in 1 8 8 0 was president of the Winona Wagon Company, a large manu facturing establishment at Winona, Minnesota. The family is of English descent, Mr. Stevens' ancestors on both sides coming to this country before the Revolution. Mr. Stevens passed his boyhood at Rushford and Winona, attending the public schools of the latter city and completing his education in the Minneapolis central high school from which he graduated in 1 8 9 4 . His business experience was obtained through sev eral years with F. H. Peavy & Company and two years in a bank which he left in 1 9 0 3 to organize the Twin City Knitting Company. This concern commenced the manufacture of specialties in knit wear, rapidly developing a large business which was put on a much stronger bagis in 1907 by consolidation with the Appleton Knitting Company of Appleton, Wisconsin, the Northland Knitting Company being incorporated t o take over both concerns. The new company has a WILCOX, John Finley, a prominent manu facturer of Minneapolis, was born at Middlebury (now Akron) Ohio, on January 4 , 1 8 4 7 , the son of David G. Wilcox and Hannah C. Wilcox. He received his education in the public schools of Akron and at Dennison University, Gran ville, Ohio, where he took the scientific course. Mr. Wilcox's father was in the lumber, sash and door business and when, in 1 8 6 7 , he came to Minnesota he naturally turned to that line of business and entered the employment of Wheaton, Reynolds & Francis, pioneer manufacturers of sash, doors, and interior finish. In 1 8 7 1 , when Mr. Francis retired, Mr. Wilcox became a part ner, the firm then becoming Wheaton, Reynolds & Company. In 1 8 8 5 he disposed of his interest to his partners and started on his own account as manufacturer of wood specialties in which he still continues, carrying on an extensive busi ness on Marshall street northeast, in a very large plant which he has developed during the past score of years. He is also vice president of the City Sash & Door Company, Gugler Electric Manufacturing Company, Wilcox Bros., H. E. Wilcox Motor Car Company and is a director in the St. Anthony Falls Bank. Mr. Wilcox is a Mason ( 3 2 n d degree) and a member of the Min neapolis, Commercial, Minikahda and Lafayette Clubs. In 1 9 0 7 Mr. Wilcox was elected presi dent of the Citizens Alliance. In politics he is a republican but has never held office. On June 1 3 , 1 8 7 1 , Mr. Wilcox was married at Minneapolis to Miss Emma E. Clement and they have four children,—Harry E., Archie E., Myrtice E., and Beatrice E. During a large part of the year the family resides at their beautiful summer residence, Old Orchard, Minnetonka. They attend the Con gregational church. WASHBURN, Edwin C., general manager of the Washburn Steel Casting & Coupler Company, manufacturers of steel castings and couplers, was born in Minneapolis, on April 11, 1 8 7 0 . He is the son of Senator William D. Washburn, so prominently identified with the development and growth of the city, and Lizzie (Muzzy) Wash burn, daughter of the H 0 1 1 . Franklin Muzzy of Bangor, Maine. The American branch of the Washburn family traces back to the earliest New England colonists; John Washburn, who served as the secretary of the council at Plymouth, being the first to come to this country. His son, John Washburn, Jr., accompanied him when he came k • -"* . • *. ' k'" ..-V. ; • .* •J- : ' ' .' • * •: . ' .iwi 418 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS to New England and later married Elizabeth Cook, granddaughter of Francis Cook, one of the Pilgrim settlers that crosscd in the May flower. Edwin C. Washburn attended the pub lic schools of Minneapolis, and then continued his education in Exeter Academy, at Andover, Massachusetts. Graduating from that school he entered the Lawrcncevillc Academy at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and pursued his studies there for some time. He did not take a full profes sional course, however, as it was not hjs inten tion to follow a professional life, but returned to Minneapolis and at once became associated with his father's business interests. He was con nected for a time with various branches of rail road work, and received a practical training as a mining engineer. His time has been chiefly devoted, however, to the steel and iron manu facturing business, and he has not only success fully assumed the management of the Washburn Company, but is himself the inventor of numer ous mechanical devices. The most important of these is, perhaps, the Washburn coupler, an automatic car coupling contrivance now in gen eral use on many railroads. Some of his other patents have been car trucks, draft rigging, and •"m * » ir [r EDWIN C. WASIIBURN. various other railway appliances. Mr. Washburn was first connected with the Washburn Steel Casting & Coupler Company as its general man ager and was then associated for a time with the B. W. & Gt. F. railroad. He has also been an active officer of the Washburn Lignite Coal Company and the Washburn Steamboat Com pany. At the present time he again holds the office of general manager of the Washburn Steel Casting & Coupler Company, which operates an extensive casting and manufacturing plant at Minneapolis. His business interests are not con fined to the companies mentioned, however, but extend to numerous subsidiary and allied con cerns both in Minneapolis and throughout the Northwest. Mr. Washburn is a republican in politics but lias never taken an active part in the affairs of his party. He is a prominent social and club man, and is connected with several of the larger social organizations, among them the Minneapolis Club, the Commercial Club, Lafay ette Club and Town and Country Club. On November 21, 1907, he was married to Miss Ethel Dunning Fraser of Brooklyn, New York. WINSTON, Fendall G., president of Winston Bros. Company, contractors, and of Winston, Harper, Fisher Company, wholesale grocers, has been a resident of Minneapolis since 1872. He is a native of Virginia where he was born in 1849, the son of William O. Winston, a farmer, and Sarah Ann Gregory Winston. He spent his boy hood 011 his father's plantation at Courtland, Hanover county, attending the local schools. When he came to Minnesota in 1872 he joined one of the engineering parties engaged in laying out the Northern Pacific Railroad and a few years later with his brothers Phillip B. Winston and Wm, O. Winston, engaged in railroad con tracting. In the past thirty years the Winston brothers have constructed many miles of the ex isting system of Northwestern railroads and have also taken extensive contracts in many of the western and central states as well as their native state of Virginia. Mr. Winston has been very successful and has gradually extended his inter ests in many directions. In 1893 he became inter ested in the old wholesale grocery house of Har rison, Farrington & Company which, since its re-organization, has become the Winston, Har per, Fisher Company. He is also identified with various financial institutions, notably the Security National Bank, and has made extensive invest ments in Minneapolis property. In political faith Mr. Winston is a democrat and he has taken a very active interest in politics although seldom a candidate for office. The most notable exception was his candidacy for lieutenant governor in 1904, though he was not elected, Minnesota being a strong republican state. In the following year he was appointed Surveyor General of Logs and Lumber by Governor Johnson, holding office dur ing 1905 and 1906. In municipal matters he is 420 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS STANLEY WASHBURN. independent in his views and has been an active participant in all movements for the betterment of municipal conditions without regard to party affiliations. He is a member of the Minikahda and Minneapolis Clubs. Mr. Winston was mar ried in 1876 to Alice L. Olmstead of Minneapolis, who died in 1881. He was again married in 1884 to Lillian Jones of Virginia, who died in 1903. There are two daughters and one son by each marriage. The family attend the Presby terian Church. WASHBURN, Stanley, is a native son of Min nesota, born in Minneapolis, February 7, 1878, and of a distinguished family, and though still a young man, has seen more of stirring and event ful life than falls to the lot of most civilians. He is a son of Senator William D. Washburn, one of the most prominent citizens of Minneapolis, and his boyhood was spent in this city and in Wash ington, where he attended the public schools. He prepared for college at the Hill School at Potstown and entered Williams College in 1897, graduating in 1901 with the degree of A. B. After attending Harvard Law School he returned to Minneapolis and entered upon newspaper life as a reporter on the Minneapolis Journal. He remained on the Journal during parts of 1901 and 1902, and then went with the Minneapolis Times, on which he was successively commercial editor, police reporter, Sunday editor and editor ial writer during 1902 and 1903. Upon the break ing out of war between Russia and Japan, in 1904, Mr. Washburn obtained the appointment of staff correspondent for the Chicago Daily News, and went at once to the far East. During the spring of 1904, from March to July, he operated the dispatch boat for the News in con nection with the operations of the Japanese navy, and had many exciting and thrilling experiences. In the fall of the same year he served with General Nogi before Port Arthur. January, 1905, found him in Turkey and Bulgaria for the News, and in Russia, covering the revolutionary uprising of that period. He soon returned to America, but went at once again to Japan and then to Manchuria, where he remained with the vic torious Japanese army until the close of the war. Mr. Washburn then organized a news service for his paper in China, Japan, Straits Settlements, Ceylon ^nd India, returning west as far as Con stantinople in time to cover the Russian revolu tion on and about the Black Sea. At Constanti nople he chartered a dispatch boat, the "France," and went to the front, where he took an active part in the exciting scenes of the revolution at Odessa, Sevastopol and that region. He carried dispatches for the British foreign office to Odessa, then cut off from communication, and his boat was the first carrying the American flag to enter Batuum in eighteen years. The town was then in a state of siege, under martial law and entir.ely isolated. The "France" brought out refugees, mails and dispatches for the British and American governments! After the revolutionary movement was suppressed, Mr. Washburn reorganized the news service in Russia, returning to America on March 1, 1906. In two years he had twice circled the globe, taken an exciting part in the greatest war the world has seen, and accomplished distin guished service in the newspaper profession. Returning to Minneapolis, Mr. Washburn joined his brother in The Washburn Company, of which he became a director and sales manager. On November 27th of the same year he was married to Miss Alice Langhorne of Virginia* and Wash ington. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the St. Paul Town and Country Club, the Minneapolis Commercial Club, of the fraternity of Delta Psi and an honorary member of the Japanese Red Cross Society. WINSTON, Philip B., mayor of Minneapolis in 1890 and 1891, was the oldest son of William Overton Winston and Sarah Anna Gregory Win ston, both of whom were natives of Virginia and descendants of the early colonists who came over in the seventeenth century. They were in the best sense members of Virginia's best families. They were imbued with a patriotism which they passed on to the sons. Hence we have the picture of Philip B. Winston at the age of seventeen enlisting in 422 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS that army of the south which was to immortalize the name of Robert E. Lee and hold the forces of the Union at bay for four years of terrible warfare. The list of engagements in which the young lieutenant (the rank to which Mr. Win ston was promoted as the result of gallantry on the field) participated included Gettysburg where he faced the men who in later years became in Minnesota his most ardent supporters in politics and his warmest personal friends. At the close of the war Mr. Winston returned to the old homestead where he re-engaged in farming until 1872 when he came west. Settling in Minneapo lis he organized with his brothers, Fendall G. and William O., the contracting firm of Winston Bros. This firm had as its first large contract the building of one thousand miles of the North ern Pacific railroad, and afterwards built many thousands of miles of railroad throughout the country. Philip B. Winston entered politics as a democrat in 1888 when he was the democratic candidate for mayor of Minneapolis. He was de feated. Two years later he was renominated and was successful by over six thousand majori ty. He declined renomination as" mayor but was elected to the legislature in which he took an active part as a member of the house. Two acts that he was instrumental in pushing through characterized his service in the house. -The first was the general election law, the other the free text book law for Minneapolis which has proved CII.VKUOS M. WAY. a great economy for the taxpayers having chil dren in the public schools. Mr. Winston, after his legislative service, withdrew from active poli tics refusing many times to head his party ticket for different offices. He retained his interest in the democratic organization, however, and made liberal contributions to its campaigns besides serving as delegate to its national and state con ventions. Mr. Winston married in 1876 Katherine D. Stevens, the daughter of Colonel John H Stevens, the first settler of Minneapolis. Mrs. Winston survives him, with her two children now 1 grown. WAY, Charles M., son of Marshall and Georgiana M. Way, was born at Blue Earth City, Minnesota, March 9, i860. His early life was spent on his father's farm in southern Minnesota,- and, "after attending the state university for three years and a half, he turned his attention to business and soon devoted his energies to the upbuilding of a plant for the manufacture of furniture and bedding and the fruit of his intelligent activities is seen.in the extensive establishment of the Minneapolis Bedding Company. Mr. Way has been successful in solving the problem of the proper relations of employer and employed, by promoting confidence between them. He pro motes stability of relations by making an annual gift of $1,000, as a nucleus for the purchase of a home, to the oldest employe of .the company and several of the men are now enjoying the fruits of this liberality. Advantages are given them in the way of free lectures and in various other ways, and Mr. Way sets a most excellent ex ample of'personal interest in the welfare of the employes. He is a Congregationalist in church relations and is a member of the Como Avenue church, of whose Sunday School he has been superintendent for twenty years. In politics he is a Prohibitionist and is an active member of thai party and was a candidate for the mayoralty of Minneapolis on one occasion'. He is a member of the State. Central committee of his party and a member of the executive committee of the St. Anthony Commercial Club. As president of the Minnesota Furniture Manufacturing Association, Mr..Way has shown himself-a strong factor in the making of the progress of Minneapolis and to stand among those "makers" is recognized as a most honorable distinction. Mr. Way was mar ried in 1885 to Fanny Kamrar, of Blue Earth City, and to them have been born three sons— Henry, Kenneth and Milden. WINSTON, William Overton, son of William O. and Sarah A. (Gregory) Winston, was born in Hanover county, Virginia, on February 6, 1853. He passed his boyhood and youth on a farm, and received his education in private schools. In 1872 he left school and entered the service of the Chesapeake & Ohio railroad in Richmond, Vir ginia, as rodman in an engineering corps. In IKplpipi Ik ispi .• >• "fiv. ...-•;/; .^-f.»\ !pr, sc^S^SS^tm •ix>£%5?JS.'^'- 4* i -* < • -a V-V :• >•- * •'•*jf:x&:>*4>'£$£$**% *<#£<» •-•- £*< liW&£k C^- ;^hi^r;:l> Jr*WMlE^iBigi %T#iii SWEET, PHOTO WII UAM OVERTON WINSTON. 424 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS May, 1874, he left Virginia for Minnesota, taking up his residence in Minneapolis. From 1874 to 1879 he was engaged for part of the time in en gineering work, government, municipal and rail road, and a part of the time employed by his brothers, Philip B. and Fendall G. Winston on contract work of various kinds. In 1879 the three brothers formed a partnership under the firm 'name of Winston Brothers, and made con tracting their business. In 1902, the year follow ing the death of Philip B. Winston, the corpora tion of Winston Brothers Company was organ ized,, of which William O. Winston was made, and still remains, its vice-president. On Decem ber 9, 1885, Mr. Winston married Francisca S. Whitaker, widow of Charles S. Whitaker and daughter of Captain and Mrs. Jacob Schaefer. STOWELL, Frederick M., secretary of the Northwestern Knitting Company, is a native of Holden, Massachusetts. He was born August 1, 1870, the son of F. M. Stowell, a manufacturer, engaged in business in Holden, and received his first schooling at Newton, Mass. As secretary of the Northwestern Knitting Company he has had a prominent part in the, development of one of the best organized and most successful of Min-j neapolis manufacturing institutions. He is a re publican in politics though not taking an active part in party affairs. Mr. Stowell was married in 1893 and has two children. He is a member of the Commercial Club and the Roosevelt Club. WYMAN, James Thomas, was born October 15, 1849, at Millbridge, Maine, one of a family of twelve children born to John and Clarinda Wyman, both of whom were of English ancestry, the first arrivals in this country settling at Woburn, Massachusetts, in 1640. On the father's side the family came from West Mill, Hereford shire, England, and on the mother's side from Leeds, Yorkshire. The ancestors took part in the Colonial and Revolutionary Wars, and, after the War of the Revolu tion, Mr. Wyman's great-grandfather removed to Maine, which was then a part of Massa chusetts. The father of Mr. Wyman was a dealer in building material with limited means, and James, after obtaining a good common school education at home, when eighteen years old, went to Northfield, Minn., where, during 1869, lie at tended Carleton College but did not graduate. His business training began in early boyhood, as he worked for a living during all school vaca tions and his reading was of books relating to business life as far as possible. Although he was unfortunate in his first business venture, a small sash, door and blind factory, and a saw mill cut ting hard wood lumber, the mill burning down, with no insurance, he pluckily paid his share of the liabilities, one hundred cents on the dollar, and, in 1871, looking to the larger field of Min neapolis for business, he came to this city and was employed by Smith & Parker (Jothan G. Smith and Lorenzo D. Parker) who operated a small sash, door and blind factory on the old sawmill platform at the foot of Cataract Street, now Sixth Avenue South. The same year Mr. Wyman became superintendent of the factory and became a member of'the firm in 1874, under the firm name of Smith, Parker & Co. In 1881, as sociated with his present partner, H. Alden Smith, they bought out the interests of the senior partners and changed the firm name to Smith & Wyman and have operated the same line of busi ness since, the business having grown from the early days to a plant employing three hundred hands. Mr. Wyman, with others, founded the Metropolitan Bank of Minneapolis in May, 1889, and became a member of the board of directors. In January, 1900, he was elected president of the bank and held that office until March, 1902, when the bank was merged in the Northern National Bank, paying stockholders premium on their stock. Mr. Wyman became a director in the Northwestern National Bank, a position he still retains. During the money panic of 1893 he was a member of the Clearing House committee of the associated banks of Minneapolis and later be came president of the Clearing House Associa tion for one term. He was chairman of the com mittee on manufactures of the Minneapolis Board of Trade for many years and was president of the Board for two terms, 1888-89. In the latter year he helped to organize the Business Men's Union of Minneapolis and became a member of the board of directors. Mr. Wyman has been identified with the re publican party since he became a voter, but wields his power of contrary choice, notably in the elec tion of municipal officers. His public services have been conspicuously valuable. As a member of the lower house of the state legislature in the session of 1903-4, representing the East Minne apolis District, and of the state senate for the same District in the sessions 1905-6 and 1907-8, he left the impression of his practical business experience on important legislation, such as the present banking law of the state, of which he is the author and promoter, and which has received the most favorable criticism from banking ex perts throughout the country. He is the author of the present laws for the protection of em ployees from accidents in machinery of factories and in building operations. Another important law due to Mr. Wyman's public spirit, is the University tax law for the support of the Uni versity of Minnesota. He was appointed a mem ber of the board of regents of the state university for a six-year term in 1901 and was elected presi dent of the board in 1904 and chairman of the executive committee, which positions he held until the expiration of his term. He was one of the founders of the Associated Charities of Min neapolis and was for several years on its board of directors and served as president of the board for some time. He has been for more than a 425 quarter of a century a trustee of Hamline Uni versity, the denominational college of the Metho dist Episcopal church, and is a member of the executive committee and vice-president of the board. Mr. Wyman has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal church since 1866. is a com municant in the Hennepin Avenue church and is a member of its board of trustees. He is a mem ber of the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club and the St. Anthony Club, and a staff member of John A. Rawlin's Post, G. A. R. Mr. Wyman was married September 3, 1873, to Rosetta Lamberson, daughter of a Methodist clergyman. To them were born seven children— Roy L., Guy A., Grace A., James C., Ethelwynne. Earle F., and Ruth. The first wife died April 15, 1899. On June 12, 1901, Mr. Wyman married Mrs. Anna G. Shotwell, daughter of Jonathan D. Seaton, an early settler of Minneapolis engaged in the dry-goods business. McIVOR, Lawrence A., for many years one of the foremost artist-decorators in the North west, was of Scotch descent though born in Can ada. He was the son of William and Eliza (Mer cer) Mclvor, the former a native Scotchman who came to America when a young man and lived in Canada and afterwards in Binghamton, New York, where he was a prominent business man. The son was born at Hamilton, Ontario, in !853, but the family almost immediately moved into the United States and his education, both primary and professional was obtained in this country. His artistic tastes led him to form a connection with a New York house engaged in decoration and furnishing, which was given up later to form a partnership with Warren Hayes at Elmira, New York. Later he went to Chicago and in 1888 moved from that city to Minneapolis where he formed the firm of L. A. Mclvor & Company. In this city he rapidly achieved promi nence and the rapid advance of the northwest in wealth and culture gave him ample opportunity for the exercise of his refined taste and unusual artistic ability. He came here at about the time that-many people were beginning to call for the best in interior fittings and decorations for their homes and public buildings. His ability was im mediately recognized by architects among whom he was regarded as a man of genius in his pro fession and as one of the leading decorators in the country. Among the prominent buildings which he decorated are the Westminster Presby terian Church, Gethsemane Episcopal Church, the Northwestern National Bank, and the Orpheum Theatre of this city, the Auditorium and the Or pheum Theatre of St. Paul and many other struc tures in other cities of the country. Many beau- • -sm ~r LAWRENCE A. MC IVOR tiful residences testify to his skill—in fact he did his full share in beautifying the city and raising the standard of art in interior decoration. During later years he was called to distant parts of the country and frequently had commissions and contracts under way in widely separated places— a situation, which, though very complimentary to his ability, was certain to result in overwork for a man of his temperament. During his profession al career of nearly a score of years in Minneap olis—which was terminated by his sudden death on April 24, 1907—he had not only achieved a high reputation but had made many warm per sonal friends. He was a member of the Masonic Order, of the B. P. O. E. and of various local clubs and organizations. In political faith he was a republican. While living in Chicago he was married to Miss Mary E. Wheeler and to them were born two daughters who reside in Min neapolis. CHAPTER XXII. WHOLESALE TRADE ers, educated to buy at St. Paul, should find RADE ill commodities at wholesale it difficult to change their custom. But the must in the nature of things be one conditions which developed manufacturing of the later developments of a com so rapidly in Minneapolis were operating mercial community. . The first commercial quietly to promote wholesaling. It was in undertaking in a new village is ordinarily evitable that the receiving market for grain the "general store," which sells goods of all and other farm products of the northwest descriptions, but at retail. It must be years should become in time the principal dis before the village can become a market for tributing market for the goods for which distribution to the business men of other these products were to be exchanged. As villages in the surrounding country. It the greatest grain market of the west Min must first be a buying or consuming market, neapolis was bound to become a jobbing means of transportation must be developed, city as well. the tributary region must be sufficiently set As in the case of manufacturing the job tled to warrant the maintenance of whole bing business of Minneapolis has grown to sale stocks of goods at a central point, and mammoth proportions from the simple be capital must be available for the Harger ginnings of the frontier country village. trade. These well-recognized laws of busi The first wholesaling done in Minneapolis ness governed in the early days of Minneap was the result—rather oddly it may seem— olis. And beyond them was the prevailing of a great financial disaster. After the panic idea that Minneapolis was to be a manu of 1857 there was universal distrust in the facturing city exclusively—an idea which business world, and the storekeepers of the seems to have been so generally accepted northwest, at least outside of Minneapolis that the thought of jobbing trade was given and St. Paul, had great difficulty in secur little attention for several decades. The ing credit. The region was too remote from neighboring city of St. Paul had become a eastern markets, and communication was so distributing market before Minneapolis was uncertain that it was not worth while for fairly settled and was, in the very earliest eastern jobbers to extend credits into what years, looked upon as the market and supply they regarded as a wilderness. But some point for the traders and trappers of the In of the larger Minneapolis dealers weathered dian times. Minneapolis people turned their the panic successfully and were able to car attention to her undoubted manufacturing ry large stocks of goods. To these the advantages and so thoroughly was the country storekeepers turned in their diffi thought of leaving the wholesale trade to culty. At first they would drive in with St. Paul cultivated that it is difficult at the their teams and buy small supplies for cash. present day to convince some Minneapolis Later they were able to show themselves people that their city has far surpassed St. worthy of credit and obtained goods in Paul in the wholesale field. larger quantities. It seems that this first Under these conditions it was not strange wholesaling was more of an accommodation that eastern merchants seeking new oppor than anything else, but the idea took ready tunities for development of business, should hold, and in a few years a number of the establish jobbing houses in St. Paul rather leading general merchants of the village than in Minneapolis, and that country deal were doing both a wholesale and retail busi- T WHOLESALE TRADE ness. This continued for a long time, and it was not until after the war that any ex clusive jobbing business was to be found in the city. EVOLUTION FROM RETAILING. For the most part the jobbing of the later period was the result of the establishment of new mercantile houses having the def inite purpose of wholesaling goods. But a few of the pioneer establishments developed gradually into jobbing houses, dropping after a time, their retail departments. This process of evolution has developed, from the pioneer hardware store established by Gov. John S. Pillsbury in 1855, the great wholesale house of Janney, Semple, Hill & Co., now and for years the largest hardware house in the northwest. Gov. Pillsbury's business was at first exclusively retail, but it gradually entered the wholesale field and in 1875 was the largest house of its line in the city. In the meantime Thomas B. Jan ney had come to Minneapolis, in 1866, and had entered the retail hardware business in partnership with his brothers. In 1875 Gov. Pillsbury's other interests demanded His en tire attention and he sold out to Mr. Jan ney, who associated with himself Messrs. Brooks and Eastman under the firm name of Janney, Brooks & Eastman. For some years the new firm continued at the same place—on Bridge Square—and then sold out its retail department and moved the wholesale business into the large warehouse at the corner of Second street and First avenue south, where it has since remained, although the building has been more than doubled in size since its first occupation. Mr. Eastman retired from the business in 1883, and Mr. Brooks died soon after. The late Frank B. Semple entered the firm in 1884 and the name then became Janney, Semple & Co. Later Horace M. Hill was admitted to partnership, and in 1898 the business was incorporated as Janney, Sem ple, Hill & Co. Thus while the business has changed in name and ownership and location, it is essentially the same enter prise established by Gov. Pillsbury more than fifty years ago; although to Mr. Jan ney is due credit for developing it from the 427 comparatively small establishment of 1875 to the great commercial institution of 1908. The wholesale grocery trade affords an other example of this gradual development of a small village store into a large jobbing house. P. H. s and Anthony Kelly, two brothers who came to Minneapolis in 1857, opened a retail grocery the following year. It was at the corner of Washington and Second avenues south; but the growth of the business necessitated several moves which ended in the establishment of the warehouse at Second avenue north and Washington where the business has been conducted since 1877. P. H. Kelly with drew from the firm in 1864 and went to St. P'aul and established the business which still bears his name. After a short time Anthony Kelly formed a partnership with H. A. Wagner which continued for many years under the firm name of Anthony Kel ly & Co. Retailing was gradually aban doned and for thirty or thirty-five years the house has been an exclusively jobbing con cern. After Mr. Kelly's death the business came into the hands of W. B. & W. G. Jordan but has continued at the same place without intermission. John Dunham went into the grocery busi ness in Minneapolis in 1859, a n < i * n 1&70 developed into a jobber under the firm name of Dunham & Johnson—a concern which was the father of two large grocery jobbing houses of to-day, the Green & De Laittre company and the John C. Johnson company. Thomas K. Gray with his brother John D., as Gray Brothers, opened a drug store on Bridge Square in 1857. Under the' same circumstances as in other instances men tioned, he commenced the wholesaling of goods and continued it in connection with his retail business for many years only dis continuing when the establishment of large exclusive drug jobbing houses rendered the combined business unprofitable. Mr. Gray was, however, the pioneer drug jobber of Minneapolis. In 1861 C. H. Pettit founded a retail hardware store and employed Joshua Wil liams as a clerk. In a few years Mr. Wil liams became a partner, and after a while jobbing was added to the business. It is A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 428 now the Williams Hardware company, and exclusively a jobbing house. JOBBERS AFTER T H E WAR. None of the other jobbing houses of the present time originated before the war. And it was not until the reaction after the war time that any exclusively wholesale house was established in Minneapolis. In 1866 George R. Newell came to Minneapolis and soon entered the grocery business. In 1870 :: and First avenue north, only to again out grow its quarters and to erect the large warehouse at Third street and First avenue north which has been occupied for the past twenty years. The business has been in corporated for some years with Mr. Newell as president and his son, L. B. Newell, as secretary and treasurer. In 1869 the fi rm °f Lyman & Tucker was established soon to be succeeded by Lyman Brothers, the first exclusive wholesale drug M 1 MODERN TVI'E OF WHOLESALE BUILDING IN MINNEAPOLIS. Wjman, Partridge & Company, Wholesale Dry Goods. he became partner in the firm of Stevens, Morse & Newell, wholesale grocers, and has continued the business ever since with' out intermission, though there have been several changes in the firm. After the with drawal of Messrs. Stevens and Morse, Mr. Newell continued the business alone a short time and then formed a partnership with H. G. Harrison as Newell & Harrison. In 1882 the firm became George R. Newell & Co. For years the concern occupied the building at 9, 11 and 13 North Washington avenue, but in 1881 moved to Washington house in the city. George R. Lyman, who founded the business remained at its head for thirty-six years. His brother, Frederick W., who entered the firm during the 70's had been associated with Dorilus Morrison in the Minneapolis Cotton Mill. Both were young and energetic men. Their business developed rapidly and in 1883 was incor porated as the Lyman-Eliel Drug Company, the late J. C. Eliel and H. H. Eliel coming into the business at that time. The busi ness was located at 423 and 425 Nicollet avenue in buildings which have since been 429 WHOLESALE TRADE displaced by the Powers Mercantile Com pany building. After a disastrous fire in this location the concern moved to 111-113 First avenue south, reopening at once on a larger scale. The business grew so rapidly that the large warehouse at First avenue north and Washington was occupied as soon as vacated by George R. Newell & Co. about 1888. This building was in turn out grown and the present structure at First avenue north and Third street was secured. 1873. Kennedy-Andrews company was one of the later wholesale houses of the city. DRY GOODS. The jobbing of dry goods in Minneapolis commenced with the formation of the firm of Wyman & Mullen in 1874. At the be ginning the business was conducted on a small scale, the young concern occupying but a single floor of a warehouse and having to meet the competition of long established 31181 MjT'Pqw 55i A MODEL FARM IMPLEMENTS WAREHOUSE. Building of Dean & Company. In 1905 the Lymans retired to give their attention to their large private interests and Charles A. Jerman acquired a large holding in the business, the name at the same time being changed to the Eliel-Jerman Drug Company. During 1907 the business was consolidated with that of the Kennedy-An drews Drug Company and the wholesale cigar business of Winecke & Doerr, as The Minneapolis Drug Company, making it the largest house in its line in the northwest. Winecke & Doerr was the pioneer cigar job bing house, having commenced business in Bertram! & Clianiberlin, Architects. houses in other cities. But progress was rapid and within a comparatively short time the building at 214 and 216 Hennepin ave nue was erected especially for the occu pancy of the firm. O. C. Wyman, then, as now, the head of this business, early devel oped marked abilities for wholesaling and handled his business with skill and facility. In 1880 W. J. Van Dyke was admitted to partnership, the firm becoming Wyman, Mullen & Van Dyke. In the meantime the firm of Coykendall Bros. & Co. had been formed, first as a retail house in 1873; and 430 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS later turning" to jobbing (in 1877) and occu pying the building at Second street and First avenue north now housing the busi ness of the Paris-Murton Company. John R. Coykendall, the resident member of the firm was drowned in Lake Minnetonka in 1885 and the sudden interruption of the business made necessary a change which was effected by consolidation with Wyman, Mullen & Van Dyke. At this reorganiza tion the firm became Wyman, Mullen & Company. Five years later upon the retire ment of Mr. Mullen, George H. Partridge, who had long been with the concern, was admitted to partnership, and the house as sumed its present name of Wyman, Par tridge & Co. For some years the large warehouse at First avenue south and Sec ond street was occupied and in 1897 the modern building at First avenue north and Fourth street was erected. .This has since been supplemented by the construction of an immense warehouse at Seventh street and Third avenue north, a factory on First avenue north near Seventh street and the leasing of other warehouse buildings. The house does the largest dry goods business northwest of Chicago, giving Minneapolis a pre-eminence in this department of jobbing. The coal business of the city in a large way had its beginnings with the organiza tion of the Northwestern Fuel Company in 1875 with John A. Armstrong, the pioneer Minneapolis fuel dealer, in* charge of the business at this place. A wholesale fancy grocery house was opened in 1877 by W. W. Harrison at 222 Hennepin avenue. In 1880 the firm of W. W. Harrison & Co. was organized and the business was transferred to 19 Washington avenue north. D. H. Murray & Co. soon succeeded to the business and in 1882 the concern became Murray, Warner & Co.— the company being T. A. Harrison, a prom inent capitalist and president of the Security bank. For several years the firm did a very successful business at 217, 219 and 221 North Third street, but upon the death of Mr. Harrison, retired from the trade. An other large business was founded by H. G. Jiarrison, brother to T. A. Harrison, in 1880. This was the wholesale grocery firm of H. G. Harrison & Co., which almost from the beginning occupied a building at First avenue south and Second street, now the home of the W. S. Nott Company. In 1884 H. G. Harrison retired and his son Hugh and Samuel P. Farrington continued the business as Harrison, Farrington & Co. Mr. Farrington had had long experience in grocery jobbing in Chicago and the business at Minneapolis was rapidly developed. In 1892 Mr. Harrison retired and his interests were purchased by Fendall G. Winston, the firm name becoming Winston, Farrington & Co. Mr. Farrington remained in active management of this business until his death in 1897 and was succeeded by his son, L. H. Farrington. The business was incorporated in 1904 as Winston, Harper, Fisher & Co. It occupies a large warehouse at Fourth street and Second avenue north. The name of Harrison occurs frequently in the records of Minneapolis commercial enterprises. The brothers, T. A. and Hugh G. were actively engaged in banking, but took a lively interest in the promotion of jobbing and manufacturing. Another large concern which T. A. Harrison fostered at the beginning was the heavy hardware house of Harrison & Knight, which he (with J. M. Knight) founded early in the eighties. Commencing business at 207 Nicollet ave nue the firm soon moved to 240 and 242 First- avenue south. There have been vari ous changes in its management and location but it is now the Minneapolis Iron Store Company and is located at Second street and Second avenue north. H. S. Gregg is the president and executive head of the con cern. The pioneer in the wholesale glass busi ness was the firm of Steele, Forman & Ford, which in 1880 opened a warehouse at 414-16 Third avenue north. This concern subse quently became Forman, Ford & Company, and under that style is now the leading wholesale glass house in the northwest. Its warehouses extend from Washington to Second street between First and Second avenues south. • • In the wholesale rubber goods and belt j ing line W. S. Nott was the pioneer. He WHOLESALE TRADE entered the field in 1880 as the manager of the firm of E. B. Preston & Co. Business was commenced at 240 Hennepin avenue and rapid expansion necessitated several removals until suitable quarters were found at Second street and First avenue south. For many years the firm has been the W. S. Nott Company. THE PAPER TRADE. Wholesale trade in paper was commenced early in the eighties by the Bradner-Smith Paper Company at 121-23 North Washing ton avenue. They were succeeded by James H. Bishop. This concern subsequently closed out but the jobbing of paper has been continued and developed by several firms. The Minneapolis Paper Company, founded about 1890, first occupied a small store on Nicollet avenue near Second street, and aft er repeated moves to accommodate growth of business built a modern paper warehouse at Fifth street and Fourth avenue south. Its president and executive head for many years has been E. J. Stilwell. In 1892 John Leslie, who had been for three years the manager of the Minneapolis Paper Com pany, founded the firm of Leslie & McAfee, which became after the death of Mr. Mc Afee, the John Leslie Paper Company. After several enlargements -of quarters the firm erected its present large warehouse at Fifth street and Third avenue south. The McClellan Paper Company was established about the same time and grew from small beginnings to the occupancy of a large warehouse on First avenue north between Washington and Third street. The jobbing of hats, caps and furs was begun in 1884 when Robert H. Patterson came to Minneapolis from Ohio and orga nized the Patterson & Chestnut Company. Quarters were first secured at 511 Hennepin avenue, but these were speedily outgrown and several moves were made before the present large warehouse was occupied at 422 First avenue north. Thomas W. Ste venson came into the firm in 1891 and it is now the Patterson & Stevenson Company. Immediately after the war Maj. C. B. Heffelfinger opened a retail shoe store in Minneapolis in partnership with John S. Walker. Seeing larger opportunities Maj. 431 Heffelfinger in 1873 organized the North Star Boot & Shoe Company, which at once entered the jobbing and manufacturing of footwear. At first the jobbing end was tffe largest part of the business but the firm has gradually developed manufacturing until the most of the goods sold are of its own make. It is now the North Star Shoe Com pany and Maj. Heffelfinger remains at its head as president of the corporation. FIRST IN FARM IMPLEMENTS. William J. Dean commenced the jobbing of agricultural implements in Minneapolis in 1877—the pioneer in a line which has grown to be one of the most important branches of local wholesale trade. A few years ago Dean & Company erected one of the most complete implement warehouses in the country at the intersection of Wash ington avenue north and the Great North ern Railway. David Bradley & Company commenced business in 1879 and have con tinued without break, except the change of name to Bradley, Clark & Company, caused by the admission of George A. Clark to partnership. The Deere & Webber Com pany had its beginning in 1880 as a branch of C. IT. Deere of Moline, Illinois. About A MOPERN MINNEAPOLIS JOBBING BUILDING 432 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the same time the J. I. Case Implement Company was started. This is now the Great Northern Implement Company. T. B. Lindsay entered the trade about the same period and in 1886 William Lindsay was admitted to the partnership. The firm (Lindsay Brothers) built one of the most substantial of the great warehouses devoted to implement jobbing and has carried on a large business for twenty years. These are but a few of the earlier imple ment concerns. To mention all which have been started during the thirty years would be impossible. Many manufacturing estab lishments in all parts of the country have opened branches or agencies here and there have been changes and consolidations, dis solutions and new arrangements, without number. A large part of the gale of imple ments is that of the products of local fac tories and the more conspicuous firms, espe cially interested in manufacturing are men tioned in the chapter 011 that subject. Minneapolis now leads Kansas City as a jobbing point for farm implements, no other 'I'll 10 I.A lt(iKKT JOHI'IXG city in the country approaching these two as a distributor of this class of merchandise. THE PRODUCE BUSINESS. The wholesaling of fruits, vegetables and country produce generally has become one of the important branches of Minneapolis jobbing. It was commenced soon after the first railroad entered Minneapolis in a very small way. George H. Whiting, F. S. Gib son, Levi Longfellow and C. G. Hilman were pioneers. In the early days the trade was practically all on a commission basis and each merchant handled any and all classes of goods which might be consigned. With the development of the business it became specialized and exclusive fruit, or butter houses appeared, while the dealers are now very generally buyers as well as commission men. At first the business was much scattered but was finally centralized at the present "commission row" 011 and about North Sixth street in the vicinity of the central market erected by T. B. Walker. The Minneapolis Produce exchange was or- liUlI.DIXG Itntlor Brothers' Northwestern J>epiirtin<nt. W E S T OK CHICAGO. Hurry W . .T«nes. Architect. WHOLESALE TRADE •• ••••. ', - • •' - • V - 433 iHm' , : .j i. ' ' ' ',. •+.',*«% V' '>», <•. :• £®. ' i - ri:.r; v,.. r: i !' . I r ID PIT * - -.t 'PH. '••'•'! -i iMHliBKFt^r*" * * * f ^ ' •.r*'" ' * "TUP" '^-2^ ?"fJI!*l&eZ .J <' * ~ • * "? - v y.*> r* ' ° 'V:'„ •" ~ ~ * v '~ . . jr..v«•">*:e-^*> .• T^'k&wA ONE OF THE NEW WHOLESALE WAREHOUSE TYI'ES. Building of the John Leslie Taper Company. ganized in 1884. Prominent firms at this time were S. G. Palmer & Co., E. P. Stacey & Sons, E. G. Potter, Woodward & Co., L. Longfellow, G. C. Hillman, and Wm. Al. Sargent & Co. Even at .this date the pro duce and grain businesses were still more or less mixed, but the division lines were soon clearly drawn. Minneapolis has now become the fourth largest fruit distributing point in the United States and the annual business in fruit and produce aggregates at least $25,000,000. GREAT VARIETY OF LINES. Practically every line of goods handled by merchants may now be purchased in Minneapolis wholesale houses. Within the past two decades, or a little longer, there have been established houses handling all Bertram! & Chamberlin, Architects. sorts of goods not already enumerated, in cluding specialties handled also by the larger wholesalers. The lines include crock ery, glass ware, paints, oils, shoes, notions, cigars and tobaccos, candies, leather goods and findings, spices, coffee and tea, machin ery, bakers' supplies, barbers' supplies, brick and building materials of all kinds, vehicles of all kinds, carpets, furniture, clothing, coal, electrical machinery and apparatus, fireworks, fish, fruits, gentlemen's furnish ings, harness, hides, hops, hosiery, jewelry, laundry machinery and supplies, leaf tobac co, lime and cement, liquors, lumber and all kinds of lumber specialties, forest prod ucts of all kinds, meats, Hour mill machin ery, sawmill machinery, elevator machin ery, millinery, mirrors, mouldings and pic ture frames, oils, paints, paving materials, 434 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS plumbers' supplies, radiators and steamfitters' supplies, scales, seeds, silks, cloth and tailors' supplies, wall papers, plaster, watch es, wool, etc., etc. While many specialty houses have been established, perhaps the most notable event in wholesaling in many years was the selec tion of Minneapolis as one of its places of business by Butler Brothers, the great wholesalers of general merchandise. This concern erected in Minneapolis, in 1906-07, a mammoth warehouse in which is carried every article of merchandise likely to be wanted in a country store. Minneapolis is made the Northwestern headquarters of a business which covers the United States and this city shares with New York, Chi cago and St. Louis the commercial distinc tion of the maintenance of such head quarters. IMPROVED ARCHITECTURE. The Butler Brothers building is one of the examples of modern commercial archi tecture in Minneapolis. One of the inter esting and very creditable evolutions of the later period of local wholesaling has been the distinct change from slipshod building to substantial architecture. No class of busi ness is now better housed than the whole sale trade of Minneapolis, and many of the structures are models of the best business architecture. It has been found that beauty is not incompatible with business utility, and that archijtectufal correctness is not necessarily prohibitively expensive. The implement warehouses of the Advance Thresher Company, the Great Northern Implement Company and adjacent con cerns, the new warehouse of the Hurty-Simmons Hardware. Company, the WymanPartridge & Company main building, as well as the warehouse on Seventh street, the Leslie Paper Company building, the Minne apolis Paper Company building—these are all structures which show the progress which is being made in wholesale architec ture in Minneapolis. Several times during the last quarter cen tury the ultimate location of the jobbing center has been considerably in doubt. The latter part of the period has, however, de termined more definite bounds and limits. The general wholesale trade of the city is rapidly getting into quarters in the district immediately north of Hennepin avenue, from the river to Sixth street. There is a tendency in the agricultural implement line to scatter beyond this limit, the main pur pose being to secure track facilities, but there seems no doubt that the main whole sale center will be in the district mentioned. Figures purporting to give the totals of the wholesale business in any city are apt to be far from accurate. No government statistics are collected and private tabula tion is largely based 011 estimates. Such estimates have always been made, however some of them in the early days when job bers were few, probably quite accurate. At the present time any canvass of the city wholesaling is obviously impossible. In 1880 the wholesale trade was estimated at about $24,000,000; in 1890, at $135,000,000; in 1900, about $200,000,000; and in 1907, about $280,000,000. In the latter year Minneapolis wholesale trade had reached a point of unquestioned supremacy northwest of Chicago, and there seemed no limits to its future development. BROWN, Charles William, a prominent busi ness man of Minneapolis in the decade following 1886, was born on June 14, 1858, at Newburyport, Massachusetts, the son of Jacob B. and Anna A. Brown. His father was a sea captain and after attending the primary schools and such secondary schools as Allen's English and Classical School at West Newton, Dummer Academy at Byfield and Newburyport high school from which he graduated, the son at the age of sixteen, gratified an intense desire for a sea life by sailing for China in a sailing vessel. He was for some time in the employ of the China Merchants Steam ship Navigation Company and obtained rapid ad vancement, becoming master of a ship at a very early age. Captain Brown served as master mariner for five years in command of a vessel engaged in the Australian and Chinese trade but in 1885 left the sea and came to Minneapolis where he established the first stained glass works in the Northwest. The firm was at first Brown & Haywood. In 1891 its scope was enlarged to include the jobbing of plate and window glass and the business was incorporated as the Brown & Haywood Company. It developed rapidly and was one of the leading concerns in the city in 1898 when the business was sold to the Pitts burgh Plate Glass Company. With this con solidation Captain Brown became a stockholder WHOLESALE TRADE 435 the Edgeworth Club. He was married in 1885 to Miss Alice Greenleaf and they have six children —Agate, Jacob Bartlett, Theodore F., Alice G., Charles W., Jr., and Harold DeWolfe. The family home is at Sewickley, near Pittsburgh. BURNETT, William J., manager and pro prietor of the Northwestern Hide & Fur Com pany, of Minneapolis, was born at Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1 8 4 2 , the son of Virgil Justice Burnett and Harriet S. Burnett. His ancestry on both sides of the family was Scotch-English, his father's family presumed to have been of the same as that of Bishop Burnett. His fore father in America was Thos. Burnett who landed in Salem, Mass., from England about 1 6 3 5 , and who moved from there and helped to settle the town of South Hampton, L. I. in 1 6 4 3 . There most of the family lived until about 1 7 0 0 when two of his ancestors moved to Madison, N. J. This was the last settlement of the old Puritan stock. Mr. Burnett's father was engaged in business at Newark, N. J. in 1837 when the panic of that year brought him financial ruin. He started west with his family and it was while enroute that his son William was born at Pittsburgh. They came west by boat from Pittsburg to Evansville, Ind., and by river to Terre Haute. When they arrived there the father had just fifty cents left, but having friends, in dustry and skill he was soon in comfortable cirCHARLES W. BROWN. and director in the Pittsburgh company and was appointed its secretary and at once moved to Pittsburgh where he has since lived. He is now vice-president and chairman of the commercial department of that company. While in Minne apolis Captain Brown took an active part in the commercial and public affairs of the city. He was president of the Jobbers' association in 1896 and 1 8 9 7 and a director in the Commercial Club from 1894 to 1898. During the campaign of 1896 he served as chairman of the non-partisan busi ness men's sound money committee and rendered such effective service that he was tendered, after the election, a complimentary banquet at the West Hotel at which about five hundred of the leading men of the city joined in the expression of their appreciation. This work and its recogni tion was the more appropriate in that Captain Brown has always been especially independent in political matters, making no party affiliations, and supporting the best men and measures with out regard to party. In 1 8 9 4 and 1 8 9 5 Captain Brown was president of the National Window Glass Association. He is also president of the Michigan Chemical Company and a director of the National Bank of Western Pennsylvania. Captain Brown retains his membership in the Minneapolis Club and Zuhrah Temple, Zion Commandery and Minneapolis J.odgc 4 4 15. P. O. E.. Alleghany Country Club and is president of SWEET, PHOTQ WILMAM J. BUUNKTT. 436 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS cumstances. He was a man of studious tastes, and like Elihu Burritt, became known as the "learned blacksmith." He was elected to the legislature in 1856 and was one of the prime movers in the passage of the famous Indiana liquor law. He died in 1859 honored by all who knew him and survived by his wife, six boys and two girls. The mother died at the advanced age of ninety-four. In 1858 William J. Burnett en tered the hide and fur business with a cousin at Terre Haute and after thoroughly learning the business and following it in several locations came to Minneapolis. He came here in the fall of 1890 and established the firm name of the North western Hide & Fur Co., renting a two-story building at 417 Main Street Southeast. In the fall of 1895, ' i e purchased the property at 409 Main Street Southeast but his business soon outgrew this warehouse and he moved to the west side where he built at the corner of First Street and Second Avenue North a warehouse of five times the capacity and equipped with all modern facilities for handling the business. Mr. Bur nett's pronounced success is largely due to his progressive methods in advertising and to a num ber of devices of his own invention pertaining to the hide and fur trade. He has displayed un usual enterprise in the conduct of his business. In 1897 he sent men to explore the almost un known regions of the northern part of Minnesota to secure information as to the resources of the country. The facts showing the richness of the territory he gave to the public through the press and his publication called "Hunters and Trappers Guide," and he has been a consistent advocate of the development of the region which he believed would become one of the richest parts of the state. The rapid advance of the railroads to the north in the past few years has proved the soundness of his contention and settlers are rap idly filling the great north country. Mr. Bur nett married Miss Alida Suits of Huron, S. D. in June, 1888. They have one daughter, Harriet Alleda, age sixteen. They reside in southeast Minneapolis and are members of the Como Con gregational Church. He has one son by his first wife, W. F. Burnett, who lives in Rodonda, Cali fornia. COOL1DGE, Marshall H., president of the Marshall H. Coolidge Company of Minneapolis, is a native of Wisconsin and waS born on July 27, i860, at Dotyville, and was the son of John H. Coolidge and Elizabeth (Coleman) Coolidge. His father was a railroad tie contractor and manufacturer of lumber and the son, after re ceiving a common school education in his na tive state, came to Minneapolis some years ago and established himself in the same line of busi ness. He has been very successful and his com pany has a very extensive trade in railroad ties, cedar poles, piling and other forest products. Mr. Coolidge affiliates with the republican party, is MARSHALL II. COOLIDGE. """ SH, PHOTO a thirty-second degree Mason and Shriner and a member of the Minneapolis and Minikahda clubs. He was married in 1883 to Miss Jennie A. Holmes. They have three children,—Harry H., Byron H., and Marshall H., Jr. The family at tends the Episcopal church. DEAN, William J., was born July 19, 1843, at Fort Hope, Canada, whither his parents, Matthew and Ann Dean, had gone from their native Ire land. The father was a farmer and, in that year of great migration westward, 1855, he came to the territory of Minnesota and settled on a farm. The son William spent his early life on his father's farm and as the splendid common school system was only a process of development in Minnesota territory, educational advantages were not many in the farming country, but the boy learned to do good work on the farm and sub sequently showed his ability to make up for any educational deficiencies on his part. When he was nineteen years old lie responded to the call for volunteers and left the harvest field where WHOLESALE TRADE he was working to enlist in Company I, Ninth Minnesota Volunteers, and went to the front, serving for three years as a private soldier and corporal, his regiment participating in many battles of the Civil War. Returning home in 1865, Mr. Dean began business life as a clerk in a country store and, after four years service he spent seven years as bookkeeper and super intendent of agencies in a wholesale implement business. In 1877, he commenced the implement trade in Minneapolis, his being the first jobbing house in agricultural implements in the city, and he has since continued in the business with marked success. Mr. Dean adhered to the re publican party until 1886, after which he became a conscientious champion of the principles of the prohibition party and has been a candidate for various offices, state and municipal, on the ticket of that party. He was a member of the Board of Charities and Corrections for four years and a director in the Children's Home Society for thirteen years, and was a director of the Young Men's Christian Association for seventeen years and president of that organization nine years, and is well known as an active promoter of many other institutions for the moral and intellectual good of the people. Mr. Dean has been a mem ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church for fortytwo years and has held every office in that church to which laymen may be called upon to WIl.l.IAM J. DEAN 437 fill. Mr. Dean was married in 1867 to Cordelia Rebecca Pond and four children have been born to them. FARR1NGTON, Samuel Putnam, was born 011 January 29, 1819. The ancestors of the family settled in this country before the Revolutionary War, and the grandfather of Samuel P. fought with the Colonial troops and was the first per son to erect a frame house in Concord, New Hampshire, a building which was still standing in 1896. Benjamin E. Farrington, father of Samuel P. was living near Concord at the time of his son's birth. The latter passed the early days of his life in Concord. He attended the public schools and later the Gilmonton Academy, gradu ating from that institution in 1836. He went to Boston about a year later, and there entered the wholesale dry goods business. After three years he became a member of Clark, Sweet & Company, wholesale dry goods dealers in Boston. He sev ered his relation in 1850 and moved to Chicago where he entered the wholesale grocery business, first as a partner in the firm of Day, Allen & Company. For thirty-five years Mr. Farrington was engaged in that business in Chicago, estab lishing after a few years the firm of Farrington & Schnall and later organizing the firm of S. P. Farrington & Company, of which his interests formed the major part. In 1884 he sold out his establishment in Chicago and moved to Minnerpolis, where he reorganized the wholesale gro cery business of H. G. Harrison & Company as Harrison, Farrington & Company. By his exec utive ability and capable management he put this business on a solid basis, and built up one of the largest wholesale houses of the Northwest. In 1893 his senior partner, Mr. Harrison retired, Mr. F. G. Winston purchasing the interests of Mr. Harrison and the firm name was changed, becom ing Winston, Farrington & Company. Mr. Far rington was the head of this company and re tained its management until his death in 1897, making it one of the most successful business concerns of the city. After his death his place was taken by his son L. H. Farrington, who, when the company was incorporated in 1904, under the name of Winston, Harper, Fisher Company, was made secretary of the organiza tion—a position which he still holds. Mr. S. P. Farrington was prominent among his business rssociates, both in Minneapolis and other cities where he resided and connected with numerous trade and social organizations, being for eight years president of the Chicago Wholesale Gro cers' Association while in that city. He was also a well known member of the Presbyterian Church and during his life was an active worker and supporter in a number of charitable and benevolent institutions. In 1853 Mr. Farrington was married to Miss Harriet L. McKay, daughter of Benjamin McKay. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS FISHER, Elmer E., was born December n , 1862, at Boston, Massachusetts, son of Freeman A. and Marion W. Fisher. His father was a large contractor who built such structures as the Bos ton Block, Temple Court, Masonic Temple, the old Chamber of Commerce building and others which marked the earlier advance in modern business building construction. Mr. Fisher, who was head of the firm of F. A. Fisher & Company, died in 1902. His son, E. E. Fisher, came to Minneapolis in 1879 from Chicago. He had his earlier educational training in the common schools and received a thorough business training in a business college and in practical mercantile life. In 1883 he organized the hardware and saddlery manufacturing firm of Dodson, Fisher, Brockmann Company. The firm first located at Nos. 247-249 Hennepin avenue and three years after ward they found their business was rapidly out growing their quarters and removed in May, 1886, to their present location, 15-17 and 19 North Third street. In July, 1883, when the firm began busi ness, they operated in western Wisconsin, Min nesota; and a portion of North Dakota and today they do an increasing business in northern Michi gan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Mon tana, Iowa, Nebraska, Nevada and the South western country to the Pacific Coast. The firm employs from 175 to 200 men and fourteen travel ing men. They have installed an up-to-date plant W I L L I A M P. H A L L O W E L L for the manufacture of saddlery harness and col lars. Such a record of business and industrial expansion is one of the gratifying evidences of the mighty growth of Minneapolis as a business center. Minneapolis men have made the growth and made the center. Mr. Fisher is a member of the Commercial Club. He was married on Jan uary 3, 1883, to Miss Carrie Whittier, who was born in Minnesota. They have one son—Free man G. Fisher. HALLOWELL, William Penrose, Jr., for nearly twenty-five years a resident and for many years a well-known fuel dealer of Minneapolis, is a native of Pennsylvania, having been born at Germantown on November 30, 1863. He is the son of William P. Hallowell, Sr., and Elizabeth D. Hallowell, his mother having been before her marriage Miss Elizabeth C. Davis. When Wil liam P., Jr., was a few years of age the family moved to Philadelphia and he there passed the early years of his life and obtained his educa tion. Commencing his studies in the Cheltenham Academy he later continued his preparatory train ing in the Friends' Central School at Philadel phia. His college education he also received in Pennsylvania, at Swarthmore College, where he remained until 1883 when he left to come to Minneapolis, arriving in September of that year. He was variously engaged for a few years in this city and then about 1888 he entered the fuel busi ness in which he has since been continuously en gaged. Mr. Hallowell has always had his head quarters in this city, and at the present time he is a member of the Holmes & Hallowell Company, holding the offices of vice president and treasurer in that organization, its other officers being A. J. Holmes, president, and H. L. Murray, secre tary. The firm has offices in both St. Paul and Minneapolis and handles a large and increasing business in coal and wood both in the Twin Cities and in the surrounding northwestern terri tory. Mr. Hallowell has for many years been a member of the larger club organizations of the city, among them the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club and the Lafayette Club. Shortly af ter coming to the city in 1883 he became con nected with Company I, N. G. S. M. and was a member until 1888. Politically Mr. Hallowell has always been a republican but is not an active party worker and has never desired public prefer ment. On June 5, 1888, he was married to Miss Agnes Hardenbergh. One son has been born, William Penrose Hallowell, III. The family at tends St. Mark's Episcopal Church. - JANNEY, Thomas B., president of Janney, Semple, Hill & Company, wholesale hardware, was born at Schaneville, Ohio, October 5, 1838, the son of Phineas M. and Frances (Smith) Janney. His parents moved from Ohio to Van Buren county, Iowa, in 1839, and to Henry, Il linois, in 1851, and their son received his educa tion in the common schools of Iowa and in the WHOLESALE TRADE academy at Henry. His first business experience was as clerk in • a general store. He came to Minneapolis in July, 1866, and entered the re tail hardware business with his brothers. In 1 8 7 5 Mr. Janney bought the hardware stock of Governor J. S. Pillsbury (the business which had been established in 1 8 5 5 ) and a new firm was formed under the title of Janney, Brooks & Eastman. In 1884 this firm was succeeded by Janney, Semple & Company, and in 1 8 9 8 was changed into a corporation under the present name. The business is the largest wholesale hardware business in the Northwest as it is the oldest. During his long business career in Min neapolis, Mr. Janney has taken a very prominent part in the commercial and public life of the city and has been connected with many of the leading business corporations and organizations for the benefit of the public or of a philanthropic •character. He took a prominent part in the Minneapolis Exposition project and has from time to time done effective work in the public organizations of the city. He is a director of the Northwestern National Bank and the farm ers and Mechanics Savings Bank and a member of the Minneapolis, Commercial, Minikahda and Lafayette clubs. Mr. Janney was married at Minneapolis to Miss Mary Wheaton. LYMAN, Frederick Wolcott, for many years prominent in the jobbing trade of Minneapolis, was born June 18, 1849, at Plymouth, Connec ticut. His father was Ephraim Lyman, a Con gregational minister one of whose ancestors was Lord Mayor of London. His mother was Han nah D. Richards whose ancestor, General Hun tington of the war of the Revolution, was a member of General Washington's staff. Mr. Lyman's early life was spent in Plymouth and Washington, Connecticut, and in Northampton, Massachusetts. He attended the Gunnery School and public schools, and at Northampton, Massa chusetts clerked in a dry goods store. On Sep tember 15, 1871, he arrived in Minneapolis where he entered business first as a partner of Dorilus Morrison in the Minneapolis cotton mill. Later he entered into partnership with his brother, George R. Lyman, as Lyman Bros., in the whole sale drug business, and became treasurer of the Lyman-Eliel Drug Company when it succeeded to the business in 1883. In 1905 he withdrew from this corporation to give his attention to his pri vate interests. Mr. Lyman has been vice-presi dent of the Lyman Bank at Sanford, Florida; president of the Winter Park Florida Hotel and Town Site Company, and president of the board of trustees of Rollins College, of which he was. one of the organizers. In political belief Mr. Lyman is a republican, although of independent attitude in local matters. He is deeply interested in the promotion of good government and has given his influence to all movements in this di rection. He has served as a member of the Min neapolis Charter Commission, as treasurer of the 439 Citizens' League, and as chairman of the Busi ness Men's Association. He is a member of the Minneapolis, Lafayette, Six O'Clock, and Com mercial clubs. He is a member of Plymouth Congregational Church, and is chairman of its board of trustees. Mr. Lyman married Miss Elizabeth H. Clark on May 9 , 1876. They have three children—Katherine H-, Margaret F. and Frederick C. LYMAN, George R., for many years a prom inent wholesale merchant of Minneapolis, was born at Plymouth, Connecticut, December 27, 1844. He was the son of Ephraim and Hannah D. (Richards) Lyman. His father was a Con gregational clergyman, who graduated from Yale College in 1 8 3 2 and from Yale Theological Seminary in 1 8 3 5 and was settled in Plymouth and Washington, Connecticut, from 1835 to 1864. He subsequently came to Minneapolis where he died in 1880. On his mother's side Mr. Lyman is descended from revolutionary ancestors, his grandfather, Gen. Jedediah Huntington, having been on General Washington's staff and a warm friend of Washington and Lafayette. Mr. Lyman was the eldest of eight children of whom four are still living. One brother, Hart Lyman, is editor-in-chief of the New York Tribune; Frede rick Lyman has been for years a resident of Minneapolis, as has been Miss Ellen Hart Lyman. Mr. Lyman received his education at The Gunnery, Washington, Connecticut; Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Massachusetts; Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, and Yale Scientific School. Soon after leaving Yale he came to Minneapolis in March, 1868, and en tered the retail drug business, succeeding the firm of Leonard & Gardiner, and later estab lished what has since grown to be the second largest wholesale drug house in the Northwest, from which he retired in 1905. During this long period the firm name was successively Lyman & Tucker, Lyman & Williams, Geo. R. Lyman, Lyman Bros., and the Lyman-Eliel Drug Company—now the Minneapolis Drug Company —of which he was the president. He was also a partner for years in the' retail drug firm of Melendy & Lyman. Mr. Lyman's entire busi ness career has been one of uninterrupted suc cess during more than forty years. During his mercantile life in Minneapolis Mr. Lyman ac quired large interests outside of the house which he founded and since his withdrawal from whole saling continues the care of these and related interests in association with his'-brother Frederick under the names of Lyman BroSi and the Lyman Bros. Company, of which he is president. Mr. Lyman has taken-a lively interest in the affairs of the city, though never becoming prominent in politics or official life iia any way, but has been a member of the republican party since he came of age. He has been especially prominent as a member of Plymouth Congregational Church, which he joined in 1868. For thirty-five years 440 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS he was officially connected with the church in the various offices of deacon, trustee and mem ber of the prudential and music committees and other working bodies in the church. He has always been interested in music, and was for a long time a member of the Plymouth church quartette and choir, and was one of the organiz ers and the first president of the Minneapolis Choral Society, one of the earlier musical as sociations of the city. He was also the bass in a noted Minneapolis quartette of the seventies, of which Airs. Alexander Tyler was soprano, Miss Ettie Ballon, alto, and Mr. Henry Tucker, tenor. For many years he has been a trustee of the Young Men's Christian Association and was its president from 1891 to 1895, during which years the present building was erected. He has been a trustee of Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, since 1892. He was a charter mem ber of the Minnesota Congregational club and its first secretary; and is a member of the Lafayette Club at Lake Minnetonka. Mr. Lyman was married on August 10, 1875, to Miss Marietta P. Ives of Minneapolis, only daughter of Solon E. and Emma (Crockett) Ives, who came to the city from Newark, New Jersey, in 1871. They have had seven children of whom six are still &WcET, PMOTO HERBERT II. MARTIN. living—Mrs. Mabel Lyman Flocken, Florence R. Lyman, Marietta, Alice, Henry De Forest and Marjorie. The eldest son, George H„ died in December, 1902. MARTIN, Herbert H., northwestern manager for the Columbus Buggy Company, is an Ohio man, born in Columbus in 1867, and of a family which has resided in that city since 1818. Mr. Martin was educated in the public schools of Columbus and at an early age entered the em ploy of the Columbus Buggy Company and re mained in the establishment for about seventeen years, working up through various departments until he had thoroughly mastered the business. This concern is the largest builder of high class pleasure vehicles in the world. It was founded in 1875 by C. D. Firestone, who is still at its head, and at one time maintained branches in all the large cities of the country. The Minne- # apolis house was established in 1891 and is the only branch house of the company still main tained, a change in the policy having led to the closing of all the other agencies. The Minne apolis house has, however, been so successful that it has been continued and is, perhaps, the only exclusive vehicle house in the northwest. Its territory covers Minnesota, North and South Da kota and parts of the adjoining states. The com pany has recently commenced the manufacture of a power carriage—a vehicle which has a feature of both an automobile and a horse carriage and which is expected to revolutionize the road trans portation methods. Mr. Martin was appointed northwestern manager in 1902 and has resided in Minneapolis since that time, taking an active part in the business affairs of the city but devoting himself closely to the development of his trade. MARTIN, James H., has been for about fif teen years, identified with the commercial devel opment of Minneapolis, and in that time has achieved rapid and substantial success. The J. H. Martin Leather Company is now recognized as one of the leading jobbers of shoe-store supplies in the Northwest. Mr. Martin is a descendant of one of the oldest families of Illinois, his mother's family, the Harrells, having been among the first pioneer settlers at Decatur. His father, Capt. Isaac N. Martin, fought in the Federal army dur ing the Civil War and at the end of his service returned to Illinois, where he engaged in business. For many years he conducted a contracting busi ness at Decatur, doing work from that place as headquarters on an extensive scale. He has now retired from active business life. Shortly after the close of the war he became one of the first members of Post I of the G. A. R. At the time of his son's birth, on August 9, i860, his home was at Decatur, and in that city James H. Martin passed his boyhood. He attended the public schools of Decatur until 1881, when he entered the employ of a leather-handling establishment, and with that firm acquired his first knowledge of the WHOLESALE TRADE 441 measure, to Mr. Martin's conservative yet enter prising methods and reliable policy. In 1896 Mr. L. G. Adams was taken into the organization, and at the present time is the manager of the Martin & Adams Leather Company at Spokane, of which Mr. Martin is president. In addition to his other business interests, Mr. Martin is vice president of the I. N. Martin Dry Goods Company of Peoria, Illinois. Mr. Martin is a member of various com mercial and social organizations. Before coming to this city, he served in the National Guard of Illinois. He is a thirty-second degree Mason— being a member of Ark Lodge of Minneapolis. At the time of the formation of the National Leather & Shoe Finders' Association in 1905, he was honored with the office of secretary, which office he still holds. Mr. Martin attends the Wes ley Methodist Church; is the superintendent of its Sunday School, and holds the position of chair man of the executive committee of the State Sun day School Association. JAMES II. MARTIN. business with which he has since been identified. He remained with the Decatur house for three years and then went to a Springfield concern in the same line. In 1887 he returned to Decatur as cashier of the branch office of the Standard Oil Company. He left this company in 1893, with the intention of entering business on his own account, and appreciating the advantages of Minneapolis, came to this city. Owing, however, to the fi nancial panic of 1893, Mr. Martin postponed the organization of his business until 1894. He then formed the firm of J. H. Martin & Co., to engage in the leather business in which he had acquired experience in Decatur and Springfield. A store was opened on First avenue south and Sixth street with a small stock, and to the development of his business, from this beginning to its present proportions, Mr. Martin has devoted all his energy and ability. The business grew rapidly and in 1902 was moved from its original location to the building it now occupies, which was es pecially designed and constructed for it at 20 and 22 North Fourth steet. This building was put up by Major C. B. Heffelfinger, who had observed the growth of Mr. Martin's business and believed in its future success. Here the firm occupies four floors, and has the best facilities possible for handling its trade, which extends not only over the local territory, but the whole Northwest. And this successful growth has been due, in large NEWELL, George R., head of the grocery jobbing house of George R. Newell & Co., was born in Jay, Essex county, New York, July 31, 1845, the son of Hiram and Phoebe Newell. The father was a dry goods merchant and the family originally came from New England, where the name is traced back to an early period. As a boy Mr. Newell attended the public schools, but at twelve years of age went into business, obtain ing a general experience in general stores of various kinds until the age of twenty, when he came West. At first-he obtained a position as clerk in Minneapolis, and has thus been identified with the business interests of this city for forty years. In 1870 he became a partner in the firm of Stevens,-Morse & Newell, the beginning of the present extensive wholesale business. ' This part nership was dissolved in 1873, and for one year Mr. Newell continued the business alone. He then entered into partnership with H. G. Harri son, the firm being known as Newell & Harri son. After about ten years the firm of George R. Newell & Co. was organized, and "after a time the business was incorporated-under the same name, Mf. Newell being its president, and his son, L. B. Newell, secretary and treasurer. The business is one of the largest of its line in the Northwest and among'the oldest under one continuous management in the city. Mr. Newell has been an active member of the various public organizations and is a member of the -Minneapolis, the Commercial and other leading clubs and so cieties. In political belief he is a republican. He is a member of the Masonic body and of other fraternal organizations. In 1876 Mr. Newell was married to Mrs. Alida Ferris of Wyoming, New York. NORTHRUP, Jesse E., president of Northrup. King & Company, Minneapolis, was born at Saline, Michigan, December 1, 1857, the son of Elijah S. and Sarah (Brown) Northrup. His 442 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS father was a man of standing in the state and at the time of his death was a state senator representing the Thirty-seeond dis trict of Michigan. Mr. Northrup attended Waterville Academy, Waterville, New York, and Hungerford Institute, Adams, New York. Soon after completing his education he entered business as a seedsman and since 1879 has been continuously in that line". In 1884 he came to Minneapolis and founded the firm of which he has always been the head, and since its incorporation, president. During the quarter of a century of his business life in Min neapolis, Mr. Northrup has taken a deep interest in orginating and introducing valuable seeds suited to northern conditions and through con stant experimentation has been successful in ex tending northward the practicable limits of many crops as well as contributing effectively to the diversification of northwestern farming opera tions. Notable in this work has been the de velopment of corn until it is now raised hundreds of miles farther north than was thought pos sible in 1884. Mr. Northrup's interest in plant life and outdoor beautification early led to his selection for membership in the park board on which he has served altogether sixteen years, taking an active and intelligent part in the de velopment of the Minneapolis park system. He was elected president of the board in 1907 and again in 1908 and has just been re-elected to ALBERT II. RUIINKE membership for the term beginning January 1, 1909. Mr. Northrup is the vice-president of the Northern Warehouse Company and has other business interests* in the city. He is a member of the Minneapolis, Minikahda, Commercial, Six O' clock and Publicity clubs; is a republican, and af filiated with the Congregational church. He was married at Adams, New York, to Miss Carrie White (now deceased) and has five children. RUHNKE, Albert R., president of the Minne apolis Milk Company, was born in Germany, April 25, 1851, the son of Michael Ruhnke and Louise '(Held) Ruhnke. His father was a millet and farmer and the son lived at home on the farm until he w,as twenty years of age, attending the public schools of the vicinity. In 1871 he emi grated to America and after two years came to Minneapolis remaining here about six years. The next ten years were spent in southern Minnesota but in 1882 Mr. Ruhnke returned to this city and embarked in the dairy business, his sole capital being two hundred dollars. In 1888 the business had made such progress that he organized the Minneapolis Milk Company which has since be come one of the largest concerns of its kind in the west and one of the prominent business in stitutions of the city. .At the outset about twentyfive years ago, Mr. Ruhnke did a business of about ten dollars a day which has been developed by progressive methods and close attention until at the present time it is averaging eighteen hun dred dollars a day. The company not only does a very large retail business in supplying families with milk and cream but handles dairy products extensively at wholesale and also manufactures ice cream. Mr. Ruhnke is a republican in politics. He was married in April, 1888, to Miss Ida G. Osmer. PATTERSON, Robert H., was born at Athens, Ohio, May 10, 1846, son of John and Octavia Farlin Patterson. His father was a farmer and Robert H., was bred to the farm life and worked until he was twenty-one years old, meantime attending the public schools and taking a short course at college. He then was a sales man in a wholesale boot and shoe establishment for eight years and subsequently went into the hat and cap business for himself at Chillicothe, Ohio, for six years. In 1884, Mr. Patterson left Chillicothe and came to Minneapolis and organ ized the Patterson & Chestnut Company in the same line of business, opening in the old J. E. Bell store at No. 511 Hennepin avenue, which is still standing. The quarters were too contracted and the firm moved to First avenue north and, in January, 1903, they moved into their new building at No. 422 First avenue north, which is eighty by ninety feet and seven stories high. Mr. T. W. Stevenson entered the partnership in 1891, and the firm, now Patterson & Stevenson Com pany, does one of the largest businesses in the Northwest in the wholesale line of hats, caps, gloves, mittens and furs. Mr. Patterson is a 443 and later assumed the duties of assistant gener al freight agent a t Peoria, Illinois. I n January, 1889, he resigned his office with the Indiana, Bloomington & W e s t e r n and accepted a n offer which had been extended t o him of the position of general freight agent f o r t h e T e r r e H a u t e & Peoria Railroad with headquarters a t Decatur, Illinois, filling the office until 1893. A t t h a t time he came t o Minneapolis, a n d o n November 6, 1803, became the Northwestern sales agent f o r the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & I r o n Com pany which maintains a n important branch in this city. Mr. Sessions has continued t o occupy t h a t position and has directed his energies toward the building of a n extended business, and his efforts have m e t with success. H e is a m e m ber of several fraternal orders, is a Knight T e m plar and a Scottish Rite Mason. O n December 30, 1878, Mr. Sessions was married t o Miss Eliz abeth T . Wilson and they have t w o children, J o h n Chandler Sessions, and M a r y Sessions. T h e family attends t h e Episcopal Church. R I C H A R D S O N , H e n r y Kneeland, secretary and treasurer of the T . M.. Roberts Supply Com pany, was born on August 12, 1871, a t Waitsfield, Vermont. H i s father, Clarence M. Richardson, was a farmer a t Waitsfield, and the son passed the early years of his life on the farm a n d a t tended the district schools. W h e n fourteen years old he left school and for three years worked HENRY K. RICHARDSON. member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, and of the Commercial and Lafayette clubs. H e is a republican in politics. S E S S I O N S , J o h n Hebard, was born a t Ran dolph, Vermont, the son of Milan H . Sessions and Caroline C. (Chandler) Sessions. H i s father was a lawyer who practiced his profession at Randolph until a few years after his son's birth on November 6, 1848, and then removed with his family t o the middle west, making his home at Waupaca, Wisconsin. T h e r e his son J o h n passed the early years of his life and began his education, which he later continued in the Ran dolph Academy a t Randolph, Vermont, from which institution he graduated when about twenty years of age. Shortly after finishing his course and leaving the academy, in 1868, Mr. Sessions began his business career taking up railroad work, which h e followed for many years. H e first secured a position with the Chi cago, Milwaukee & St. Louis Railroad a s their clerk a t Sparta, Wisconsin, and remained in t h a t capacity about four years. Following this he was for some time agent of the Atchison & Ne braska Railroad a t Lincoln, Nebraska, but later transferred his services t o the Indiana, Bloomington & W e s t e r n road, becoming its local agent a t Indianapolis. Mr. Sessions successively held several positions with this road, being promoted to t h e office of general agent a t Columbus, Ohio, § bWtET, HMOIU JOHN II. SESSIONS. 444 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS with his father on the farm. He then secured a position with a clothing house at Springfield, Massachusetts, which he relinquished two years later to come to Minneapolis. After a course at a commercial school, Mr. Richardson entered the employ of the Minneapolis Street Railway Company as a clerk in the cash office and was soon promoted to the position of book-keeper which he held until 1 8 9 6 . He resigned and be gan his first connection with the shoe business with which he was for a number of years con nected, joining with George Cravens in the man agement of the shoe department of Olson's De partment Store, now the Power's Mercantile Com pany. After a year spent in this connection he became city salesman for F. F. Dexter of the Twin City Shoe Company and for three years held that position. An offer was made him by the Woife Bros. Shoe Company of Columbus, Ohio, to act as a traveling salesman, and during the short time he was with that firm made the most brilliant record of any salesman that ever came to the Northwest. He gave up his con tract, however, to become a member of the Grims.rud Shoe Company of this city, holding BRUSH, PHOTO EDWIN P. STACY. the office of vice president and having an active part in the firm's management. In the spring of 1 po7 he severed his relations with the Grimsrud Company and accepted the positions he now holds, those of secretary and treasurer of the T. M. Roberts Supply Company. He is a member of a number of the social and fraternal orders—the Commercial Club, the Garfield Club, the U. C. T., the Woodmen and the Knights Templar. For three years he was a member of Company I of the First Regiment M. N. G. I11 1892 Mr. Richardson was married, and has two children—a son, Clarence D.; and a daughter, Katherine Isabel. STACY, Edwin Page, has been a resident of Minneapolis since 1883, and has been during that time actively connected with the commercial de velopment of the city, and is now president of the wholesale commission firm of E. P. Stacy & Sons. He is a native of New York state, born at De Kalb, St. Lawrence county, on May 31, 1831, the son of Isaac Stacy and Orpah (Page) Stacy. He was the youngest son of a farmer who through a long and severe illness had been reduced to moderate circumstances, and conse quently it was necessary for the son to begin, as soon as possible, some remunerative occupa tion. He attended, however, the public schools of De Kalb, and there laid the foundation of an academic training which was later continued in the Gouveneur Academy in New York. His studies in the latter institution were continued until Mr. Stacy was eighteen years of age, when, in 1850, he left school to enter upon a commercial career which has been varied but successful. For a year he was connected with the firm of Stacy, Golden & Co. at Utica, New York, and was then sent to take charge of a branch house at La fayette, Indiana. With his oldest brother he formed, in 1854, a partnership to operate a gen eral merchandise, grain and lumber business at Dover, Illinois, which was continued for seven years. For four years he was located at Stacyville, Mitchell county, Iowa, and then went to Mitchell, Iowa, in 1865, where he was in busi ness for twenty years. On January 1, 1879, Arthur Page Stacy, his eldest son, then twentyone years of age, was admitted to a partnership mi the firm, which then became E. P. Stacy & Son. A few years later Mr. Stacy himself came to Minneapolis and established a branch house. At this time his other son, Harlan B. Stacy, was taken into the firm. The Mitchell branch was continued until 1885, when the business was dis posed of and a larger plant opened in this city. Since that time the firm has devoted its time to the development of a large wholesale produce and fruit commission business, and with eight branch houses located in Minnesota, Iowa, North Da kota and South Dakota, covers the entire North west. They also have a line of shippers from all parts of the United States. Mr. Stacy continues at the head of the firm, Arthur P. Stacy is vice- WHOLESALE TRADE president; Clinton L. Stacy, who has become a member of the firm since its removal to Minne apolis, secretary, and Elmer E. Merrill, treas urer. Politically Mr. Stacy is a republican, and while in Mitchell, Iowa, was active in the work of his party, and held the office of mayor of the city for four terms. Though he has been less actively identified with political affairs since com ing to this city, he is nevertheless interested in movements for municipal improvement and the public welfare in the fulfilling of his duties as a citizen. Mr. Stacy has for many years been a member of the Congregational denomination and now attends Plymouth Church of this city. He is also a member, among other organizations, of the Jobbers' and Manufacturers' Association and the Produce Exchange, and is president of the Minneapolis branch of the National League of Commission Merchants. Mr. Stacy was mar ried on December 10, 1856, at Gouveneur, New York, to Miss Elizabeth E. Leonard, and they have three sons, Arthur Page, Harlan B. and Clinton L. Mrs. Stacy died on January 8, 1874, and Mr. Stacy was married on October 21, 1880, to Mrs. Amelia (Wood) Kent, at her home in Naperville, Illinois, a native of Vermont and a descendant of Governor Bradford. STILWELL, Eugene Jay, president of the Minneapolis Paper Company, was born in Wash ington county, Wisconsin, June 2 7 , 1849, son of Hiram and Elizabeth S. Stilwell. His father was a contractor, who came to St. Paul in October, 1851, his family following the next year. In his early life Eugene Jay attended the public schools and graduated at the high school. He entered the wholesale paper business in 1 8 7 3 as shipping clerk for the firm of Averill, Russell and Carpen ter of St. Paul and became a member of that concern in April, 1886. During his residence in St. Paul, Mr. Stilwell was a member of the Fire Board of that city and president for one term, re signing in 1 8 9 2 when he removed to Minneapolis. Since he took the management, the Minneapolis Paper Company has developed a very extensive business. Mr. Stilwell is recognized as one of the best equipped men in the paper trade in the northwest. He is a member of the Lafayette and Commercial clubs and in his chuch relations is a Presbyterian. He was married on March 19, 1878, to Kittie M. Goewey and they have one daughter. STEVENSON, Thomas W., was born at At tica, Fountain county, Indiana, October 29, 1853, son of John and Margaret Wilson Stevenson. His father served through the Civil War and was appointed captain of Company G, Thirty-ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteers. He was a lumber dealer of Noblesville, Indiana. Thomas W. went to the common schools and, although a poor boy, he diligently improved every opportunity for bet terment whether in business life or farming. When a young man he went to work for an uncle 445 in Kinikinick Valley near River Falls, Wisconsin, in 1872, and worked at fifteen dollars a month as a farm hand and then was employed by Burhyte Brothers at River Falls as a clerk in their retail store for eight years, going from there to St. Croix Falls where he went into business with his father-in-law, Mr. W. J. Vincent. In 1 8 9 0 he came to Minneapolis and in January of the fol lowing year bought the interest of Mr. Dickinson in the then firm of Patterson & Dickinson, dealers in hats, caps, gloves, etc., at wholesale, at 204 Nicollet avenue. The business grew so rapidly that they had to move into a new building 011 First avenue north and Washington avenue, but increasing trade necessitated another movement to the Harrison building between First and Sec ond avenues north on Third street, where they remained until they moved into their present store, 8 0 x 9 0 and seven stories high, a most com modious structure for their jobbing trade. They employ sixteen traveling men. Mr. Stevenson has been vice president of the Commercial Club dur ing the last two years and a member of the board of directors for several years. He is a member of the Bryn Mawr Golf Club and of the Portland Avenue Historical Club, of which he has also been president. He is a member of the First Presbyterian Church and for some time a mem ber of its board of directors. His wife, who was Miss Cora Vincent, was born in St. Croix Falls, ti THOMAS W. STEVENSON. 3v' - 'WiT^5^ v.>. ^*34i"E*."~Nwj tfjfsW'C*^ T"' '..'.V;•' WHOLESALE TRADE Wisconsin, and t o t h e m have been born eight children—Mrs. C. R. Williams, William C., Maude, Nellie, Jessie, Raymond, Cora and Florence. W Y M A N , Oliver Cromwell, one of the men prominent in the commercial life of Minneapolis since 1874, as the senior member of one of the larger jobbing firms of the city, is a native of Indiana. H i s father came f r o m New York, his birthplace, t o Anderson while the state of In diana was still sparsely settled and was one of t h e men who were active in the early develop m e n t of that section. H e was married t o Miss Prudence Berry, the daughter of another pioneer family, and their son, Oliver was born a t Ander son, Indiana, in January, 1 8 3 7 . H i s mother died a few months after his birth and when seven years old he moved with his maternal grand mother t o the state of Iowa. T h e r e he acquired a common school education but did n o t seek a n advanced training, choosing rather t o commence a business career. Until 1 8 7 4 he was engaged in business a t Marion, Iowa, disposing of his inter ests there a t that time t o come t o Minneapolis, t h e growing importance of which city, a s the commercial center of the Northwest, was then assured. Mr. W y m a n , in partnership with Mr. Mullin, a former business associate, organized the firm of W y m a n & Mullin, and under t h a t name established a wholesale d r y goods house, a n d in this business, Mr. W y m a n has been inter ested since t h a t time, though several changes have been made in the personnel of t h e company. Mr. Mullin continued his connection until 1890, when he withdrew, and George H . Partridge, w h o for a number of years had been in charge of the credit department, was admitted a s a n active member, and Samuel D . Coykendall, a s a special partner of the firm. Mr. W y m a n was made presi dent of t h e organization and Mr. Partridge its secretary, offices which they still fill. T h e growth of the business has been rapid and substantial and the company n o w has in addition t o its splendid building used a s salesrooms and warehouse, artother f o r warehouse purposes, and also operates a large manufacturing plant. T h e house now has a n established trade and sales territory which ex tends f r o m the Great Lakes t o t h e Pacific coast a n d easily ranks a m o n g t h e foremost wholesale d r y goods concerns of this country. Much of this success is due t o the energy and careful planning of Mr. W y m a n . As head of the firm he has dis played business abilities of the highest order. Mr. W y m a n has never been prominently identi fied with politics and has n o t been desirous of holding public office, but in general belief he be longs t o the democratic party. H e is a member of several social organizations, a m o n g them the Minneapolis Commercial Club, the Minneapolis Club, the Minikahda Club, and also holds mem bership in the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts. I n 1 8 5 8 Mr. W y m a n was married t o Miss Char lotte E . Mullin, a t Loudon, Iowa, who died on 447 October 1, 1880. Nine years later, Mr. W y m a n was again married t o Miss Bella M. Ristine of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and he has three children living. P A R T R I D G E , George H e n r y , secretary of W y m a n , Partridge & Company, was born a t Medford, Minnesota, August 2 1 , 1 8 5 6 , the son of George H . and Mary E . (Francis) Partridge. H e was educated in the public schools of Steele county, W i n o n a S t a t e Normal School and t h e University of Minnesota, from which he grad uated in the class of 1 8 7 9 . H e a t once entered the employment of the firm of W y m a n & Mullin, the pioneer d r y goods house of the city. H e takes a n active p a r t in the public affairs of the city, and is an independent in politics. O n D e cember 24, 1881, he was married a t Minneapolis t o Miss Adelaide W y m a n . W I L L I A M S , Louis Hudson, t h e s o n of Joshua and . Martha Rittenhouse Williams was born o n April 2 6 , 1 8 7 4 , in Minneapolis. H i s father, a wholesale and retail hardware dealer, was one of t h e early pioneers w h o settled in St. Anthony, coming t o this city f r o m Newville, Pennsylvania, in 1 8 5 6 , and for forty years was prominently identified with the local hardware trade. I n 1 8 6 1 he entered the s t o r e of C. H . Pettit and in a few years had acquired a partner ship in the business. Mr. P e t t i t withdrew f r o m the company about 1 8 6 5 , when t h e firm became Chalmers & Williams and s o continued until 1 8 8 7 . I n t h a t year Mr. Williams bought out t h e interests of the senior partner and maintained the entire management of the concern till his death in 1 8 9 6 . During almost this entire period this establishment had been located a t 1 0 2 Hennepin avenue, and Mr. Williams gained the distinction of being possibly t h e only m a n in t h e city w h o has done business for m o r e than thirty years in one location. U p o n the death of the father the t w o sons, Louis H . and Charles Rittenhouse Williams (born in this city, J a n u a r y 3 0 , 1 8 7 6 ) with their .mother incorporated under t h e name of t h e Williams H a r d w a r e Company, which has de veloped into one of the permanent and responsible heavy hardware houses of t h e Northwest, and whose business extends f r o m the Great Lakes t o t h e mountains. Both Louis H . and Charles R. Williams attended the public schools of the city and graduated from the local high schools. U p o n completing their education they entered their father's business and prepared themselves by practical experience t o assume the management of t h e firm. Mr. L. H . Williams is a member of the Minneapolis and Lafayette Clubs and attends the First Presbyterian Church. H i s brother is also affiliated with t h e church and is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club. Charles R. Williams was married October 1 2 , 1 9 0 4 , t o Miss Mable Stevenson of this city, daughter of T . W , Stevenson. CHAPTER XXIII. RETAIL BUSINESS R ETAIL trade, always the first to ob tain a foothold in a new community, commenced at the Falls of St. An thony in 1848 when R. P. Russell opened a store in a two-story log building which had been erected by Franklin Steele. Mr. Rus sell thus became the pioneer of. the great retail business which now occupies many streets and reaches a total of transactions amounting" to many millions each year. During .the following year William R. Marshall, afterwards governor of the state, opened the second store at the falls. A R. 1>. KUSSIiLL The first retail dealer at the Falls of St. Anthony little later John G. Lennon, representing P. Choteau & Co., extensive fur dealers, opened the third store; and two years later, Franklin Steele and Col. John H. Stevens, in partnership as Steele & Stev ens, established the fourth store. They were quickly followed by J. P. Wilson and E. and S. W. Case. Every one of these men, except perhaps Mr. Wilson, became very prominent in the affairs of the set tlement, although none of them became a great merchant. Their stores were all of the kind now known as the "general store," in which al most every kind of merchandise was to be found and where barter was as common as cash dealing—in fact, more common in those early days. Not only the settlers in the vicinity found trading convenient; the trappers and Indian traders came in from the west and northwest with furs and pelts obtained from the Indians and exchanged them for goods with which to carry on fur ther transactions with the red men. Even the Indians themselves were frequently to be seen in the pioneer stores. While still conducting his store on the east side Col. Stevens planted his home on the west bank of the river and a village rapidly grew up in the vicinity. There seemed to be an opportunity for trade and in 1 8 5 3 Thomas Chambers and Edwin Hedderly formed a partnership and opened a general store near the ferry. They were the pioneers of retail trade in Minneapolis proper. Soon after Joseph Le Due and A. King began business. Col. Stevens had abounding faith in the future of Minneapolis and early in 1854 had his farm surveyed and platted and gave away lots to those who would start busi ness establishments. The first lot selected RETAIL BUSINESS 449 OCNTIST. FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION RETAIL DISTRICT ON WASHINGTON* AVENUE IN 1869 The first store of G. W. Hale may be seen about the middle of the view. The old part of the Nicollet house is at the extreme right. was at the present corner of Hennepin ave nue and First street, where the Northrup, King & Co. building now stands. On this property Isaac I. Lewis erected a large dwelling and store building and in company with a Mr. Bickford opened "the largest stock of goods outside of Fort Snelling." Then came the first specialty store—a hard ware store opened by E. H. Davie and John Califf. During the same year W. D. Bab bitt opened a stock of goods, Samuel Hid den established the Boston Store, Warren Sampson opened a dry goods store and other lesser establishments were started upon their commercial career. In the same year a book store was established by John M. Anderson, a harness shop by William G. Murphy, a gun shop by John Morrison, and a millinery store by Mrs. A. Morrison. St. Anthony was also making rapid prog ress, and in this same year of 1854 boasted of a list of thirty-one stores. The first bakery in Minneapolis was opened in 1854 by C. C. Berkman. The boot and shoe business dates from 1855, when J. J. Kennedy moved over the river and opened a store. The drug business was pioneered by Savory & Horton in 1855. From this time on business establishments came in rapidly and only those of special importance or significance can be mention ed. Notwithstanding the rapid increase in the number of stores, business methods were very primitive in the two villages for years to come. Barter was not outgrown for a decade or more. The advent of the first dray upon the streets of Minneapolis was a great event in business circles in 1854. Goods had been hauled from the steamboat landing in farm wagons or on sledges, or perhaps in the overland freight ing wagons which were used to a consider able extent before the day of railroads. Buildings were almost invariably rude frame structures of the type seen in the newer country villages at the present time. A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS 450 had been established for about a year and the business has been carried on at the same place without break for fifty-two years. Anton Knoblauch established himself in the shoe trade in the year 1857 a n c ^ the same business is now being conducted by his sons as A. Knoblauch & Sons—an unbroken pe riod of fifty-one years of trade. Another very old business is the retail hardware es tablishment conducted by W. K. Morison & Co. Governer John S. Pillsbury founded this business in 1855. He afterwards became Ill (iEORGE W. HALE & CO.'S STORE, ABOUT 1880. Tn front were wooden sidewalks, and fre quently a wooden awning extended to the sidewalk line. OLD HOUSES ESTABLISHED. However, these early days of crude equip ment and methods saw the 'founding of business institutions which were to last to the present time. The oldest retail house in the city which has continued without es sential change in name or character of busi ness is that of T. K. Gray at no Hennepin avenue. In 1857 Mr. Gray formed a part nership with his brother, John D. Gray, who WILLIAM DONALDSON, I'ioneer TIIE OLD MARKET IIOI'SE. It stood tit the corner of First street and Hennepin avenue. of the larger development business. of Minneapolis' retail a wholesaler and in the seventies sold out his entire interests, which were later sep arated, Janney, Semple, Hill & Co., now conducting the wholesale section of the business and W. K. Morison & Co. the re tail. There has been 110 break in the busi ness, though the name has changed several times. YV. YV. Wales opened a book store in St. Anthony in 1854. RETAIL BUSINESS C. M. Cushman opened in the book and stationery business at 24 South Wash ington avenue in 1857, where he con tinued in the same line for nearly fifty years until his death in 1906. S. M. Williams is the oldest living bookseller in the city. He commenced business in 1863 at 224 Henne pin avenue. In these years a number of men who were to be very prominent in Minneapolis life in the seventies and eighties and—some of 451 Bank, began to sell dry goods in Minneap olis in 1857, and his brother, David C. Bell, was associated with him soon afterwards. Dorilus Morrison, who had been a prom inent lumberman for several years, opened a large store in 1862. John Dunham and H. O. Hamlin, afterwards prominent business men, were among the retail grocers of 1859. FOUNDING THE GREAT STORES. For a long time after the war there was not much advance in the character of the rrrER xicoli.et avenie in tiie retail district. them—to the present time, began their busi ness careers in a small retail way. O. M. Laraway opened a store in 1857. He long ago abandoned retailing and was prominent in real estate and insurance, and as one of the postmasters of the larger Minneapolis. He is still an active Minneapolis business man. Anthony Kelly, later a prominent grocery wholesaler, began business as a re tailer in 1857. George A. Brackett opened business in 1858 at the corner of Second street and Second avenue south. He soon abandoned retail trade for large operations in milling, contracting and real estate. Loren Fletcher became a Minneapolis re tailer in 1860 and Charles M. Loring became his partner in i86r. John E. Bell, long president of the Hennepin County Savings Minneapolis retail stores, although they in creased quite rapidly in numbers. With one exception, none of the great dry goods or department stores of the present day had its origin until about 1880. The excep tion was the firm of G. W. Hale & Co. George W. Hale commenced business on Washington avenue between Nicollet and First avenue south in a little "balloon frame" building in 1867. In 1872 this busi ness was moved to the brick building at the corner of Nicollet and Third street and shortly afterwards consolidated with a busi ness started in 1871 by Jefferson M. Hale at 250 Nicollet avenue. The firm continued at Nicollet and Third until 1884 when the increasing business was moved to the then new Sidle Block at Nicollet and Fifth street 452 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS THE FIRST DEPARTMENT STORE IX MINNEAPOLIS. where it has since remained. In 1908 the business again moved to a new building at Eighth street and Nicollet avenue. Through successive chajiges it became Hale, Thomas & Co., and latterly J. W. Thomas & Co. Goodfellow & Eastman commenced the dry goods business in 1878 on Nicollet be tween Washington and Third street. This business was moved to the Dayton building at Seventh and Nicollet in 1902, and is now the Dayton Dry Goods Company, one of the largest department stores in the city. George D. Dayton is its president and ex ecutive head. Ingram, Olsen & Co., dry goods dealers, started business in 1880. As S. E. Olsen & Co., the concern developed into a large department store now the Powers Mercan tile Company. H. J. Burton entered the clothing business in Minneapolis in the same year and opened a retail department in 1882—the beginning of the Plymouth Clothing House. William Donaldson began business in a small way at 310 Nicollet avenue in 1881. He later took a department in the Glass Block, which had just been erected by Colton & Co. In 1884 he bought out the estab lishment and with his brother, L. S. Don aldson, commenced the business which has since been conducted as William Donaldson & Co. and L. S. Donaldson Company. Dales, Barnes, Morse & Co. opened a dry goods store in 1883 of which the present Minneapolis Dry Goods Company is the outgrowth. The carpet department of this business, however, grew out of the business established in the early sixties by Wake field & Plant. O. J. Griffith, the present manager of the department, entered the em ployment of Wakefield & Plant in 1865, later became interested in the business and the firm of Folds & Griffith was prominent until 1892 when it sold its business to the present company. The Metropolitan Music Company grew out of the business estab lished by W. J. Dyer & Bro. in 1880. John A. Schlener began business as a boy in Minneapolis first working for W. W. Wales and afterwards for C. D. Whitall. He began business for himself in 1884, start ing first at 425 Nicollet avenue and mov ing to 517 Nicollet some years later. J. S. Bradstreet has been identified with the furniture and decorating business since the early seventies. For a time the firm was Phelps & Bradstreet. This later became Bradstreet, Thurber & Co., developing a very extensive business and maintaining one of the most beautiful furniture stores in 453 the country. Some years ago Mr. Bradstreet entered a more exclusive line of work and the Craftshouse of to-day is the result. One of the largest house furnishings es tablishments in the country—the New Eng land Furniture & Carpet Company—was es tablished by W. L. Harris, its president and manager about 1885. The Holtzermanns established their south town business in 1887. -M Svi,,,' ASin.:-, t.... CHANGES IN RETAIL CONDITIONS.. Since the larger houses of to-day were founded, twenty or twenty-five years ago, there have been most radical changes in the appearance of the retail district, in its loca tion and in the buildings occupied. In the early eighties the modern Nicollet avenue— the Nicollet as it is known today— : had not yet developed as a retail street. The prin cipal stores were on lower Nicollet, lower Hennepin and Washington avenues. A three-story brick store was an exception; frame buildings of one and two stories pre vailed. One of the best buildings in town was the three-story brick at Nicollet and Third street occupied by G. W. Hale & Company. Hale & Company were almost on the borders of retail trade on Nicollet. There were a few scattered establishments between Third and Fifth streets, but above the latter street were residences. The move up Nicollet avenue was grad ual. Wm. Donaldson showed his enterprise by establishing himself at Sixth street and the famous old Sea's department store was built at Ninth street and a free bus was run from "the center of the city" to take lady shoppers out to the new retail mart. The building of the Syndicate block in 1882-3 gave the upward movement an impetus which settled the question of the retail trade center for years following. Modern store buildings, new fronts and show win dows, and modern equipment within, have kept pace with the development of retail trade until Nicollet avenue became known as one of the finest retail streets in the country. ATKINSON, Elmer E., of E. E. Atkinson & Co., was born in Waterloo, Iowa, March 28, 1867. His father was Dr. Thomas Atkinson and his ELMER E. ATKINSON. 8WEET . photo mother, Anna M. Atkinson, both being born in Belmont county, Ohio, of families of standing and position, his maternal grandfather, Isaac Holloway, having been the largest land owner in that district, and a prominent and influential man in public and political affairs, as well as in his business relations, who represented his dis trict for several successive terms in the state legislature, and was actively identified with a number of prominent legislative movements. Mr. Atkinson's paternal grandfather was also one of the wealthy and esteemed citizens of Belmont county—facts, however, to which little thought is given by Mr. Atkinson who believes emphatic ally in the merits and achievements of the in dividual and little in the glories of ancestry. As a boy he attended school, mostly in the public schools of DeWitt, Iowa, and found his earlier business training in the large department stores of Chicago. His last place of employment there and the place in which he secured his specialty store training, was the Parisian Suit Company of Chicago. From this position Mr. Atkinson went to Anthony, Kansas, and went into the general 454 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS d r y goods business for himself. T h i s was in 1887 when he was but twenty years of age. H e man aged this establishment about t w o years, then disposed of his business there t o take charge of the departments devoted t o women's apparel in one of the largest department stores of Cleveland, Ohio. T e n years a g o h e came t o Minneapolis and has remained here ever since, with the ex ception of one year spent in San Francisco. Not liking the coast climate he returned t o Minneap olis and has been successful in building up a large women's and children's outfitting establishment, handling the various articles of women's ready t o wear apparel. T h e business now occupies the large corner s t o r e a t 7 0 1 , 7 0 3 and 7 0 5 Nicollet avenue. Mr. Atkinson is a member of the Min neapolis Commercial Club, of the Retail Mer chants Association and is president of the Retail Cloak Buyers Association of Minneapolis. H e was married, September 2 6 , 1 8 8 8 , t o Miss Minnie F . Morey, of Clinton, Iowa. C H U T E , David McBride, president of the Cedar Lake Ice Company of Minneapolis, was born on December 1 0 , 1 8 5 9 , a t Lafayette, Indiana. H i s father, J a m e s T . Chute, was engaged in the grain business a t Lafayette. T h e son attended t h e common schools a t Lafayette, and afterwards attended Purdue University. Almost his entire business career has been spent in t h e ice busi ness. H e came to Minneapolis shortly after leavEDML'XL) A. BRUSII. ing college, and soon became connected with the Cedar Lake Ice Company. H i s experience of twenty-four years in t h e ice business has well fitted him for the conduct of the largest concern of its class in the Northwest. Mr. Chute is a republican in politics, but never a politician o r active political worker, although h e has taken a practical interest in public affairs and good government. H e has been prominent in the so cial and club life of the city, a n ex-president and prominent member of t h e Minneapolis Club, and is a member of the Commercial Club, the Minikahda Club and all the town a n d country clubs about Minneapolis. Mr. Chute has never married. JAMES A. BRUSH. T H E B R U S H S T U D I O S were established by the late J a m e s A. Brush in 1876 a t 223 Nicollet avenue, later moving t o the present site of the Glass Block and t o Hennepin avenue a n d Sixth street. T h e present studio, located a t 33 and 35 South Sixth street, was opened in 1896. Mr. i: rush was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1847. H e early developed marked talent for photog raphy, a n d he entered business f o r himself a t the age of eighteen. During his l o n g career of over forty years a s a photographer, Mr. Brush became a leader in the profession and was recognized a s one of the g r e a t photographers of the country, a man of high artistic ability, progressive in his ideas and with a very broad conception of the photographic art. H i s work reached such a de- RETAIL BUSINESS gre'c of excellence" that it found but few com petitors in the exhibitions of the photographers' associations, and for years Mr. Brush had only to exhibit to secure the highest award. Mr. Brush was married to Miss Alice L. Sprague of Detroit, Michigan. He died in Minneapolis in May of 1906, and was succeeded by his son Edmund A. Brush, who was born in Detroit in April, 1866, receiving his education in Minneapolis where he came with his parents when ten years old. After leaving school, Mr. Brush studied under his fath er and in Eastern studios at Chicago and New York, and with such tutelage and inherited talent, early reached an advanced position in the photo graphic art, .and he has the distinction of having the leading photographic studio in the Northwest. Mr. Brush is a republican in political faith, a member of the Commercial Club, and a Scottish Rite Mason and Shriner. He was married in November, 1903, to Miss Mary B. Sheldon. CUSHMAN, Charles Metcalf, for fifty years a business man of Minneapolis, was born July 6, 1 8 2 9 , at Attleborough, Massachusetts and died at Minneapolis, April 2 6 , 1 9 0 6 . Through his father, Bartholomew Cushman, he was a direct descend ant (the ninth generation) from Robert Cushman, agent for the Plymouth colony, and throughout his life the spirit and traditions of his ancestry }• SWEET, PHOTO '•*. C H A H I . E S M. C U S H M A N . 455 may be said to have been dominant. Mr. Cushman's father was a farmer and his early life was spent on the farm, the work in the fields being var ied by attending the common schools during the winter months—the common experience of many New England boys of his time. As he advanced to wards manhood he attended Pembroke Academy, New Hampshire, and later studied at Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachusetts. After leav ing that institution he taught school for several years in his native town. The attraction of the west which brought so many young men from New England during the fifties led Mr. Cushman to come to Minneapolis in May, 1 8 5 7 , and in the following year he established himself in the book and stationery business at 2 4 South Washington avenue, where he continued without interruption for nearly half a century. After a time the firm became Cushman & Plummer and remained under that name until its dissolution upon the death of its founder. This uninterrupted course of fortyeight years made Mr. Cushman one of the very oldest retail merchants of the city. Soon after coming to Minneapolis Mr. Cushman became a member of Plymouth Congregational Church and during his long connection with the church held every office in the gift of the church includ ing the work of clerk, treasurer, Sunday School superintendent, leader of the choir and deacon. For fifteen years in the early days he sang in the church choir and for over thirty years he filled the office of deacon. During all his life he was a liberal contributor to worthy objects in both his city and the church. ^During his whole mature life he was a member of the republican party though never known as an active and prominent public man. In disposition he was modest and retiring and his sterling integrity was recognized by business, church and social acquaintances during all of his long life in the city. On November 2 5 , 1 8 5 9 , he was married to Miss Emeline S. Clark and they had.four children, Isabel H., Elizabeth M., Mary D., and Ellen M. The eldest and youngest died in early childhood. His wife and two daughters, Elizabeth C. (Mrs. Benjamin H; Woodworth) and Mary D. Cushman survive him. • DAYTON, George. D., was "born at Clifton Springs, New York, on March 6 , 1 8 5 7 . His father was- a physidan there, but the place was too quiet for George D., and, when sixteen years old, he began to look about- for a more inviting locality for the exercise of his expanding powers. Thus it was that in 1 8 8 3 he found himself in Min nesota taking large views of the great future of that sturdily developing state.. At Worthington he organized the Minnesota Loan and Investment Company and the State Bfink of Worthington, both of which proved to be profitable invest ments. In 1 8 9 2 he began to purchase realty in Minneapolis-and has owned more Nicollet Avenue frontage than any one man. He built the Pills- 456 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS bury Building in 1893, and the present Dayton Building in 1901 and 1902, and has set a com mendable example of improving realty to the best advantage. Mr. Dayton served twelve years on the Board of Education, at Worthington, Min nesota, but has kept aloof from public office seek ing and prefers recognition as one of the builders of the city of his choice. He is a loyal Presby terian. is married and has four children, the eld est son, D. D. Dayton, being treasurer and gen eral manager of the Dayton Dry Goods Company. Mr. Dayton is an enthusiast 011 the subject of investments in realty and improvements in Min neapolis. He has been so successful that he has reason to reiterate the advice he gave the Min neapolis Real Estate Board recently: "Buy real estate yourselves and improve it." DORSETT, Charles William, twice nominee for governor of Minnesota upon the prohibition ticket, and active worker at present upon the central executive committee of the Minnesota branch of the party—also one of the leading caterers of Minneapolis—was born at Sinclairville, Chautauqua county, New York, September 28, 1850. Mr. Dorsett's family ancestry is a notable one. His father, Daniel Brewster Dorsett, was a descendant of the French settlers of Arcadia, and the name was probably originally spelled Dorsette. His mother, Harriet Fox Preston, dates her fam- 6WEET, PHOTO CHARLES W. DORSETT. ily name, 011 the paternal side, back to an Eng lish earldom of ante-Cromwellian days. On the maternal side the Fox blood came in bringing in the Fox who wrote the "Book of Martyrs." The personal record of both Mr. and Mrs. Dorsett is full of interest. Mr. Dorsett spent his early life at Sinclairville going to Randolph, New York, for preparation for his university course at Michi gan. At Randolph, he met Martha Angle, whom he married in 1876, both of them having graduated the year before from Michigan University and at tended the same law school at Des Moines, Iowa, in 1875-76. Secretary Shaw was a member of the same class at the Des Moines school. Mr. and Mrs. Dorsett received their diplomas to gether and later were admitted to practice law in Iowa at the same time. Immediately after their marriage, they came to Minneapolis where, upon application for their joint admission to the bar, Mrs. Dorsett was refused, as the state law at that time, prohibited women from the practice of law. Through the efforts of Mr. and Mrs. Dorsett, a bill was soon after passed changing this statute and Mrs. Dorsett was the first woman admitted under the change to the Minnesota bar. Circumstances, however, prevented both husband and wife from the practice of law, and finally threw them into the catering business. Both of them have been and are still active, as promoters of several reforms—chiefly of women suffrage and temperance. The family is Swedenborgian. The two daughters, who are married, are identified with the business. Mr. and Mrs. Dorsett have adopted three children—two boys and a girl. Mr. Dorsett carries his doctrine of women suffrage into personal practice by always associating the record of his life work with that of Mrs. Dorsett. Mrs. Dorsett is a Christian Scientist in religion. GRAY, Thomas Kennedy, the oldest living re tail merchant of Minneapolis and the oldest drug dealer in the state, was born in 1833 and is of Scotch descent. The family was originally lo cated at Andover, Massachusetts, and from that town moved to Jefferson, Lincoln county, Maine, at which place Peter T. Gray, father of Thomas Kennedy, was residing at the time of his son's birth. The mother of Mr. Gray was Elizabeth Kennedy Gray. His father practiced medicine at Jefferson, but when Thomas K. was four years of age his father died, and in 1842 Mrs. Gray moved with her family to Waldoboro, Maine. There the son attended the public schools. Hav ing completed his elementary training, he passed three years in the Wiscassett Academy, at the same time developing a taste for the knowledge and handling of medicines and drugs by a study of the "medical bo'oks left in his father's library. For three years he clerked in a dry goods store at Waldoboro, obtaining his first business ex perience. When twenty years of age he moved to Toledo, Ohio, and again took a position in a retail establishment, remaining there for eigh- RETAIL BUSINESS 457 business, continued prosperity being the reward of continued and energetic industry. For the past fifteen years his oldest son, Horace, has been associated with his father in the manage ment of the business. In 1865 Mr. Gray was married to Miss Julia Allen, daughter of Rev. L. B. Allen, at one time pastor of the First Bap tist Church. They have had five children—three sons, Horace A... Burton N. and Edward L., and two daughters, Grace Elizabeth and Marguerite. All are living except Edward, who was the vic tim of an accident and died from the injuries received while still a young man. The family has always resided at Oak Grove and Spruce streets, where Mr. Gray purchased a tract of land about the time he entered the drug business and erected a residence, which has since been enlarged and modernized. SWEET, PHOTO Til O.MAS K. OKAY. teen months, coming with his two brothers, in October, 1855, to Minneapolis. Oliver C. Gray remained in the city but one winter and then moved to the South. John D. Gray entered the drug business with Dr. M. R. Greeley, while Mr. T. K. Gray found employment as a clerk with D. W. Ingersoll of St. Paul. One and one-half years later he purchased Dr. Greeley's interest in the drug business, and the firm of Gray Bros, was formed. This association was continued for many years, the company doing a large busi ness in drugs, medicines, paints and oils, and have always engaged in the wholesale drug trade in a small way. In 1871 John D. Gray retired from the firm and moved to the Pacific Coast. Mr. Thomas Gray became the sole owner and manager of the business, and since that time has operated it independently, devoting his en tire attention to the management of the establish ment. Mr. Gray's headquarters and store have been located since the foundation of the business on Hennepin avenue, opposite the old City Hall. In 1864 the whole block of buildings was burned out, but after rebuilding with brick, the business was continued in the same place, so that Mr. Gray has the distinction of being engaged for half a century in the same location. The suc cess which has attended his efforts has been in a great measure due to the close attention Mr. Gray has given the routine and details of his GRIFFITH, Oscar J., of the Minneapolis Dry Goods Company, has the record of the longest continuous term of selling goods on Nicollet avenue of any business man in the city. Mr. Griffith was born in Washington county, Penn sylvania, the son of Eli R. Griffith, a merchant. His ancestors came over in 1692 with William Penn and on both sides the family have been Quakers as far back as the line can be traced. Mr. Griffith's early life was spent on a farm in Pennsylvania and after attending the common school of the district he became a teacher in the same school. He desired to come west and on the completion of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, came as far as Marshalltown, Iowa, where he spent a year. ; He then returned to Pennsylvania but in the summer of 1865, imme diately after his marriage, came to Minneapolis. Mrs. Griffith was Miss Mary Elma Pettit of Mt. Pleasant, Ohio, and is the Snly sister of Hon. C. H. Pettit who had been living in Minneapolis for about ten years. Upon reaching Minneapolis, Mr. Griffith entered the employ of Wakefield & Plant. The firm occupied the original section of the Center block, Nos. 206 Nicollet and 207 Hen nepin avenues on its completion on October 12, 1865, then the center of the retail district. At first the firm handled dry goods, -carpets and other merchandise, but later, about 1868, the dry goods department was disposed of and the estab lishment became the first exclusive carpet store in Minneapolis. Soon after this Mr. Wakefield sold out his interest and the business was con tinued under the name of Henry Plant, but man aged by Mr. Griffith. Later Mr. W. B. Folds purchased an interest and with Mr. Griffith es tablished the firm of Folds & Griffith which for a number of years was the largest carpet concern in the Northwest. On the completion of the one of the large stores of that building, Nos. 505 and 507 Nicollet avenue, maintaining the fin est carpet store in the northwest—one of the features of the retail business of the city. They had only occupied these quarters for a few months when fire destroyed the entire section of 458 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the building as well as the adjoining section oc cupied by Drennan, Starr & Everett. The burned sections were soon replaced, however, and the firm continued in this location until 1892 when it sold out to the Minneapolis Dry Goods Com pany with which Mr. Griffith continued as man ager of the carpet department. Mr. Griffith has thus been continuously in business on Nicollet avenue for mbre than forty-three years. During his life in the city he has taken an active part in its affairs. He was president of the Homeo pathic Hospital Association and served in the same capacity for the Associated'Charities, and for years was a director and active worker in the Young Men's Christian Association. For some years after coming to'Minneapolis Mr. Griffith was a member of the Friends church but in 1878 united with Plymouth Congregational Church, which, with his family, he has since attended and in which he has served in various official ca pacities, including that of deacon. Mr. and Mrs. Griffith have three living daughters, the Misses Hannah M., Edith and Helen. HARRIS, William Lane, was born in Boston, in March, 1854. He is the son of William G. Harris, a well to do merchant of Boston, and Julia A. (Lane) Harris. His family on both sides were early settlers in the Colonies and were prominently connected with Colonial affairs and the events of the Revolutionary War. W. L. Harris was raised in Boston and there received his education in the public schools. He left school at fourteen, .however, and for four years was employed under his father, a successful Boston merchant, and it was during this period that the foundation of his own business success was laid. In 1872 he started a retail dry goods business in his own name and seven years later entered the carpet business. When he was thirtytwo years old, he came to Minneapolis and or ganized the New England Furniture & Carpet Company, which has since developed into one of the largest house-furnishing establishments in the country, of which company he is president. Mr. Harris is a member of the Citizens' staff of the John A. Rawlins Post of the G. A. R. He is a republican in politics and in 1900 was a mem ber of the Charter Commission. For two years he was president of the Minneapolis Retailers' Association and has always been actively inter ested in promoting any measure of municipal im provement or reform that promised to be of value to the city. He belongs to the Minneap olis and Commercial clubs and various other or ganizations about town. Mr. Harris is a Universalist and attends the Church of the Redeemer. He was married in 1882 to Miss Elizabeth E. Daniels of Boston, and they have three children, one daughter and two sons, one of whom is a graduate of Yale University. HOLTZERMANN, Louis J., was born Sep tember 18, 1866, at Piqua, Ohio. His father, Christopher August Holtzermann, whose fore bears were all officers in the German army, was a merchant at Piqua. Louis J. spent his early life in Piqua where he attended school and took courses in the higher education at Piqua and at Indianapolis. In 1885 Louis J., and Jacob D. Holt zermann, his brother, who was born at Piqua in 1871, came to Minneapolis and in 1887 they started the present dry goods business on Cedar Avenue, now under the firm name Holtzermann's Chicago Store Company. The firm has built up a large and flourishing business and have won respect and ap preciation in the business world and in the com munity at large. J. D. is a director on the Board of Corrections and Charities and is a director of the Humane Society and a member of the direc tory of South Side State Bank. The church af filiations of the Holtzermanns are with the Evangelical Lutheran Church. SWEET, PHOTO OSCAR J. GRIFFITH. LUGSDIN, George H., son of William and Elizabeth Emery Lugsdin, was born at Toronto, Canada, on August 2, 1862. His father was of English descent and came from England to Canada in 1840 and located in Toronto. George H. Lugsdin spent his early years in the city where he was born and there began his edu cation in the public schools. While still a boy he found employment in the fur business with which he has since been connected. Having ac quired a thorough knowledge of the fur trade 459 RETAIL BUSINESS and expecting to establish a business of his own he determined to move to Minneapolis where he saw a good opening for his line and came here from Toronto in 1891. Five years later he estab lished a fur house in connection with Charles H. Lloyd, under the firm name of G. H. Lugsdin & Company, and has conducted this establishment since that time. Mr. Lugsdin is one of the prom inent retail business men of the city at the pres ent time and is a member of various com mercial and fraternal organizations among which are the Commercial club, the Masonic order, the Knights of Pythias. He is an Episcopalian in his religious beliefs and attends that church. PENCE, Harry E., president and general manager of the Pence Automobile Company, was born on October 7, 1867, in the state of Ohio, at the town of Springboro. His father, Charles N. Pence, was a farmer in the vicinity of Springboro, and his son spent his early life on the farm and began his education in the public schools. He remained in Ohio until eighteen years of age, when he went to New York state, and entered the Eastman Business College at Poughkeepsie, taking a course to prepare him self for a commercial life. Then for five years Mr. Pence spent his whole time in travel and in the course of his tours visited almost every part of the world, thus gaining a practical knowledge of the different countries such as few possess. Upon his return to this country Mr. Pence en gaged in business, and after a few years came to Minneapolis and has since made this city his home. He has been connected with several busi ness enterprises here—for a time traded in real estate, for two years was a member of the Cham ber of Commerce and dealt extensively in grains, and during the last five years has been in the automobile business. In 1902 Mr. Pence established the Pence Automobile Company of which he has been from the beginning president and general manager. This company has the local and northwestern agencies for several of the large automobile manufacturing plants, and does a general business in the sale, furnishing and repairing of automobiles. They also handle gas engines. Mr. Pence is a member of the Minneapolis Automobile Club, and is a trustee of that organization. On February 9, 1898, he was married to Miss Dorothy Draper and they have one child, a daughter. POWERS, Fred M., was born July 28, 1863, at Excelsior, Hennepin county, Minnesota. His father, George M. Powers, was a farmer. The family 011 the mother's side came from England with the people who, in 1620, landed first at Cape Cod and then at Plymouth, and signed the Com pact of the "Mayflower" and sowed the seeds of a great nation and a great system of government. On the father's side the forebears came over with Winthrop and his sturdy colonists and founded the Boston colony, which was to be developed 8WEET, PHOTO HARRY E. PENCE. into a state and an independent government. Mr. Powers passed his early life in Excelsior, where he attended the common schools, and received his academic training in Minneapolis. He is the pro prietor of the flour, feed and fuel firm of Powers Brothers, and an active business man. He rep resented the Eighth Ward in the Council for six years, and he made a creditable race for the shrievalty nomination at the primaries of 1906. Mr. Powers is a republican in politics. He was married in 1887 to Mamie A. Kinne and to them have been born three children. SCHLENER, John Albert, a resident of Min neapolis since his childhood, and one of its pro gressive and public minded citizens, is of Ger man parentage. His parents came to the town of St. Anthony in 1857 and his father John A. Schlener, soon after opened a bakery under his own management and before his death in 1872 built up a successful business. The mother of Mr. Schlener, Bertha Sproesser,.is still living and resides in the city with her son. John Albert was born on February 24, 1856, in Philadelphia, Pa., where his parents were at that time living. His boyhood was passed in Minneapolis and he acquired his education here, attending private and public schools. He later entered a local business college and completed a practical course in that institution, leaving school when only 460 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS twelve years of age to find employment. At that time a suspension bridge joined the two sides of the river where the steel arch structure now crosses, and this was a toll thoroughfare. As as sistant to the toll-keeper Mr. Schlener performed his first business duties; helping collect the tolls and keeping accounts, and continuing to hold that position about four years. In 1872 he entered the employ of the book and stationery firm of Wistar, Wales & Company. The company was reorgan ized several times, but Mr. Schlener continued his association with it until he was finally admitted to a partnership under the name of Bean, Wales & Company. Mr. Wales later disposed of his interests and the management of the establish ment was taken up by Kirkbride & Whitall. In 1884 Mr. Schlener severed his relation with the company and entered the stationery business in his own interests as John A. Schlener & Com pany. The firm continued under that name for years only recently becoming the John A. Schlener Stationery Company, and has been very successful, carrying on at the present time what is probably the most extensive stationery busi ness of its kind in the two cities. Mr. Schlener has always been the head of the management and to his business ability and energy is due its rapid and substantial progress. Mr. Schlener has been BRUSH, PHOTO JOHN A. SCnLENER. *Mr. Schlener died on November 5, 1908. an active member of the National Association of Stationers and Manufacturers of the United States and has served as president of the organi zation. For many years Mr. Schlener has been actively interested in the work of the republican party and has been its candidate for office at various times. In 1896 he was elected a member of the board of education and has served since that time and for a number of years was president of the board. While on the board he served as chairman of the committee on teachers and on the finance and building committees. In the campaign of 1900 he was a candidate for nomina tion for mayor on the republican ticket, but was defeated at the primaries. He is a high degree Mason and has held many offices in that order, including those of treasurer of the Masonic Tem ple association, of the Masonic Library associa tion and of Zurah Temple. He is also a member of the Commercial Club and has served on the educational and retail trade committees of the organization; is a member of other clubs, and on numerous occasions has been connected with movements tending toward civic betterment or advancement. Mr. Schlener was married in March, 1892, to Miss Grace Holbrook of Lockport, N. Y. The family attends Plymouth Con gregational Church.* VOEGELI, Thomas, head of the Voegeli Brothers Drug Company of Minneapolis, was born at New Glarus, Wisconsin, September 24, 1856. His father, Tobias Voegeli, who is a native of Swit zerland, came to the United States in 1852, and settled at New Glarus, Wisconsin, removing after ward to Fountain City, Wisconsin. He has re tired from business and lives in Minneapolis. The subject of this sketch received his educational training in Wisconsin, graduating at the Plattville Normal School and at the Felton & Spencer Business College, Cleveland, Ohio. He taught school at Fountain City, Wisconsin, for twelve years and was principal of the high school there for five years. He engaged in the drug business in La Moure, North Dakota, for five years, coming to Minneapolis in 1887 on November 1. Mr. Voe geli and his brother purchased at that time a small drug store on the corner of Washington and Hen nepin avenues, where during the first year they did a business of less than $10,000. In 1892 they enlarged the store to three times the size of the original store and in the following year the busi ness increased to $45,000. In a few years exten sions and improvements increased the business to $70,000. Development of the business necessitated many other improvements and storage rooms for the accumulating stock, and the firm extended its operations judiciously to other parts of the city, until now it requires four stores to do its large wholesale and retail business. These establish ments include the original store at Washington and Hennepin avenues, and others at Nicollet and Seventh, Fourth avenues south and Twentysecond street and at Twentieth avenue north RETAIL BUSINESS 461 and Lyndale. At present the business total is running close to a quarter of a million dollars, and shows what good methods can accomplish in Minneapolis in twenty years. Mr. Voegeli is a republican in politics, and prominent in the coun cils of his party and active in the promotion of all real public interests. He is a member of the Masonic order, Chapter, Commandery, a thirtysecond degree Mason, a Shriner, a member of the Elks, and a member of the Commercial Club. Mr. Voegeli has been twice married, and has one daughter by the first marriage, now Mrs. George Riebeth, of Minneapolis, and one child by the sec ond marriage, Margaret Irene. WHITE, Charles Day, senior member of the jewelry firm of White & MacNaught, was born in Minnesota, at Lake Addie, now Brownton, on December 25, 1858. The family is an old one in the state. W. J. White and his wife, the parents of Charles D., came from Philadelphia to Minne sota in September, 1856, and were among the pioneer settlers who passed through the years of Indian trouble which retarded the early growth of the state. Charles D. passed the early years of his life in Glencoe, Minnesota, and, attending the public schools, acquired the usual education. He preferred a commercial to a professional career, however, so did not take up college or profes sional studies, but entered immediately upon business life, and most of his training he has obtained from the experiences of every-day busi ness life. During almost his entire life he has been associated with the jewelry trade. When fifteen years of age, in 1875, he came to Minne apolis from Glencoe and secured a position with the firm of Eustis Bros., and remained in that connection for about twenty-three years, finally severing his relations to associate himself with S. Jacobs & Co. of this city. He remained there until June 1, 1899, when he engaged in the jewelry business on his own account as C. D. White & Co. The establishment was maintained under this name for. three years, but in June, 1902, Mr. White reorganized the firm, admitting John MacNaught to an active partnership. The firm name was changed to White & McNaught, and as SWEET, PHOTO CHARLES D. WHITE. such the company is still known. Under the management of Mr. White a well-organized and extensive business has been established. In 1908 the firm moved to the store at 506 Nicollet avenue in the Andrus building, formerly occupied by John W. Thomas & Co., and now have one of the finest jewelry stores in the northwest. They employ six teen people. Mr. White is well known among his business associates and is affiliated with several local organizations for the promotion of commercial and municipal improvement, among them the Roosevelt Club, and the Minneapolis Commercial Club, of which he has been a member since 1899. He is not married. CHAPTER XXIV. TRANSPORTATION. T HE earliest means of transportation in the northwest was the canoe of the Frenchman who came to ex plore the land and incidentally to traffic with the natives, purchasing, for a few beads or trinkets, furs and pelts which had immense value in the European markets. As this trade increased the bateau was brought into use and with the further progress of inva sion of the wilderness the keelboat made its appearance. This was a craft somewhat re sembling a small canal boat and was. pro pelled by means of poles. It was on such boats that the first detachment of the army traveled to the site of Fort Snelling in 1819. But the establishment of a military post meant protection to settlers and for settlers there must be adequate transportation. It was on May 10, 1823 that the first note of modern transportation was sounded, per haps heard on that day by wild Indians en camped at the Falls of St. Anthony. It was the unmusical whistle of the little steamer Virginia, arriving at Fort Snelling and sounding loud and long, which proclaimed that the days of the canoe were past and steam transportation had made its advent in the northwest. The Virginia was but an insignificant steamer, but she was the fore runner of a great fleet of river steamers— few, and scattered at long intervals, at first, but gradually increasing in numbers until in one year the arrivals at St. Paul num bered 1,090. What might be called the "steamboat period" of Minnesota transpor tation lasted for about fifty years. During the first half of this period the traffic was comparatively light. This was for two rea sons : first, the country was as yet very little developed and no considerable return business originated at St. Paul, Mendota or St. Anthony.; second, there was no organi zation. But in 1847 the first of the old time steamboat companies was organized and river traffic was put upon a business basis. Trips were made w r ith regularity - and rates were fairly well established. Competing lines were organized. Settlers were pour ing into the west; and traffic became plenti ful when it had a regular and assured route. Fortunes were made in a business which was so profitable that a steamer costing $20,000 cleared $44,000 in a season. But while communication with the south and east was opened by steamboat very early in the period of settlement there was no adequate means of transportation north and west of the young Minneapolis. For lighter traffic dogs were used in the early days. A well-equipped dog train would make the journey from the Falls of St. An thony to Pembina and Fort Garry in a remarkably short time but could carry little more than the mails. A team coming through from Pembina in 1852 in sixteen days was thought to have made excellent time. The principal objective point was the Red river, at the place where Fargo now stands. From there extended continuous water navigation to many points in the northwest territories. The problem was, how r to bring the furs, which reached the incipient Fargo by canoe, overland to the Mississippi at St. Anthony and St. Paul. The problem was solved by the use of the famous "Red river cart," said to have been invented in 1800 by Alexander Henry of the Northwest Company. It was made all of wood of the roughest construction, with wooden wheels and axles which squeaked and shrieked as the slow oxen hauled the cart along. It is said that a train of these carts could be heard miles away. Con ducted by drivers wild in garb and appear- TRANSPORTATION ance, these Red river cart trains were ex ceedingly picturesque. -But they soon proved too slow for the energetic people of the northwest. Organization again stepped in and from the first wagon freighting, which was done about 1849, there developed a regular system of stage lines and over land freight wagons extending from St. Paul and St. Anthony to the Red river, to Duluth and south through Minnesota and Iowa to Dubuque. At the height of this staging and freighting business the firm of Burbank, Blakely & Merriam operated routes covering one thousand three hundred miles and employed over two hundred men and seven hundred horses. It was in con nection with this business that J. C. Burbank established the first express service in the northwest—the forerunner of the gigan tic express business of the present day. STEAMBOAT TRANSPORTATION. Attempts were made to establish steam boat transportation on the Mississippi river above the Falls of St. Anthony, and for a while these prospered. Captain John Rol lins built and launched the Governor Ram sey in 1851 and ran her with success be tween Minneapolis and Sauk Rapids. Later other boats were put in this trade and did a profitable business until the war when the government purchased all the boats, partly dismantled them, hauled them around the falls on rollers and launching them again below, sent them south for military service in the lesser southern waters. After the war the railroads paralleled the upper river 463 and no further attempts at navigation were made. All through the fifties the people at Min neapolis were constantly making endeavors to secure regular steamboat connections with the lower river. Most of the steamers stopped at St. Paul, owing to the difficul ties attending navigation above Fort Snelling. Occasionally boats would come up to Minneapolis for a while and then would re sume the custom of discharging all their freight at St. Paul with the consequent heavy expense of the overland haul by wagon to Minneapolis. There was much excitement at the Falls on May 31, 1852, when the Dr. Franklin, No. 2 came up almost to Hennepin Island, demonstrating the possibility of navigation. All attempts to secure regular boat traffic were combatted then as now by the people of St. Paul. At last in 1854 the citizens o£ Minneapolis and St. Anthony organized a stock company with $30,000 capital, and subsequently put a boat called the Falls City regularly in the Minneapolis and lower river trade. Capt. J. C. Reno, an Ohio river steamboatman came to Minneapolis in 1856 and in 1857 became interested in the devel opment of river traffic here and through his exertions four boats were put regularly in the trade. -During 1857 there were fiftytwo arrivals of steamboats at Minneapolis and 10,000 tons of freight were discharged here on the landings below the present Washington avenue bridge. But the panic of that year soon crippled the business and there were few steamboats FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION DOG TRAIN—ONE OF THE EARLIEST MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION IN THE NORTHWEST 464 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS. here in 1858. The depression continued un til the war broke out and while there were occasional arrivals of steamers during the later sixties the general interest in railroads drew attention from the river traffic which was gradually abandoned for the time being. T H E FIRST RAILROAD. Up to the middle sixties the Mississippi river continued to be the only outlet for the northwest. The earlier railroads only the state through bond issues in the later fifties. The project failed and the people in their exasperation and disappointment repu diated the bonds. This, with the shadow of impending war, effectually stopped rail road construction. However, the need re mained as prominently in the eyes of the people of the northwest as before, and dur ing the war the franchises granted in 1857, and which had fallen in by default, were let -vr---v C > * 'r, - ; •• •; . FROM THE SWtET COLLECTION RED RIVER CARTS—USED JUST BEFORE THE RAILROADS CAME IN. reached the river—a fact which gave to towns like Galena, Rock Island and Prairie du Chien a very great importance. During the days just before the war there was con stant talk of railroad building and the spirit of the times was felt in Minnesota, and the people believed that they must have rail roads at almost any cost. The intensity of the desire for transportation led to a great blunder—one which set back the railroad development of the northwest for years. Certain ill-advised projects for railroad building were unwisely given the credit of to new corporations and building was re commenced in a tentative way. The ten miles of road between Minneapolis and St. Paul were built in 1862 by the St. Paul & Pacific, but so slow was further progress that Anoka was only reached in 1864, and Sauk Rapids in 1867. During the latter year the Breckinbridge division was com menced, but made equally slow progress. However, the St. Paul & Pacific reached the Red river valley in 1870, and became the first feeder for the young metropolis at the Falls of St. Anthony. TRANSPORTATION Meanwhile, other projects had been start ed after the close of the war. The forerun ner of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway was the Minnesota Central, which commenced to built south to Faribault and Austin in 1863. This line was opened to Faribault in 1865. In 1867 it reached Aus tin, and was transferred to the Milwaukee & St. Paul, which built westward through Dubuque. For several years this was the only route to Chicago, but in 1872 the 465 of several small roads which were consoli dated during the next ten or fifteen years. While these roads were being built to ward the south, the Lake Superior & Mis sissippi railroad, afterwards the St. Paul & Duluth, was being slowly constructed, and about the time it was opened to Duluth, in 1870, an old charter for the Minnesota Western railway was revived, the name changed to the Minneapolis & St. Louis, and construction commenced towards Al- . - mmm PROM THE 8WEET COLLECTION STEAMER "MINNEAPOLIS" AT THE MINNEAPOLIS LANDING. Milwaukee opened its River division and thereafter operated Chicago trains via La Crosse. In June, 1864, the first work was done on the grade of the Minnesota Valley—the line which afterwards became a part of the Chi cago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha, or the Northwestern line, as it is better known. The Minnesota Valley was authorized to build to Sioux City, but it did not reach that point until 1872. The present Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha is made up bert Lea. Thus was the skeleton of the railroad map of the northwest sketched out during the first decade after the war. All this time, and in fact long before, there were men looking forward to the building of a railroad to the Pacific ocean. Thirty years before the war a transconti nental railroad had been seriously proposed and had received government sanction as far as the consideration of plans and routes was concerned. The northern route was believed to be the best and in 1853 Major 466 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Isaac I. Stevens, of the United States Army, was directed to explore a route for a Pacific railroad from the Falls' of St. Anthony to the Puget Sound country. Major Stevens outfitted here and left Minneapolis on June 6, 1853, with a large party and ample equip ment and with Pierre Bottineau, the veteran frontiersman, as guide. It is a matter of common knowledge that the northern route to the Pacific was found to be the best of all proposed, but the exigencies of the wai led to the adoption of the central route as that likely to most speedily reach the center of Pacific coast population in California. However, the Northern Pacific railroad se cured its charter two years after, the Union and Central Pacifics—in 1864—and con struction was actually begun west of Duluth in 1870. In the previous year Gov. J. Gregory Smith, president of the road, had made an expedition over the route of the road and this party also started from Min neapolis and was under the conduct of George A. Brackett, who afterwards built several sections of the line in connection with other Minneapolis contractors. The actual completion of such a road seemed lit tle more than a dream to many people even at that time. Contrasted with the great work of the late sixties the decade of 1870-80 was a most serious one for the northwestern rail road enterprises. The panic of 1873 de stroyed all confidence for a time. Jay Cooke, who had been the life of the North ern Pacific, failed disastrously; the St. Paul & Pacific, after a bitter struggle, went through bankruptcy; the St. Paul & Duluth mortgage was foreclosed; and nearly every line in the northwest had similar experi ences or was forced to reorganization on a new basis. With the close of the decade there came, however, a quick recovery. Immigration was becoming enormous as the public learned of the rich prairie land of Minne sota and the Dakotas and the discovery of the possibilities of spring wheat and the improvement of milling processes made the agricultural possibilities of the northwest limitless. A new era in railroading was opening. CONDITIONS IN l88o. Before taking up the progress of the last quarter century, it will be interesting to take a glance at railroad conditions in and about Minneapolis as they were about 1880. At that time the railroad map of the north west was vastly different from that of to day. Instead of seven lines to Chicago, there were two; in place of three lines to Omaha, there was one; instead of three lines to Duluth, there was but one. To the west the Northern Pacific was just begin ning to push on west from Bismark—a sin gle line without feeders. The St. Paul & Pacific divisions terminated at the Red riv er. The Minneapolis & St. Louis operated only to Albert Lea. The Soo line, the Great Western, the Wisconsin Central, the Bur lington and the Rock Island had not yet become parts of the Minneapolis railroad system. And the lines actually constructed were for the most part main lines; the great net work of branches and feeders which now make the map of Minnesota ancl the Da kotas look like an erratic spider's web had for the most part not even been laid out. Terminals in the city were meager. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul had recent ly completed what is now remembered as "the old Milwaukee depot" on Washington avenue opposite Fourth avenue south. It was such a station as a railroad manager of today would plan, for a first-class junc tion point on his line. All the other lines used the old St. Paul & Pacific station at Washington and Fourth avenue north— an old wooden station of the type found 011 unprogressive lines today at country towns of small population. Freight handling facilities were inadequate; yards were scanty. Equipment was that of the day; much better comparatively than the ter minals. THE EVOLUTION OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS." The work of the railroad builders of the early period was a great one but it seems almost insignificant beside the achievements of the later years. The great events of the past quarter century have been the con struction of the transcontinental lines, the TRANSPORTATION 467 FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION THE "WILLIAM CROOKS"—FIRST LOCOMOTIVE RUNNING INTO MINNEAPOLIS. absorption of the small lines by the greater and the building up of large consolidated properties, the reaching out of the great southern systems to secure entry into the northwest, and the development of the "lake and rail" route to and from the east. Through all these events, and as a part of them, there has been an enormous amount of construction. In 1879 the Northern Pacific re-com menced building westward from Bismarck. At this time it did not even have its own rails into Minneapolis. Four years later the last spike was driven in the mountain division, and the great celebration of the completion of the work was held; the mile age had grown from about 700 to 2,500 miles. A new route of commerce was opened; the waters of the Mississippi and Lake Superior were linked to those of Puget Sound; one of the great achievements of the world's work had been successfully ended. Not only was the completion of the Northern Pacific celebrated at the end of the two tracks in the mountains, but in Minneapolis there was a demonstration such as had never been seen before. In 1879 the St. Paul & Pacific was in the hands of a receiver. It lines terminated at the Red river. But there was a vigorous man in charge of the St. Paul station, who had unbounded confidence in himself and in the road, and at one step James J. Hill reorganized the railroad and lifted himself from the position of station agent to that of general manager of the new St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railroad. He com menced an aggressive policy of building and development. In 1883 he was made president of the company; in 1890 the vari ous companies which had developed in con nection with the parent company were con solidated under the name Great Northern, and three years later the coast line was opened. In fifteen years a bankrupt road of 600 miles' length had become a prosper ous transcontinental system of over 6,000 miles. For some years previous to 1883 Gen. W. D. Washburn of Minneapolis had firmly be lieved that the city must eventually have a direct railroad outlet to the east, independ ent of Chicago. Each year saw a greater attention to the northwest upon the part of the Chicago-Minneapolis lines, but it was an interest which did not always fall in with the views of Minneapolis shippers. The tendency of Chicago interests was to 468 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS the United States senate, and has ever since remained at the head of the company. LAKE AND RAIL TRANSPORTATION. FROM THE 8WEET COLLECTION THE VILLARD PARADE OF 1883. This was in celebration of the completion of the Northern Pacific Railway. dominate; to handle rates and to divert shipments for her own profit. General Washburn had built one road—the Minne apolis & St. Louis—for the special benefit of Minneapolis, and he determined to build another. He proposed a direct road to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, there to connect with the Canadian Pacific, and thus form a short line to. tidewater quite independent of the route around the lower end of Lake Michi gan. In 1883 the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic was organized, and in 1887 was completed and opened for traffic. General Washburn was its first president, and has for years had a place on its direc torate. The name was subsequently changed to Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie, and the Minneapolis & Pacific— a western feeder—was consolidated with the eastern line. The western line was then extended to the Canadian boundary where connection was again made with the Canad ian Pacific, and a new transcontinental route to Puget sound opened. Thomas Lowry was elected president of this road in 1889, upon the election of General Washburn to The building of the Soo line served to emphasize the special advantage which Minneapolis and the northwest enjoys through the nearness of the great lakes; for the Soo line, although built to connect with the Canadian Pacific, had also its lake port and was a successful bidder from the first for "lake and rail" business. In the earlier years the advantages of the lake route and its meaning to the future Minneapolis, had been but dimly realized by some of the more far seeing. Lake ves sels were then small and few, the locks and channels of the lakes would accommo date only small ships and the traffic was not large enough to bring rates down to a low level. Still there were great advan tages in rates and it was even then true that goods could be transported from east ern points to Lake Erie ports where they were transferred to vessels, brought to Lake Superior ports and again transferred and brought on by rail to Minneapolis, on about even terms with direct shipment to Chicago. East bound goods have the same advantage. In other words, Minneapolis, though 400 miles nearer the grain fields and the consumers of the northwest than Chicago, is on equality with that city as far as rates to and from the east are con cerned. As the advantages of the lake route be came fully realized, traffic made wonderful strides. In 1880 Minneapolis was con nected with Duluth at the head of the lakes by only one road, the St. Paul & Duluth. The North-Western hastened to open its line to Ashland and Duluth, and later the Eastern Minnesota—a Great Northern road —was built to Superior and Duluth. The Soo line reached Lake Michigan at Glad stone. Following these roads was the im provement of the locks at the Soo and tEe construction of great freight steamers as large as ocean liners to ply the waters of the Great Lakes. SOUTHERLY RAILROAD CONNECTIONS. All the large railroad systems operating TRANSPORTATION out of Chicago towards the west and north west wanted an entrance into Minneapolis and as the result of construction during these latter years all but one of them came in over their own rails. After the Mil waukee and the Northwestern came the Rock Island gaining entrance over the Min neapolis & St. Louis early in the eighties. For nearly ten years these three routes 469 Chicago than it had before operated. Thus in 1908 instead of two lines to Chicago, Min neapolis has a choice of seven. And there is abundant competition to St. Louis, Kan sas City, Omaha and the southwest. The Minneapolis & St. Louis, through its ab sorption of the Iowa Central, has a through line to Peoria and a direct line to St. Louis in connection with the Wabash system. CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL PASSENGER STATION. were the only ones to Chicago. But in the later eighties the Chicago-Great Western, the Wisconsin Central and the Burling ton built their lines. More than ten years again passed away and then the Rock Island determined to have an independent line into the twin cities and built from Al bert Lea the new line through Owatonna and Faribault which was opened in 1902. At the same time the Minneapolis & St. Louis transferred its business to the Illinois Central—a corporation which had long been credited with a desire to enter the north west—and opened a much shorter line to From Fort Dodge, Iowa, it has, by an oper ating agreement with the Illinois Central, a short line to Omaha. Its Pacific division now reaches the Missouri river and is be coming one of the important western lines. At the present time, 1908, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul is extending its Hast ings & Dakota division, a line running di rectly west from Minneapolis, and will very soon open a new transcontinental line with western terminals at Seattle. The North western system was extended to the Plack Hills from Pierre, South Dakota, in 1907, bringing Minneapolis into direct rail con- 470 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS nection with this very rich mineral produc ing district. In the last decade the enor mous railroad system under construction in the Canadian Northwest has been brought into close touch with Minneapolis through the building of a short line to the Canadian boundary by the Soo line and the opening of the fast service to Winnipeg" over both the Soo and Great Northern lines. DEVELOPMENT OF TERMINALS. Nothing has been more striking in the railroad development of the quarter cen tury, as far as local conditions in Minneap olis are concerned, than the wonderful change in the terminal facilities of the roads. Reference has already been made to the condition of the passenger terminals in 1880. One of the first moves of the new man agement of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba (now the Great Northern) was for a better entrance into Minneapolis and suitable passenger station facilities. Early in the eighties the four-track short line to St. Paul was built, and the stone arch bridge over the Mississippi, directly below the Falls of St. Anthony, commenced. The bridge and the Union passenger station were completed in 1885. At the same time great changes in termi nal facilities for handling freight were going on. During the eighties the Northern Pa cific built model freight houses and yards and constructed its own line between the cities. Prolonged litigation between the city and the Minneapolis & St. Louis and Great Northern companies ended in an ad justment, which led to the lowering of the tracks of these companies along Fourth avenue north, the construction of highway bridges and the building of adequate freighthouses. The Great Northern has also ex pended large sums in enlarging its general yard terminals and the building of eleva tors. When the Soo line was built it estab lished extensive shops, but not until recent ly did it secure its own freight terminals. Within a few years millions have been spent by the Wisconsin Central, the Great West ern, the Rock Island, the Soo and the North western in improving and enlarging their terminal facilities. I11 1898 the Milwaukee built a new pas senger station, which is a model of its kind. The road has also increased its freight hand ling facilities - at large expense. Both the Milwaukee and the Minneapolis & St. Louis, like the Soo line, have developed extensive shops in Minneapolis. The general offices of the Minneapolis & St. Louis and of the Soo line are in Minne apolis, and this is general division headquar ters for all lines of the Milwaukee system west of the Mississippi in Minnesota and the Dakotas. As a large part of the freight carried east and south originates here, the city is the headquarters for most of the contracting and northwestern freight agents operating in this territory. While it has been shown that the devel opment of transportation has been con fined to the railroads and "lake and rail" facilities during the past quarter century, it is not so certain that the progress of the next decade or so will be in the same direc tion. A great awakening to the importance of water transportation in 1907 and the near completion of the locks in the Mississippi river just below Minneapolis suggest a re vival of river traffic and perhaps a large amount of river and canal improvement for the northwest in future years. Another new element is the electric rail way, which is just beginning to appear as a factor in the situation. The progress of electric railway construction in the east suggests that there must be a large mileage of such lines of traffic out of Minneapolis within a short time. Notwithstanding the vast amount of ex penditure for terminals and equipment both are now overtaxed and great additions must be made in the near future to adequately care for the constantly growing traffic in and out of the city. BRECKE, Ole E., prominently identified with the transportation business of the Northwest for many years, is a native of Winnishiek, Iowa, where he was born on March 25, 1862, the son of Andrew and Anna Brecke. His parents were Iowa pioneers. They settled in Iowa in 1847 and became prosperous in a prosperous farming com munity. Until he was thirteen years old the son lived with his parents on the farm, attend ing the local schools. He then entered Luther r^-VTV- vw.".. . .~J . ~ I '.J. - . - m pL-.; i . • L V7L , *• M v . • , 472 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS College a t Decorah, Iowa, and graduated in 1881 with the degree of B. A. H e afterwards took a post graduate course in the University of Min nesota. After completing his education he en tered business in Minneapolis, and for the past fourteen years has been engaged in transporta tion affairs a s agent of ocean steamship lines. F o r ten years he was Northwestern passenger agent of t h e W h i t e S t a r Line, and for the last four years has occupied the same relation t o the "International Mercantile Marine Company," which includes t h e W h i t e S t a r Line, the Ameri can Line, the Red S t a r Line, the Atlantic T r a n s port Line, the Dominion Line, t h e Leyland Line, and t h e Holland-American Line. Mr. Brecke's territory covers Northwestern Wisconsin and Michigan north of the S o o Line t o the Soo, Min nesota, t h e Dakotas, Montana, Idaho, Washing ton and Oregon. As a n enormous amount of passenger traffic originates in this great region, t h e extent of his business may be guessed. Mr. Brecke belongs to the Lutheran church. H e is married and has four children. C L A W S O N , Charles A., was b o r n April 14, in Denmark, son of Christian Clawson. H e graduated f r o m one of t h e excellent Danish high schools ( t h e educational system in Den mark is compulsory avid t h e whole g r a m m e r school system is under the control of the Uni versity of Copenhagen) and took a course in a business college a t Hartland, Wisconsin, where the family had settled, and upon the breaking out of the Civil W a r in April, 1 8 6 1 , he enlisted in t h e Union A r m y in Company K., Second Wisconsin Infantry and also served in Company A., First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery and was discharged July 1 2 , 1 8 6 4 , a s a non-commissioned officer. L a t e r he received a captain's commission in t h e Fifty-second Wisconsin, but, the war end ing, h e did not muster. H e was also a charter member of J o h n A. Rawlins Post, G. A. R. H e entered the railroad business with t h e Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R., and, in 1 8 6 8 and T 8 6 9 , was a shipping clerk on t h a t road in Minne apolis, and from 1872, until his death in December, 1907, was commercial agent for the Pennsylvania lines west of Pittsburgh. Mr. Clawson was a Past Grand Vice Chancellor of the K. of P . ; Past Dep. Grand Master, A. O. U. W . ; Past Commander, G. A. R . ; and Past Grand Guide of the Knights of Honor. H e was a member of Gethsemane Episcopal church. H e was married in 1865 and has two children. 1839, D A N I E L S , F r a n c Burchard, superintendent of the Minnesota division of the American E x press Company, was born a t Cayuga, New York, May 8 , 1 8 4 8 . H e was the son of J o h n H o r t o n Daniels and Frances Louisa Daniels and spent the early years of his life on his father's farm a t Cayuga, coming west with the family when five years old. H i s father, Mr. J 1 1 0 . H . Daniels, be came later a banker and coal operator in central Illinois making his home at Wilmington. H e was a member of the Illinois legislature which was called in special session t o vote funds t o re-lieve the sufferers from the Chicago fire and he was also in the legislature which elected J o h n A. Logan United States senator. T h e s o n attended school a t Wilmington until 1 8 6 3 and a t Grand Rapids, Michigan, preparing for college during the next four years. I n 1 8 6 7 he entered Hamilton College a t Clinton, New York, and in 1 8 7 1 grad uated f r o m this institution. H i s first employment by the American Express Company was in 1874, when he became clerk in the supply department a t Chicago. Seven years later he was appointed cashier a t the St. Paul office and t w o years after wards, in 1 8 8 3 , was made agent a t Minneapolis. I n 1 8 9 0 he was appointed general agent a t Min neapolis and in 1 8 9 3 superintendent of the Min nesota division of the American Express Com pany, a position which he still fills. H i s business headquarters are now a t St. Paul, but h e has lived in Minneapolis continuously for the past twentyfive years. I n politics Mr. Daniels is a republican. H e was married in 1 8 8 6 t o Miss Florence L. Farrington, of Minneapolis. T h e y have three sons, Farrington Daniels, F r a n c P . Daniels and J . H o r t o n Daniels. T h e family attends the W e s t minster Presbyterian Church. H A T H A W A Y , William L., district passenger agent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Rail way, was born a t Pepperel, Massachusetts, March 4, 1 8 5 5 , the son of A r t h u r and M a r y A. (Bar tholomew) Hathaway. H e attended t h e public schools of Boston and Somerville, Massachu setts. H e began business a s a bookkeeper, and after five years as salesman for a Boston con cern, commenced railroading in 1 8 7 9 a s clerk for the Boston & Maine Railway, at Boston. In 1882 he came W e s t and obtained employment a s clerk in t h e construction department in the Northern Pacific Railway. After about a year in this po sition he went t o the old St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railroad, and in 1884 commenced a t e r m of twenty years' service a s city ticket agent in Minneapolis f o r the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway. In 1903 he became ticket agent for the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, and in 1904 was made its district passenger agent, with headquarters a t Minneapolis. Mr. H a t h a w a y is a Mason and Odd Fellow and a member of the Royal Arcanum. I n politics he is a republican and he is a member of the Congregational church and t h e Congregational Club of Minnesota. I n May, 1 8 7 9 , he was married t o Miss Anna D. W a t s o n . T h e y have one son, William N. H a t h away. H U E Y , George Taylor, assistant general freight agent of t h e Wisconsin Central Railway, is a native of Minneapolis. H i s father, George E. Huey, came west f r o m New York state in 1 8 5 1 and located in Minneapolis in 1 8 5 3 engaging in lumbering and sawing the first lumber ever produced on the west s i d e a t the Falls of St. TRANSPORTATION 473 quired in Minneapolis. Through his large ac quaintance, general knowledge of the northwest ern field and thorough training in railroad busi ness Mr. Huey has become prominent and in fluential in railroad circles. He was married 011 Oct. 30, 1884 to Miss Ella A. Swett and lias two sons, George Owen and Harold G. The family attends the Episcopal church. Mr. Huey does not take an active part in politics and is inde pendent in his political beliefs. He belongs to the Minneapolis Commercial Club and is a Mason, a member of Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commandary and the Scottish Rite of the 32d de gree. (JKOlUiK T. III KV Anthony. He afterwards engaged in flour mill ing and served the village and county in various public capacities, such as justice of the peace and register of deeds, and took a prominent part in the development of the young town in those pioneer days. George T., the oldest in a family of five sons, was born on March 12, 1859. His -education was in the public schools of Minne apolis and the University of Minnesota. After leaving school he entered the employ of the pioneer dry goods firm of G. W. Hale & Co., serving as cashier, clerk and bookkeeper from 1876 to 1879 when he determined to make rail roading his work and obtained employment with the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad. He filled successively the positions of clerk in the audi tor's office, freight clerk in the same office in charge of joint freight accounts, traveling auditor and chief clerk in the local freight office. On January 20, 1885 he went with the Wisconsin Central Railroad then just entering Minneapolis serving first as contracting freight agent and afterwards as northwestern freight agent. In 1901 he was made general northwestern agent of the Wisconsin Central system and on June 1, 1903 became assistant general freight agent at Minneapolis. In the twenty-two years of his connection with the Wisconsin Central that com pany's business has" grown to large dimensions and extensive terminal facilities have been ac JAR VIS, Peter Robinson, agent of the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company and the Lehigh Valley Transportation Company in this city, is a native of Canada, having been born at Stratford, On tario, Canada. He is the son of P. R. Jarvis, Sr., a merchant of Stratford, where Peter Rob inson, Jr., passed the years of his boyhood and received his education. He attended the gram mar schools of the city and later entered and graduated from the Stratford high school. He did not desire to take up a profession, so entered upon a business career and soon became con nected with the railroad business, in which he has been interested up to the present time. His first position was with the Grand Trunk Railroad and later was for some time in the employ of the Fitchburg Railroad, Boston, Massachusetts. Mov ing to Buffalo, New York, he accepted a place with the Traders' Despatch Fast Freight Line. In 1885 he moved to this city, and has since resided here, holding the office of Northwestern agent for the Lehigh Valley Transportation Com pany and Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, as mentioned above. Mr. Jarvis' interests have been principally directed toward the railroad business, and almost his entire time devoted to the dis charge of his official duties. For five years, from 1894 to 1899, Mr. Jarvis was a member of Com pany I, First Regiment, Minnesota National Guard. He is a member of the Minneapolis Com mercial Club, of the Minikahda Club and belongs to the B. P. O. E. Oil June 5, 1893, he was married to Miss Grace E. Moses, and they have four children, three daughters, Marion, Zeta, Lor raine, and a son, Alfred. LOOMIS, Louis N., is descended from one of the old New England families, whose ancestors were among the early colonial settlers, and whose name has long been among the respected and public-spirited citizens of Connecticut. The first representative of the lineage, Joseph Loomis, came to the Colonies in 1634 a n d f ° u r years later located at Windsor, Connecticut, and twelve years later erected in that town the old Loomis homestead. This house, built in 1650, is yet standing and is one of the landmarks and points of interest in Connecticut. It was recently deed ed to the Loomis Institute of Windsor and at A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 474 the present time is in the care of that organiza tion. From Joseph Loomis was descended Horace E. Loomis, father of Louis N., who came to Minnesota with the pioneers of the state, set tling in Elmira township, and later opening a shop at Chatfield commenced to deal in harness. His son was born in Elmira township on Novem ber 19, 1857. He received his education at Chatfield, Minnesota, where he attended the public grammar and high school. He did not attend college but for a time studied law and in 1886 was admitted to the bar in South Dakota. Though he had no intention of following the legal profession as a permanent calling, he prac ticed for a time and achieved considerable suc cess as a lawyer. A commercial career, how ever, seemed to offer a larger field for his energy, so in 1888 he organized and founded the Bank of Alpena, at Alpena, South Dakota, and for fourteen years conducted it under his personal management. During this time he also became connected with the grain business, operating an extensive line of country elevators and was en gaged in the management of this business about twelve years. In 1904 he disposed of these inter ests and established in Minneapolis the LoomisBenson Company, grain commission dealers, of which he became president, B. F. Benson vice president, and M. J. Renshaw secretary. Mr. SWEET, PHOTO LOUIS N. LOOMIS Loomis was the active head of the firm and his energy and capabJe direction had built up a large clientage and a prosperous business. In 1908 he withdrew from the concern to be come president of the Twin City & Lake Su perior Railway Company. Though Mr. Loomis has had -in his charge heavy business interests he has been active in the work of the republi can party wherever he has lived. He was elected probate judge of Miner county, South Dakota, in 1882, but resigned his office a year later and moved to Jerauld county. In the lat ter county he was elected register of deeds in 1884, and served for four years. He was later chosen to represent the same district in the state senate in 1898, and served for four years in that office and would have been re-elected had he not moved to Minneapolis before the expiration of his last term. At various times he has held other minor public offices such as school officer and village mayor in different places. Mr. Loomis is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, and of the several Masonic orders. On Novem ber 19, 1883, he was married to Miss Alice A. Nisbet, and they have five children, Leon E., Ralph R., Veda H., Paul N., and Elno A. LOWRY, Thomas, president of the Twin City Rapid Transit Company and of the Min neapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway, has been a leading citizen of Minneapolis for forty years. He was born in Logan county, Illi nois, on February 27, 1843, the son of Samuel R. Lowry and Rachel Bullock Lowry. Samuel Lowry was a native of Londonderry, Ireland. He emigrated when a young man settling first in Pennsylvania. Here he acquired a competence and in 1834 came west and became one of the pioneers of Illinois. While his son Thomas was still quite young he moved to Schuyler county, Illinois, and it was there that the boy grew up attending the village schools in the winters and working on the farm in the summers. His op portunities for education were better than fell to the lot of most farmers' boys of the period, how ever. He fitted for college and at the age of seventeen entered Lombard University at Galesburg, Illinois. His college course was inter rupted by ill health but he returned to Galesburg and completed his course and shortly afterwards entered the law office of Judge C. Bagly at Rushville where he remained until he was admitted to the bar in 1867. During the interruption of his college work, Mr. Lowry had spent some time in traveling and had heard much of the young city of Minneapolis. He had already made up his mind to establish himself at Minneapolis and im mediately upon his admission to the bar he-came north arriving in this city in July, 1867. He at once opened a law office in the old Harrison Block at the corner of Nicollet and Washington avenues. After the usual struggles of a young lawyer to obtain a foot-hold, he found his prac- TRANSPORTATION tice increasing and within a short time was do ing a good law business. In 1869 he formed a partnership with the late Judge A. H. Young, an association which continued until Judge Young's appointment to the bench. But with the growth of the city Mr. Lowry found his interests grad ually turning away from the practice of law. With unbounded faith in the future of Minne apolis he began to invest extensively in real es tate and to handle property for eastern invest ors. This business occupied much of his time and gave him the beginnings of the extensive acquaintance which has been of remarkable ad vantage to him during his long business career. He was first attracted to the street railways of the city on account of the possibilities of using the system to develop outlying real estate. A few primitive horse car lines had been estab lished early in the seventies which were in an unsatisfactory financial condition and had little prospects of becoming paying properties. Tak ing up these lines with another object in view Mr. Lowry soon discovered that he had a prop erty which promised to become much more val uable than any of his other holdings. At this time his wonderful executive ability became ap parent to his fellow citizens and after a few years of successful management of the pioneer street railroads, Mr. Lowry had so demonstrated his ability that he could command influence and financial aid for any undertaking to which he put his energies. The history of the develop ment of the street railway system is given in de tail in another part of this work and it is here sufficient to say that Mr. Lowry's thirty years of management of street railway properties has placed him among the leaders of the street rail way world and has established for him an al most world wide reputation as a financier. The wonderful change of the entire system from horse power to electric power, about 1890, was one of the most remarkable accomplishments ever seen in street railroading. With the continued growth of the street railway system Mr. Lowry still found time and opportunity for engaging very extensively in other enterprises. He has always continued his interest in real estate and has been for much of his life in Minneapolis, one of the largest holders of business and outlying property. One of his interesting undertakings in this direc tion was the development of an enormous tract in northeast Minneapolis known as Columbia Heights which is rapidly becoming a heavy manu facturing district. Mr. Lowry's executive ability and genius carried him into the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie railway project at its inception and he served as one of the board of di rectors for some years during the period of con struction and has now been president of the com pany for more than a decade. This company has been of enormous value to the business interests of Minneapolis, as it has furnished an outlet both east and west entirely free from control or in 475 fluence of competitive cities. The financial man agement of the Soo Line in recent years has been regarded as exceptionally fine and eminently successful by the business world. The enterprises mentioned are only the larger and more con spicuous of those in which Mr. Lowry has en gaged. He has taken a part in countless com mercial undertakings in Minneapolis, lending his aid to the establishment of many new industries and investing liberally in securities and financial institutions. He is probably better known among the financiers of the world than any other man in the Northwest and his standing in financial circles is of the very highest. Through this wide acquaintance and the confidence which he enjoys in financial circles, Mr. Lowry has been instru mental in directing much outside capital toward the Northwest for investment. Personally Mr. Lowry is a man of agreeable presence, polished manners, approachable and companiable. His fund of good stories is profuse. His estimate of men and his knowledge of human nature, to gether with an extensive acquaintance of affairs and a broad grasp of public questions, would have assured him success in the political field had he ever cared to enter it. He has been a life long republican and occasionally has repre sented his party in conventions but has never sought office although he has been repeatedly mentioned for places of the highest responsibility. Mr. Lowry was married in 1870 to Beatrice M. Goodrich, daughter of Dr. C. G. Goodrich of Min neapolis. They have had three children, their son, Horace Lowry, being now associated with his father in many of his enterprises. RENO, John Christmas, a tireless champion of river navigation and of such navigation from Minneapolis to the Gulf, and a notable progres sive citizen of the Northwest, was born at Loudonville, Ohio, December 30, 1822, His grand father, Rev. Francis Reno, was a priest of the Episcopal Church, who was ordained by Bishop White in Philadelphia in 1792 and built the first Episcopal church west of the Allegheny Moun tains. The family name was originally "Reneau." They vyere Huguenots who were compelled to leave France and take refuge in England. The father of John C. Reno was a merchant and farmer, who settled in Ohio, and his mother was Eliza W. Christmas, a sister of Charles W. Christ mas, who settled in Minneapolis in 1850. John C. Reno, after clerking for several years in Beaver county, Pennsylvania, entered upon the steam boat business, making many voyages on various steamers on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, ex tending his trips to St. Louis and New Orleans. In 1854 he built and owned and commanded the Fairy Queen, one of the finest steamers plying on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Having sold this boat, he came to Minneapolis in 1856 and invested his means in lands about the Falls of St. Anthony, After his arrival in Minneapolis, 476 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS JOHN C. RKNO Captain Reno exerted himself to promote river business to this city. In 1857 he effected contracts to bring several steamboats to make trips be tween Fulton City and the Falls of St. Anthony. This was a great stimulus to the trade and the steamboat landing below the Falls was often busy with steamer traffic. After the financial depres sion of 1857, Captain Reno moved to Pittsburg and, after the war broke out, he was engaged in the transportion of troops and government sup plies and while carrying out a military night order during the Yazoo Pass Expedition he re ceived injuries which compelled his abandonment of the service and he went into the ship chandlery business in Cincinnati. In 1877 he resumed river business on the Tennessee River and, in 1884, he retired permanently from the trade and settled in Minneapolis, where he was engaged in looking after his property and doing all he could to promote public interests, his efforts being con spicuously directed to the work of making Min neapolis the true head of navigation. He did much for the promotion of the project for the government dam at Meeker's Island. Captain Reno was a devout and loyal Episcopalian. He was one of the original members of Gethsemane Church and later a prominent member of St. Mark's Church. He was married in 1852 to Miss Jane Howard, daughter of William J. Howard, of Pittsburg, a former mayor of that city. They had gix children. Captain Reno died April 13, 1902. ROWLEY, Frank Barrett, was born at Rochester, New York, on January 23, 1871. Until he was ten years of age he lived in Rochester, attending school there and completing his edu cation in the public sphools of Minneapolis where the family moved in 1881. After leaving school he obtained his first business experience in the wholesale dry goods line but for some years has been connected with railroading as general agent for fast freight companies. He is now agent for the Lake Shore-Lehigh Valley Route and Le high Valley Despatch at Minneapolis. Major Rowley is widely known in the state as a promi nent member of the National Guard in which he enlisted on December 6, 1888, as a member of Company B, First Regiment. He was promoted through all grades to be Captain of Company B and is at present Major of the First Infantry, Minnesota National Guard. During the SpanishAmerican War and subsequent insurrection in the Philippine Islands he served as Captain of Company B, Thirteenth Minnesota Volunteer In fantry and was mustered out with that regiment. He is now a member of the state examining board of the National Guard. In politics he is a republican though not of the class which upholds his party right or wrong. He is a member of various fraternal organizations and local clubs. In October, 1896, he married Miss Matilda Jor dan and they have two children, Martha Emeline and Richard Jordan. The family attend the Pres byterian Church. SWISHER, Fred S., northwestern agent for the Blue Line and commercial agent of the Michigan Central Railroad in Minneapolis, was born on November 3, 1843, in Petersburg, Mahonning county, Ohio. He received the usual education and when less than eighteen years of age, 011 April 22, 1861, enlisted with the Federal troops for service in the Civil war and was in service until 1864. After being mustered out he immediately entered the railroad business and has been associated continuously with some road since that time. He first accepted a position with the Oil Creek Railroad, resigning his posi tion after being two years in the service of that company, to accept service with the Pennsyl vania Railroad Lines, which he held until No vember 1, 1873, when he severed his connection with that line to come to Minnesota and accept the position of agent of the Blue Line and com mercial agent of the Michigan Central Railroad. Mr. Swisher located first in St. Paul and resided there for sixteen years until he came to Min neapolis in 1886. He has since made his head quarters and residence in this city and being as he is one of the oldest railroad men in the Twin Cities, is one of the prominent and well known business men of this section. Mr. Swisher is a member of the Masonic order, his Chapter Council and Commandery being in St. Paul, and is a member of Zuhrah Temple in Minneapolis. His military service makes him also a member of 477 TRANSPORTATION the Acker Post of St. Paul, of the G. A. R. Mr. Swisher was married in 1865 to Miss Rebecca Frame, and they have four children living, two sons and two daughters. The family are mem bers of the Fowler Methodist Church. TITTEMORE, James Nelson, son of Nelson and Margaret Tittemore, was born on a farm in Waushara county, Wisconsin, on March 2, 1864. When seventeen years of age he entered the rail road business and has been connected with various roads continuously for twenty-six years, lately making his headquarters in Minneapolis. Mr. Tittemore spent his early life in Waushara and Winnebago counties, Wisconsin. His opportun ities for acquiring an education were limited and beyond a few years schooling obtained in the public schools of Eureka and Poy Sippi, Wiscon sin, his training has been received in active busi ness life, the experience of his continued service fitting him to fill the positions he has occupied. In 1881 he entered the railway service as station agent and telegraph operator for the Milwaukee Lake Shore & Western Railway at Kempster, Wisconsin, later holding similar positions for this road at Summit Lake, Eagle River, Princeton and Sheboygan, Wisconsin. For a time he acted as traveling auditor of the Chicago & Northwestern line, resigning his position to again enter the service of the Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western in the capacity of traveling passenger agent. Mr. Tittemore at this time transferred his work to the freight department, becoming traveling freight agent and later chief clerk in the traffic depart ment for the "Soo" Line. After holding the of fice of traveling freight agent with the Great Northern road for a time he was made general freight agent of the Sioux City & Northern road and Pacific Short Line, and was also assistant to the president of the same companies. In the month of May, 1894, Mr. Tittemore was ap pointed general freight and passenger agent of the Des Moines, Northern and Western Railroad. On March 1, 1898, he resigned this office to ac cept a place with the Iowa Central Railway, with which he has been associated since that time. He first served as general freight agent, until September I, 1899, when he was made act ing general manager until January 1, 1900. At the latter date he was appointed traffic manager JAMES N. TITTEMORE and held the position until he took his present office of freight traffic manager on January 1, 1905, being appointed at the same time to the service of the Minneapolis & St. Louis road in the same capacity. Mr. Tittemore has devoted his entire time to the railroad business, and has turned all his energy and ability to the service of various roads of which he has been an official, fulfilling his duties most successfully. He has never been interested in politics. Mr. Tittemore is a member of the Catholic Church. CHAPTER XXV. PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS I T HAS been stated in the earlier chapters that the City of Minne apolis is the outgrowth of two vil lages, each having separate govern mental organizations until the consoli dation in 1872. St. Anthony, on the east bank of the Mississippi river, was the first to have an organized city government. Un der authority of the territorial legislature the first city council met on April 13th, 1855, Henry T. Welles having been elected mayor and Benj. N. Spencer, John Orth, Daniel Stanchfield, Edward Lippincott, Caleb D. Dorr and Robert W. Cummings aldermen. The young city was divided into three wards which a few years later was increased to -four. W. F. Brawley was made city clerk and Lardner Bostwick justice—a post which he had held during the early unor ganized village days and which he contin ued to occupy for years following, with great satisfaction to the community. At first the mayor was given a salary of $200, and aldermen $100, but in 1856 an ordin ance was passed "dispensing with the sal aries of mayor and aldermen." Minneapolis was authorized to form a town government by act of the territorial legislature approved March 1, 1856, but ac tion was not taken until the summer of 1858, when an election was held. The plan of government was that of a board of trustees with a president who had powers similar to those of a mayor. Henry T. Welles, who had been the first mayor of St. Anthony, was elected president of the trustees of Min neapolis and Isaac I. Lewis, First Ward; Charles Hoag, Second Ward; William Gar land, Third Ward; and Edward Hedderly, Fourth Ward, were the ^trustees. William A. Todd was the first clerk, John Murry, Jr., treasurer, and David Charlton, city en gineer. • The first session of the board was held on July 20, 1858—from which time dates organized government under the name "Minneapolis." In 1859 Cyrus Beede was elected presi dent and J. O. Weld, C. H. Pettit, N. S. Walker, and H. E. Mann members of the board of trustees, or "council," as it was frequently called. G. I. Hamilton, who had succeeded Mr. Todd as clerk during the first year, was chosen for 1859, but was in turn succeeded in November by C. L. Sav ory. These officers held over until 1861, when S. H. Mattison was chosen president with J. H. Jones, John E. Bell, E. H. Davie and E. Hedderly, trustees. The town government was not regarded with favor and in the winter of 1862 the leg islature was petitioned for its repeal and Minneapolis was merged into the town ship of the same name which had since 1858 had an independent organization. It became necessary to have more extensive authority for the township board, however, and in 1864 an act was secured giving larger powers to the supervisors. The board for the next three years was composed of S. H. Mattison, E. B. Ames, and Miles Hills for the first term; Cyrus Aldrich, George A. Brackett and O. M. Laraway for the sec ond ; and E. S. Tones, J. M. Eustis, and R. P. Russell for the third. MINNEAPOLIS A CITY. The act incorporating the City of Minne apolis was passed in the early part of the legislative session of 1867. It was followed by an election on February 19 and the in duction into office of the successful candi dates on Feb. 26. It will be seen that no time was lost when once it was decided to establish a city government. Dorilus Mor rison was the choice of the people as mayor. The council appointed Thomas Hale Wil- PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS liams as city clerk, D. R. Barber, assessor; H. H. Brackett, chief of police, and Charles E. Flandreau, city attorney. Fire limits were established, four policemen were ap pointed and various minor offices were filled. Dr. A. H. Lindley was the first health offi cer. It is of interest that a bond of $300 was regarded as sufficient for the city treas urer. For five years Minneapois continued un der the charter of '67. It was a time of con siderable municipal activity—when the 479 This feeling gradually wore away, however, and was counterbalanced by the manifest advantages of consolidation. Even when the final step was taken the wishes of the objecting minority were so far considered as to retain for some years separate organ izations of various city departments for the two sides of the river. The act uniting the two cities was ap proved on February 28th, 1872, and on April; 9 t h the city council was organized by the election of A. M. Reid as president and STEEL ARCH BRIDGE OVER THE MISSISSirri RIVER. This bridge was completed In 1800 upon the site of the old suspension bridges erected in 1855 and 1875. waterworks system and fire department had their beginnings, when the sewerage system was commenced, the police department or ganized and street improvements began to receive attention. TWO CITIES MADE ONE. It is difficult to understand the hesitation which prevented the consolidation of Min neapolis and St. Anthony at a much earlier period than the beginning of the seventies. The two places had been one in interests since the first settlement. In fact, many of the settlers of Minneapolis first lived in St. Anthony, while others had large prop erty holdings in both places. But there was some jealousy among the people and many had a sentimental desire to maintain the separate community life and institutions. Thomas Hale Williams as clerk. At the next meeting Eugene M. Wilson, the first mayor of the greater Minneapolis, delivered his inaugural address. The council was composed of Aldermen Richard Fewer, M. W. Glenn, Baldwin Brown, G. T. Townsend, T. J. Tuttle, John Vander Horck, W. P. Ankeny, Peter Rauen, A. M. Reid, C. M. Hardenbergh, S. C. Gale, O. A. Pray, Leon ard Day, N. B. Hill, Edward Murphy, Isaac Atwater, Joel B. Bassett, and John Orth. From 1872 to 1887 annual elections of city officers were held in the spring of the year. There were objections to this plan and in 1887 the time was changed, making the municipal election fall on the same date as the state, county, congressional and na tional elections—the first Tuesday in No vember. At the same time the municipal 480 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS term was lengthened to two years—a change which received nearly universal approval. ADMINISTRATION OF CITY AFFAIRS. tirely successful, but defects in the law were remedied by amendment and with a growing understanding of the possibilities of the principle, the workings of the direct primary are likely to become more and more satisfactory as the years pass. Municipal campaigns and party con tests will not be discussed here. Neither will the administrations be traced from term CHARTER CAMPAIGNS. to term. A full list of the principal city The charter granted by the legislature in officers will be found in tabulated form at the end of this chapter. The names of the 1872, consolidating the two cities, was an mayors heading these lists from year to year attempt to conciliate opponents of the plan include some of the best men who have been and soon became worse than useless. With citizens of Minneapolis. Dorilus Morri in a few years it had been amended out of son, H. G. Harrison, E. B. Ames, Eugene all likeness to the original act. In 1881 a M. Wilson, George A. Brackett, O. C. Mer- practically new charter was obtained, but riman, John DeLaittre, A. C. Rand, George this, like its predecessor, took little account A. Pillsbury, E. C. Babb, Philip B. Wins of the coming growth of the city. While ton, William H. Eustis, Robert Pratt, James an admirable document in many ways it Gray, J. C. Haynes, David P. Jones—that is was not adapted to the conditions which a list that has almost uniformly stood for were coming and had not that elasticity good government, however their opinions which would make it possible to work out may have varied as to methods and the more modern ideas of municipal government degree of strictness with which the admin under its provisions. Many amendments were made during the decade after its adop istration should draw the lines. The consolidation of municipal and gen tion, but after a while an amendment to the eral elections at first had the effect of sway state constitution prohibiting special legis ing the result of municipal elections to the lation made further direct changes in the Under national party, which ordinarily received a Minneapolis charter impossible. more recent legislation and another consti large majority of the votes of the city. In fact, there has not been a democratic mayor tutional amendment, a charter was formu of Minneapolis elected since 1888 in any lated 011 a "home rule" basis and submitted year of presidential elections. There is a to a vote of the people in 1898. This failed tendency, however, in later years, towards of adoption and other charters, more or less more independent voting. The vote for resembling the first, were prepared and mayor since 1888 forms an interesting submitted atr the elections of 1900, 1904 and 1906, but w ith the same result. study: VOTE FOR MAYOR. Dem. Plurality 1 8 8 8 . . . . 1 7 , 8 8 2 . . . . 1 4 , 7 5 9 . . . .Babb, R -3,123 1 8 9 0 . . . .11 , 0 0 0 . . . . 17 , 2 0 0 . . . . Winston D „ ... .5 , 2 0 0 1892 17,910 1 5 , 7 2 8 . . . .Eustis, R. 2,182 1894 19 , 6 6 6 .... 15,343 Pratt, R 4,323 1896... .25,401. . . .16,610 Pratt, R .8,791 1 8 9 8 . . . . 9 , 4 9 4 . . . .1 6 , 0 6 6 . . . . G r a y , D 6,572 1900 17,292 12,732 Ames, R 4,560 1 9 0 2 . . . . 1 4 , 4 3 7 . . . . 2 0 , 3 4 5 . • • • Haynes, D. . . . . . 5 , 9 0 8 1904.... 18,445.... 18,189....Jones, R 256 1906 18,213. • • -21,778 Haynes, D 3,565 Rep. Minneapolis was one of the first cities in the country to try a direct primary law. The first experiment in 1900 was not en PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. An account of the building of the first suspension bridge is given in the chapter on the formative period of the city's existence. This bridge was at first a private enterprise, but it was soon taken over by the munici pality. I11 1875 ^ w a s torn down and a larger and stronger bridge set in its place. This in turn gave way, in 1890, to the steel arch bridge built at a first cost of $80,000. Nine other highway bridges span the Mis sissippi within the city limits and innumer able lesser bridges carry streets across creeks and railway tracks in various parts of the city. PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS 481 be found in Minneapolis were almost all of wood. This material was used in residence districts for some years thereafter, but has long since given place to artificial stone, which has also been extensively used for curbing. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. W.M. W. WALES, A pioneer and former mayor of St. Anthony. Alderman George A. Brackett introduced a resolution in the city council on June 23, 1869, which was the beginning of the Min neapolis sewer system. Work was com menced on June 15, 1871, and during that year the main Washington avenue sewer was built. There are now some 225 miles of sewers in the city, mostly the work of the past twenty years. At a town meeting in 1865 it was voted to grade Hennepin and Nicollet avenues from the suspension bridge to the west side of Washington avenue. This seems to have been the first definite step towards street improvement. Paving waited on better financial conditions and was not begun in earnest until the early eighties. In ten years twenty-five miles had been laid, of which 80 per cent was of cedar blocks. There are in 1908 about 125 miles of paved streets. The materials used are asphalt, granite, brick, sandstone and creosoted blocks—nearly all on concrete foundation. Until 1880 what sidewalks there were to Municipal buildings of any kind, except schools, were not undertaken in Minneapolis for years after the organization of the town. In the very early days when the people wanted to meet for any purpose, they gath ered in Col. Stevens' living room. Anson Northrup's house was also used from time to time and the old government mill was utilized occasionally. On the east side Lardner Bostwick's justice court office was used as the first council chamber. After a while several small public halls were ar ranged over stores and some of these were occupied by the municipal governments. Elections were held in some vacant store or the office of any accommodating citizen who had available quarters. An important town meeting on September 1, 1865, was held in Dorilus Morrison's store at the cor ner of Washington avenue and Helen street. After the organization of city government in 1867 the Pence Opera House was se lected as a meeting place for the council. The old city hall which still stands on the triangular tract at the intersection of TIIE OLD CITY HALL. Erected in 1874. 4S2 A HALF CENTtJkY OP MINNEAPOLIS Nicollet and Hennepin avenues and Second street, was erected in 1874 at a cost of about $50,000. It was then one of the best build ings in the city. For years it was larger than the city required for ordinary office purposes and parts of the building were rented. With the rapid growth of the city during the eighties the tenants were crowd ed cut and city departments themselves were soon unable to find room in the old building. Meanwhile, the county court house had become quite inadequate and a plan was formed to erect a building for the use of the county and city jointly to be known as the Court House and City Hall. The Board of Court House and City Hall commissioners was authorized in 1887 and the building was soon commenced, though only recently completed. As this building is one in which the courts and the legal af fairs of the community have the largest part, it is referred to more at length in the chapter on Courts and. Lawyers. WATER WORKS'. The Minneapolis water works system has always been under municipal control. In 1867 the subject was taken up by the new city government and the records show that on June 1 Aldermen Atwater, Hill and Brackett were added to the committee on fire department for the purpose of securing a water works system and on June 14, the Holly system of waterworks was adopt ed. In the next year a board of water commissioners was appointed and in 1871 the first crude water works went into ser vice. A single wooden main extended along Washington Avenue to Hennepin and thence to Bridge .Square. The Holly pump was at the falls, where it was operated by water power. James Waters, for years su perintendent of the water works, invented a pump which was later added to the plant at the falls. At first the east side was supplied through a main carried across the suspen sion bridge, but later an auxiliary pumping station was installed on Hennepin island. From this original system has been built up a modern water supply—complete in everything except a means of purification. It was not many years before there were complaints of the water drawn from the river near the falls and in 1889 a modern station was built at Camden place five miles up the river. Here pumps with a capacity of 30,000,000 gallons daily were installed. The cost of the station and connections was approximately $330,000. This plant was in turn outgrown and a reservoir was com pleted in' 1897 and a new pumping station in 1904 at a total cost of over a million dol lars. The average daily consumption of water is over 18,000,000 gallons, or about 64 gallons per capita. The city collects an nually about $250,000 in water taxes. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. The first fire company at the Falls was a very loose organization formed in 1851 in St. Anthony. The equipment consisted of two wooden buckets and a canvas bag for each member—the buckets for water for extinguishing purposes and the bag to hold property while it was being rescued from the flames. A more complete organization was effected in 1854 when the Cataract En gine Company No. 1 was formed and in 1858 other companies were organized. All were composed of the men of the village and were to a large extent social organiza tions. On the west side the first organiza tion was the Minnehaha Hook & Ladder Company No. 1, of which A. F. McGhee was foreman and William A. Todd, secre tary. This company was formed in the spring of 1856. Other companies followed in due time, but no effective fire department was formed until 1868. In 1867 a water works system was formally planned and on October 18, Alderman George A. Brackett introduced in the city council a resolution for the purchase of equipment for a hook and ladder company, provided twenty or more citizens would organize such a com pany. This led to the organization of the Minneapolis Hook & Ladder Company No. 1. Two hose companies were also formed and through the active work of Mr. Brackett there was soon the foundation for a com plete department. Early in January, 1868, the members of the fire companies met and agreed to form a department under the supervision of the PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS city council and on January 31st the council ratified this action, appointing- George A. Brackett as chief engineer; R. B. Langdon, first assistant engineer; Paris Gibson, second assistant engineer; and as fire war dens: John S. Walker, first ward; A. M. Greely, 2d ward; R. P. Dunnington, 3rd ward; J. H. Clark, 4th ward. Mr. Brackett was a most energetic chief and as a city al derman and one of the most active of the of other apparatus. The whole value of the fire department property now approximates three-quarters of a million dollars. After Chief W. M. Brackett came Frank L. Stet son, who served eight years, August H. Runge, Stetson again, and since 1899 J. R. Canterbury. The headquarters of the de partment are in the city hall. It is a matter of gratification to the people of the city that since the organization of the depart- KO. W.hale &e<> AR8LC WORKS HOLSTERIN FROM THE SWE.ET COLLECTIO* VOLUNTEER Flit KM EN OF 1870. young men of the city was in a position to make the new department effective. In 1872, as the result of a railroad acci dent, Mr. Brackett was incapacitated from active service in the department. He w r as succeeded by David Wvlie, who served one year, when W. M. Brackett was chosen and continued for nine years. In 1879 it became evident that the city had reached the stage when a volunteer department should be succeeded by a paid organization and the old volunteers formally disbanded. The new department consisted of fifty-nine men and eight companies, including two steam fire engine companies. The first en gine had been secured by the East Side de partment in 1873 and the first on the West Side in 1875. In 1908 the department has grown to a force of over 350 men, twentythree steam engines, and a large equipment ment there has not been any devastating conflagration. BUILDING INSPECTION. From the earliest city organization there was more or less attention to the style and methods of construction of buildings within certain limits, but the department of build ing inspection was not regularly organized until 1884, when Walter S. Pardee was ap pointed inspector. Ordinances regulating building matters have been adopted, revised and re-revised until now Minneapolis has one of the best building laws among Ameri can municipalities. All classes of buildings are considered and regulations governing details of masonry, wood construction, steel and concrete work, plumbing, electric wir ing, elevators and everything pertaining to safety, sanitation and the general welfare, are provided for. Henry J. Bauman sue- 484 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ceeded Mr. Pardee in 1887; J. M. Hazen began service in 1890; John H. Oilman in 1893, and James G. Houghton, the present incumbent of the office of inspector, in 1899. HEALTH AND SANITATION. Minneapolis has always been a very healthy city. Natural and climatic condi tions have been supplemented by intelligent attention to sanitary matters. A health de partment was provided by the first city charter and in later years has become an important branch of the municipal machin ery. Besides inspection and sanitary regu lation, the department undertakes the col lection of garbage, which is conveyed to a crematory situated in the northern part of the city, w r here it is burned, at the same time producing a power which furnishes electric light for the plant and the adjoin ing workhouse. The death rate in Minne apolis in 1907 was 8.56 in the thousand. Dr. P. M. Hall is the present health officer. FINANCIAL MATTERS. The finances of Minneapolis have been so managed that the city has always had ex cellent credit. Prohibited from incurring floating indebtedness and with many re strictions upon the increase of bonded in debtedness, the city council has been obliged to maintain a reasonably conservative atti tude in the matter of expenditures. With rare exceptions the financial officers of the city have been of the highest integrity; the loss to the city from defalcation has been a very small percentage of the moneys handled. A sinking fund provides for the payment of all city bonds as they become due. In recent years the methods of ac counting have been put upon a modern basis and the city's books show the condition of its affairs and its resources and liabilities as accurately as those of any other corpora tion. The assets of the city corporation now approximate $35,000,000. The as sessed valuation of the taxable private property has reached $168,038,386 and the bonded debt is about $10,000,000. Annual city expenditures are now approximately $6,500,000. The subjoined table shows the assessed valuation of the city for the past three dec ades, together with the tax rate, total tax, and total debt: VALUATION AND INDEBTEDNESS. Year 1879 1880.. 188 1 188 2 188 3 188 4 188 5 188 6 188 7 188 8 188 9 189 0 1891 189 2 189 3 189 4 189 5 1896. 189 7 189 8 189 9 190 0 1901 1902 190 3 190 4 190 5 1906........ 1907 Average rate Valuation per $1,000 $23,415,733 14.50 28,013,315 16.80 31,188,486 20.80 40,702,044 19.50 53,901,812 22.40 74,310,711 17.80 77,468,267 19.60 99,591,762 17.90 103,581,566 21.50 126,139,886 19.20 127,101,861 21.40 136,944,372 19.30 137,721,790 21.80 138,286,370 22.68140,624.490 21.24 134,478,572 20.92 135,884,286 21.60 109,316,247 23.25 109,654,337 25.00 107,227,385 23.00 106,729,265 26.15 99,492,054 27.40 102,212,506 29.86 121,279,537 25.33 128,596,734 28.46 135,708,902 28.56 138,690,490 29.75 164,419,145 26.50 168,038,386 30.17 Total tax $339,528 470,623 648,720 794,589 1,207,400 1,322,730 1,517,378 1,782,692 2,227,003 2,421,885 2,719,979 2,643,026 3,002,335 3,136,234 2,986,864 2,813,291 2,935,100 2,540,667 2,741,358 2,466,229 2,609,447 2,774,669 2,981,464 3,070,808 3,660,615 3,775,111 4,057,921 5,016,125 5,843,316 Total debt $1,101,000 1,101,000 1,188,000 1,534,000 2,216,000 2,425,000 3,000,000 3,708,000 4,985,500 5,778,500 6,486,500 7,080,500 7,540,500 7,462,000 7,515,000 7,465,000 7,565,000 7,840,000 8,215,000 8,315,000 8,415,000 8,375,000 8,250,000 8,269,000 8,869,000 9,434,000 9,384,000 9,534,000 10,394 000 Deducting the amount in the sinking fund from the bonded debt at the close of 1907, the net debt is found to be about $7,750,000. The percentage of the net debt to total as sessed valuation is rapidly decreasing. THE PARK SYSTEM. From its earliest days Minneapolis had citizens who believed in "the city beauti ful." They voiced ideas which cultivat ed a spirit which finally led to the estab lishment of a park system. Col. Stevens himself was a lover of natural beauty and deplored the destruction of the groves on the site of Minneapolis when the claims were first occupied. In 1858 Richard Chute bought 2,000 young trees which he had set out on the streets of St. Anthony. Two years before this Edward Murphy had pre sented to the yet unorganized Minneapolis its first park—Murphy Square. In i860 the Rev. Dr. Horace Bushnell of Connecticut, then visiting in Minneapolis, advocated the purchase of Nicollet Island as a v permanent city park. In 1865 a vote was taken on the purchase, but the measure was defeated by a small margin. The island had been offer ed to the city for $28,000. Leaders in this project were Dorilus Morrison, Franklin Steele, Paris Gibson, W. W. McNair, E. M. Wilson, W. W. Eastman, C. M. Loring, W. PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS S. Judd and George A. Brackett. How ever, the village people did decide to pur chase the triangular piece of ground, now the site of the old city hall. The price was $2,500 and of this the owner, Mr. Eastman, donated $500, while $1,000 was raised by subscription and $1,000 by taxation. In 1867 the city was incorporated and active efforts were made to secure action in the new city council looking to the acquisition of public parks. Several valuable tracts were offered at low cost, but nearly all these plans were defeated. Alderman George A. Brackett was chairman of the council committee on public grounds and buildings and he worked energetically to obtain action. The most notable offer, which was defeated in 1869, was of forty acres lying between Nicollet and Third avenues, south of Franklin, which would have cost the city but $16,000. This prop erty is now probably worth more than a million dollars. THE PARK COMMISSION. The park system of Minneapolis had its real beginning in 1883, when the park com mission was created by legislative act. The Minneapolis Board of Trade had been agi tating the subject for several years and H. W. S. Cleveland, the landscape architect, had spent some time in the city and his talks on civic beautifying had had much in fluence. In addition the most influential men of the city were now arrayed in favor of the park idea. So when the act was sub mitted to the vote of the people it was rati fied by a majority of 1 ,315. The park com mission was given authority to acquire land by purchase and condemnation, to assess benefited property for purchase cost, and to levy a tax and issue securities. The com missioners named in the act were Charles M. Loring, Dorilus Morrison, John S. Pillsbury, Henry T. Welles, O. C. Merriman, John C. Oswald, Wm. W. Eastman, George A. Brackett, Judson N. Cross, Daniel Bassett, A. C. Austin, and A. C. Haugan. Messrs. Welles and Merriman declined to serve and E. M. Wilson and Samuel H. Chute were selected in their places. Later in the year B, F. Nelson succeeded A. C. 485 Haugan. C. M. Loring was elected presi dent and R. J. Baldwin, secretary. To this first board belongs great credit for laying the foundation of the Minneapolis park system. Immediately upon its organ ization the city council turned over the Murphy Park, Franklin Steele Square (a gift of the daughters of Franklin Steele), Hawthorne Park (now Wilson Park), and Market Square, on the east side. Within a few weeks Mr. Cleveland outlined to the board a plan for a park system which is substantially that followed during the past twenty-five years. Dr. Jacob S. Elliott soon deeded Elliott Park to the commission. In the meantime the acquisition of park lands by purchase was commenced. Central Park was the first to be acquired. Commissioner George A. Brackett was chairman of the committee and things moved so rapidly that within about sixty days the board re ceived the deeds for the original portion of the park. During the following winter and spring Mr. Brackett personally took charge of the excavation of the lake so that within the first year the park was practically com pleted as far as grading and excavation were concerned, and planting was begun. That was the way in which things were done in those days. Parks, then known as the First ward and Third ward parks, were also acquired during the first year and gen eral plans were laid for the campaign to follow. It is, of course, impossible to follow in de tail . the acquisition of all the parks in the Minneapolis system. Within four years the principal lake parks and surrounding parkways had been secured and outlines of the system were beginning to take shape. Minnehaha Park was secured in 1889, after overcoming almost insurmountable difficul ties, and Kenwood Parkway, Minnehaha Parkway, the East River bank parkway, Dean Boulevard, and Lyndale Park follow ed in quick succession. During the panic years of 1893-4 there was little gain in park area, but in the next ten years important advances were made, one of the most not able being the West River Bank parkway, one of the most valuable acquisitions ever made by the city. 486 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS GIFTS TO THE PARK SYSTEM. MINNEHAHA FALLS. One of the greatest attractions of the Minneapolis park system. Minneapolis citizens have been most generous and public spirited in their gifts to the park system of the city. The presentation of Murphy Square, Franklin Steele Square, and Elliott Park have already been mentioned. Stinson boule vard on the east side was given in 1886 by James Stin son ; a considerable part of Lake of the Isles park was the gift of a group of own ers; Col. Wm. S. King gave Lyndale Park, much of the Lake Harriet frontage and most of King's Highway; a large part of the Minnehaha Parkway land was given; the heirs of Joseph Dean gave the Dean Boulevard, and Thomas Lowry gave a large part of the Parade, be sides funds for improve ments in which he was joined by William H. Dunwoody, Charles J. Martin and others. There have also been many other gifts of property. Of buildings or improvements there have not been so many gifts. The most notable is that of the pavilion in Loring Park, presented to the city by C. M. Loring. Of all the gifts, however, those of personal service have been the most import ant. Many men have given time and expert abilities in park work absolutely with out compensation and to some extent without recog nition. It is not generally known at this day how much was done for the park sys tem by Dorilus Morrison, who was an active business man and influential in the handling of large projects, PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS when the park board was created. George Brackett's work was invaluable: that in connection with the acquisition of Min nehaha Park alone should entitle him to honor. Col. William S. King gave not only land in most generous measure,, but time and influence, although not a member of the park board. It has fallen to .the lot of Dr. W. W. Folwell to give the longest service on the park board—eighteen years— during seven of which he was president. A man of conspicuous ability and the most cultivated tastes, he has been a strong and refining influence. Charles M. Loring, for many years the recognized apostle of civic beauty in Minneapolis, has given more than generously of time and expert work to the park system. He was president of the board from 1883 to 1894. The universal recognition of his life-long devotion to the Minneapolis parks has been given perma nence through the naming of Loring Park in his honor. Long service has been characteristic of the park work. J. A. Ridgway has been secretary of the board for many years; W. M. Berry was superintendent for two decades and Frank H. Nutter engineer for a like period. Mr. Berry's work for the park system was notable. With pro nounced executive ability he handled all the original park improvements and built many miles of excellent drives at an astonishingly low cost. Theodore Wirth, the present superintendent, is a man of lifelong experi ence in park management. The officers and commissioners in 1908 are as follows: Jesse E. Northrup, presi dent; Wilbur F. Decker, vice-president; J, A. Ridgway, secretary; Chelsea J. Rockwood, attorney; Theodore Wirth, superin tendent; P. D. Boutell, Daniel W. Jones, Fred L. Smith, J. W. Allan, Chas. O. John son, E. J. Phelps, AVilliam McMillan, Mil ton O. Nelson, Charles A. Nimocks, Carl F. E. Peterson; ex-officio members, J. C. Haynes, mayor; John H. VanNest and Piatt B. Walker, chairmen council commit tees. The park system now comprises nearly 2,000 acres (including two large lakes), and over thirty miles of drives in parkways. 487 The value of lands - and improvements based on original cost is over $4,000,000. Acquisitions now in process of comple tion, or contemplated, will add several more large lakes and hundreds of acres of beauti ful park lands. The system includes a gen eral plan of medium sized neighborhood parks scattered throughout the city, a large central park (Loring Park), and leading from this center a system of parkways and boulevards skirting the lakes, Minnehaha creek and the picturesque gorge of the Mis sissippi river and connecting several large outlying parks. It is the purpose to com plete this system so as to surround the city with parkways linking charming parks. No other city has in its park system three of Nature's choicest gifts—lakes, waterfalls and a picturesque river gorge. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. . - The Minneapolis public library grew out of the. old Athenaeum, a private library founded in i860. The first meeting looking to the establishment of a library was held on May 16, 1859, and two days later the Young Men's Library Association was formed with David Charlton as president and Thomas Hale Williams librarian. The name was soon changed to the Minneapolis Athenaeum and in August, 1859, the first purchase of books—sixty-eight volumes, costing $106.38—was made. In i860 the Athenaeum was incorporated with Judge E. S. Jones president and Mr. Williams, sec retary and librarian, and at the close of the year the institution owned. 450. books. In ten years the library had increased to ,2,269 volumes and the stockholders numbered 200. At this time—1870—Dr. Kirby Spen cer died, leaving the Athenaeum, the larger part of his property. Although not a large bequest at the time, the property has so in creased in value as to make a very import ant endowment. The institution had in the meantime put up a building and was well established, though it remained a private li brary. The need of a public library was so manifest that in 1877 T. B. Walker secured a revision of the plans of the Athenaeum, materially reducing the cost of using the li brary and making the reading rooms free to the public. A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS 488 The growth of the city, however, caused a demand for something larger and more absolutely free to the public, and after some discussion the Athenaeum directors joined with other citizens in promoting the public library, and in 1885 an act was passed cre ating the library board and authorizing the erection of a building. It was provided that of the $150,000 contemplated as an • ,-r-\ '5' ' 5, - .*'/«/"•* •?r • » wsf sity, ex-officio. Mr. Walker was elected president and Mr. Johnson secretary. A11 arrangement was then consummated with the Athenaeum by which it was to transfer all its books to the public library for the free use of the public, the library to care for the books and to pay all expenses, while the funds of the Athenaeum should be de voted solely to the purchase of books. This * 7 . *• . •. ,r\ • .i. * . t •' . ' : . ..«sr * 7 ' l~ ••*»«» « » 4: . . . »?••»*- v / m ** . ' r. - .•sL., THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER GORGE. The park system includes both banks of the Mississippi river for some miles. expenditure, $50,000 should be raised by public subscription. This was done, the Athenaeum heading the list with $8,000 and T. P>. Walker, C. A. Pillsbury & Co., Thom as Lowry, W. D. Washburn, Clinton Mor rison, C. G. Goodrich, W. S. King, and J. Dean subscribing $5,000 each, while many other public spirited people provided the remainder. The first board under the la\* was composed of Thomas Lowry, M. B. Ivoon, John B. Atwater, Sven Oftedal, T. B. Walker and E. M. Johnson, together with the mayor, the president of the board of education, and the president of the univer- was a most fortunate arrangement for the new public library. It gave it a large ini tial collection of books and assured a con stant purchase of reference works and other publications which might not have been possible with only the ordinary public funds at command. It has enabled the librarians to build up both the reference and the more popular departments with very unusual in dependence. The library building when completed and furnished in 1889 cost with the site more than $330,000, and it has since been en larged. It is a very handsome building, PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS 489 well lighted, and fully equipped for all the apolis has always been the county seat and departments of library work. Besides the as the years have passed the rapid develop public library and Athenaeum collections the ment of the city has made its history sub building houses the Academy of Natural stantially that of Hennepin county. In the Sciences with its extensive museum, the half century many prominent citizens of Minneapolis School of Fine Arts and a Minneapolis have served the county in one large art collection. When opened in 1889 way or another. The names of those in the the library contained 30,000 volumes. It legal profession will be found in the chap now has over 165,000. There are more ter on Courts and Lawyers. In the early days the duties of the regis than 50,000 borrowers and an average of 2,000 books are issued daily. Six branches ter and county auditor were performed by and ten delivery stations serve outlying dis the former officer and Col. Stevens, Geo. E. tricts. Huey, Chas. G. Ames, and other of the pio The first librarian was Herbert Putnam, neers filled the office with satisfaction. Honow librarian of congress, to whom the in bart O. Hamlin and Harlow A. Gale were stitution is much indebted for careful foun among the earlier auditors. For county dation work and organization. After his treasurer the people elected such men as resignation in 1892, Dr. James K. Hosmer Allen Harmon, David Morgan, Joseph Dean, was appointed and brought to the post O. B. King, Jesse G. Jones, and W. W. scholarly attainments of a high order. In Huntington. Franklin Cook and G. W. 1904 he resigned to devote himself exclu Cooley were well known names on the list sively to literary work, and Miss Gratia of surveyors. The leading county officers Countryman, who had been a most capable since 1900 have been: Auditors, C. J. assistant, was appointed to the position, Minor, Hugh R. Scott; registers of deeds, which she still fills. Mr. Walker has re David G. Gorham, George C. Merrill, A. W. mained for more than twenty years a mem Skog; sheriffs, Philip T. Megaarden, J. W. ber of the library board and its president; Dreger; treasurers, A. W. Hastings, D. C. and many men of ability have served on the Bell, Chas. W. Johnson, Henry C. Hanke; board. The present library board is com surveyors, Geo. W. Cooley, Wm. E. Stoopes, posed of T. B. Walker, president; Lettie , Frank W. Haycock. M. Crafts, secretary; S. C. Gale, Jacob POSTOFFICE. ' , Stone, Frank H. Carlton; ex-officio, James C. Haynes, mayor; C. J. Bintliff, president AVhen Col. Stevens built his,house on the of the board of education; Cyrus Northrop, present site of Minneapolis, there were but president University of Minnesota. three mail routes in ;; the territory of Minne sota, and the. nearest postoffice was at Fort HENNEPIN COUNTY. Snelling. Letters and papers were usually The official life of Hennepin county has received once a week and in winter the Col always been very closely connected with onel was well pleased if he received his that of the city, as in much of the county mail as often as that. In 1851 a postoffice business, of course, the city has the largest was established at St. Anthony with Ard interest. Hennepin county was organized Godfrey as postmaster and a weekly mail in 1852, when it was set off from Dakota service from St. Paul; but during the next county by the territorial legislature. The year an order came from Washington, di first election, which was held in Col. Ste recting that St. Anthony be given a service vens' house, was the only unanimous elec three times a week. tion ever held in the county. Among the The first postoffice on the west side was candidates were these familiar names: Reg established in the spring of 1854 in a small ister of deeds, John H. Stevens; judge of store building near the river bank, on what probate, Joel P>. Bassett; surveyor, Charles is now High Street, and during the follow W. Christmas; assessors, Eli Pettijohn, Ed ing summer a daily mail was at last estab win Hedderly and Wm. Chambers. Minne lished. Dr, H. Fletcher was the first post- 490 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS master and h i s first quarterly re port states that t h e postage re ceipts f o r t h e three months amounted to just $5.95. With in creasing business the postoffice moved to Wash ington avenue, be tween Fifth and Sixth a v e n u e s south, and from t i m e to t i m e found new quar ters i 11 various parts of the town until 1874, when space was secured in the then new city hall. This l e a s e was for twenty years, but the quarters were much too small before the expira tion of that time Till'] MINNEAPOLIS POST OFFICE BUILDING. and part of the ground floor of the Boston Block at Third street and Hen Wm. D. Hale. Deputy postmaster T. E. nepin avenue was occupied in 1882. Hughes has occupied that position for many Agitation for a federal building was com years having large responsibility in the con menced in 1 8 7 9 and in 1882 the site at First duct of the office. avenue south and Third street was pur The business of the post office has devel chased and a building commenced but was oped from receipts of $138.71 in its first year not completed until 1 8 8 9 and by that time to $1 ,527,146.60 in 1907. was already outgrown. In 1 9 0 7 the pur chase of a site for a~ new building was com BRACKETT, George A. } a citizen of Minne pleted. This is the entire square bounded apolis for more than fifty years, is a native of by Washington and Second street and Sec Maine. He was born at Calais on September 16, ond and Third avenues south, but as yet 1836, the son of Henry H. Brackett, a mechanic, no definite plans for building have been who was descended from English ancestors. He was the second of a large family of children and consummated. The post masters following Dr. Fletcher have been: Dr. A. E. Ames, C. Wilcox, S. Hidden, W. P. Ankeny, D. Morgan, Daniel Bassett, W. W. McNair, Cyrus Aldrich, Dr. George II. Keith, O. M. Laraway, John J. /uikeny and the present incumbent Maj. was obliged to devote most of his time during his boyhood to such work as a boy could do to assist in the support of the family thereby pre venting an education he so much desired. The boy grew up with the qualities of self-reliance, industry, perseverance and courage which were to serve him in good stead during a life in which schooling was to count but little beside char- "• - - • ' •. 111 • . : ' " 4, 1 js-'* Ktf SWEET, PHOTO mk I 492 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS acter and natural ability. When nearly twentyundertaken in 1885, Mr. Brackett was made one of one he determined to come west and arrived in the first board of directors and was particularly Minneapolis at the same time as his boyhood's active and efficient in the work of construction acquaintance, William D. Washburn. He first of the immense building which was completed obtained employment in a butcher shop and then in a wonderfully short time. In the early sixties upon the new dam and in the next spring opened he was called to serve in the village council and a meat store of his own. His success was not for years thereafter was almost continuously in marked at first but his experience in handling municipal office—an alderman in the first city meats opened the way for contracts for the supcouncil, promoter of the water works, sewer ply of the troops when the war broke out. While system, fire department (and chief of the latter engaged in supplying Gen. H. H. Sibley's comdepartment for years), mayor, member of the mand during the Indian outbreak of 1862, Mr. park board—always at the forefront of what was Brackett nearly lost his life in an attack by tne of most importance and interest at the moment. Indians in North Dakota and, separated from To him Minneapolis owes the organization of its the command, spent five days alone on the plains, fire department and in great measure its park walking two hundred and twenty-five miles before system. When chosen mayor in 1873 Mr. Brackett rejoining the troops. After the close of the war made such a vigorous campaign against vice Mr. Brackett engaged in flour milling, first as that the city was unable to live up to its opporpartner in the firm of Eastman & Gibson and tunities thus offered and at the next election reafterwards with W. S. Judd as Judd & Brackett, lapsed ino a less strenuous policy. Of all his purchasing the Cataract mill and leasing the new efforts for the park system nothing was more Washburn mill in 1867. As the latter was the important than his work in raising $100,000 at a largest mill in the west the firm was for the time critical time in the struggle to acquire Minnethe most prominent in the city. Mr. Brackett's haha park, securing the tract for the city at the bent was, however, for large constructive work moment when it appeared to be lost forever. He and he welcomed the opportunity in 1869 to take served on the park board for six years from the charge of the Northern Pacific Railroad reconoriginal formation of the board in 1883. Early in naissance under Governor J. Gregory Smith, the eighties Mr. Brackett was largely instrumental president of the road. This expedition fitted out in in organizing the Associated Charities and served Minneapolis and traveled westward over the plains as its president for many years and is still vice to the big bend of the Missouri. Such a satisfacpresident. This was only one direction in which tory impression of the country was obtained that the wise charitableness of the man found practical construction was determined upon and Mr. exercise; of the many acts of helpfulness of a Brackett's intimate knowledge of the country and long lifetime there is no record. His particular local conditions enabled him with others to make fitness for such work led Governor Merriam to a bid which secured the contract for the first two appoint him to the state board, of charities and hundred and forty miles from Duluth to the corrections on which he served for some years. Red river. Associated with him in this work After the panic of 1893 Mr. Brackett found his were W. D. Washburn, Col. W. S. King, W. W. resources crippled and the accumulations of a Eastman, Dorilus Morrison and others. It was life of hard work largely dissipated. He went to the beginning of ten years largely devoted to rail^ Alaska determined to make a new start in the road building in which Mr. Brackett had a hand new country. At Skaguay he became interested in the construction work on some of the main in the project of transporation over the mountains northwestern roads. Through all this time and in and was the means of demonstrating, through the later years Mr. Brackett had many other business construction of a wagon road, the possibility of interests' in the city and also found time for work a railroad. Overcoming tremendous engineering for the public and for those private works of difficulties and in the face of bitter opposition and charity and friendliness which made his name financial and political trickery, he completed the synonymous for helpfulness. While still a very wagon road and, though losing heavily in the end, young man Mr. Brackett began to take a hand in had the satisfaction of the acknowledgment by the public affairs of the city and it soon came the great Canadian and American constructionists about that if a distinguished guest visited MinHenry Villard, James J. Hill, Sir William Van neapolis Mr. Brackett was, as a matter of course, Home and others—that he had accomplished called upon to arrange the proceedings, get up more in building the wagon road than the rail^ the program and perchance pass the subscription road people did in building a steam road after paper. From the time of the welcoming of the the wagon road had demonstrated the possibilireturning soldiers after the war to the great ties. Mr. Brackett also took a prominent, part Harvest Festival of 1891, Mr. Brackett was the in the Alaskan boundary fight and is credited with acknowledged and unquestioned leader of all such having done more for the retention of the confestivities. Into such undertakings as official tested territory than any other man. Returning work he threw himself with the utmost ento Minneapolis in 1905 Mr. Brackett established thusiasm, and was not satisfied unless everyone himself at his beautiful Minnetonka home, Orono, else was working at the same high pressure as which he purchased many years ago, and is dehimself. When the Minneapolis Exposition was voting himself to his private affairs and to the PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS business of the Lakewood Cemetery association with which he has been connected as a trustee since its organization. For many years he has been a member of Plymouth Congregational church. He was married in 1858 to Anna M. Hoit. They have had ten children, of whom six sons and one daughter are now living. Mrs. Brackett died in 1891. Although seventy-two years of age Mr. Brackett is a vigorous man, quite as enthusiastic as ever about Minneapolis, ready if need be to take up any worthy work for the city he loves, and as proud of the achieve ments of the present time as when he was in the forefront of every undertaking. No man is more highly regarded and as one of his successors in the Mayor's chair said, not long ago: "He is dear to the hearts of the people of Minneapolis, for what he has been, and for what he is." BROWN, Daniel Chester, (Dan C. Brown), city comptroller of Minneapolis, was born in this city, on March 12, 1861. His parents, Charles Daniel and Henrietta Sophia Brown, were of that sturdy Maine stock which sent so many recruits to the Revolution. Seven of the ancestors on the Brown side enlisted from Edgcomb, Maine, where the original family lived for many generations. Charles Daniel Brown was a carriage maker and is still, having been in business since 1857. The DAN C. BKOWN. 493 present comptroller learned his father's trade at intervals during his school years, which began in what was called the "old White school"—now used as a dwelling house, and situated just north of the Marcy school, on Fifth street southeast. From there he went to the Marcy, and later spent a term and a half at the Central high, which was his last public school experience. For some time after leaving the high school he worked at his trade, taking a course at business college also. About 1881 Mr. Brown was appointed to a posi tion in the water works department, serving in that department in various capacities for eighteen years, the latter half of this time as assistant registrar. In 1899 he resigned to try a year of private business life, but went back to office again with Hugh R. Scott, serving as deputy county auditor from 1900 to 1903. In 1904 a new sys tem of accounting was adopted by the city, and Mr. Brown, having recently resigned from the auditor's office and taken a position with the city comptroller, was given charge of the new method. The comptroller's term expiring soon after, Mr. Brown was elected to the vacancy in 1904 and commenced his term on Jan. 1, 1905. His official record thus far has added more testimony to the efficiency of the old time belief in a practical busi ness experience as a training for boys. In poli tics he has always been an active republican. He is a member of the Masonic and Odd Fellow fraternities, of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, the St. Anthony Commercial Club and of the Native Sons of Minnesota. Soon after Capt. Naylor's company v was organized in the First Minnesota N. G. A., Mr. Brown enlisted and was discharged as corporal three years later. He was married August 1, 1889, to Grace Winifred Newland, of New York, and has one daughter. The church membership of the family is Episcopalian. CALDERWOOD, Willis Greenleaf, was born at Fox Lake, Wisconsin, on July 25, 1866. His perents were John Calderwood and Emily B. (Greenleaf) Calderwood, his father being a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. His mother was descended from the earliest Puritan families that settled in New England, while his father was a native of Scotland. Mr. Calderwood's early life was spent in Wisconsin and Iowa, and being of a practical nature, his mind turned early to sources of revenue, and when seven years of age he earned his first wages herding cows. He steadily increased his income, until at the age of fourteen he was able to support himself. When sixteen years old he came to Minnesota and entered the Wesleyan Methodist School at Wasioja, Dodge county, graduating, from that in stitution in 1886. Then for four years he taught school in Dakota, and in 1890 obtained a position as instructor in a commercial college in this city. In 1894, however, he laid aside this work to assume the responsibilities of the agency depart ment and assistant secretary of the Northwest ern Life Association, for whom he had been 494 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS married in 1892 to Miss Alice M. Cox, the daughter of the Rev. Charles Cox, a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Mrs. Calderwood is actively interested in her husband's work. CANTERBURY, James Rudolph, chief of the fire department of Minneapolis, is of English and German descent. His father, John David Canterbury, is of English parentage though his mother had German blood in her veins. Mr. Can terbury, Sr., was by trade a stationery engineer, served with the Federal troops in the Civil War for three and a half years and lived at Pomeroy, Ohio. He was married to Harriet Stanley, a daughter of old American families on both sides. James Rudolph was born on March 15, 1858, at Pomeroy, Ohio, and in that town he passed his early life and attended the common schools until he was fifteen years of age. He then left school to begin a business career and found employment with the New Cumberland Towboat Company of Cumberland, W. Va., and was connected with that firm until he was twenty years old. At that time the Mississippi river steamboat traffic was at its height and Mr. Can terbury for a time was lamp trimmer, watchman and mate on a line of boats that made the river run between Pittsburg, St. Louis, and New Or leans. In 1878 he entered a position with the Belcher Sugar Refinery at St. Louis, resigning his WILLIS G. CALDHRWOOD ^gent the preceding year. Mr. Calderwood had been active in prohibition work while in school, and in 1888 was chairman of the non-partisan prohibition association in his judicial district, in the North Dakota amendment campaign, and from 1893 was secretary of the Hennepin county prohibition committee. In 1896 he was elected assistant secretary of the state prohibition com mittee, and the following year received the office of secretary, the duties of which he assumed in 1898, when he severed his connections with the Northwestern Life Association. He still has the management of the affairs of the state commit tee and conducts ,the campaigns for the prohi bition party. Mr. Calderwood originated the "legislative" plan of the campaign by which the vote of the prohibition party was greatly in creased and three men sent to the legislature and one elected sheriff, something never accom plished by the party before. He was also a can didate in 1904 and 1906 for the legislature in the thirty-ninth district. He was elected secretary of the Prohibition National Committee in 1904, and still holds' the position. Mr. Calderwood has during his public career often been a speaker and writer on various reform subjects—prohibition, public ownership, the referendum, equal suffrage, and similar questions of the day. He attends the First Methodist Church in this city, in which he fills an official position. Mr. Calderwood was JAMES R. CANTERBURY. PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS office in 1882 to come to Minneapolis and engage in the making of barrels, buying stock in the Co operative Barrel Manufacturing Company. On May 1, 1883, he was appointed to the fire de partment of this city and for twelve years was connected with the sendee. He began in the ca pacity of pipeman with chemical engine No. 1, being transferred on February 26, 1886, to hose No. 5, and the captaincy of engine No. 6 on De cember 8, 1887. He was appointed second assist ant chief engineer on January 9, 1891, and held that office until February 1, 1895, when he re signed from the department. Shortly after this on June 20, of the same year, he was assistant boiler inspector and was in that position for sev eral years. In 1900 he was made chief of the department and has filled the position with ability and fidelity. Mr. Canterbury is a republican in politics and a member of several political organi zations. He is a member of the Commercial Club, and of the Masonic order, Minneapolis No. 19, Blue Lodge; St. John Chapter, Royal Arch; Zion Commandry, Knights Templar; Minneapolis No. 2; the Nicollet Lodge No. 16, A. O. LI. W., and Minnehaha Council 1160, R. A. He is presi dent of the Fireman's Relief Association, and vice president of the international association of chief engineers of fire departments. In 1883 Mr. Canterbury was married to Miss Lizzie Plumer Hanscom, of Minneapolis and has two children, Ethel May, and James Ralph. The family attends the Methodist church. CLARK, E. William, was born July 4, i860, at Cannon Falls, Minnesota, son of Elijah and Mary (Wright) Clark, who were pio neers in Goodhue county in the Territor ial' days, settling in Cannon Falls in 1856. His father served four years in the army during the Civil war, being a member of Company F., Eighth Minnesota. The last nine months of his service was as first lieutenant of a colored regiment. Mr. Clark spent the first twen ty-one years of his life at Cannon Falls and graduated from the high school at that place. He entered the dry goods business at Cannon Falls and subsequently was in the same business in Fargo, North Dakota, for three years. Since 1884, Mr. Clark has resided in Min neapolis, where he has been engaged in the coal business. Mr. Clark is a life long republican and is serving his second term as alderman of the eighth ward. He is one of the official members of the Simpson Methodist Episcopal Church. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity. On August 31, 1887, he was married to Alice Ada Kingston, of Northfield, Minnesota, and they have four children—Ada, Mary, Richard and Agnes. COMSTOCK, Edgar F., a resident of Min neapolis since 1866, is a native of Passadumkeag, Maine, where he was born on March 4, 1845. He was the son of James Madison and Louisa M. 495 Comstock—the father a lumberman, town officer and member of the state legislature—paths of en deavor and service which the son was destined to follow. The common school education of a coun try boy in Maine was cut short for Edgar F. by the breaking out of the Civil War. At the age of seventeen he enlisted as a private in Com pany A of the First Maine Cavalry and partici pated in several battles before December, 1863, when his term of enlistment ended. In March, 1865, he re-enlisted in the Seventeenth Maine Infantry and served until mustered out at the close of the war. Soon afterwards he came to Minneapolis and engaged in the lumber business. His forty years of residence in the city have been evenly divided between lumbering and railroad contracting, the latter business being taken up in 1886. During his long residence in the city Mr. Comstock has taken a lively interest in pub lic affairs and has served the municipality and state in many capacities. In 1882 he was elected to the city council—the first republican ever elected to office from the First Ward of Minne apolis. During his service in the council he was chairman of the committee on roads and bridges for three years and ex-officio member of the park board for two years. In 1886 he was elected to the state legislature and commenced a long serv ice to the state, serving in the lower house in 1887, 1889 and 1893 and in the senate in 1903 and 1905. Mr. Comstock was appointed on the Min neapolis Court House and City Hall Commission upon its creation and served as chairman of the construction committee from 1889 until the com pletion of the building in 1906. During his coun cil and legislative service Mr. Comstock took an active part in the establishment of the Minne apolis "patrol limits" system and in the passage of the high license law. Mr. Comstock was mar ried on June 28, 1868, to Miss Mary Hacking of Greenbush, Maine. They have three sons, Rob ert M., James M., and Edgar F., Jr.,—all of them residents of Minneapolis. Mr. Comstock is a member of Chase Post, G. A. R and of the St. Anthony Commercial Club. CONDIT, Lannes A., son of Benjamin Frank lin Condit, was born on March 17, 1849, at Ad rian, Michigan. He spent his early life in Adrian and began his education in the public schools of that place. After completing his preparatory studies he entered Ann Arbor College. It was not his desire, however, to take up a professional career, so he took an accountant's course in the Mayhew Business College at Mayhew, Michigan, to prepare himself for commercial life. On Au gust 21, 1873, he came to Minneapolis from Adri an and secured a position with Barnard Bros. & Cope, the well known furniture manufacturers of this city. He remained with that firm for two years and in May, 1877, he entered the office of auditor of Hennepin county where he remained for thirteen years, nine as deputy auditor and from 1887 to 1890 as auditor of Hennepin county. He 496 A H A L F CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS then became secretary and manager of the Moore Carving Machine Company. In 1 8 9 8 he again became deputy auditor and held the position until 1 9 0 5 when he accepted the position of assistant city comptroller of Minneapolis and still holds that office. Mr. Condit has been in the employ of. the county and city except as above stated since the year 1 8 7 7 and has fulfilled the duties of his office with marked ability. Mr. Condit is a member of the Masonic fraternity and is a past master of Minneapolis Lodge, No. 19. He at tends the Fifth Avenue Congregational Church. On April 2 5 , 1875, Mr. Condit was married to Miss Anna L. Pinkham and they have three Gjiildren—Irving L. now in the glove business in Seattle, Mrs. Jessie F. Baird, and Edythe who lives with her parents. COOLEY, George W., state engineer and secretary of the highway commission of the stateof Minnesota, was born in New York City in 1845. His common school education was supple mented by a course at Cooper Institute where he laid the foundation for his professional work, completing his training for the engineering pro fession in practical work as assistant on railroad surveys. H e came to Minneapolis in 1 8 6 4 and at once found employment with the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, now the Great Northern, which was just commencing its survey for the great system west of the Mississippi. Mr. Cooley was assistant engineer of the surveying party and drove the first stake west of the Mississippi river for a line which has since been extended to the Pacific coast. H e was the first locating and con struction engineer on the eastern end of the Northern Pacific Railroad, having commenced that work on February 15, 1870, after which he had charge of preliminary surveys and was suc ceeded on location and construction work by General Rosser. In 1 8 8 4 he was elected alder man from the Eighth Ward of Minneapolis and gave the city the benefit of his abilities; originated the underground electric system for the city and secured the passage of the ordinance in the coun cil. Mr. Cooley was also one of the promoters of the patrol limits system, perhaps the most practical and popular method of restricting the liquor traffic ever devised in an American city. In 1 8 9 8 Mr. Cooley was elected county surveyor of Hennepin county and was re-elected in 1900, 1 9 0 2 and 1904. After serving in that office for seven years he became state engineer and secre tary of the state highway commission, which office he still occupies. During the entire period of his residence in Minnesota, when not engaged in railroad or government engineering, he has conducted a general surveying and engineering office in Minneapolis. Mr. Cooley was married in 1 8 7 2 to a daughter of the late R. E. Grimshaw and has six children. He is prominent in the Masonic order and is a member of various local organizations and county, state and national Good Roads Associations. CONKEY, James Henry, a pioneer of Minne sota and a resident of Minneapolis from 1872 until his death in 1908, was born at Plattsburg, New York, December 2 5 , 1820, the son of Lucius Conkey and Phebe (Townsend) Conkey. H e re ceived his education in the common schools and fitted himself to become a civil engineer in which capacity he was employed on the Vermont Central railroad as early as 1846. About 1 8 5 0 he moved to Burlington, Wisconsin, and laid the first track of the Milwaukee & St. Paul rail way between Milwaukee and Waukesha. During the following year he laid track on the Cincin nati, Hamilton & Dayton railway in Ohio. Mr. Conkey moved to Minnesota in 1864 and traveled from Mendota to Faribault with his family over the Minnesota Central railway (now the Chi cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul) on the first pas senger train to enter Faribault. In his new home Mr. Conkey was interested in flour mill ing. In 1 8 7 2 he moved to Minneapolis and en tered the planing mill business. He was for many years the proprietor of the Union planing mills conducting a large and prosperous business but in 1894, when seventy-four years of age he retired to enjoy well earned leisure. Mr. Conkey was an alderman of Minneapolis in 1876 and 1877. He was chairman of the committee on roads and bridges and was sent to New York to buy wire for the construction of the second sus pension bridge which preceded the present steel JAMES H. CONKEY PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS arch bridge. In his youth while conducting a railroad survey in Vermont his lines ran across the farm of Seth Langdon and by chance he met one of Mr. Langdon's daughters, Martha A. Langdon, a sister of the late Robert B. Langdon of Minneapolis, and this acquaintance was followed by their marriage in 1848. They had four children of whom the oldest son, Frank L. Conkey, is buried at Khartoum, Africa, while Robert Bruce and Emma L. Conkey died at Minneapolis. His only surviving child, Mrs. George H. Warren, has long been a resident of Minneapolis and Mr. Conkey died at her home on April n , 1 9 0 8 . He is survived by Mrs. Conkey. CORRISTON, Frank T., superintendent of police of Minneapolis, is a native of Minnesota, born on February 1 0 , 1 8 6 8 , at St. Peter. He re mained in the town of his birth till he was four teen years of age, attending the public schools. The family moved to Minneapolis at that time, and here Mr. Corriston completed his prepara tory training including the study of shorthand and entered the Law School of the University of Minnesota with the class of 1 8 9 0 . He finished his studies in that year and received an LL. B. degree. He had previously read law in the offices of Wilson & Lawrence of this city from 1 8 8 7 to 1 8 8 9 , and on March 1 4 t h of the latter year was admitted to the bar of Hennepin county. Fol lowing his admission to the bar he began to prac tice and in 1 8 9 3 formed a partnership with James W. Lawrence and Hiram C. Truesdale, as Law rence, Truesdale & Corriston, and practiced as one of that firm until 1 8 9 6 when Mr. Truesdale was appointed Chief Justice of Arizona. With his departure from the city the partnership was dissolved. Shortly afterward, on January 4, 1897, Colonel Corriston was appointed the official court stenographer for the Hon. David F. Simpson, District Judge of Hennepin county, and with the exception of eighteen months spent in the Philip pines, he held that office until January 7, 1907. On that date he was appointed by Mayor James C. Haynes, to the office of Superintendent of Police of Minneapolis, a position for . which his experience with the National Guard and his police and court duties in Manila, as well as his legal training here, give him exceptional qualifications. As Captain of Company I, Thirteenth Minnesota Volunteers, he went to the Philippines, arriving there July 3 1 s t , 1 8 9 8 , where he was stationed at Manila until the return of the regiment to the United States on September 7 , 1 8 9 9 ; and was mustered out of the service on October 3, 1899. Soon after his arrival he was detailed on duty with the Provost Guard of Manila and for seven months was detailed as Judge of the Provost Court. Since his return he has again become active in the National Guard and at present ranks as Lieutenant Colonel of the First Regiment, with which he has served since April 14, 1889. He is a member of the Armory Board of this city and was largely instrumental in securing the 497 new Armory for Minneapolis. Colonel Corriston is a democrat in his political beliefs, and has taken an active interest in party matters. He was secretary of the democratic Congressional Com mittee when James W. Lawrence was candidate for Congress in 1 8 9 2 , and in 1 9 0 0 was himself the democratic nominee for special judge of Munici pal Court. He is affiliated with a number of the fraternal and social societies, being a member of the Masonic Order, Khurum Lodge, Ark Chapter of which he is a Past High Priest; of the Min neapolis Mounted Commandery of Knights Temp lar; of the Elks; the Royal Arcanum and the Native Sons of Minnesota. He is also a mem ber and, past commander of A. R. Patterson Camp No. 1, Army of the Philippines and past State Commander of the Minnesota Society, Army of the Philippines. Mr. Corriston was married 011 May 1, 1 8 9 8 , to Miss Lela E. Benham, and they have one child, a daughter. COUNTRYMAN, Gratia Alta, librarian of the public library, was born in Hastings, Minnesota, in 1 8 6 6 . Her father was an early settler in Dakota County, having preempted a homestead there in 1854. Miss Countryman attended the public schools of Hastings and graduated from the High School there in 1 8 8 2 and from the University of Minnesota in 1 8 8 9 . After graduation at the University and holding the deserved honor of membership in the Phi Beta Kappa Society, she entered without delay upon what has proved to be her life-work in the service of the Public Library, which" at that period may be said to have been in the formative phase of efficient organization. Mr. Herbert Putman, who is now librarian of the library of congress at Washington, was bringing order out of something akin to chaos, and Miss Countryman, who had an instinctive love of sys tem and is skilled in bibliography, which includes the topical arrangement of books, showed. her adaption so soon that she was made head catalog uer at the end of the first year of her work. When Dr. James K. Hosmer became librarian, after Herbert Putman left Minneapolis, Miss Countryman's abilities were recognized by her appointment as assistant librarian, a position which she filled with great efficiency until Dr. Hosmer resigned in 1 9 0 4 . Since then Miss Coun tryman has performed the responsible duties of librarian to which position she was appointed after the retirement of Dr. Hosmer. She has held the position of Councellor and vice president of the American Library Association. She was also responsible for the passage of an act creat ing the Minnesota State Library Commission, and has held an appointment on that board since its creation. ' DAHL, John F., first assistant county attor ney of Hennepin county, is a native of Bergen, Norway," where he was born on January 22, 1870. He was the son of Andrew Dahl and Wilhelmina Cedergren Dahl. When he was only six months of age his parents came to America and settled 498 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS in Minneapolis, and it was in this city that Mr. Dahl spent most of his boyhood. He received his education in the Minneapolis public schools and in Gustavus Adolphus College at St. Peter, Minnesota, and after graduation from the latter institution took the academic and law course at the University of Minnesota. Upon graduating from the university in 1892 he at once commenced the practice of his profession in Minneapolis. He had a taste for politics and being a good public speaker soon became prominent in local republi can party activities. In 1894 he was elected to the state legislature from the thirty-second district and served during the legislative session of 1895, being the youngest member of the house that year. In 1896 he was re-elected to the legislature on the ticket with Judge Henry G. Hicks, Judge Willard R. Cray and Hans Simonson. Upon the election of Al. J. Smith as county attorney in 1905 Mr. Dahl was appointed first assistant and was re-appointed at the beginning of the year 1907. During his service for the county Mr. Dahl has conducted some of the most important prose cutions, notably the proceedings against the former officers of the Northwestern National Life Insur ance Company. He has been very successful in handling all public business entrusted to him, and has won a reputation as a competent prosecutor. Mr. Dahl was a member of the Theta Delta Chi fraternity at the University and is now in the leading clubs and societies of Minneapolis, in cluding the Odin Club and the Apollo Club. His tastes are musical and besides singing in the last "mentioned organization he is musical director in the St. Anthony of Padua Catholic Church. Mr. Dahl was married to Miss Sophia Skjerdingstad of Minneapolis and they have one child, a son, Theodore. DREGER,' J. William, was born March 23, 1846, at Bergholtz, Niagara county, New York, son of John W. and Louisa Dreger. The father was a farmer and both parejits came from Pasewold, near Stettin, Pomerania, Germany, in 1843, and settled in Bergholtz, New York. The son attended the German Lutheran parochial school until he was fourteen years old (his parents were strict Lutherans) and for three years thereafter he studied at Martin Luther College in Buffalo, New York. In 1863 he taught a German school in Walmore, Niagara county, New York, and then was a salesman in a retail lumb-er yard in Buffalo. After coming to Minneapolis he was a salesman and surveyor in lumber yards in 1868-69. He was a member of the firm of 1L. Eichorn & Sons from 1887 to 1902. He served as president of the Board of Arbitration and Conciliation in 1900 and 1901 and, on March 10, 1902, was appointed sher iff of Hennepin county to which office he was elected in that year and reelected in 1904 and again in 1906. When Mr. Dreger was appointed sheriff in 1902, the fee system was abolished and a fixed salary system followed making many im portant changes necessary under the law, and they were made in a manner satisfactory to the public, notably the tax payers. Mr. Dreger has always taken a deep and active interest in the cause of good government and is a member of the Good Citizens League and other societies, as the Liederkranz Singing Society; the Gymnastic Union, the Teutonia Kegel Club, the German So ciety of St. Paul and Minneapolis; the Masonic order and other organizations. He was married on May 4, 1887, to Ottilie J. Eichorn, a daughter of Ex-Alderman Eichorn of the Third Ward. Mrs. Dreger died in June 1905, leaving no chil dren. DUTTON, Ellis Roy, first assistant city engi neer, was born on August 13, 1859, at the town of Marion Linn county, Iowa. The family was one of the oldest in that region. This was par ticularly true of his mother's family, she having come to Marion with her parents in 1845, making the trip from Ohio, their former home, by oxteam. Mr. Dutton is the son of John A. Dutton and Louisa L. Dutton. The father was a black smith and wagon manufacturer at Marion, where his son passed the early years ot his life and at tended the public schools. He entered the Mar ion high school, then considered the best prepara tory institution in the state, and graduated witn the highest honors of his class. Mr. Dutton then entered Coe College at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, tak ing a literary and scientific course. The school was located five miles from Marion and he trav eled this distance daily, a greater part of the time on foot. He continued his college work for three years but unexpected circumstances made it im possible for him to complete his course. It was not his intention while in college to follow the engineering profession, but an opportunity was offered him which he accepted. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railr.oad was at that time engaged in building its line between Marion and Omaha, and Mr. Dutton engaged in the engi neering department. Since that time he has been continuously in engineering work. He re mained in the service of the Milwaukee road, at different places in Iowa and later in North and South Dakota until 1883, when an opportunity was offered him to enter the city engineering de partment of Minneapolis. He came here on March 4, 1883, and with the exception of six months has since been continuously connected with the department. He has held several dif ferent offices and has been identified with almost all of the public improvements constructed since 1883. In 1888 failing health compelled him to re sign and for six months he held the position of assistant city engineer of Los Angeles, California. Returning to Minneapolis in 1899 he was made first assistant city engineer. On January 6, 1886, Mr. Dutton was married to Miss Lillie G. Miller, who had come to this city in 1880 with her parents, Albion and Maria H. Miller, who before moving to Minneapolis had been long time resi dents of Whitneyville, Maine. Mr. and Mrs. 499 PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS Dutton have four children—Hazel E., born on December 15, 1888; Roy M., born on October 11, 1891; Ruth L., born June 7, 1893, and Helen L., born June 1, 1898. . The family are connected with the Congregational denomination. EUSTIS, William Henry, is of English ances try. His father, Tobias Eustis, came from Corn wall, England, when a young man and learned the trade of wheelwright which he followed, al though his forefathers had been Cornish miners. He was married to Mary Markwick, who, like himself, was of English lineage. They finally settled at the village of Oxbow, Jefferson county, New York, where, in 1845, William H. Eustis was born, the second of a family of eleven children. As soon as able he was obliged to assist in the support of the family. For this purpose he was taken from school at an early age. When about fifteen years old he met with an accident, which incapacitated him for manual labor, and he determined to be a lawyer. He was com pelled, however, to depend for a higher edu cation upon his own exertions. He first learned telegraphy and bookkeeping and taught them to select classes. This service, supplemented by what he earned in soliciting life insurance, en abled him to take a preparatory course at the seminary at Gouverneur,St. Lawrence county, New York. He then entered the Wesleyan University at Middleton, Connecticut, in 1871, and graduated in the class of 1873, having supported himself during the course by teaching. He next went to New York City and entered the Columbian Law school. By doing two years work in one he fin ished the course in 1874, but was a thousand dol lars in debt. He again resorted to his old occu pation of teaching and at the end of the year was out of debt. He bought a new suit of clothes, paid his fare to Saratoga Springs, and had fifteen dollars left. He had previously formed the ac quaintance of Mr. John R. Putnam, a member of the Saratoga bar, who offered him a partnership.. It proved to be a fortunate event for both men, for the practice of the firm became large and re munerative. The partnership was continued for six years, and was dissolved in 1881, when Mr. Eustis was determined to visit Europe. He had taken an active part in public affairs and had gained celebrity as a public speaker, traveling over the state in political campaigns. Although Mr. Eustis planned to be gone two years when he left for Europe in the spring of 1881, political events drew him home in a few months. He then set out in search of a new home, and made a very thorough examination of the condition of the principal cities west of the Mississippi, finally concluding that Minneapolis was the most prom ising and attractive. He came here on October 23, 1881, and began immediately to practice his profession. He had faith in the future of the city, and while pursuing his law business, he boldly invested the comparatively small savings of previous years- in real estate and contributed with enthusiasm to the extent of his ability in purse and brain to commercial and industrial en terprises designed to build up the material in terest of the community. He erected the build ing at Hennepin and Sixth street, so long oc cupied as the Republican Union League head quarters and now known as Elks Hall; the Flour Exchange and the Corn Exchange, besides other business edifices less known. He was a director of the building committee in charge of the erection of the Masonic Temple. He was one of the projectors of the North American Tele graph Company, designed to secure competitive telegraph service for the northwest, serving both as director and secretary of the enterprise. He was one of the incorporators of the "Soo" rail road, built to furnish cheap transportation by a new route to the east, and he was one of its board of directors. Mr. Eustis has large real estate interests and is known as a successful and skill ful operator. Early in 1907 Mr. Eustis completed, WII.I.IAM HENRY EUSTIS 500 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS in extraordinarily rapid time, a deal characteristic of the energy and executive ability of the man. Securing from the United States Government the order for a block of land for the site of a new Minneapolis post office, Mr. Eustis in seven weeks perfected his title, cut through yards of Wash ington red-tape, obtained the acceptance of the deeds and abstracts in a few hours where months are ordinarily consumed by the Post Office de partment, secured his warrant for the money in six hours, where as many days are usually con sumed and closed the whole transaction with a startling rapidity which fairjy took away the breath of the Washington officials. Mr. Eustis was in 1892 elected mayor of Minneapolis. His administration was one of the most careful and economical in the history of the city. He made a very careful study of the saloon question and the laws relating to the liquor traffic at-the be ginning of his term of office and sought to en force them in such a way as to secure the best results. His theory of administration did not call for the strictest enforcement of. the law in ac cordance with the letter, but for such enforce ment as, while granting more license to the saloon than the law specified, sought to enlist the saloonkeepers in a general effort for the sup pression of crime and the diminution of drunken ness. The statistics of the police department and the workhouse for the two years of his admin istration showed a great decrease in crime under his system. Drunkenness diminished, commit ments to the workhouse were cut down, the sale of liquor to minors was noticeably reduced and the evils resulting from the liquor traffic gen erally minimized. He was subsequently nomin ated by the republican party as a candidate for governor of the state. His defeat was not per sonal to him, but entirely due to the nationality of his opponent. Mr. Eustis was not soured by his defeat. He has continued in his active sup port of the party as of old. Mr. Eustis grew up under Methodist influence, and is a member of the Methodist church. He was never married, but occupies comfortable bachelor quarters in his Sixth street building. He is the possessor of a fine library and derives much pleasure and en joyment from his books. Mr. Eustis is an orator of grace and power, and has rendered invaluable service to his party in campaign work. He was a delegate to the Republican National Conven tion in 1892, and voted for Blaine. His gift as a public speaker makes him in great demand on public occasions. FINNEY, Albert Carlyle, assistant city attor ney, was born May 12, 1863, in Brown county, Ohio, to Jonathan Finney, a Presbyterian minis ter and farmer, and Agnes L. (Bevans) Finney. His boyhood was spent on a farm in Goodhue county, Minnesota, where he attended the public schools. He obtained the degree of B. A. at Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota, with the class of 1887. After graduation he studied law. Since he began practicing his profession in Minneapolis twelve years ago, he has been con nected with much important litigation pertaining to municipal affairs. He has always been a re publican and has always been interested in good government. During his term as assistant city attorney, during four years past he has handled many important cases, and in his official capacity did much to assist in placing and holding down the "lid" in Minneapolis. Mr. Finney is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, and of the Fraternal order of Elks, B. P. O. E. No. 44. He belongs, also, to the Greek letter society, Phi Kappa Psi. He belongs to no church but attends the Linden Hills Congregational Church. He has never married. GERBER, Michael A., was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on October 10, 1864. He is the son of Peter and Barabara Gerber, who moved, when Michael was still a child, to Minneapolis, so that Mr. Gerber was raised and received his early training in this city. In the German Catholic M1CIIAEI, A. GERRER. 501 PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS schools of this city he was given his preparatory education and then entered the St. John's Univer sity with the class of 1878. He spent some time at that institution, and then entered upon an active business life; and after the usual vicissi tudes of a commercial career, in 1899 established himself in his present occupation of bookbinding. W i t h Mathias H . Gerber he organized t h e firm of Gerber Bros., and commenced a general binding business. Mr. Gerber is a democrat in politics and is prominent in the democratic work of the city. He served a four years term as alderman of the First Ward, and in 1906 was re-elected to the office for a like period. Among his other public services Mr. Gerber was actively interested in the establishment of the Gerber baths on Hall 's Island, a public bathing place in the river at the east end of the Plymouth avenue bridge. After considerable effort Mr. Gerber succeeded in hav ing the baths instituted in the summer of 1905 and they proved such a success that during the following summer they were enlarged and im proved till now the city has almost a model place for utility and recreation. He is a German Cath olic in his church affiliations, and is a member of the Catholic Order of Foresters, the Catholic Knights of America, the Knights of Columbus, the St. Boniface German Catholic Society and the St. Anthony and Northeast Commercial Clubs. O n June 8, 1886, Mr. Gerber was married to Miss Mary Wiedenfuehr and they have six children, five g i r l s a n d a b o y . GRAY, James, was born in Falkirk, Scotland, February 18, 1862. His father was John Gray, a miller and his mother, Elizabeth Ronald. John Gray emigrated to America in 1866 with a family of seven, of whom James Gray was the sixth. James Gray received his early education in the public schools of Jackson and Dubuque counties, Iowa, and after a winter spent in Jackson county as a school teacher came to Minneapolis in the spring of 1880 where he was employed through the summer in the sash and door factory of Fraser & Shepherd as a helper in the shipping department. Later he was appointed shipping clerk but left the position to take the entrance examinations at the state university, where he was matriculated in September, 1880, as a subfreshman. He was graduated from the scientific course in June, 1885, standing at the head of his class and delivering the valedictory address. On the day previous he delivered by appointment of a l l t h e s t u d e n t s t h e a d d r e s s o f w e l c o m e , 011 b e half of the under graduates, to the new president, C y r u s N o r t h r o p , 011 t h e o c c a s i o n o f h i s i n a u g u r a tion. Immediately after his graduation Mr. Gray began newspaper work as a reporter on the Min neapolis Tribune. Within a year he became city editor of the paper and later an editorial writer and dramatic editor. When the Times was started in 1889 Mr. Gray became its night editor and made up the forms of the first issue of a BHU5H, PHOTO J A M E S GRAY paper which soon attained a degree of influence in the community not often accorded to new publications. Mr. Gray was successively city ed itor and managing editor of the Times. I n jthe spring of 1898 he was commisssioned to go to Washington as a special correspondent of the Times and write his views of the Cuban question as it appeared at the capital. The result was a series of telegraphed letters which so set the local people to talking of their author that on his return home Mr. Gray was solicited to allow his name to be used as the democratic candidate for mayor. After much hesitation he consented, received the nomination over Franklin G. Holbrook and, leaving the paper in September, 1898, began a campaign which resulted in his election, by a majority of 6,572 votes. After serving two years Mayor Gray was nominated for re-election and was defeated. Since his retirement from politics Mr. Gray has been engaged in newspaper work, mainly as associate editor of the Minneapolis Journal. In October, 1893, Mr. Gray was married to Grace Orpha Farrington of Minneapolis, formerly of Jamestown, New York, Mrs. Gray, was, before her marriage, a newspaper woman and after her marriage continued for a number of years to contribute editorials to the Minneapolis Times. They have four children, Elizabeth, Jean, James and Philip. 502 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS WILLIAM U. IIALE. HALE, William Dinsmore, was born August 16, 1836, at Norridgewock, ' Maine, son of Rev. Euscbius Hale, a minister of the Congregational Church. His family is of English and Scotch descent. The English branch came to this coun try in 1635 and settled in Concord, Massachusetts, """he Scotch ancestor came in 1840 and settled in Londonderry, New Hampshire. His great grand.uarents removed to Maine about i77o. MHale's boyhood was passed in Maine up to 1852, in which year his family removed to Long Island where his father continued in the ministry until his death in 1880. In 1856, the subject of this sketch, with keen quest for change and opportunity, came to the then new west, and settled and took up govern ment land in Goodhue county> Minnesota. His assets were good health, English and Scotch pluck and energy, and a good common school and academic education. The Civil war broke in upon his activities and, obeying the impulses of a patriotic spirit, he enlisted in 1861 in the Third Minnesota Infantry at Fort Snelling and followed the fortunes of war through the entire four years' struggle for the maintenance -of the Union, his services being entirely with the Army of the West in Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas. At the battle of Murfreesboro, July 1862, his regiment was captured, its officers taken south and held in rebel prisons, while the enlisted men, having been paroled, returned to Minne sota and took a prominent part in the suppres sion of the Sioux Indian outbreak of 1862. After exchange, in December of that year, the regi ment again went south and took part in the im portant campaigns of 1863 which, resulted in the capture of Vicksburg and the opening of the Mississippi river from Cairo to the gulf. The regiment, having been assigned to duty in Ark ansas, took part in the campaign that ended in the capture of Little Rock in September, 1863, and the practical suppression of armed resistance to the government in that state. In November of that year Mr. Hale was appointed major of the Fourth U. S. Colored Artillery, in which regiment in Kentucky, Tennessee and Arkansas, he served until the close of the war and was mustered out of the service in February, 1866. In 1867 Major Hale returned from the south and settled in Minneapolis, where he became actively engaged in the lumber and flour manufacturing business with the firm of W. D. Washburn & Co. and the Washburn Mill Co., into which corpora tion the business of the company was merged. The business and mills of the company were lo cated at Minneapolis and Anoka. As manager of the varied interests of the company and corpora tion, Major Hale's business qualifications were given full play and he bore the pressure of busi ness, characterized by great multiplicity of detail, with an instinctive apprehension of the value of system and of the importance of selecting cap able assistants. The business of the company was continued to 1889 when, having cut all the pine timber owned and the senior partner having been elected United States senator from Minne sota, it was closed up and Major Hale, being without special engagement, accepted from Presi dent Harrison appointment as postmaster of Minneapolis in 1890, and filled that position for the four succeeding years when, owing to a change of politics of the national administration, he transferred the office to a democratic suc cessor. From 1896 to 1901 Major Hale was receiver of the American Savings and Loan Association and during this time became interested in the business of the Northwestern Consolidated Mill ing Company as its secretary, which position he has since retained. His first vote, in i860, was cast for President Lincoln and he has been a consistent republican ever since. He was a mem ber of the board of education of Minneapolis from 1884 to 1891; is now a member of the board of trustees of the Washburn Memorial Orphan Asylum; of the board of trustees of the '.akewood Cemetery Association; of the Terri torial Pioneer Association; of the Masonic order of Clan Gordon, Order of Scottish Clans; of George N. Morgan Post, G. A. R., and of the Commandery of the Minnesota Military order of the Loyal Legion. In church affiliations he is PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS connected with the Church of the Redeemer (Universalist). I n 1 8 7 0 Major Hale was married t o Flora A. H a m m o n d and t o them four children have been born. Major Hale has the distinction of having been appointed a second time t o the office' of post master by President Roosevelt in 1 9 0 3 and holds that position a t this time. H A L L , P . M., son of D r . Levi and Lucinda Mitchell Hall, was born a t W e s t Jefferson, Ohio, October 1 9 , i 8 6 0 . H i s parents were of EnglishScotch-Irish ancestry, the forbears on both sides taking a n active part in the W a r of the Revolu tion. I n 1 8 7 5 l i e came t o Minneapolis from Austin, Minnesota, having removed f r o m O h i o in [ 8 7 3 t o that town, and prepared t o enter the State University having received his early educa tion in the public school. After studying t h r e e years a t the University he entered the H a h n e mann Medical College in Chicago, graduating in 1 8 8 2 , when he returned t o Minneapolis where he has since resided, practicing his profession. In 1 8 8 4 he was chosen by the management of the "Sheltering Arms," a n institution under the care of the Episcopal Church f o r y o u n g and friend less children, t o be attending physician, and has held that position since. H e was a member of the State Board of Medical Examiners from 1887 t o 1 8 9 3 , and a member of t h e Minneapolis Board of Health in 1897 and 1898. On January 7, 1901, Dr. Hall was elected Commissioner of Health by the City Council and has since served in that office, with fidelity. D r . Hall is a high degree Mason, a member of the Royal Arcanum of the Ancient O r d e r of United W o r k m e n and other fraternities. H e was married on May 25, 1882, t o Anna C. Depew, daughter of J o h n C. Depew and t o them three children have been born,— Francis, Jessie and Levi. H A N K E , H e n r y C., county treasurer of H e n nepin county, was born on October 6 , i 8 6 0 , the son of Christopher and Frederica Hanke. H i s parents were a m o n g the earliest settlers of H e n nepin county. T h e y came here in 1 8 5 6 , and dur ing his long life Christopher H a n k e became one of t h e best known farmers in this vicinity. H i s son g r e w up on the farm just west of Lake Cal houn receiving a common school education, at tending business college and, a t the Minneapolis academy fitted himself t o enter the University of Minnesota. At twenty-two he entered the lumber and land business which he followed for a number of years until he was appointed treas urer of Hennepin county upon the death of Col. Chas. W . Johnson, December 2 6 , 1 9 0 5 . Mr. Hanke's experience in adjusting tax matters in connec tion with thousands of acrcs of land in northern Minnesota gave him a familiarity with the sub ject and the routine of county treasurer's work which especially fitted him for the position. Since 503 entering the office he has entirely revised the sys tem of accounting and has also adopted the plan of mailing real estate t a x statements t o all t a x payers without request. I t is now possible t o d o this because of the fact t h a t he has acquired the address of every taxpayer who pays taxes into the office. T h i s plan has met with general approval a s it eliminates t o a large extent the possibility of e r r o r in t a x payments and is in general a great convenience and time-saver t o the public. Mr. H a n k e received the republican nomination for the treasurership in the fall of 1 9 0 6 and was elected without opposition a t the November election. ' H e has always been a staunch republican, has served on the local cam paign committees in various capacities for some years and was a member of the legislature of 1 8 8 8 and 1 8 8 9 a s a republican from the T h i r d W a r d ,of Minneapolis.. H e is a member of all the Masonic bodies in the_ city—Minneapolis Lodge No. 1 9 , St. J o h n s ' Chapter No. 9 , Minne apolis Council No. 2 , Mounted Commandery, Knights Templars No. 2 3 , a n Ancient and Ac cepted Scottish Rite Mason, 3 2 n d degree; is a member of Minneapolis Lodge No. 4 4 , B. P . O . Elks, and Nicollet Council No. 11, Modern Samaritans. Mr. H a n k e was married September 1 9 . 1 8 8 8 , t o Miss M a r y A. Gluck, o n l y daughter of the late John G. Gluck, w h o was a well-known IIKNItV 0. IIANKB. 504 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS and successful merchant tailor in Minneapolis for many years. They have two daughters, Ethel Francisca and Laura Marguerite. The family at tends the Grace Presbyterian Church of which Mr. Hanke is a trustee. HAYCOCK, Frank E., county surveyor of Hennepin county, was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, November 1 5 t h , 1 8 5 9 . He was the son of E. R. Haycock, a steamboat captain on the Mississippi river in the early days when railroads were un known in Minnesota and the river was the chief highway between the territory and the east. As a boy Mr. Haycock attended the public schools in St. Paul and grew up among the influences and surroundings found in the frontier towns of St. Paul and Minneapolis—the family moving to the latter place while he was still young. Those were days of rapid development, however, and the boys of that period had the inspiration of the bustling, energetic communities and the ex ample of many enterprising and public-spirited citizens. They were moved to activity and high ambition and caught the spirit of the day. Grow ing up among the bustling activities of the young Minneapolis Mr. Haycock determined to follow a professional career and succeeded in fitting himself for that of engineering. His studies and work were turned in this direction and he be came a civil engineer while still a young man and has been for years engaged in the practice m 6WtET, PHOTO FRANK E. IIAYCOCK. of his profession. Going beyond the ordinary limits of surveying he has studied large engi neering problems and has received patents for a complete system for the disposal of garbage and sewerage which he has spent some time in in venting and perfecting. He now holds the posi tion of county surveyor of Hennepin county to which he was elected in the fall of 1 9 0 6 . He was previously for some time deputy county surveyor and drainage engineer for the county. Mr. Hay cock is a republican in political belief and affilia tion, a member of the Masonic order and the president of the Hennepin County Junior Pio neers' Association, of which he was the promoter and organizer. He was married December 31, 1 8 8 2 , to Miss Carrie J. Higgins. They have five children—Leon L., Irene J., Elaine L., Vivian G. and Francis S. The family attends the Presby terian church. HAYNES, James Clark, son of James and Eliza Ann Haynes, was born September 22, 1848, in a log house on his father's farm, near Baldwinsville, Onondaga county, New York. His father was a farmer most of his life, latterly en gaging in the hardware and lumber business and operating a canal boat-yard on Oneida Lake. He died at seventy-two years of age. His mother, still living at the age of eighty-four, was the daughter of Sereno Clark, of Oswego county, New York, a man prominent in local and state affairs, representing Oswego county in the state constitutional convention held at Albany in 1846. There he worked with such men as Charles O'Connor and Samuel J. Tilden. One of the forebears, Joseph Haynes, of Haverhill, Mass., was active in the Revolutionary struggle and was a member of the first provincial congress at Ipswich and Salem, Mass., in October, i774> which formulated resolutions for presentation by a committee to the Continental Congress. He was an officer in a New Hampshire regiment during the War of the Revolution. The subject of this sketch was brought up on his father's farm and was taught the rudiments of his educa tion at home, until his father sold the farm and the family moved into Baldwinsville where,, at eleven years of age, he for the first time saw the inside of a school house. When he was fifteen years old the civil war was in progress and he continued to work on the farm, labor being scarce and the family needing his help. In the autumn of 1 8 6 7 he entered the Baldwinsville Academy and thereafter he taught school while studying and furnished a hand to help his father on the farm. Former attorney general H. W. Childs was a farm boy with Mr. Haynes and they entered the Academy together and were examined together and authorized to teach district school at the same time. During four winters Mr. llayncs taught district school near his old home at $ 4 0 a month and board, and kept up his studies at the Academy. He then attended the Onon- PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS daga Valley Academy and the Cazenovia Sem inary, after which he studied law at Syracuse and Baldwinsville with private firms and in 1874-5 took a final course at the Columbia Law School, of New York City and was admitted to the bar at a general term of the Supreme Court of New York held in Buffalo, June, 1875. Thereafter he practiced his profession for three years with the law firm of Pratt, Brown & Garfield of Syracuse, N. Y. In the fall of 1 8 7 8 he formed a partner ship with R. A. Bill, of Eau Claire, Wis., and in 1879, Mr. Bill removing to North Dakota, Mr. Haynes came to Minneapolis, where he has since practiced law, especially the branch relating to business corporations. In politics Mr. Haynes is a democrat, but in local matters and in candi dates he prefers to exercise his independent choice. In 1 8 9 0 he was elected alderman of the Second Ward by a plurality of twenty-three votes, having been nominated on the democratic ticket. In 1892 he accepted the democratic nomination for mayor of Minneapolis on the democratic ticket against W. H f . Eustis and while defeated ran nearly two thousand votes ahead of his ticket. In 1 9 0 2 he defeated Julius J. Heinrich in the primaries for the democratic nomination for mayor and was elected against Fred Powers, the republican candidate by a plurality of nearly six thousand votes. He defeated Orville Rinehart for the democratic nomination for mayor at the primary election in September, 1904, but was de feated at the election by the republican candidate by a plurality of 2 3 3 votes. In 1 9 0 6 Mr. Haynes was again nominated by the democratic party and at the November election was elected mayor by a plurality of 3,565 votes. When a member of the city council, Mr. Haynes as chairman of the committee on ways and means was largely in strumental in promoting the establishment of the great city reservoir which has proven a de cidedly forward step in the work of securing pure drinking water for Minneapolis and has stimu lated the agitation for filter beds, the construc tion of which is now pressed as an essential step in the proper sanitation of the city. Mr. Haynes did excellent service in the council by his advo cacy of the present system of street car transfers. He served on the original charter commission for six months without salary. When mayor of the city as chairman of the Board of Corrections and Charities, he established the city hospital, the poor department and the work house upon a pro gressive and business-like basis. Mr. Haynes is a member of Lodge No. 4 4 , B. P. O. E. of Min neapolis; a Thirty-Second Degree Mason; a mem ber of the Mystic Shrine, Royal Arcanum, A. O. U. W., and of the Knights of Pythias. He was formerly a member of the public affairs commitfee of the Commercial Club and has been a di rector of that body. He is also a member and director of the St. Anthony Commercial Club of east Minneapolis. Mr. Haynes is a member of All Souls Universalist Church of Minneapolis. He 505 was married September 4, 1879, to Sara E. Clark, of Skaneateles, New York. Three children have been born to them, of whom two are living—a daughter, Ruth, and a son, Dean Clark. HEALY, Frank, city attorney of Minneap olis, born a farmer's lad of Onondago county, New York, is the son of Thomas and Mary (Kelly) Healy, and was born December 2 7 , 1854. He came to Minnesota as a child, and the family settled on a farm near Preston. There the son got his earlyeducation at the district cross-roads school-house and at the Preston graded schools. His Uni versity life was chiefly at Minnesota state uni versity, with a short course at Ann Arbor Law department. From the College of Law at Min nesota he graduated in 1 8 8 4 and began the prac tice of his profession in Minneapolis at once. He established a record for legal ability and fair dealing which helped largely in securing him the office of city attorney in 1897. He has held this office ever since. His repeated re-election is good evidence of a conservative and reasonable hand ling of the city's court business. Mr. Healy was married in 1 8 8 9 to Marie L. Henry, who grad uated with honors from the academic department of the state university, in the same class with Mr. Healy. They have two children, a son and daughter. The family are of the Unitarian faith. FRANK HEALY. 506 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS RINKER, Andrew, was born April 15, 1849, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, son of Francis and Elizabeth Rinker. He received his early educa tional training in the common schools and grad uated at the Philadelphia high school. At the age of eighteen years, he entered the Ninth Dis trict Survey office in Philadelphia and was em ployed there in the Philadelphia Registry Bureau until June, 1 8 7 1 , when he became assistant city engineer of Minneapolis. In April, 1 8 7 7 , Mr. Rinker was appointed city engineer of Minneap olis and held the position nearly sixteen years. On January 1, 1 8 9 3 , he formed the firm of Rinker & Hoff, consulting and constructing engineers, a partnership which continued until 1 8 9 6 , when Mr. Rinker accepted the position of engineer, secretary and treasurer of the Great Falls Water Power & Town Site Company. He held this position until October, 1902. On January 5, 1903, Mr. Rinker was reappointed city engineer of Minneapolis, which office he has held since. Dur ing his connection with the engineering depart ment nearly all of the public improvements now existing were inaugurated and carried to comple tion, involving the expenditure of millions of dol lars. Mr. Rinker was married in September, 1876, to Susan E. Johnson, and to them have been born three children—Florence E., Charles H., and Dorothy. HOSMER, James Kendall, librarian of the public library from 1 8 9 2 to 1 9 0 4 , was born at Northfield, Massachusetts, January 2 9 , 1 8 3 4 , the son of Rev. George W., and Hanna P. Hosmer. He was graduated from Harvard college in 1855, studied for the ministry and was Unitarian pastor at Deerfield, Massachusetts, from i860 to 1866. In 1 8 6 3 Mr. Hosmer went into the army as a pri vate, having declined a staff appointment and served until the close of the war in the 52nd Massachusetts volunteers, 1 9 t h army corps. Af ter the war he was professor in Antioch college, in the university of Missouri and professor of English and German literature in Washington university, St. Louis, Missouri, from 1874 to 1892. Dr. Hosmer is author of various works, mainly volumes of history including "The Life of Samuel Adams," "Life of Sir Henry Vane," "Short His tory of Anglo-Saxon Freedom," "Life of Thomas Hutchinson," "History of the Louisiana pur chase" and volumes 20 and 21 in the Harper his torical series, "The Appeal to Arms" and "The Outcome of the Civil War." Dr. Hosmer was president of the American library association in 1902-3. HOUGHTON, James Gilbert, was born in Waterford, Oxford county, Maine, on March 14, 1855. He is the son of Howard Houghton, a farmer and mason and Elizabeth T. (Robbins) Houghton, both of English descent. Mr. Hough ton worked the farm and attended the district school during the early period of his life, but when twenty-five years old he came west, arriv ing in Minneapolis on June 2 5 t h , 1 8 8 0 . He im mediately went to work at his trade of carpenter, and soon obtained and held' for several years, a position as foreman with one of the large con tracting firms of the city. He then started a con tracting business on his own account and con ducted it until 1 8 9 4 , when he, was appointed first assistant inspector of buildings for Minneapolis. After serving in this capacity until January 1, 1 8 9 9 , he was elected to the office of building in spector, .to which position he was successively re-elected in 1 9 0 1 , 1 9 0 3 and 1 9 0 5 . Mr. Houghton has made -several changes in the administration of the department, among which is a simplifica tion of the system of records employed in the of fice, and the institution of several new records. Mr. Houghton was also instrumental in the re vising of the. city building ordinances and Min neapolis is, now.noted -for the comprehensiveness of her building laws. Mr. Houghton has re cently installed in connection with his depart ment, a laboratory for the testing of cement and other building materials which has been a great aid in the work. In politics Mr. Houghton is a republican. In 1 8 9 8 and 1 9 0 0 he served as ward committeeman and in 1 9 0 2 3s ward chairman. He represented the Eighth Ward on the Hennepin county campaign committee in 1 9 0 4 and two years later was a member of the congressional committee. Mr. Houghton is affiliated with Hen nepin Lodge No. 4 , A. F. and A. M., and is a Past Master of that body; he is a member and Past High Priest of Ark Chapter No. 5 3 , R. A. M.; a member and 111. D. M. of Minneapolis Council No. 2 , Royal and Select Masters; a mem ber and Grand R. A. C. of the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, a member of Hiawatha Camp No. 1 9 3 1 , Modern Woodmen of America; a member and past commander of Minneapolis Mounted Commandery No. 2 3 , K. F.; and of. Nicollet Council No. 11, Modern Samaritans. He is also a member of the Minneapolis Engineers' Club. Mr. Houghton attends the Tuttle Universalist Church and is one of the board of trustees. He was married in 1 8 8 2 to Susan C. Drew and has three children, Harry D., Lucy M., and Robert J. HUGHES, Twiford Eagleson, assistant post master at Minneapolis, has been engaged in the postal service for forty-six years. Beginning in the city of Owatonna in 1 8 6 2 , he served as a clerk in the postoffice and store of W. H. Wadsworth for three years and for the five succeeding years was postmaster and express agent of that city. Removing to Minneapolis in 1 8 7 0 , he was on Oc tober 1, appointed to the position of clerk in the postoffice by Postmaster Col. Cyrus Aldrich. A few months later, when Dr. George H. Keith suc ceeded Colonel Aldrich as postmaster, Mr. Hughes was promoted to finance clerk and in 1 8 7 4 was again promoted to the position of as- PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS 507 ter position being held by him since the organiza tion of the society in 1895. On May 23, 1866, Mr. Hughes was married at Owatonna to Mrs. Matilda Nichols Elwell of Waterloo. Iowa. While Mr. Hughes is not without decided political opinions and party affiliations, he re frains from an offensive participation in political movements, considering that as a servant of the whole people in his official position it would be unbecoming, if he were so inclined, to make himself politically obnoxious to any party. mfc BRUSH, PHOTO TWIFOIU) IS. IIUGIIES. sistant postmaster, which he has since held to the eminent satisfaction of the community and department through all succeeding administra tions, having served, in all, under eight post masters, representing both the dominent political parties. During the period of Mr. Hughes' service in the Minneapolis postoffiee the force of employes has grown from five to upwards of four hundred, while the annual sales of postage stamps during that period has increased from less than twenty thousand dollars to nearly two million. He has seen many changes in the local and general pos tal service and numerous new methods and im provements introduced during his forty-six years of service. Mr. Hughes was born at West Jefferson, Madison county, Ohio, November 20, 1842, the son of James Eagleson and Pamelia N. Hughes, the third in a family of ten children. The father was a hat manufacturer whose ancestors from Wales settled in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, in 1700. Twiford received his early educational training in the common schools of Madison and Franklin counties, Ohio, and when fourteen years of age came with the family to Minnesota. Mr. Hughes is a member of the Central Baptist Church; was for a period of thirteen years presi dent of the Baptist Union of Minneapolis, and is president of the Union City Mission, the lat KISTLER, Jonas M., M. D., has been a prac ticing physician of this city for twenty-four years, having come to Minneapolis in 1883 to engage in the practice of his profession. His family is of old Pennsylvania stock; the first members having settled in the Colonies before the Revolutionary War. Dr. Kistler was born in Schuylkill county of that state on September 9, 1856. His father was David D. Kistler—his mother Mary A. Kist ler. The former was a farmer and Jonas M. passed the early years of his life on the farm in Schuylkill county and received his elementary education in the neighborhood. He attended the Lehighton high school for his preparatory work and following the completion of his studies there, for six years taught in a country school, and at that time had the intention of becoming a teacher. With that idea he entered the Keystone State normal school and graduated in 1880. He had abandoned his purpose of taking up educational work and after his graduation from the normal school determined to study medicine. He entered Franklin and Marshall College in Pennsylvania and studied there for two years, leaving at the beginning of his junior year to complete his medical studies at Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia. He obtained his degree of M. D. after one year's work and graduated with the class of 1883. Recognizing the opportunities of fered by Minneapolis, he came to this city soon after commencement and began practice. From that time he has been continuously engaged with his professional work and has established a most successful practice. In addition Dr. Kistler has held public office as a county official, having been elected by the republican party as coroner of Hennepin county, which position he held during 1804-5. He was reelected in 1905 and held the office during 1905-6-7. He is also associated with the Swedish Hospital holding an appointment on its medical staff. In religious affiliations he is Lutheran and attends St. Johns Church. Dr. Kistler was married in 1887 to Miss Minnie A. Anderson and they have four children—Alvin, Olive, Marie and Hellen. HULBERT, Charles Smith, city treasurer of Minneapolis for five successive terms, was born at Fayetteville, New York, March 7, 1832. His father was Stephen Edward Hulbert, a mechanic of the early order of industrial independence. He sent his son to the little red school house of the time 508 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS until he was about fifteen years of age. Then Mr. Hulbert went into business training, begin ning as a clerk in a drygoods store and taking up the hardware trade also. When the great impetus to western immigration came, about the middle of the last century, he followed the pio neer trail to the Northwest and found scope for his youth and commercial abilities in the grain and elevator business and later in banking. Mr. Hulbert is virtually a son of Minnesota in the sense of having given his best years and ener gies to the building up of Minneapolis and the section of wide agricultural interests represented by this city. That he holds the position he now does, and has done for a decade, is one of the returns of a life of integrity and public spirit. Mr. Hulbert is a republican. He was married in 1856 and has one daughter. The family aie Congregational in faith. MARCHBANK, Hugh B., is a native of Scot land, where .he was born in Glasgow, on Septem ber 8, 1866. His parents were James and Eliza beth Marchbank, who made their home in Glas gow, where his father conducted a grocery estab lishment. Hugh B. spent the early years of his life in that city, and there received his education, attending the public schools. After finishing his grammar course he entered Glasgow High CHAllLES S. HULBERT. " RUSH, PHOTO School and graduated when he was about nine teen years of age. He remained in Glasgow until 1885 when he left Scotland and came to the United States, locating, soon after his ar rival, in Minneapolis. , Shortly afterward, in 1887, he was appointed to a position in the county auditor's office as deputy auditor and served in that capacity until the year 1891. Two years later Mr. Marchbank again entered the public service, accepting a position as clerk of the Board of Education, and since 1891 has been continu ously connected with the board in that capacity, and has performed the duties and responsibilities of the office with energy and ability. Mr. Marchbank is well known among his official and busi ness associates and is a member of the Minne apolis Commercial Club. In 1893 he was married to Miss Mary H. Stewart, and they have two children, a daughter, Marjorie, and a son, James. The family attends the Presbyterian church. McVEY, Frank L., chairman of the Minne sota State Tax Commission, was born at Wil mington, Ohio, November 10, 1869, the son of A. H. and Anna (Holmes) McVey. He received his education in the public schools of Toledo, Ohio, at Des Moines College, Des Moines, Iowa, and at the Ohio Wesleyan University, from which he graduated A. B. in 1893. His degree of Ph. D. was received from Yale in 1895. Prof. McVey began his active career as an editorial writer in New York City in 1895. The next year he was an instructor at the Teachers' College at Columbia University from which he was called to the Uni versity of Minnesota in 1896 as instructor in economics. He became assistant professor in 1898 and professor of economics in 1900. He re mained in this position until 1907, when he was appointed on the Minnesota state tax commission of which he is chairman. This commission is charged with the important work of supervising and administering the tax system of Minnesota, securing uniformity of method and recommending new legislation. During his residence in Min neapolis, Prof. McVey has taken a very active part in the affairs of the city and especially in those matters looking to the improvement of social conditions. He has been for ten years president of the Minneapolis Associated Charities, a member of the executive committee of the Na tional Conference of Charities and Corrections, and a member of the board of directors of the Minnesota State Tuberculosis Association. In 1904 he had charge of the Twin City exhibit at the St. Louis Exposition, where he also served as a member of the International Jury of Awards. He is a member of the American Economic As sociation and associate editor of the Association's Bulletin. He belongs to the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and the. Commercial and Six O'Clock Clubs of Minneapolis. Prof. McVey has been a prolific writer and besides numerous articles and reviews in the economic and general press PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS FRANK R. MCDONALD. has published "The Populist Movement," 1896, "The History and Government of Minnesota," 1900-1908, and "Modern Industrialism," 1904. Prof. McVey was married in 1898 at Minneapolis to Miss Mabel Moore Sawyer. McDONALD, Frank R., superintendent of the Minneapolis city workhouse, was born at St. Catherines, Ontario, January 29, 1857, the son of Daniel McDonald, an officer in the United States Navy, and Agnes Kerwin McDonald. He was educated at the schools of Toronto and at the age of twenty moved to the United States and in 1883 came to Minneapolis. His work for the city as superintendent of the workhouse has been notable. In 1903 he was appointed private secre tary to Mayor J. C. Haynes but on July 1st of the same year was chosen by the board of chari ties and corrections to take charge of the work house. Two years later he resigned to become organizer and manager of the International Up lift Society, which was built up under his ad ministration, but in July, 1907, was again called to the charge of the workhouse, his election be ing by unanimous vote of the board. Mr. Mc Donald's management of the workhouse has been practical, humane, economical, and dominat ed by the purpose of improving the mental, phys ical and moral condition of those under his charge. One of his first reforms was the provid ing of labor for the prisoners instead of locking them in their cells for most of the time. He discovered a clay bed on the workhouse grounds 509 and established a brick yard which produced 2,500,000 brick the first year. The prisoners have also been utilized in various improvement work on the grounds and a greenhouse has been estab lished where the old and feeble are given em ployment and flowers are grown for the poor of the city who may be ill. For the women prison ers a new cell room has been erected (by prison labor) and their condition very much improved. Mr. McDonald has done away with the system of rigorous punishment and has made the insti tution a "work" house in fact, believing that in most cases what the prisoners need is to be taught to work and gain self-respect. Following out this policy he has abolished armed guards and made the overseers teachers instead of po licemen. Free liquor cure is given to all who de sire. Mr. McDonald's ideas have been very suc cessful. Not only has the morale of the prison ers greatly improved, but the institution, through intelligent management of the great body of labor constantly at hand, has become self-sup porting and is now saving the city about $17,000 per year. Mr. McDonald is a member of the B. P. O. E., Knights of Columbus and the Royal Arcanum. He was married on May 6, 1881, to Miss Ellen Brady and has two daughters, both graduates of the University of Minnesota. NELSON, Nels J., alderman of the Sixth Ward, has been a resident of Minneapolis and of the district which he represents in the municipal council, for twenty-six years. He was born at Fredericksburg, Sweden, and passed the early part of his life in his native land and there began his education in the public schools. He lived in Sweden until 1881, when he came to this country with his parents and located in Minneapolis. For some time after coming to the city he attended the public schools and Achibald's business college. He began business life in a position with the L. Paulle Companj'-, manufacturers of office furniture and store fixtures. He was associated with the firm for seven years, but resigned to devote his time to other business and political interests. He received an appointment in the office of the county auditor's office and was engaged in that work for two years. Mr." Nelson is best known, however, in connection with the city council to which he was elected from the Sixth Ward in 1900. He has since held the office continuously, being twice re elected. Mr. Nelson was for five years a member of Company B, First Regiment, Minnesota Na tional Guard. He is also a member at the present time of the Knights of Pythias and of the Odin Club. With his family he attends the Augustana Lutheran Church. On October 15, 1894, Mr. Nelson was married to Miss Emma C. Johnson. PRATT, Robert, was born December 12, 1845, at Rutland, Vermont, son of Sidney Wright and Sarah Elizabeth Harkness Pratt. Robert, whose parents were poor, after receiving the training which the district schools and the Brandon (Ver mont) Seminary could give him, when a little over fifteen years old, enlisted as a private at 510 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Brandon in Company H., Fifth Vermont Volun teer Infantry and fought for the Union in the A r m y of t h e P o t o m a c t h r o u g h i t s b l o o d i e s t e x p e r i e n c e s until A p p o m a t o x b r o u g h t peace. M u s t e r e d o u t J u l y 1 2 , 1 8 6 5 w i t h t h e r a n k of C a p t a i n a n d still u n d e r a g e , t h e y o u n g s o l d i e r f o u n d h i m self f a c i n g life t o m a k e w h a t h e could o u t of i t by his own unaided exertions, backed by a courageous, hopeful spirit and energy which never abated its force. Bred to work on a f a r m , w h e n h e c a m e t o M i n n e a p o l i s in N o v e m b e r , 1 8 6 6 , w i t h a n invalid b r o t h e r , h e t o o k t h e first w o r k w h i c h p r e s e n t e d itself a n d i n t e n y e a r s h a d s a v e d e n o u g h b y e c o n o m i c a l living t o e m b a r k in t h e l u m b e r b u s i n e s s a n d b e g i n d e a l i n g in w o o d a n d coal. T h e fuel b u s i n e s s received h i s particu lar attention throughout his career and increased to very large proportions. Mr. Pratt was identi fied w i t h all t h e f o r w a r d m o v e m e n t s of t h e city. H e w a s elected a m e m b e r of t h e c i t y council in 1 8 8 4 a n d s e r v e d t h r e e y e a r s ; w a s a m e m b e r of t h e s c h o o l b o a r d f r o m J a n u a r y 1, 1 8 8 9 , t o t h e close of 1 8 9 9 a n d f r o m F e b r u a r y 5 , 1 9 0 0 , u n t i l his death, and serving for some years as president. In 1894 he was nominated for the mayoralty on the republican ticket and elected, and, in 1896, h e w a s a g a i n n o m i n a t e d a n d re-elected b y a l a r g e majority and made a commendable record dur i n g h i s t w o t e r m s of s e r v i c e i n t h e r e s p o n s i b l e position. H e w a s a m e m b e r of t h e G . A . R., t h e L o y a l L e g i o n , t h e E l k s a n d of t h e M a s o n i c o r d e r . H e w a s a l s o a m e m b e r a n d h a s b e e n a d i r e c t o r of t h e C o m m e r c i a l C l u b a n d a d i r e c t o r of t h e G e r man American Bank. On August 30, 1871 Mr. P r a t t was" m a r r i e d t o I r e n e L a m o r e a u x . S i x children were born to them, Roberta, Helen Clare, S i d n e y , R o b e r t , J r . , S a r a a n d T h o m a s . M r s . Pratt died in 1901 and Mr. Pratt on August 8, 1908. S T O O P E S , W i l l i a m E m m e t , w a s b o r n J u l y 15, 1858, in Minneapolis, t h e s o n of J o h n C. a n d A g n e s A. S t o o p e s . H i s f a t h e r w a s a b l a c k s m i t h a n d m i l l w r i g h t a n d a m e m b e r of t h e G. A . R . William received h i s e d u c a t i o n a t p r i v a t e a n d t h e public schools and graduated at the high school. He s t u d i e d civil e n g i n e e r i n g u n d e r p r i v a t e t u t o r s a n d t o t h a t p r o f e s s i o n lie has. a d h e r e d s i n c e h e e n t e r e d u p o n his m a t u r e r life, his p r o g r e s s i v e n e s s and attention to business bringing him promotion a n d s u c c e s s . . M r . S t o o p e s w a s a m e m b e r of t h e staff of t h e city, e n g i n e e r f o r eleven y e a r s a n d w a s chief d e p u t y of t h e c o u n t y s u r v e y o r f o r seven years. He was elected county surveyor a n d held t h a t office d u r i n g 1 . 9 0 5 .and 1 9 0 6 . S i n c e t h a t t i m e h e h a s b e e n c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e civil e n g i n e e r i n g f o r c e of t h e M i n n e a p o l i s p a r k b o a r d . H e h a s all h i s life b e e n a r e p u b l i c a n a n d h a s held m a n y c o m m i t t e e a p p o i n t m e n t s ; is v i c e - p r e s i d e n t of t h e E n g i n e e r s C l u b of M i n n e a p o l i s ; a m e m b e r of t h e M a s o n i c o r d e r , t h e M o d e r n W o o d m e n , t h e Samaritans, and the Royal Arcanum. In 1899 JVlr. S t o o p e s w a s m a r r i e d t o M a b e l C. P o d a s . SWEET, PHOTO ROBERT PRATT They have two children—William David and Ed w a r d R a y m o n d . M r . S t o o p e s is a m e m b e r of t h e Methodist Church. S C O T T , H u g h R a l p h , s o n of C h a r l e s a n d Margaret Hamilton Scott, was born June 6, 1863, on Third avenue southeast, between Fifth and S i x t h s t r e e t s , Minneapolis, in a h o u s e y e t s t a n d i n g in L e o n L a n e R o w . H i s f a t h e r w a s a m a n u f a c t u r e r of m a c h i n e r y i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h G e n . M o r g a n , a f o r m e r c o l o n e l of t h e f a m o u s F i r s t M i n n e s o t a R e g i m e n t d u r i n g t h e Civil W a r . T h e firm built t h e first m a c h i n e s h o p a n d f o u n d r y a t t h e F a l l s of S t . A n t h o n y . T h e f a m i l y o n t h e Ajnerican side trace their ancestry to Richard S c o t t , w h o , w i t h t h e d i s t i n g u i s h e d c h a m p i o n of religious f r e e d o m , R o g e r W i l l i a m s , h e l p e d t o e s tablish the new colony, Rhode Island, in 1636, a s a p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e s t r i c t P u r i t a n r e g i m e of t h e c o l o n y of M a s s a c h u s e t t s . T h e f a m i l y c o n t i n u e d t o live in R h o d e I s l a n d until C h a r l e s S c o t t , t h e f a t h e r of H u g h R a l p h S c o t t , c a m e t o Minneapolis. T h e f o r e b e a r s of H u g h R a l p h h a v e b e e n in e v e r y w a r i n w h i c h t h i s c o u n t r y h a s b e e n e n g a g e d e x c e p t t h e Civil W a r , a n d h i s f a t h e r w o u l d h a v e f o u g h t in t h a t , b u t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t a s e v e r e w o u n d received d u r i n g t h e M e x i c a n W a r left h i m physically u n a b l e t o p a r t i c i p a t e in a c t i v e service. H e died in 1 8 6 4 a n d t h e f a m i l y moved to a farm in Hennepin county, where H u g h lived until his e l e v e n t h y e a r w h e n , a f t e r a f e w y e a r s a t J o r d a n h e w e n t t o live w i t h a PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS 511 water works. He is a member of the Commercial Club and a member of the Masonic Order, the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the Royal Arcanum, the A. O. U. W., and Modern Samari tans. He is a member of Westminster Presbyter ian church. He was married on June 27, 1888, to Mary Alice Graves at Stillwater, Minnesota, and to them have been born two daughters: Mary Alice (March 16, 1891) and Jeanette Ham ilton (May 23, 1892). SKOG, August W.. register of deeds of Hen nepin county, was born April 9, 1863, in Sweden, where he received some of his earlier educational training, continuing it in this country where he graduated from the grade and high school course, and entered a business college where he received practical training for the business life toward which his maturer endeavors pointed. Like many other young Swedish-Americans, who appreciate the opportunities presented to the seeker after betterment, Mr. Skog took hold of the first work offered, and, after being employed by various lumber companies, he worked for some mortgage loan firms and obtained much useful experience in HI GH It. SCOTT. brother at Stillwater. He attended the Hennepin county public schools and graduated from the Stillwater high school in 1882, subsequently graduating in pharmacy at the University of Michigan and is a registered pharmacist in Min nesota and North Dakota, by examination. At the outbreak of the Spanish war, Mr. Scott, fol lowing the military traditions of his family, en listed in the Thirteenth Minnesota regiment, as second lieutenant, and served from April 29, 1898, until it was mustered out October 3, 1899. His regiment was engaged at San Miguel, Salacot, San Isidro, and in several skirmishes. Mr. Scott is a member of Camp A. R. Patterson, Army of the Philippines, and held the office of treasurer from its organization in 1901, until January, 1905, and has been a delegate to the national conven tion of the society several times. Mr. Scott has always been, a republican, and was, in 1896, a member of the Hennepin county campaign com mittee. He was elected county auditor in 1900 and reelected in 1902, 1904 and 1906, receiving the nomination without opposition. In* 1901 he reformed the method of accounting in the audi tor's office on a new and thoroughly modern basis, and the operations of the office have al ways received the commendation of the public examiner of the state. Mr. Scott previously had done commendable work in the offices of the city engineer, the county treasurer and of the city I ^ > *^ * -- r r r AUGUST W . SKOG. • r - r K f: 512 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS that line. In 1900 he found congenial employment as Chief Deputy in the office of the Register of Deeds of Hennepin county, which he held until 1906, when he received the republican nomination for Register of Deeds at the September primar ies, and was elected in November for the term commencing January 1, 1907. Mr. Skog is a mem ber of the Odin Club; of the K. of P., of which he is a P. C.; of the Royal Arcanum, and of the M. W. A. On September 18, 1895, Mr. Skog was married to Henrietta Tubesing. TATTERSFIELD, Richard, secretary of the Board of Charities and Corrections, was born 011 September 9, 1866, the son of Aked and Catherine Tattersfield. His father was a manufacturer of blankets and later in life became a rancher in the west. The son spent his early life in Yorkshire, England, and was a graduate of Askern College, Doncaster, England. When eighteen years of age he returned to the United States and came to Minneapolis in March, 1891, entered the Uni versity of Minnesota law department and grad uated in 1894 with the degree of B. L. During his student life he was engaged in the office of C. G. Laybourn as stenographer and after grad uation entered practice for himself. Mr. Tatters field began to take an active part in local politics soon after his arrival in the city and has been secretary of the city and county democratic com mittees for six years and secretary and treasurer for two years and still holds these offices. He was appointed secretary of the superintendent of police of Minneapolis on January . 1, 1907, and filled the position until August I of the same year, when he was elected secretary of the Board of Charities and Corrections and superintendent of the poor. Mr. Tattersfield is a Thirty-second Commandery, York Rite Mason, a Shriner and degree Scottish Rite Mason, a member of the member of Zuhrah Temple and has passed through all the chairs of the Modern Woodmen of America. In November, 1891, he was mar ried to Miss Anna C. De Leeuw, of Glencoe, Minnesota, and they have six children, four boys and two girls. VAN NEST, John Henry, a member of the Minneapolis city council, was born on November 3, 1867, in this city. He was the son of Hiram Van Nest and Rachel E. Van Nest, both of them among the earlier settlers of the city. The elder Mr. Van Nest came to Minneapolis in 1850 and through thrift, industry and foresight became a well to do and progressive citizen whose property interests at the time of his death in 1894 were considerable. His son, John Henry, grew up in Minneapolis, attending the public schools, and upon reaching manhood engaged in business in connection with his father's interests and in other •lines on his own account. He was for some years a member of the firm of Babendrier and Van Nest, proprietors of the Homeopathic Pharmacy at 608 Nicollet Avenue. Mr. Van Nest developed a JOIIX II. VAN NEST. practical interest in local political affairs and city government and in 1902 was elected alderman from the Thirteenth Ward and after four years service was easily re-elected in 1906. In the city council he has taken a very active part in the government of the city, standing for progress and business-like administration. His efficiency was recognized in 1905 when in the organization of the council he was made vice president, a position which he has since held. Mr. Van Nest was mar ried on November 4, 1891, to Miss Laura E. Sprague and they have three daughters, Rachel M., Gladys S., and Marion F. Mr. Van Nest is a member of various local organizations, including the Minneapolis Commercial Club. WHEELOCK, Ralph Wright, was born Sep tember 24, i860, at Oberlin, Ohio, son of Frank and Rose Wright Wheelock. His father was a railroad passenger agent and the forebears, pater nal and maternal, were of the sturdy stock of the period of the Revolution. Mr. Wheelock is a direct descendant of the distinguished President Wheelock of Dartmouth College. He received his earlier educational training in the common schools of Oberlin, Ohio, where he also learned the printer's trade, but he was one of those men who instinctively perceive that they could not hold themselves down to a case for life, and he graduated from the chapel to the editorial chair. His newspaper work covered a period of twentyfive years divided betwen Toledo, Cleveland. South Dakota and Minneapolis. Always a repub lican in politics his party service was rewarded PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS by his appointment a s receiver of the United States Land Office a t Mitchell, South Dakota, f r o m President Harrison. Mr. Wheelock held this post f r o m 1 8 8 9 t o 1 8 9 4 . H i s more recent work on the Minneapolis Tribune brought him into wide and high repute as a humorist. Upon the election of Mayor David P . Jones in the fall of 1 9 0 4 , Mr. Wheelock was offered the post of private secre t a r y to the mayor, a position which he filled dur i n g 1 9 0 5 and 1 9 0 6 . I n politics Mr. Wheelock is a n active speaker and writer and is particularly en thusiastic and efficient in the cause of good gov ernment. H e is now engaged in business in Min neapolis. H e is a Royal Arch Mason and a member of t h e P r o t e s t a n t Episcopal Church. H e was m a r ried in October, 1 8 8 6 , t o Lillian G. Steele, of Bismarck, N o r t h Dakota, and they have two daughters, Adelaide and Hazel. N O R R E D , Charles Henry, has been for many jrears one of the city's prominent physicians. H i s career has been characterized by fearlessness of public opinon and adherence t o high principle, and, in the positions of public t r u s t which he has held, have been displayed a n enthusiasm, integ rity and ability which have won him high esteem. H e is thoroughly and lastingly identified with the sanitary interest of the city. H i s ancestors were Virginians of English extraction. H e is the. son of William and Elizabeth Ellen (Dowdell) Norred, and was born J a n u a r y 19, 1842, in Loudon county, Virginia. D r . Norred's boyhood was passed in Illinois, where his father had large land holdings near Springfield a s well a s flour mills and lumber yards. T h e son acquired a practical knowledge of farming, stock-raising, lumbering, engineering and milling, in time becoming competent t o su perintend these various branches of industry, and t o buy and sell stock. A t this period the boy was brought under an influence which per manently and powerfully aided in the develop m e n t of his character and in determining the course of his future life. H i s father, in legal matters consulted Abraham Lincoln, and D r . Norred, a m o n g the pleasant recollections of his boyhood, numbers the memory of t h a t great man, then comparatively unknown, taking him upon his knee, kindly talking with him, and ad vising him a s t o his future life. D r . Norred's preliminary education was ob tained in the public schools in Illinois and the Illinois State University a t Springfield. His training for the medical profession began in 1860 under Dr. R. S. Lord, of Springfield, and was continued in Pope's Medical College, St. Louis, Missouri, and in the School of Anatomy and Sur g e r y of Pennsylvania, of which he fs a graduate. I n 1886 he received the degree of Doctor of Medi cine from Jefferson Medical College of Phila delphia. Early in 1862 he enlisted as a private in the 114th Regiment 111. Vol. Infantry, and organized 513 the first regimental hospital for the regiment a t Camp Butler. H e went before the Illinois S t a t e Military Examining Board and passed a success ful examination a s senior assistant surgeon, and received a commission a s Captain of Cavalry. H e served in various military hospitals until o r dered t o the Seventh Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was placed in charge of the medical depart ment of t h a t regiment, where he was o n duty until the close of the war. H e entered general practice a t Dawson, Sanga mon county, Illinois, whence he moved t o Middletown, Illinois, thence t o Lincoln, Illinois, and in 1885 t o Minneapolis. I n the spring of 1900 a smallpox epidemic swept over the city, and the health department seemed unable t o cope with the situation. A t t h e instance of m a n y leading physicians and citizens and a t the unanimous re quest of the board of health, D r . Norred was ap pointed special quarantine officer. After having quarantined about four hundred cases, he pre sented the city with a clean bill of health. A t his suggestion the citizens of Minneapolis con tributed about thirty thousand dollars for the construction of three fine quarantine hospitals. Dr. Norred, a s special quarantine officer, prose cuted his work with s o much zeal and skill a s t o command the unqualified approbation and respect of all classes of t h e community. H e was for a number of years consulting sur geon to, and also examining surgeon for, t h e Minnesota S t a t e Soldiers' H o m e of which he later became surgeon and likewise the sanitary officer, in which positions he made m a n y changes in the conduct of the hospital which have inured t o the benefit of the inmates. H e left the Soldiers' H o m e and hospital in the best sanitary condition that it had ever been. H e was a t one time medical director of the De partment of Minnesota Grand A r m y of the Re public, and held the office of United States ex amining surgeon under President Harrison. H e is now president of Board No. 1, United States Examining Surgeons, and was formerly consult ing surgeon t o the Minneapolis City Hospital. H e is a member of the American Medical Asso ciation, the Minnesota State Medical Society, and the Hennepin County Medical Society. H e is a member of J o h n A. Rawlins Post, No. 126, G. A. R., and is a Scottish Rite Mason, a K n i g h t T e m p l a r and a Shriner, and a member of the Wesley M. E . Church. P A R D E E , W a l t e r Stone, for upwards of twenty-five years identified with the official life of Minneapolis, was born in New Haven, Con necticut, in 1852. H i s early education was ob tained in the military school a t New Haven and in the public schools of Connecticut and Minne sota. I n 1868 he entered the preparatory depart ment of the University of Minnesota and in 1877 was graduated, having completed the full course of civil engineering and architecture. Mr. P a r dee practiced his profession in Minneapolis and St. Paul during the next six years and in 1884 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 514 tem of mechanical ventilation and water carriage plumbing for Minneapolis school buildings—a reform which has been perpetuated as a custom in all later construction. The following spring Mr. Pardee became architect for the board, and during his term of service carried out his ideas of ventilation, sanitation and slow burning con struction and these remain the invariable prac tice in Minneapolis school building. From 1891 to 1899 Mr. Pardee was in private architectural practice; but in the latter year became connected with the city engineering department and his next work for the city was the design for the superstructure of the Northeast pumping station in which the total investment was $500,000. Throughout his long official service Mr. Pardee's object has been the systematic investigation of existing conditions with the purpose of improv6ment and it was this desire which led him to de vote a large part of his professional career to public service. Mr. Pardee was married in Min neapolis in 1881 to Miss Etta A. Sabin. They have had three children, Harvey, Charles and Esther. entered official life upon the establishment of the department of building inspection. He was appointed the first inspector and the organiza tion and development of the department were his work. Official building inspection was then rather new in the United States and building departments were inadequately organized. Mr. Pardee devised methods and systems which put his department upon a practical and rapid work ing basis and which have remained largely in use to the present time. He also had a large part in the necessary work of educating the pub lic to the appreciation of modern sanitary meth ods as well as to the acceptance of department rules and regulations in all matters of building and plumbing restrictions. The efficient work done in the building department from 1884 to 1887 was followed by four years of service as architect for the board of education. In 1886 the thirty odd school buildings of Minneapolis had been pronounced unsanitary by physicians and architects and Mr. Pardee was employed to in vestigate, report and recommend. His recom mendations led to the adoption of thg first sys City Officers of St. Anthony. Officers Org. Apr. 13, 1855 Elected Apr. 7, 1856 Elected Apr. 6, 1857 Elected Apr. 5, 1858 Elected Apr. 16, 1859 Elected Apr. 2, 1860 H. T. Welles Ira Kingsley W. P. Brawley E. L. Hall Benj. N. Spencer.. John Orth... Aid. 2d Ward.. D. Stanchfield Edw. Lippincott... Aid. 3d Ward.. Caleb Dorr R. W. Cummings.. Aid. 4th Ward. Mayor Treasurer Clerk Attorney Aid. 1st Ward.. Alvaren Allen Richard Fewer W. F. Brawley J. S. Demmon Wm. Fewer John Orth* A. D. Foster Edw. Lippincot^*.. D. A. Secombe R. W. Cummings*. Wm. W. Wales W. F. Brawley G. A. Nourse D. Knoblauch Wm. Fewer* L. W. Johnson A. D. Foster* Wm. McHerron D. A. Secombe* John C. Johnson... City Officers of St. Anthony. Officers O. C. Officers R. B. Graves John Babcock W. W. Wales J. B. Gilfillan E. W. Cutler Henry Hechtman*. Richard Fewer Wm. Lochren* O. T. Leavitt Chas. Crawford J. S. Pillsbury... J. H. Murphy Elections of 1861—1866 O. C. Merriman... W. W. Wales Jas. A. Loveioy... Saml. H. Chute... D. M. Demmon... D. M. Demmon... Wm. Lochren Louis Vorwerk.... Hubert Weber T. M. Bohan Louis Verwerk*... T. M. Bohan* Wm. Lashells* John' M. Cushing, L. B. Schrum L. B. Schrum John M. Cushing*. J. L. Newman*... L. B. Schrum* Elijah Moulton... T. J. Tuttle. T. J. Tuttle Elijah Moulton*... Chas. F. Simms*. T. J. Tuttle* John A. Armstrong Wm. Gleason S. W. Farnham*.. W. F. Cahill Wm. Gleason*.. S. W. Farnham... W. F. Cahill* Merriman. E. S. Brown E. Ortman W. W. Wales N. H. Minor Peter Weingart Wm. M. Lashells. T. M. Bohan D. M. Demmon... J. L. Newman Richard Fewer*... Chas. F. Simms... Chas. F. Simms. W. W. Wales J. S. Pillsbury* City Officers of St. Anthony. Mayor Treasurer Clerk Attorney Aid. 1st Ward. Orrin Curtis....... Orrin Curtis. Orrin Curtis W. F. Brawley W. W. Wales D. M. Demmon... N. H. Hemiup....D- Knoblauch..... Henry Hechtman. D. Knoblauch* Wm. Lochren Jas. Crowe Geo. W. Thurber. Geo. W. Thurber*. John Pomeroy Jas. McMullen Wm. McHerron*.. Jas. McMullen*... R. W. Cummings. Benj. Parker John C. Johnson*. R. W. Cummings* Elected Apr. 3, 1861 Elected Apr., 1862 Elected Apr. 7, 1863 Elected Apr. 5, 1864 Elected Apr. 6, 1865 Elected Apr. 3, 1866 O. C. Merriman D. B. Dorman W. W. Wales J„ B. Gilfillan P. Weingart H. Hechtman* Aid. 2d Ward.. Richard Fewer Wm. Lochren*..... Aid. 3d Ward.. O. T. Swett Chas. Crawford*, Aid. 4th Ward. J. S. Pillsbury J. H. Murphy* Mayor Treasurer Clerk Attorney Aid. 1st Ward. Elections of 1855—1860 Elected Apr. 2, 1867 O. C. Merriman .... Edw. S. Brown D. M. Demmon Wm. Lochren T. M. Bohan Hubert Weber* Aid. 2d Ward.. Gilbert B. Dake L. B. Schrum* Aid. 3d Ward.. Jas. S. Lane T. J. Tuttle* Aid. 4th Ward. Geo. D. Perkins John A. Armstrong* Elected Apr. 7, 1868 Winthrop Young. Edw. S. Brown.. Wm. Lochren Nicholas Risch... T. M. Bohan* L. B. Schrum Gilbert B. Dake*. J. B. Gilfillan D. M. Demmon.. Jas. A. Lovejoy.. Geo. D. Perkins*. 0. C. Merriman. Jas. A. Loveioy.. D. M. Demmon.. Elections of 1867—1871 Elected Apr. 6, 1869 W. W. McNair... Edw. S. Brown... Peter Thielen Wm. Lochren T. M. Bohan Nicholas Risch*.. Patrick Kennedy. L. B. Schrum* M. W. Getchell... J. B. Gilfillan*... J. M. Pomeroy... Jas. A. Lovejoy*. Elected Apr. 5. 1870 W. W. McNair... E. Ortman Peter Thielen J. B. Gilfillan Phillip Pick T. M. Bohan* Gilbert B. Dake.. Patrick Kennedy* S. H. Chute M. W. Getchell*.. Thos. Moulton J. M. Pomeroy*.. * After a name indicates that the official held over from the previous election, Elected Apr. 7, 1871 Edw. S. Brown Ernest Ortman Solon Armstrong T. M. Bohan Phillip Pick Patrick Kennedy Gilbert B. Dake* M. W. Getchell S. H. Chute*.. Chas. F. Smith Thos. Moulton* PUBLIC AFFAIRS AND OFFICIALS City Officers of Minneapolis. Officers Elected Nov. 8, 1904 Mayor Comptroller ... City Treasurer. City Clerk City Attorney.. City Engineer.. All. 1st Ward. Aid. 2d Ward.. Aid. 3d Ward.. Aid. 4th Ward. Aid. 5th Ward. David P. Jones Dan C. Brown C. S. Hulbert L. A. Lydiard Prank Healy Andrew Rinker John Ryan M. A. Gerber* W. E. Satterlee E. C. Chatfield* Claus Mumm..... W. P. Nye* Perry Starkweather... A. E. Merrill* Chas. B. Holmes D. P. Jones* JWendell Hertig Elected Nov. 6, 1906 J. C. Haynes Dan. C. Brown C. S. Hulbert L. A. Lydiard Prank Healy Andrew Rinker M. A. -Gerber John Ryan* Ed. J. Conroy W. E. Satterlee*.... Geo. V. B. Hill Claus Mumm* A. E. Merrill Perry Starkweather*. Wendell Hertig Chas. B. Holmes*... 517 Elections of 1904—1906 Elected Nov. 8. 1904 Aid. 6th Ward. Nels J. Nelson Lars M. Rand* Aid. 7th Ward. Harry G. McLaskey A. C. Vaghan* Aid. 8th Ward. P. B. Walker, Jr E. W. Clark* Aid. 9th Ward. P. W. Castner Peter McCoy* Aid. 10th Ward A. J. Anquist J. H. Duryeat* Aid. 11th Ward W. M. Petterson G. A. Westphal* Aid. 12th Ward W. W. Ehle D. C. Bow* Aid. 13th Ward P. L. Schoonmaker J. H. Van Nest* Elected Nov. 6, 1906 Lars M. Rand Nels J. Nelson* T. O. Dahl Harry G. McLaskey*. E. W. Clark Piatt B. Walker, Jr.*. Peter McCoy P. H. Castner* Jas. Dwyer A. J. Anquist* A. P. Ortquist W. M. Petterson* Martin P. McHale.... W. W. Ehle* J. H. Van Nest P. L. Schoonmaker*... ^Elected at special election Jan. 17, 1905, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of D. P. Jones. * After a name indicates that the official held over from the previous election. NOTF,—The city clerk, city attorney and city engineer are elected by the city council. tables they are not actually chosen until the aldermen have organized the city council. Although included in the above , CHAPTER XXVI. PUBLIC UTILITIES. W ITH the exception of the supply of water all the more important public services are rendered to the people of Minneapolis by corporations organized for the purpose and acting - un der the general control of the city gov ernment—a control more or less com plete according to the various provisions of the charters or ordinances governing the several companies. The subject of munici pal ownership of any of the public utilities except water seems never to have been seri ously considered in the early days. The first franchise to be granted was that for a street railway made in 1867 in favor of William S. Judd, Frederick A. Gilson, Godfrey Sheitlin, B. S. Bull and Dorilus Morrison, as incorporators. They were re quired to commence construction within four months and complete two miles of track and have the lines in operation before the end of a year. The time for street rail ways had not arrived, however, and the or iginal company did nothing. In fact, its existence seems to have been overlooked by those who have written about Minneapolis affairs. I11 1873 the project was taken up again, Mr. Morrison again assisting as an incorporator, but this time with Wm. S. King, R. J. Mendenhall, W. D. Washburn, R. B. Langdon, J. C. Oswald, W. W. McNair, W. P. Westfall, Paris Gibson and W. W. Eastman. With this company, which was called the Minneapolis Street Railway Company, Thomas Lowry first entered the transportation field, in the capacity of at torney. One of the principal objects of this company, as well as of its predecessor, was that of connecting the flour mills with the lower levee, and accordingly the first track was laid along Second Street from Henne pin avenue nearly to Cedar avenue and a steam motor was purchased and operation attempted. But the enterprise was a fail ure and was shortly abandoned. Col. King and Mr. Lowry, however, retained their faith in the project and in 1875 reorganized the company, with outside capital inter ested. The first line built was from Fourth avenue north and Washington, down Washington to Hennepin, and thence across the river to Fourth street southeast and to the vicinity of the university. One "bobtailed" car drawn by a single horse was the equipment. Other lines followed quickly, however, and within two years reached the more important divisions of the young city; and by this time Mr. Lowry had acquired a controlling interest. Until 1889 it re mained a narrow gauge, horse car system. In the meantime the Lyndale Railway Company (afterwards the Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka) was incorporated by Col. Wm. McCrory and built a steam motor line via First avenue south and Nic ollet to Lakes -Calhoun and Harriet. With the growth of the city this became a very important line, especially after it was ex tended to Minnehaha Falls and to Lake Minnetonka. But it was unpopular with residents on account of its motive power. In 1888 it was absorbed by Mr. Lowry's company. At that time Mr. Lowry determined to convert all his lines into a cable system and had actually commenced installation when the rapid progress of electrical invention caused him to change all his plans hurriedly. Many thousands of dollars worth of cable line equipment was sacrificed and the entire PUBLIC UTILITIES 519 TYPE OF FIRST ELECTRIC CAR. THE FIRST HORSE CAR. system was converted into an electrically operated one in two years' time. This in volved the purchase of entire new equip ment as the guage was changed to the standard and few of the old time cars were available, even for use on the new electric motor trucks. At the same time the St. Paul lines—previously acquired— were converted to electricity and the first interurban line commenced. The Twin City Rapid Transit Company was organized to control the united properties. Develop ment in the past decade has been very rapid. The company now operates 360 miles of electric railway, covering both cities and reaching Lake Minnetonka on the west and Stillwater on the east. Its electric power house at Sixth avenue southeast and the river cost $2,500,000 and has a capacity of 50,000 horse power. The company occupies its own office building at Hennepin avenue and Eleventh street. The present officers are: Thomas Lowry, president; C. G. Goodrich, vice-president and managing di rector; E. S. Pattee, secretary and comp troller; D. J. Strouse, auditor; E. A. Crosby, treasurer; W. J. Hield, general manager; A. W. Warnock, general passenger agent; superintendents, Minneapolis division, Hor ace Lowry; St. Paul division, J. S. Pevear; interurban lines, L. S. Cairns. GAS AND ELECTRICITY. . The Minneapolis Gas Light Company or ganized in 1870 was for a long time a very small institution, working at first with a few miles of wooden mains and gas pro ducers of very limited capacity. Dorilus Morrison was the first president and Geo. H. Rust was secretary. Afterwards Judge C. E. Vanderburgh was its president, and a little later a controlling interest in the company passed into the hands of the late L v STANDARD ELECTRIC CAR, 1908. *. :• 1 . . * • . 't'j /• ON THE MINNETONKA ELECTRIC IJNE. 520 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS station at the foot of Third avenue south east, which has a maximum output of 8,200 horse power. A few years later the com pany erected an office building and storage plant on Fifth street between Hennepin and Nicollet avenues. In 1907 a power plant at Taylor's Falls on the St. Croix river was completed, supplying at the outset 12,000 horse power which is conducted to the cities for distribution to the consumers of light and power. The name of the company was changed some years ago to the Minneapolis General Electric Company. The officers in charge are A. W. Leonard, manager, and S. B. Sewall, assistant treasurer. TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE. EXPRESS BOAT ON MINNETONKA. These boats are operated in connection with the Lake Minnetonka Electric Line of the Twin City Rapid Transit Company, extending the service to all parts of the lake. A. C. Rand, who remained for many years the president and the executive head of the company. Under Mr. Rand, H. W. Brown was the first superintendent and A. T. Rand secretary. After the death of Mr. Rand in 1885, Mr. Brown became president. Ex tensive works were constructed at the foot of Fourteenth avenue south and from them there now extend some three hundred miles of pipes reaching every part of the city. In 1903 the company erected a beautiful office building on Seventh street near Hennepin avenue. With the enormous increase of consumption and improved processes of manufacture and distribution, the price of gas in Minneapolis has dropped 75 per cent in the past thirty years. In 1877 it cost the consumer $4.00 per thousand feet; in 1882, $2.50; in 1891, $1.60; in 1895, $1.30; in 1901, $1.20; in 1904, $1.10; and in 1906, $1.00. The present officers of the company are: Alonzo T. Rand, president; Rufus R. Rand, vice-president and treasurer; and W111. H. Levings, secretary. Electric light in Minneapolis was intro duced in 1881 when the Minnesota Brush Electric Company was organized with Geo. A. Pillsbury, president; J. B. Bassett, treas urer ; and T. S. King, secretary. The first plant was at the foot of Fourth avenue north and was occupied until the comple tion, about ten years ago, of the generating Minneapolis first had telegraphic service about 1865, when the Northwestern Tele graph Company opened its local office in a room over R. J. Baldwin's bank on Bridge Square. As late as 1866 the entire railroad and commercial telegraph business of the town was done over one line by one oper ator. The Western Union entered the city in 1881, established an office in the old city hall, and began business with a force of fif teen operators. In 1886 the North American Telegraph Company was organized by Minneapolis men with C. M. Loring as president. Harry A. Tuttle, who had served with the West ern Union, had charge of the construction of the lines and still remains with the com- TRAIN ON THE OL1) MOTOR LINE. This line was operated by steam on First avenue south and Nicollet avenue and to Lake Harriet, Minnehaha and Minnetonka. PUBLIC UTILITIES pany as secretary and general manager. The company's service covers the continent and is closely affiliated with the Postal Telegraph Cable Company and the Com mercial Cable Company, operating lines across both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The present officers of the company are Clinton Morrison, president; E. C. Cook, treasurer; Harry A. Tuttle, secretary and general manager, and D. G. Mcintosh, man ager. Telephones were first used in Minneap olis about 1877 and in 1878 the Northwest ern Telephone Exchange Company was or ganized and opened exchanges in Minneap olis and St. Paul in 1879. The Minneapolis office opened with fifty-three subscribers. During the thirty years of its life the com pany has not only increased its service many hundred fold but it has practically rebuilt its system a number of times to keep pace with the progress of electrical inven : tion. The general offices are now in the company's building at Third avenue south 521 and Fifth street, where the main exchangt is located and there are in addition branches in various parts of the city. The officers are C. E. Yost, president; C. P. Wainman, vice-president; C. M. Mauseau, general manager; and J. W. Christie, treasurer. The Mississippi Valley Telephone Com pany was incorporated, in 1898 and began business a year or so later with a system in both cities. After a short time the company was reorganized as the Twin City Tele phone Company and with Eder H. Moulton as president and active executive officer. The growth of the company has been very rapid, so much so in fact that Mr. Moulton found it necessary to resign a life long con nection with the Farmers' & Mechanics' Savings Bank in order to give his entire time to the telephone company. After a time a number of affiliated companies which had been formed were amalgamated with the home company which then became the Tri-State Telegraph and Telephone Com pany. with lines reaching all parts of the Northwest. Its main office building and exchange is at the corner of Third avenue south and Seventh street. i % t MINNEAPOLIS GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY BUILDING, CHRISTIE, James William, treasurer of the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company, was born at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on April 12, 1863, the son of Alexander and Catherine Christie. His father was a farmer and his boy hood was spent at the home farm while he at tended the public schools of Plymouth. He en tered business life at an early age, first being employed by R. Warner & Company, wholesale dealers in woodenware in Boston. In 1884, he came west and entered the service of the North western Telephone Exchange Company at Min neapolis and has continued with the company ever since, advancing from minor positions to the office of treasurer to which he was appointed in 1906. For many years he was general super intendent of the extensive system controlled by the company. He is also treasurer of the Min nesota Central Telephone Company and the Willmar Telephone Company, and assistant treas urer of the Duluth and Mesaba Telephone com panies. Through his official position in the Northwestern and these allied companies, Mr. Christie is in charge of the finances of one of the most extensive telephone systems in the country. This system has been almost entirely built up since he became connected with the company in 1884 and in this development work he has had a large part. Mr, Christie was mar- 522 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS JAMES \\\ -.CIIUISTIK. , ried in 1885 to Miss Carrie R. Johnson of Plymouth and they have two children, Carroll and Marjorie. He is an active member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, serving for several years on the civic improvement committee; is a member of the Engineers Club and takes special interest in all technical matters, particularly those having a bearing on the telephone business. Mr. Christie belongs to the Royal League and is treasurer of Blue Bell Council, No. 260. GOODRICH, Calvin G., vice-president and managing director of s the Twin City Rapid Tran sit Company of Minneapolis and St. Paul, and president of the Duluth & Superior Traction Company of Duluth and Superior, was born at Oxford, Ohio, March 1 2 t h , 1856, the son of Dr. Calvin G. Goodrich and Mary A. (Wall) Good rich. He passed his early boyhood at Oxford. In 1 8 6 8 Dr. Goodrich moved to Minneapolis and his son finished his education here and at the age of twenty-one, in 1877, entered the employ ment of the Minneapolis Street Railway Com pany (as secretary) with which he has since been identified. With the rapid development of the system he was advanced to many positions of responsibility. For many years he has been the general executive head of the system which has become one of the most successful electric sys tems in the entire country. Mr. Goodrich is a member of all the leading Minneapolis and St. Paul clubs. MAUSEAU, Carroll Milo, general manager of the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company, is a descendant of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton of colonial fame. He was born in Quincy, Illi nois, in the year 1868. His father, Joseph Mauseau, was a merchant of Quincy, and one of the prominent business men of the city. Carroll Milo Mauseau during his early years lived in the town of his birth and other cities of southern Illinois and attended school there. In 1880, when ,he was twelve years of age, the family moved to Minnesota, and located in St. Paul. Mr. Mauseau continued his education in Macalester College, where he took a course in civil engin eering, completing his studies and graduating from that institution in 1 8 8 7 . In the same year he moved to Duluth, where the rapid increase in population and business at that period pro duced conditions that offered an excellent oppor tunity for operating in realty and mines. For five years Mr. Mauseau was engaged in the real estate and mining business. He continued in that business until 1893, when he accepted a position with the Duluth Telephone Company as book keeper. Since that time he has been continu ously connected with the telephone business. He w^s promoted to the office of cashier of the Duluth company a short time after entering their service, and later was made manager of the busi ness. This association continued until 1 9 0 2 when Mr. Mauseau received an appointment as assist ant general manager of the Duluth and Mesaba Telephone Companies. He left Duluth three years later, in July, 1905, coming to Minneapolis and accepting the office of assistant general man ager of the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company of this city. He became general man ager of the Northwestern, Duluth, Mesaba & Minnesota Central companies, on January 1, 1907. Mr. Mauseau was appointed by President Cleve land as the Clerk of Construction on the Federal Building which was erected in Duluth in 1890. He is a member of the Minneapolis Club and of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. MINNEAPOLIS GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY—In the electrical history of Minne apolis, the development of The Minneapolis General Electric Company plays an important part. It is with no little interest that its de velopment is noted from its nucleus in 1881 on the bank of the Mississippi river at Fourth avenue north, where a small generating station was erected, to its present large organization of many departments and with a generating capacity of thirty-five thousand horse-power. The little station on the river bank with its few hundred horse power of engines soon became utterly in capable of handling the rapidly growing busi ness. A few years later, a water and steam plant of eight thousand horse-power was established 011 the east side of the river, furnishing the pres ent congested business district with light and power. At this time electricity was used almost • • •> ; 524 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS entirely for lighting, but soon its value as an ef ficient means of power drive presented itself. In 1899 the Minnesota Brush Electric Company, un der whose guidance a generating station on First avenue southeast was being operated, was sold to Messrs. Stone & Webster, of Boston. The plant at this time was but one of three com peting companies. Service was an uncertain quantity and of variable quality. Under the new management a large officebuilding and rotary sub-station was built on South Fifth street, between Hennepin and Nicol let avenues—in the heart of the business district, in order that business, necessarily of a public nature, should be centralized and also to assist from an operating standpoint in better handling the business. At this time an annual business of $200,000 was transacted, but today, as the result of good management, the yearly business is near ly $1,000,000. But this is not without new and better equipment and constantly increasing ef forts of an organization of men whose aim is to give good service at reasonable rates. Again in 1907 the demand for electric power exceeded the supply and the result was that one of the largest hydro-electric developments in the country was constructed on the St. Croix river, forty miles from Minneapolis. And over a pri vate right of way the power of a whole river is brought to Minneapolis manufacturers over a few small copper wires. Twenty seven thousand horse-power of energy materially aids in the making of a great industrial center, a still great er manufacturing and distributing metropolitan city. It further aids in the abatement of the smoke and dirt common to manufacturing dis tricts. LEVERING, Anthony Zell, was born in the city of Philadelphia on the second day of July, 1851. He is a lineal descendant of Rosier Lever ing, the first of the name of whom any authentic account can be had. Rosier Levering is supposed to have been born in France about the year 1600. In early life he fled from his native country to avoid religious persecution and settled in Hol land or Germany. He was there married to Elizabeth Van De Walle of Wesel in Westshalin. Their oldest son, Wigard Levering, was born in Westphalia and in the year 1685 emigrated to America and first settled in Germantown, Penn sylvania, in 1692 removing to Roxborough—the same state. Jacob Levering, one of the sons of Wigard and Magdelena Levering, was the first of the family born in Roxborough, and was afterward the first settler in what is now known as Manayunk, Pennsylvania. An thony, son of Jacob Levering, had a son Anthony whose son John was the father of Edmund, the father of A. S. Levering. Mr. Levering passed the years of his boyhood in the city of Philadelphia, where he remained until 1870 when he settled in Minneapolis. From 1870 to 1873 he was in the employ of Kelly & Brackett and was also connected with the pur chasing department of the Northern Pacific dur ing the construction work in Minnesota in 1871. He was a member of D. P. Jones & Co. from 1872 to 1875. From that time until 1885 he was deputy surveyor general of logs and lumber under Geo. A. Brackett, and to lvs skill and ability as an accountant is solely due the present perfect system of keeping the accounts of that office. From 1885 to October, 1906, he was secretary and treasurer of the Minneapolis District Tele graph Company; and he is secretary of the St. Paul City Railway Company; secretary of the Minneapolis Street Railway Company; treasurer of the Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka Rail way Company and private secretary of Thomas Lowry, and for the past four years secretary of the Arcade Investment Company. His edu cation was such as the public schools of his native city afforded and the fund of information which he now possesses has been acquired amid the cares and responsibilities of an active busi ness life. He was married May 5, 1875, to Miss Minnie Dorchester of Ripon, Wisconsin, who died May 31, 1876. He was again married IRUSH, PHOTO ANTHONY Z. LHViiRING PUBLIC UTILITIES 525 large proportions. During his residence in Min neapolis, Mr. Moulton has served six years as city treasurer and has been a member of the board of park commissioners. He generally votes the republican ticket but exercises his preferen tial rights, when he sees fit, as to candidates. He is a member of the Minneapolis and of the Minikahda clubs and attends Westminster Presby terian Church. Mr. Moulton wa?, married in No vember, 1874, to Harriet E. Skiles and they have two children living, Eder H., Jr., and Katherine S. HARRY A. Tl'TTLE. to Miss Minnie A. Menzel, daughter of the Hon. Gregor Menzel of Minneapolis, December 3, 1879, and his surviving children are Mrs. Arthur R. Farr of Bedford, South Africa, and Miss Emma -M. Levering of Minneapolis. MOULTON, Eder H., was born in New York, January 10, 1844, son of R. G. and Cornelia Moulton. His father was engaged in the wholesale dry goods business in New York and in that city Eder H. spent his earlier years. He received his first instruction at Abbott's school at Norwich, Conn., visiting England when he was eleven years old and attending school in Geneva, Swit zerland, in Paris, and at Atkinson's grammar school at Manchester, England. Then he matric ulated at Oxford University, England, leaving there before graduation on account of the break ing out of the Civil War in the United States. From 1865 to 1868 he was engaged in the import ing business in New York and Paris. Coming to Minneapolis he became one of the founders and the executive head of the Farmers' and Me chanics' Savings Bank, of which he remained the treasurer and manager for thirty years. As his other interests reached great magnitude he found the duties of the bank taking up too much of his time and he resigned his office with the bank in 1906, to devote his entire time to his telephone interests which had by this time reached very TUTTLE, Harry A., was born at Oswego, New York, September 19, 1846, son of John and Mary Elizabeth Tuttle. His father was a builder and pattern maker by trade. Harry A. spent his early life in Oswego and, when fifteen years old, after graduating in the senior class of the high school, he entered the telegraph service at Adams, New York, as operator on the U. S. Branch Tele graph Company's lines; was transferred to the i'ion office the same year and, upon the con solidation of the U. S. lines with the Western Union in 1865, he was made manager at Ilion and was, in 1866, transferred to Oswego, his former home, and was manager there until 1876. He then engaged in commercial business until 1882, when he came to Minneapolis as manager for the Western Union Company. Resigning in Feb ruary, 1886, he entered upon the construction of the lines of the North American Telegraph Company and became secretary and general man> ager, the position which he still holds and in which he has done most excellent work which is fully appreciated by the public. Mr. Tuttle is a republican in politics. He is a member of the Commercial Club, of Minneapolis; the Minne sota Club, of St. Paul, and the Chicago Athletic Club. He was married on June 15, 1870, at Ilion, New York, to Miss Amanda Carpenter. They have one child living—Charles W. Tuttle. PETTENGILL, Heman J., was born in Brunswick, Maine. Telephone and telegraph wires have played a prominent part in Mr. Pettengill's life since he graduated from the public school in Brunswick, Maine. At an early age he learned telegraphy by practicing in the telegraph office at Brunswick. He was employed first by the Western Union Telegraph Company as an operator, and rose to the position of manager, during the years between 1875 and 1882. He re mained in Maine and Boston during this period. In 1882 he became superintendent of the Postal Telegraph-Cable Company, and his field included most of the New England states; this position he held until 1899. He has since been with tele phone companies affiliated with the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. Mr. Pettengill has recently resigned the presi dency of The Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company to devote his entire attention to the administration of the affairs of the Southwestern 526 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS SWEET, PHOTO CHARLES I \ WAINMAN. Telegraph & Telephone Company, of which he has been the president for several years. The Southwestern is one of the largest telephone com panies in the United States, furnishing service to more than ioo,coo subscribers in the states of Texas and Arkansas. Mr. Pettengill is a 32d degree Mason, and holds the position of Past Commander of Hugh de Payens Commandery, Knights Templars of Melrose, Massachusetts, past president of the Boston Electric Club, and also of the Old Time Telegraphers Association. Since coming to Min neapolis he has become a member of the Min neapolis, the Lafayette and the Minikahda clubs. In politics he is a republican. He has three sons —Harrison Victor, in the employ of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company, Heman Judson, Jr., Yale '07, and Russell Arthur, Dartmouth College '09. WAINMAN, Charles Paul, a resident of Min neapolis since 1886, and during that time connect ed with the Northwestern Telephone Exchange Company of this city, was born in New York state. He is the son of Alfred J. Wainman and Elizabeth (Paul) Wainman, who resided at the time of their son's birth at Utica, New York, where Charles Paul was born in the year 1845. The elder Mr. Wainmain was a prominent mer chant and was for a number of years engaged in business at Utica where he was well known and esteemed among his business and social asso ciates. The son passed the years of his boyhood in central New York and attended the public schools of that state. As a boy he entered the army and served with the Federal troops during the Civil war. He enlisted at Utica, New York, in July, 1863, and at the expiration of that term of service re-enlisted in January, 1864. On June 3 of the same year he was wounded at the battle of Cold Harbor. When mustered out of the army he began the study of telegraphy and soon pre pared himself to accept a position as operator, and as such acquired his first knowledge of the telegraph business, finding that it was in this field that he could use to the best advantage his prac tical knowledge and best develop his executive ability. For a time he was variously engaged and then accepted a position with the District Tele graph Company at Cleveland, Ohio, and began an association with the practical science of rapid transmission. Later he was promoted to the office of manager with the same company and filled the duties of that position until 1877 when he resigned to engage in the rapidly extending telephone business. During 1877 and 1878 he was the electrician of the Cleveland Telephone Com pany. During the latter year he was made the superintendent and continued in the service of the company until 1886, for several years before his resignation holding the office of general su perintendent. Coming to Minneapolis in 1887, he became interested in the Northwestern Tele phone Exchange Company in the same capacity and has been continuously connected with that corporation for over twenty years. He is now the vice president of the company and is en gaged in its management. During this time Mr. Wainman has made his headquarters in Minne apolis but has held for several years and now holds offices in the Duluth Telephone Company and the Mesaba Telephone Company being the vice president of those corporations. Mr. Wain man is a member of the G. A. R. and in addition to holding all the offices of his post has been aide on the staff of the commander-in-chief. In political faith Mr. Wainman was formerly a re publican, but now holds independent views on public questions. He is a member of the Minne apolis Club, of the Commercial Club, the Kitc'nf Gamma Club of Duluth, the Long Meadow Gun Club and the Town and Country Club. In i860 Mr. Wainman was married to Miss Mary Doran, who died in 1870, leaving one daughter, Lizzie. He was again married, in 1878, to Miss Clara E. Cadman, of Cleveland, Ohio, and they have two daughters—Edwina and Maud. CHAPTER XXVII. SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES I N organization for the promotion of the general good, in trade association, in professional societies, in social clubs, in athletics, music, the arts, charities an^l phil anthropies, and the thousand and one activi ties of a busy and progressive community, Minneapolis has been distinguished for thor oughness and completeness. Many of the endeavors suggested have been mentioned elsewhere in appropriate connection, but some remain for consideration. After some temporary organizations in the earliest days the Union Board of Trade was formed on July 1, 1855, and although there were some lapses and reorganizations, Minneapolis continued to maintain a board for about forty years. In 1867 the board formally incorporated. From this time un til the representation of the people in public affairs was taken up by the Commercial Club, in 1901, the Board of Trade remained the foremost public body and numbered among its members and officers the leading men of the city. The presidents included Dorilus Morrison, Richard Chute, Capt. John C. Reno, C. E. Flandreau, W. D. Washburn, S. C. Gale, C. M. Loring, John S. Pillsbury, F. W. Brooks, E. J. Phelps, Judge Isaac Atwater, James T. Wyman, B. F. Nelson and others. The board never became a trading organization nor did it represent any particular line of business, although for a time it collected and pub lished general commercial statistics of the city. Upon the organization of the Chamber of Commerce in 1881 that body undertook the publication of reports of trade and com merce. But it has always been a distinc tive trade organization and has refrained from taking part in the general public affairs of the city. In the same way the Jobbers' Association, organized in 1884, devoted it self exclusively to the interests of whole salers and manufacturers, and the Produce Exchange, formed in the same year, has been entirely occupied with the affairs of the produce dealers. Of broader purpose was the Minneapolis Business Union, formed in 1890 for the purpose of bringing manufacturing establishments to the city. For several years it was one of the strong est and most effective organizations of Min neapolis. T H E COMMERCIAL CLUB. In 1892 a number of prominent men, be lieving that the promotion of public affairs COL. WM. S. KING 528 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS been outgrown and ar rangements have been made for more commo dious quarters to be occu pied in 1909. C. M. Har rington was the first pres ident of the club. He was followed by J. F. Calderwood, 1893-8; E. ]. Phelps, 1898-9; S. H. Hall, 1899-1900; E. C. Best, 1900-1; A. C. Paul, 1901-3; John Leslie, 19034; Fred R. Salisbury, 1904-6; C. W. Gardner, 1906-7, and B. F. Nelson, 1907-9. E. J. Westlake has been secretary since 1902. S. H. Hall was first chairman of the public affairs committee. He was' followed by W. Y. Chute, P. F. Nelson, W. THE MINNEAPOLIS EXPOSITION M *iLr >ING. W. Heffelfinger and F. R. Salisbury. Wallace G. could be better attained through the combi Nye has been commissioner since the orga nation of social and public features in an nization of the committee. The member organization, met-and formed the Minneap ship of the club is now 1,200. AGRICULTURAL FAIRS. olis Commercial and Athletic Club. The The Minnesota State Fair, now the great plan proved popular and the membership in creased rapidly. Rooms were taken in the est in the country, grew out of a meeting Kasota building. For a time the social and athletic features, of the organization were given prominence, but after a period of de pression the gymnasium idea was entirely dropped and the club, reorganized and re juvenated (largely through the untiring efforts of a committee headed by the late S. H. Hall) occupied new and larger quar ters in the Andrus building, eliminated the word "athletic" from its name and added to its activities systematic attention to pub lic matters, through a "public afifairs com mittee." This committee manages its own finances and employs a commissioner of public affairs. With the organization of this committee in 1901 the Board of Trade was discontinued. Special attention has been given to the acquisition of new industries, the invitation of conventions and their en tertainment, the promotion of civic improve ments and general publicity for the city. The club rooms in the Andrus building have AT ONE OF THE "KING" FAIRS SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS A N D ACTIVITIES. of settlers in the little parlor of Colonel Stevens' pioneer cottage on the river bank at Minneapolis. Here the Hennepin Coun ty Agricultural Society (the first agricul tural society in the territory) was organized and at a subsequent meeting of this society plans were definitely laid for the formation of a state agricultural society, which was duly formed in 1854 with Gov. W. A. Gor man as president and Col. Stevens as vicepresident for Hennepin county. Col. Stev- 529 fair owing to the hard times and the war excitement. In 1859 a joint fair was again held at Minneapolis, and in 1860 it was hel.l at Fort Snelling, with Charles Hoag of Min neapolis as president. In 1865 another suc cessful state fair was held in Minneapolis, and on this occasion Horace Greeley made an address. During the next two decades the fairs were held in various parts of the state. The Hennepin county society main tained its organization and secured grounds OPENING OF THE FIRST MINNEAPOLIS EXPOSITION. The photograph was taken at the moment Archbishop Ireland was offering the prayer. With a glass the faces of many prominent men of 1880 may be distinguished in the group upon the platform. ens was a prime-mover in the organization. The first fair ever held in Minnesota was that of the Hennepin county society, on October 20, 1854. The second fair was held on October 17 and 18, 1855, jointly by the state and Hennepin county organizations. This was the first "state fair." Colonel Stevens was president. The second an nual state fair was held in Minneapolis on grounds near what is now Tenth street, on October 8, 9 and 10, 1856. At this fair over $2,000 was paid in premiums and the gate receipts produced about half the amount. For some years there was consid erable irregularity in the holding of the state in the southern part of the city, where fairs were held with tolerable regularity, espe cially under the regime of Col. Wm. S. King, who conducted them for some years with such vigor and originality that the series under his management are still known as the "King Fairs." Col. King, Henry F. Brown, Col. Stevens and R. C. Judson were prominent in fair matters in this period. In 1885 Ramsey county presented the state with the present fair grounds, midway between the two cities, and since that time the state fair has developed into a great institution. The presidents in the past two decades have been Fred C. Pillsbury, D. M. 530 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS Clough and Col. John H. Stevens, of Minne apolis; John Cooper, of St. Cloud; C. N. Cosgrove, of Le Sueur, and 1>. F. Nelson, of Minneapolis, the present incumbent. Col. W. M. Liggett, who has been active in the fair management for years, was secretary in 1890, and E. W. Randall served for twelve years, ending in 1907, making a con spicuous record as a successful fair execu tive. The present secretary, C. N. Cosgrove, was president for some years and a member of the board of managers since the eighties. With a permanent home and judi cious management the state fair has been built up from a weak institution to a selfsupporting position, having property worth approximately a million dollars, and in 1908 an attendance of 326,075, ticket sales of $173,950, and net profits of about $85,000. CHAItl.ES M. UAUUINGTON First president of the Commercial Club Minneapolis contributes largely to its suc cess in exhibits and attendance. THE EXPOSITION. When the fair was first located at the present site there was much indignation in Minneapolis. There had been a tacit un derstanding between the cities that the mid way district should be left unappropriated by either as neutral ground for the develop ment of suburbs and industrial sites for both cities, and at the moment a joint com mittee of the two cities was at work upon a plan for locating the fair in this neutral strip at a place satisfactory to both. While these negotiations were in progress Minne apolis was astounded by the unexpected gift from St. Paul and the sudden action of the legislature in accepting, followed, almost im mediately, by the annexation of the midway territory to St. Paul. It seemed an appro priation of the state fair—-always hitherto fostered by Minneapolis—and a particularly aggravating instance of bad faith upon the part of the other city. This feeling was intensified by charges, made during the fair of 1885, that St. Paul had secured railroad discrimination in its favor, and on Septem ber 14th Alden J. Blethen, then editor of The Minneapolis Tribune, wrote a vigorous editorial proposing that Minneapolis estab lish an industrial exposition and maintain annual exhibitions of her own, independent of any other community. The idea met with instant favor. With practically no dissenting voice the people of Minneapolis rose to the occasion, subscribed $100,000 at one meeting, and $400,000 within three months, formed a corporation, and opened a complete and comprehensive exposition on August 23 of the following year. The building, costing over $250,000, was erected in 124 working days from the date of letting the first contracts. The exposition was opened on the date promised and was at tended by 338,000 people. It was a most remarkable instance of a city's enterprise and the possibilities of accomplishment when a whole people act together. The officers of the first exposition were: W. D. Washburn, president; S. C. Gale, vice-president; W. G. Byron, secretary; H. G. Harrison, treasurer; Lewis B. Hubbard, gen eral manager. 531 SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES. * -i' Mi; _ VIEW AT MINNESOTA STATE FAIR. The exposition continued for several years with pronounced success, but with the coming of hard times and the general decline in interest in local expositions ev erywhere, it was finally discontinued. It had, however, served its purpose. Its edu cational effects upon the people of the city and state were not lost and as an adver tisement for Minneapolis it has never been equalled. SOCIAL CLUBS. Among the social organizations of the city the Minneapolis Club, organized in 1886, is the most prominent. When it was formed Minneapolis had scarcely reached the point where club life was regarded fav orably, and the club was not entirely suc cessful in its early years. For a time it occupied a remodeled dwelling at Sixth street and First avenue north, and after wards better quarters at Seventh street and Sixth avenue south, and then built a hand some club house at First avenue south and Sixth street. This building has been out grown and a new club house at Eighth street and Second avenue south was com pleted in 1908—one of the finest club houses in the west. The Minikahda Club was organized in 1898 and erected a beautiful club house on the west shore of Lake Calhoun, where it owns about 120 acres of land. It is a com pletely appointed town and country club and its membership is open to both men and women. The Lafayette Club and the Minnetonka Yacht Club have club houses at Lake Minnetonka, and the Automobile and Long Meadow Gun Clubs maintain club houses overlooking the Minnesota valley. The Odin Club, organized in 1899, has A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 532 4- m TIIE MASONIC TEMPLE rooms in the Evanston building at Sixth street and Second avenue south, and the Roosevelt Club has quarters at Seventh street and Hennepin avenue. The Six O'clock Club, organized in 1894, has a mem bership of one hundred men who meet fort nightly for the discussion of municipal and social questions. These are some of the leading organizations of the city. MASONIC AND OTHER ORDERS. The Masonic Temple, erected in 1888 and 1889, and one of the finest buildings of its class in the west, marked the great growth of the orders and fraternal organi zations at this period in the history of Min neapolis. Masonry had had its beginnings in the city in 1851 when Cataract Lodge was organized by Dr. A. E. Ames. Col. Stevens, Ard Godfrey, Emanuel Case. I s a a c A tw a t e r , Anson Northrup, John H. Murphy, Robert Cummings and other prominent pioneers were among its early members. The passage of thirty-five years found Masonry very strong in Minneapolis, and in *1885 the first steps to wards a temple were taken through the organization of the Masonic Temple Asso ciation of Minneapolis. The corner stone of the building was laid in 1888, and the building was completed dur ing the following year at a total cost of over $300,000. Masonry has continued to flourish, the membership is very large, and in the higher degrees, and the Scottish Rite and the Mystic Shrine includes in its ranks many prominent business and pro fessional men. Minneapolis Lodge No. 19, which has recently celebrated its semi centennial, is one of the largest blue lodges in the country. The Odd Fellows and Good Templars also organized very early in the history of the city and both are strong orders. The Knights of Pythias are exceptionally prosperous and have quarters in the Masonic Temple. All the other prominent orders are well established. Posts of the Grand Army of the Republic were formed in Minneapolis in the autumn of 1866. One on the east side did not sur vive for long, but that on the west side, of which Dr. Levi Butler was the com mander, continued and later assumed the name of the George N. Morgan Post, under which it flourished and became for years the largest post in the state. It has been the parent post from which nine others have gone out. John A. Rawlins Post has rooms in the Masonic Temple, which are SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES. 533 s,mz .Hr ENTRANCE TO LAKHWDOl) CEMETERY. said to be the finest of any Post rooms in the country. The auxiliary and related orders of the Women's Relief Corps, La dies of the G. A. R., Sons of Veterans, etc., are well organized in the city. Minneapolis has twice entertained the national encamp ment of the G. A. R. LAKEWOOD CEMETERY ASSOCIATION. Public spirit in Minneapolis has not con fined its endeavors to the commercial ad vancement of the city. One of the most notable examples of untiring" effort for the general good is found in the history of the Lakewood Cemetery Association, which was organized in 1871 by a group of men who realized the importance of the early establishment of an extensive and suitable cemetery. The original property, consisting of 80 acres lying between Lakes Calhoun and Harriet, was purchased from Col. Win. S. King, who, with H. G. Harrison, W. D. Washburn, George A. Brackett, D. Morri son, Dr. C. G. Goodrich, W. P. Westfall, Levi Butler and R. J. Mendenhall, consti tuted the first board of trustees. Of these only Messrs. Brackett and Washburn are now living; they have given the work thirtyseven years of constant service. Adopting the most approved plans the trustees grad ually developed the cemetery until it be came one of the most beautiful in the coun try. It now comprises 240 acres. At the entrance is a gateway building erected in 1889 at a cost of $35,000. Nearby is the receiving vault, and in course of erection is a modern crematory. The association is perpetual, and belongs to the stockholders who are the owners of the lots; while no stockholders or trustees receive any divi dends or any other compensation. The re ceipts from sales of lots are devoted to main tenance. and improvements and additions, and are now also creating a fund which will have reached three and one-half millions when all lots are sold, and will be then sufficient to provide a perpetual income for maintenance. A. W. Hobert has long been secretary and superintendent. GARDNER, Charles W., auditor of the Min neapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad, was born on February 17, 1861, at Rushville, New York. He is the son of Harvey R. Gardner and Marietta (Mills) Gardner, who moved while their son was still a child to St. Paul, Minnesota. There Charles W. spent his boyhood and attend ed the public schools. After his graduation he A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 534 distributing company in Great Britian. In 1888 he came to America and entered the employ of a wholesale paper house in St. Paul. He rose rapidly in the business and very soon was put in charge of a branch establishment in Minneapolis where he remained as manager for three years when he resigned to commence business on his own account. With H. J. McAfee he organized the firm of Leslie & McAfee which at once took a leading place among the paper jobbers of the northwest. Upon the death of Mr. McAfee 0 few years latex, Mr. Leslie became sole proprietor of the business which he soon afterwards incor porated as The John Leslie Paper Company. After two successive moves to accommodate the growing business the company erected the mas sive warehouse now occupied at the corner of Third avenue south and Fifth street. Mr. Les lie has taken no active part in politics except to use his influence for the best things in state, na tional and municipal government, but has been very active in municipal affairs. In the public affairs work, of the Minneapolis Commercial Club he has been a hard worker and has served as director, vice-president, president and member of the public affairs committee, of the club. He was married in 1 8 8 8 to Bessie May McAfee of Minneapolis and has four sons. The family at tends the Fowler M. E. Church. *< V •;4; *V CHARLES W. GARDNER commenced an active business career and after a few years of conscientious work was appointed, in 1 8 8 6 , auditor of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad. This position he still holds, so he has been in the employ of the Soo Line for twenty-two years. Mr. Gardner was president of the Minneapolis Commercial Club during 1 9 0 6 - 7 and has been one of its most inter ested members since its inception. He was one of the original promoters and secured the first members for the organization. He was elected as the first secretary of the club and served in that capacity without remuneration. He was elected president of the club in 1 9 0 6 . Mr. Gard ner was married in 1 8 8 2 to Miss Helen M. Con nolly of St. Paul, and they have one boy, Elmer Valentine. The family are members of the Trinity Baptist Church. LESLIE, John, president of The John Leslie Paper Company of Minneapolis, is a native of Ireland but of Scotch descent. His family is of ancient Scottish lineage, prominent in the his tory of Scotland. Mr. Leslie's father was James Leslie, a merchant. John was educated in the national schools of Ireland and was then bred to the book, stationery and printing business, serv ing an apprenticeship according to the custom of the country. After concluding his term as appren tice he was connected for a time with the Dublin branch of the largest paper manufacturing and LINTON, Alonzo Herbert, for more than fifty years identified with the development of the Northwest,- was born in Johnstown, Pennsyl vania, November 4, 1836. He was the son of John Linton, a merchant and iron manufacturer. His mother was Adelaide Lacock of Virginia. Mr. Linton was the third of eight children. At fifteen years of age he left school to enter the employ of Joseph and Selah Chamberlain of Cleveland, prominent railroad contractors from whom he learned the business which was to be his life work. About 1854 he came to Wisconsin with Selah Chamberlain and a few years later came to Minnesota where Mr. Chamberlain had extensive contracts. Besides having a part in these undertakings Mr. Linton acted for a time as manager of Mr. Chamberlain's banking inter ests, then returned to Milwaukee where he ob tained further railroad experience and in 1860 went to Cuba to take charge of the construction of a railroad from Havana to Pinar Del Rio. After his return to the United States, Mr. Lin ton was sent to Minneapolis, in 1863, to take charge of the local office of the Chamberlains and about the same time began contracting on his own account, taking the section of the Minnesota Central railroad from Owatonna to Austin. In 1870 Mr. Linton formed a partnership with the late R. B. Langdon and during the next twenty years constructed some five thousand miles of railroad, including the river division of the Mil waukee, other portions of the same system, of the Northwestern, Northern Pacific, Omaha, Soo Line, Minneapolis & Pacific, St. Paul, Minneapo- 536 ^ / A;. .R'-'PIRII—1 A :I / \ IP AI.ONZO II. LINTON lis & Manitoba, and Canadian Pacific railroads. They built seven hundred miles of the Canadian Pacific west of Winnipeg. They also executed contracts in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and other more distant states. Upon Mr. Langdon's death in 1895, the business was continued by Mr. Lin-' ton with whom. Cavour S. Langdon has been associated in recent years. Mr. Linton was mar ried in 1866 to M-iss Gertrude Darragh of Beaver county, Pennsylvania. • Mrs. Linton was a de scendant of John Hart, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. They have four daughters. For many years Mf. Linton has been identified with St. Mark's Episcopal Church and has taken a prominent part in the business af fairs of the city aside from his extensive opera tions in contracting. NELSON, Benjamin Franklin, for many years closely identified with the public affairs and commercial interests of Minneapolis, was born in Kentucky on May 4, 1843. H e was the son of William and Emiline (Benson) Nelson, both of whom were natives of Maryland. The cir cumstances of the family were such that the boys early took up a part of its support and after brief terms of schooling in the public schools of Greenup and Lewis counties, Mr. Nel son, at the age of seventeen, had his first ex perience in the lumber business, cutting timber and rafting it down the Ohio. This work was interrupted by the war. At nineteen he en listed in the Second Kentucky Cavalry and served under the famous Confederate leaders, Generals Morgan, Forest and Wheeler. The close of the war found him a prisoner at Camp Douglas, near Chicago. He returned to Ken tucky but soon decided to try a more promis ing region, and in September, 1865, arrived at Minneapolis, where his experience in lumbering brought him into immediate employment. And since that time he has been continuously in the business, becoming after a few years one of the leading lumbermen in the Northwest. During the first year Mr. Nelson worked as a laborer in woods and mills and 011 the river. In the second winter he took a contract to haul logs, a little later a contract for the manufacture of shingles, and, in 1872, formed a partnership with Warren C. Stetson in the planing mill business. This led directly to lumber manufacturing. 11 * 1881 he formed, with W . M. Tenney and H. W. 'McNair, the firm of Nelson, Tenney & Com pany, and next year purchased the Clarke saw mill. At first the business was small, but it developed rapidly with the progress of the city and the northwest during the eighties, and the concern soon became one of the heaviest in Minneapolis. H. B. Frey soon succeeded Mr. McNair in the firm and later W. F. Brooks held an interest for some years. After the withdrawal of W . M. Tenney, S. G. Tuthill became interested and the concern became the Nelson-Tuthill Lumber Company, retaining this style until a'l its pine holdings had been cut over and its mills were sold and it withdrew from manufacturing in 1905. During all this long period of over forty years in the lumber business Mr. Nelson had acquired interests in many other connected lines and affiliated companies, besides taking part in the development of other classes of manu facturing and in the financial affairs of the com munity. He is president of the Leech Lake T um ber Company, the Nelson Sash & Door Com pany. the Hennepin Paper Company, the Nel son Paper Company, B. F. Nelson & Sons Com pany, the Leech Lake Land Company, and vicepresident of the Spokane Lumber Company. He is a director of the Swedish American National Bank of Minneapolis and of the First National Bank of Walker, Minnesota, and trustee of the Swedish Savings Bank of Minneapolis. He is also largely interested in mineral lands in north ern Minnesota. Notwithstanding the extent of his business in terests Mr. Nelson has also found time for pub lic service, when it was asked of him, and has taken a large part in the philanthropic, educa tional and religious work of the city. He served in the city council from 1879 t o 1885 and was one of the first board of park commissioners, taking a prominent part in laying the founda tions of the Minneapolis park system. A most valuable service to the city was that on the school board from 1884 to 1891—a time during BRUSK, PHOTO (J3 cJ\JCAJImk 538 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS which the unparallelled growth of the school population made heavy demands upon the abil ities of the members of the board. A prominent Methodist he was long ago called to take part in the affairs of Hamline university and is a trustee and vice-president at the present time. His experience in educational affairs and his recognized business ability led to his appoint ment to the board of regents of the state university in 1 9 0 5 , and since then he has served the state with conspicuous success in this capac ity. Elected vice-president of the Minnesota State Agricultural society in 1 9 0 2 he became at once one of the most valued of the members of the board and in 1 9 0 7 was made president and was elected again in 1 9 0 8 . In this position he has large responsibilities in connection with Minnesota's very successful state fair. For a number of years he served on the board of man agers of the Minnesota state prison. In the semi-official work of the organizations of business men for the promotion of the pub lic good, Mr. Nelson has taken a most active and efficient part. He was for many years a member of the old Board of Trade and its president in 1 8 9 0 - 9 1 . He was one of the directors, and treasurer, of the Business Men's Union in 1890. Upon the incorporation of the Minne apolis Exposition in 1 8 8 5 he was named, one of the directors and continued prominent in the af fairs of the institution, taking heavy financial responsibilities and incurring subsequent losses for which he never received compensation. In 1 9 0 4 he became a director of the Minneapolis Commercial Club and at the same time was ap pointed chairman of the public affairs committee and during two years in this position accomlished notable commercial development work. In 1 9 0 7 he was elected president of the club and is now in that office. He is also connected with many other organizations including the Minne apolis, Lafayette and Minikahda Clubs, the Min nesota State Historical Society and the Masonic order—a member of the 3 2 n d degree and a Shrill er and Knight Templar. Mr. Nelson was mar ried in 1869 to Martha Ross who died in 1874, leaving two sons, William Edwin and Guy H. He was again married in 1 8 7 5 to Mary Fredenburg of Northfield, Minnesota. They have one daughter, Bessie E.~ Mr. Nelson's sons are as sociated with him in many of-his business inter ests. .Although a lifelong democrat Mr. Nelson has never held an office by partisan election, his selection for service being principally by appoint ment and in recognition of. particular fitness rather than for political considerations. He has frequently been requested to stand for high po litical positions but has never consented to be come a candidate. NYE, Wallace G., was born at Hortonville, Wisconsin, October 7, 1859, the son of Freeman James and Hannah Pickett Nye. His father was a soldier of the Union army in the Civil War and traces descent from Benjamin Nye, who SWEET, PHOTO WALLACE G. NYK came from England in 1635 on the ship "Abigail" and settled at Sandwich, Massachusetts. The Nyes shared the storm and stress of the colonial wars, the war for independence, the second war with Great Britain in 1 8 1 2 , and the Mexican war. The son, Wallace G., after his boyhood spent 011 the paternal farm, and gathering initial knowl edge at the district school, showed his apprecia tion of the virtue of self-help by teaching school when sixteen years old, and, with the proceeds, attended the normal school at Oshkosh, Wiscon sin, at intervals teaching to secure funds. He learned the retail drug business in Chicago and came to Minneapolis in September, 1 8 8 1 , open ing a drug store in North Minneapolis and oper ating it until 1 8 9 3 . An active member of the republican party, he served on the campaign committee in 1 8 8 8 and was chairman of the city committee in 1 8 9 8 . In 1 8 9 2 he was elected city comptroller and was twice re-elected to that im portant office. He was elected secretary of the park board in 1 8 8 9 , served four years, and was elected a member of that board to fill a vacancy in 1894 serving for three years. Mr. Nye is a member of the board of court house and city hall com missioners to which he was elected in 1 9 0 4 . Mr. Nye has given notably effective service as com missioner of the public affairs committee of the Commercial Club, a position which he still re tains. This organization is recognized as a 539 SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES. where he has made a specialty in his practice of the law of patents and trademarks. He is the author of a work on the law of trademarks, which was published in 1903. Mr. Paul is a member of the Minneapolis Commercial Club, of which he was president for two years. PHELPS, Edmund Joseph, since 1878 one of the progressive and successful citizens of Min neapolis, was born in Ohio, at the town of Brecksville, Cuyahoga county. His ancestors were English, the family being descended from William Phelps, who came from Tewsbury, Eng land, to America and settled at Dorchester, Mas sachusetts, in 1630, later moving to Windsor, Connecticut. Joseph Edmund Phelps, father of Edmund J., emigrated from Massachusetts to Ohio, as did Ursula (Wright) Phelps, and located on a farm, where their son was born on Jan uary 17, 1845. He grew up at the place of his birth, and began his education in the public schools of Brecksville, and later entered the preparatory department of the Baldwin Univer sity at Berea, Ohio, and continued his educa tion with two or three terms in Oberlin College. When about eighteen he left college for a time to teach school, and then prepared for an active business life by taking a course in the business AMASA C. PAUL wideawake promoter of the commercial and other substantial interests of Minneapolis, and Mr. Nye is closely identified with its progressive spirit. He is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; A. F. & A. M.; A. O. U. W., and B. P. O. E. He is a 32d degree Mason. To the I. O. O. F., he has given most active fraternal work. He was grand master of the Grand Lodge in 1890 and grand patriarch of the Grand En campment in 1893 and representative to the Sov ereign Grand Lodge for ten years. Mr. Nye is not a member of any church organization. He was married in 1881 to Etta Rudd at New Lon don, Wisconsin, and to them have been born two children—Marshall A. and George M. Nye, both of whom are engaged in business in the city. PAUL, Amasa C., a leading specialist in law in Minneapolis, was born in Wakefield, New Hampshire, September 12, 1857. After two years' attendance at Dartmouth College he taught in the Franklin school at Washington, D. C., from February, 1877, to January 1, 1881, when he was appointed Assistant Examiner in the United States Patent Office. He attended the law school of the National University and that of the Co lumbian University, graduating from the former in 1880 and from the post graduate course of the latter in 1882. He was admitted to the bar in 1880. In 1884 Mr. Paul came to Minneapolis v r- y J ' J ** J ^ 4 r - pr EDMUND J. PHELPS -4, I si 540 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS college at Oberlin, Ohio. An appointment as instructor in the Northwestern Business Col lege of Aurora, Illinois, was offered him, which he accepted, retaining it for about two years. He then entered the banking business with the firm of Valentine & Williams, at Aurora, and there gained his first practical experience in banking. In 1870 Mr. Phelps resigned his po sition with the bank to organize the firm of E. J. Phelps & Co. and engage in the furniture business. In 1878 he moved to Minneaoplis, having disposed of his business interests in Aurora, and has since that year been continu ously in business in this city, and has taken an energetic part in its development and progress. After locating here Mr. Phelps purchased the furniture business of J. B. Hanson, later forming a partnership with J. S. Bradstreet as Phelps & Bradstreet, and commenced to manufacture and trade in artistic furniture and house furnishings, and when, in 1883, Mr. Phelps withdrew from the firm and retired from the furniture business, the company's trade extended through the whole Northwest. He then directed his energies, in company with E. A. Merrill, to the organization of the Minnesota Loan & Trust Company, cap italized at $200,000, at the time the business was founded, the capital stock later being raised to a much larger amount. Mr. Phelps retained his interest in the corporation for several years, and one of the foremost financial institutions of the city was built up. After a decade of active finan cial business Mr. Phelps withdrew from the loan and trust company to engage in the grain business. He ^became associated with the Peavy interests, and for a number of years has been the president of the Belt Line Elevator Company. Though these have been the principal enterprises with which Mr. Phelps has been connected, his other business interests have been large and varied. He has been a director of the Minne apolis .Threshing Machine Company, of the Brown 8z. Haywood Company (now merged in the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company), of the Northwestern Elevator Company, and of the Na tional Bank of Commerce,, and has long been an officer of the Moore Carving Machine Com pany and is its president at the present time. Notwithstanding his commercial activities, Mr. Phelps' part in the public life of Minneapolis has been an active^ one, and for years he has been a member of the prominent commercial organiza tions. He became a member of the Board of Trade in 1879, and was its president in 1884 and 1885, and was one of the promoters of the Min neapolis Business Union. Among the public services have .been the. suggestion of the great harvest festival held in Minneapolis in 1891; the supervising as one of the-commissioners of the distribution of the cargo" of the relief ship sent to Russia in 1893, and his work on the census board in 1890, and as treasurer of the fund for the na tional republican convention held in Minneapolis in 1892. He is now a member of the Park Board, and in 1899 held the office of president in that organization. Mr. Phelps is a member of the Minneapolis Club, the Commercial Club, the Minikahda Club, the Lafayette Club, the Auto mobile Club, of which he was the first president; of the Minnetonka Yacht Club, being a former commodore of that club; a member and expresident of the Minneapolis Whist Club, and of the Society of Colonial Wars. Mr. Phelps has been actively connected with the development of the Commercial Club, and was its president in 1899, at- the time when the consolidation was effected, Mr. Phelps being one of the promoters and workers in that movement. He was mar ried on September 16, 1874, to Louisa A. Rich ardson, and they have three children, Ruth Shepard, Richardson and Edmund J., Jr. SALISBURY, Fred Richardson, was born January 18, 1861, in Madison county, New York, son of Thomas G'. Salisbury, a manufacturer. Mr. Salisbury received his earlier educational training at Cedar Falls, Iowa, where he attended the public schools, graduating at the high school and taking a course in a business college. From his seventeenth- year, Air. Salisbury was engaged in Jk • '*" , FRKD It. SALISBURY •• • w • R- ? •• r. £. / SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES. 541 year. He did not take up college work as he had no ambitions to follow a profession, so began at once to work out for himself a commercial suc cess and has been connected with several different enterprises. For about two years and a half he was associated with the retail hardware business, dis continuing that connection to become employed in the packing and retailing of meats. He contin ued this business about ten years, until 1897, when he received an offer from the Minnesota Loan & Trust Company of this city. He with drew from the packing trade and accepted this position, being for four years identified with the mortgage department of the Loan & Trust Com pany. This association was continued until 1901. He resigned his office at that time to enter the John Leslie Paper Company as credit manager and successfully filled that office about four and a half years, severing his connection with the Leslie concern about three years ago to open an office in this city as an expert accountant and audi tor, and has sincc been so engaged. Mr. Webb has a large established clientage and is rapidly building up a successful practice. In his political beliefs Mr. Webb is a republican. He is a mem ber of the Commercial Club of Minneapolis and for some years has been the auditor of that or ganization. He is also connected with a number of the fraternal orders—the Hennepin Lodge No. 4, A. F. and A. M.; St. John's Chapter No. 9 SILAS H. TOWLER the bed-manufacturing business, and, since com ing to Minneapolis, his energy, industry and business experience have built up one of the strongest firms in that line of manufacturing in the city—Salisbury & Satterlee Co., Nos. 21519 Main street southeast. Mr. Salisbury is a democrat in politics. Among the positions of im portance he has held in civic life are treasurer of the Firemen's Relief Fund; president of the Min neapolis Credit Men's Association; president of the Twin City Merchants Association; president of the Minneapolis Furniture Manufacturers' As sociation and president of the Minneapolis Com mercial Club. Mr. Salisbury is a member of the First Methodist Church. He was married in 1885 to Miss Nellie F. Barrows, of Minneapolis, and to them have been born four children—Maurice, Willis, Kenneth and Emmett. WEBB, Ralph Day, son of James Knapp Webb, was born in Lenawee county, Michigan, on August 28, 1862. His father was a farmer of that district, having a farm about four miles from the town of Adrian, Michigan, where his son, Ralph Day, passed the early part of his life. He acquired the customary grammar and preparatory education and then continued his training in the Raisin Valley Seminary. He en tered this institution with the class of 1880, and completing his course of study graduated in that SW«T, PMOT9 RALPH D. WEBB 542 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Central and in 1892 came west again and estab lished himself as a merchant in St. Paul. In 1895 he became assistant secretary of the St. Paul Commercial Club and at the same time, during the summer, had the management of the hotels in Yellowstone National Park, continuing in these capacities until March, 1902, when he was called to the secretaryship of the Commercial Club of Minneapolis. Mr. Westlake is essentially a club man and besides his connection with the Commercial Club belongs to many organizations including the Lafayette Club, the Sons of the American Revolution—of which he is a member of the state board of managers—the Elks, the A. O. U. W., and the Royal Arcanum. He is a thirty-second degree Mason and a Shriner. In politics he is a republican. Mr. Westlake was married in Jersey City in August, 1879, to Miss Grace E. Thomas and they have two children— J*ohn Ellis Westlake and Winifred Righter Westlake. The family attends the Presbyterian church. Their home is at 2015 2nd Av. S. WHEATON, Fred E., the editor of the "Py thian Advocate," the official publication of the Knights of Pythias, is the son of Benjamin F. and Lovina (Clark) Wheaton. He was born on September 24, 1862, at Machias, Maine, where he was raised and received his education. He was trained in the common schools of Washington county, Maine, and received a good working edu- BRU8H, PHOTO ELLIS J. WESTLAKE R. A. M.; Minneapolis Council No. 2, R. and S. M.; Zion Commandery No. 2; Knights Templar; Minneapolis Consistory No. 2, A. and A. S. R. In 1898 Mr. Webb was Master of Hennepin Lodge and from 1901 to 1904 was Master of St. Vincent da Paul Chapter, Rose Croix No. 2, A. and A. S. R. Mr. Webb was married on June 17th, 1903, to Miss Lyla B. Baker. WESTLAKE, Ellis J., secretary of the Com mercial Club of Minneapolis, was born at Horse Heads, Chemung County, New York, on April 30, 1854. He was the son of Charles D. Westlake, a farmer, and the early years of his life were spent on the farm and in obtaining the edu cation afforded by the public schools of the vicinity. He early entered business, his first em ployment being with hotels at Elmira and Bi'nghamton, New York. His experience and effici ency as a hotel man brought him rapid promo tion when he, later, entered the employment of the Pullman Company first as conductor of hotel cars, then as assistant general commissary, from which position he went to the Northern Pacific in 1882, as the first superintendent of its dining car and hotel department. Three years later he went to the Wagner Palace Car Company as as sistant district superintendent at New York, and was afterwards superintendent of the eastern di vision of the Union Palace Car Company, New York, a passenger conductor on the New York FKED E. WIIEAXON SUNDRY ORGANIZATIONS AND ACTIVITIES. cation. Natural inclination and ability urged him to take up a journalistic career and soon after finishing his studies he engaged in newspaper work in Machias. In 1881 he moved to Minne apolis and for a time was connected with the Minneapolis Tribune and the St. Paul Pioneer Press. On September 15, 1883, the Webster Lodge, No. 29, Knights of Pythias was instituted in St. Paul and Mr. Wheaton became a member. He was installed as Keeper of Records and Seals and, barring a few months has been continuously in office in the Order since that time. His offices have been many, twice Grand Vice-Chancellor, Grand Chancellor for three years and for twelve years Grand Keeper of the Records and Seals of the state. Mr. Wheaton aided in establishing the Pythian Advocate in 1883 and four years later organized the first press association ever estab lished among the Pythian publishers, the Pythian Editorial 'Association. He also founded and or ganized the Association of Grand Keepers of Records and Seals. In 1884 he joined Uniform Rank and served in company and regimental po sitions. For seven years he was Assistant Adju tant General and is now serving his second term as Brigade Commander. At the time when Mr. 543 Ward was Supreme Chancellor of the Order, Mr. Wheaton served as Deputy Supreme Chancellor for Cuba and performed the initial work in in troducing the Order on that Island. His atten tion has not been devoted exclusively to the af fairs of his Order, however, he has found time to keep up his newspaper work and at the close of Cleveland's first term accompanied the President and his cabinet to the West Indies as special cor respondent for the American Press. In politics he is a democrat and has several times represent ed his party at the polls, in 1902 as candidate for City Comptroller of this city, for Clerk of Court of Hennepin county in 1904, and two years later as nominee for Clerk of the Supreme Court of the state. For five years he belonged to Co. I, First Regiment, M. N. G. and in 1905 was ap pointed to the staff of Governor Johnson. In 1906 he was also made Surveyor General of logs and lumber by Governor Johnson. Besides his membership in the Knights of Pythias, Mr. Wheaton is a member of the Elks, the Press and Commercial clubs and the State Press Associa tion. He was married September 24, 1890, to Miss Grace Merrill at Fort Dodge, Iowa, and they have four sons. CHAPTER XXVIII HOMES AND SUBURBS OF MINNEAPOLIS M INNEAPOLIS has always been justly entitled to the reputation which it has gained as a city of homes. And this must be understood to mean individual homes, detached houses, dwellings which belong to the occupants. The original town site was laid out on a generous plan. The lots were large and the streets wide. There was a plenty of land and it was intended to make the most of it. So the village grew, a group of white frame houses, each on a lot of good size and al most invariably occupied by the owner. As the place came to a city's estate the streets were pushed out over prairie and wood lot, the diligent and thrifty real estate dealer assisting energetically in the opera tion. These real estate men did a very good thing for Minneapolis. If they at times helped investors to the ownership of unprof itable property they effectually spread Min neapolis out over a wide expanse; they gave the city elbow room. Built on this plan there was no excuse for crowded tenements or unsanitary piling up of buildings in nar row limits. Even the very poor have been generally housed in detached, if not com fortable houses. In the grade above the lower level there have been some houses built in rows after the eastern fashion but they have never been very popular. For a while there was much mushroom architec ture—houses built to sell, or to rent at prices which should make good the owner's investment in a short time. This period was inevitable but it passed quickly and gave place to one of substantial building—a movement somwhat accelerated by the establishment of a department of building inspection and the adoption of restrictive building ordinances. At the same time there developed a desire for home owner ship, which has become so pronounced that it is now safe to say that a larger propor tion of the people of Minneapolis occupy their own homes than in any other city of its size. A marked peculiarity of the Minneapolis residence districts is the absence of show streets or exclusive districts devoted to the homes of the wealthy. There is a decidedly democratic lack of exclusiveness. And, while there are hundreds of costly and most beautiful homes, there are few which show extravagance. The city has no palaces. The great preponderance of residences in the city are those of the middle class; al though it is a fact that within a few years there has been a very large number of houses built and paid for by the so-called working class. Whole additions have been built upon by laborers and artisans. Among the better class of homes there has been a decided tendency within the past decade towards the planting of trees, vines and shrubbery, the beautification of grounds by gardening, the planting of hedges and the building of walls—all tending to give the city an air of permanence and solidity. > FROM THE SWEET COLLECTION AX OLD-TIME MINNEAPOLIS HOME. The old Sidle residence which stood 011 the present site of the Andrus building until about 1883. HOMES AND SUBURBS. 545 VIEW IN LATE AUTUMN ON PARK AVENUE—LOOKING SOUTH. Added to this is the constantly increasing attention to architecture and evident appre ciation of the advantages of the beautiful building locations on the lakes and park ways of the city. The apartment house came in with the great growth of Minneapolis in the eighties but has never been as popular as in some other cities. Flats are used largely because detached houses at moderate rentals are scarce, landlords finding the apartment houses the most profitable investments. Of all the charming places about Minne apolis Lake Minnetonka easily holds first place. This beautiful lake, fifteen miles long but so irregular in outline as to have more than a hundred miles of shore, lies imme diately west of the city and within easy run by automobile or ride by steam or elec tric cars. Minnetonka was first known to white men in 1822 when Joseph R. Brown and a son of Col. Snelling visited its shores. It was visited from time to time by the older settlers and it is claimed that its name was bestowed by Gov. Ramsey in 1852. Settlements were made at several points in the fifties and during the early years of Minneapolis the lake was a favorite picnic and camping place but it was not until the late seventies that it began to take on the character of a summer resort. This devel opment came first through the interest of southerners. Previous to the war Minne apolis had been a famous resort for the wealthy people of the lower Mississippi val ley from St. Louis to the gulf and the old Winslow house was crowded each summer with a gay company. The war cut off this stream of southern visitors and naturally the annual visits were not resumed for some years after the struggle; but in 1878 the Hotel St. Louis was built on Bay St. Louis and soon became a very popular place with visitors from down the river. Other build ing followed rapidly. The great Hotel La fayette was erected at Minnetonka Beach and innumerable cottages were built not only by Minneapolis people but by residents of distant cities. A fleet of steamers sailed the lake—some of them as large as the river boats to which the visitors were accustomed. With the flight of years another change took place. The great hotels gave place to smaller houses less expensive to maintain, the big steamers were replaced by small and fast ones and the lightly constructed cot tages of the Minneapolis summer residents began to disappear to make room for beau tiful and costly villas, many of them so con structed as to be habitable the year round, 546 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS A MODERN MINNEAPOLIS RESIDENCE. Residence of Churles J . Martin. Win. dimming Whitney, Architect. A RESIDENCE STREET—GROVELAND TERRACE, LOOKING WEST. HOMES AND SUBURBS. i •' 547 V ^ " \j • • - A TYPE OF RECENT RESIDENCE ARCHITECTURE. Home of F. W. Clifford. Ilarry W. Jones, Architect. ^ - - sA ... Jk"'' ./*. 1 . ^' * ' w- — »•» '• - - M-' 8®- - > 4 LAKE MIXXKTOXKA. The club house of the Miunctonka Yacht Club on the island is at the entrance to Hay St. Louis. Harry \V. Jones, Architect. 548 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS ,,^w" yiy. -v< ^ . " • • • -k: • THE SHORE AT FERXDALE, LAKE MINNETONKA. Villa of Alonzo T. Rand is seen in tlie center of the view. OXE OF MIXXETOXKA'S CHARMING RESIDENCES. "01(1 Orchard," the summer home of John F. Wilcox. Bertram! & Chambcrlin, Architects. .HOMES AND SUBURBS 549 , •: ; • " \ • • . Jti - . - - • '• ' . • ::£Sb£mii& **•'• i v* -s '^ ^ctWIWWWWj? - Ja^^gl > >-.*.< — • • ^ , . . . . ,.' * ••• ^ . - h * = " ' ' • " • : *•?, ' • - • . •• - ••"• "I v * ":* - ' - — • J . ' MINIKAHDA CLUB HOUSE—LAKE CALHOUN. or at least from early spring to late autumn. One of the most beautiful and conspicu ous places at Minnetonka is "Highcrpft," a large brick residence in English style erect ed by the late Frank H. Peavey in the midst of extensive grounds- overlooking a large part of the "lower lake." It is in the im mediate vicinity of Ferndale, where the summer homes of W. G. Northrup, A. T. Rand, Alfred S. Pillsbury, George H. Chris tian, E. J. Phelps,. Charles S. Pillsbury, E. R. Barber, C. J\I. Hardenburgh, and others equally beautiful, form a continuous park for some distance along the shore of the lake. Across the bay from Ferndale is Breezy Point, where there is a very attrac tive group of homes, including T. B. Janney's beautiful "Red Oaks." Another charming center is at Deephaven on the eastern shore of the lake, where the club house of the Minnetonka Yacht club occu pies a small island at the entrance to the r' THE OLD BOUND TOWER AT FOItT SNELL1NG—1801-1908. 550 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Mi*' ft? . ; .>;* h ^ * •*-v r-' - • * ; •»- • * ' »* ' 4 .c*-; MINNESOTA SOLDIERS' HOME. Overlooking the Mississippi at the mouth of Minnehaha creek. bay. On a commanding promontory over looking the bay and much of the "big lake" is "Katahdin," the fine summer home of Lucian Swift. Minnetonka Beach is still another center with beautiful cottages and villas occupy ing points of vantage along the picturesque shores and the club house of the Lafayette club in a commanding central position. From the Beach it is but a short distance to the narrows which lead to the "upper lake"—a more remote but not less beautiful part of Minnetonka. On the south shore of the upper lake is one of the beautiful places which shows, to a wonderful degree, the possibilities of suburban home making. This is "Old Orchard," the summer home of J. F. Wilcox of Minneapolis. Only a small part of the estate of eighty-five acres is shown in the illustration appearing in this chapter, and the work of the landscape architect, which, taking advantage of the naturally beautiful surface, has made the place a series of delightful lake and wood land vistas, is only suggested by the partial view. The house stands on a bluff fifty feet above the lake and commands most charm ing views in all directions. Through all the region about Minne apolis there are beautiful drives through woodland and on lake shore and though there are few suburban villages there are many places of special interest and attrac tive as resorts. Following the picturesque gorge of the Mississippi below the city past the Falls of Minnehaha and the Soldiers Home Fort Snelling is reached over a most charming series of parkways and rural drives. Though never a part of the city the fort has always been closely connected with its life—at first the basis of settlement and protection and later the scene of unnum bered social gatherings. Much of the early history of the state and town was made within the walls of the old Fort. With the passage of years the appearance of the fort has greatly changed but the old round tow er still remains to show that the now peace ful military station almost within gun shot of two large cities, was not long ago a place of defence against the savages. CHAPTER XXIX THE CITY'S RECENT PROGRESS I F that period of Minneapolis history ex-" tending from about 1880 to the early nineties was aptly styled "An Era of Broader Development," the succeeding period, covering the years from 1893 or 1894 to the present, may be quite as appropriately described as a time of sound development, Probably no period will ever show as wonderful percentages of growth in population and business transactions as that of 1880-90, but in solid and substantial progress of the better kind the past decade has far eclipsed anything which has gone before. It has been a period of crystalization of tendencies, some of which were just making themselves manifest about 1890; a time of solidification and strengthening; of intellectual as well as much material progress. It may be said truly that Minneapolis has made more real history in the last quinquennium than in any similar period since she was founded; but it is equally true that the period has been one in which no great or significant events stand forth clearly by themselves. It has been essentially a time when events, many of them of no special importance singly, must be grouped together to determine the tendencies which they illustrate, Minneapolis came to the close of the previous period an overgrown village, just beginning to dimly comprehend the metropolitan possibilities lying before her. Growth had been too rapid for attention to details, or deep and thorough consideration of the finer things of life—they had not been altogether neglected, but the public sense of proportion was slightly blunted. To the community the shock of the financial clisaster of 1893 came almost as a complete surprise. It had seemed that prosperity was a thing which belonged to Minneapolis as a right; in many people's minds continued growth and constant advance in val- lies of property and volume of business were assured. Over-confidence was prevalent. There had been financial bubbleblowing; wild inflation of real estate values in outlying districts; unwise development of credits in the rush of competition in the rap:dly opening tributary country; over-production in the factories; overstocking among the merchants. ' Minneapolis suffered inevitably, but not as severely as some other cities. For a few months the paralysis was serious.;^ Then the old Minneapolis spirit began to assert itself. The lesson of the panic had been well learned—so well, indeed, that the whole life of Minneapolis has been changed and the spirit of the community has been such in recent years as to bring a substantial progress, in the judgment of many persons wholly unequaled in any other American city, This has not been in commercial matters alone, It has seemed that the city has passed from youth to manhood, and sobered by the disaster of '93, has since conducted itself with the dignity, circumspection, forethought and integrity of a responsible man. In this new atmosphere one of the first tendencies to become marked was that of business conservatism. Led by the bankers the business community very generally adopted methods which have been so positive in their results that Minneapolis withstood the effects of the monetary crisis of 1907 better than any other city, and during that trying period attracted the attention of the entire business world. Sound banking and commercial practice made this condition possible. . Not less significant was the civic awakening which took place early" in the period and has continued with more or less virility, -This first took the form of a demand for better public service, better organic la v. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 552 ff 3 3 3 ^ 3 3 J § 3 3 3 3 J i i a l 33 3 1 3 J S l | | Uilfllll 1 1i i i a 3 i "HIIIIUII h u h THE SECURITY BANK BUILDING. A substantial office building typical of recent progress in commercial architecture. better public improvements and for oppor tunity for direct participation of all the- peo ple in the city's affairs. The efforts to se cure the adoption of an adequate city char ter, the good' government campaigns, the adoption of the direct primary law, the mul tiplication of organizations for the discus sion of public questions and the accomplish ment of public reforms have all been ex pressions of an aroused public interest and sense of responsibility. The" results of elections within recent years have shown a decided tendency upon the part of the mass of the voters to do their own thinking. Equally important has been the develop ment of broader ^culture and better appre ciation of those things which are usually called "the higher things of life"—a ten• dency which has, of course, had much to do with the progress of the city in all ways, social, civic and commercial. t Illustrative of progress along the lines suggested a few things may be mentioned. In material development important and sig nificant have been: the construction of a great number of buildings of modern type; the use of fire-proof materials in busi ness buildings; the substitution of inde structible steel, tile and concrete in elevator, mill and factory construction; the signifi cant fact that Minneapolis, and not eastern, capital has built many of these structures; the further development of the waterpower afforded by the Falls of St. Anthony; the great enlargement of all the railroad ter minals in the city; the rapid multiplication of wholesale business and manufacturing establishments. Within this period the city has stepped to first place as banking center and as the wholesale distributing city of the northwest; has become the first in import ance in the whole country as a distributing THE CITY'S RECENT PROGRESS. 553 point for farm implements, and continues development completed in the current year at the head of the lumber markets and produced 12,000 additional horsepower. At the flour milling cities of the world. Gen the same time 12,500 horsepower devel eral recognition in the commercial world oped at Taylors Falls on the St. Croix as the leading business center northwest river has been made available through elec of Chicago is daily bringing to Minneapolis tric transmission. Wheat receipts in the more and more business. This position has early nineties averaged about 60,000,000 been definitely attained in the past decade. bushels a year, while now they average Some of the totals reached in summing about 90,000,000 bushels. But in the same up Minneapolis' material progress in this period the city's business in coarse grains period are both surprising and significant. " has' increased 600 per cent. It is a very Minneapolis has within about fifteen years moderate estimate to say that the city's constructed buildings costing approximately manufacturing and wholesale business has $100,000,000; the banks have increased de doubled in the quinquennium. In trans posits from $11,533,040 in 1894 to $24,761,- portation facilities the advance has been lit 705 in 1900 and $76,535,042 in 1908; while tle short of marvelous. In Minnesota alone bank clearings have advanced from $309,- the railroad mileage has increased practi 002,009 in 1894 to $1,145,462,149 in 1907; cally 50 per cent in this period, but far more flour production has grown from 9,400,535 important has been the opening of new barrels in 1894 to an average of over 14,- trunk lines, the improvement of roadbeds 000,000 barrels in late years, the milling and rolling stock, and the development of capacity increasing at the same time from Minneapolis terminals. Exact figures are 56,850 to 88,175 barrels daily. An expendi unobtainable, but it is estimated that fully ture of $1,000,000 in 1895-7 added 10,000 $15,000,000 have been spent in terminal im horsepower to the developed waterpower at provements in and about Minneapolis. the Falls of St. Anthony, and further Equally impressive has been the progress ' /V v&Hr.m'i. , . • ». t* *?* /y«r && .- :T . . V1 • '• X r-/V ; vV •vi,' v \ • ' V> •£• ' hy X- TIIE MINNEAPOLIS AVIMTOUH'M. of the city' ; aesthetic advance in the last decade, l-'roin the drawinus of Bertram! & Chainbcrlin, . \ 554 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS in urban transportation facilities. In 1893 Minneapolis was served by a new electric system—good for the time, but antiquated by comparison with the rebuilt system of today operating" not alone in the city but through and beyond St. Paul and to Lake Minnetonka. Electric lines to. more distant points are. also under construction in 1908. Water transportation has made progress in the period—through the improving ofc con ditions on the Great Lakes,•""cheapenin-gfreights to-and from the -seaboard, aiuf » * ' . Hall and other buildings on the university campus, Westminster Presbyterian, Ply mouth Congregational, and Fowler Metho dist churches, the new Minneapolis Club, and—in course of construction in 1908—the new Minneapolis Hotel, the Catholic ProCathedral, and St. Mark's Episcopal church. The same spirit which has called for bet ter business methods and which has literally housed a large part of the business of Min neapolis in new, modern fire-proof structuresf Iras demanded and obtained substan THE LOWER DAM AND RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY'S POWER HOUSE. Two examples of the enormous increase of available power for commercial purposes. through the construction of dams and locks in the Mississippi river (now approaching completion), which will lead to resumption of river traffic. Notable buildings of the period have been the Court House and City Hall, the Minne apolis Auditorium, the new Chamber of Commerce, the Andrus Building, the Don aldson Building, the Security Bank Build ing, the Northwestern National Bank Build ing, the First National Bank Building, the Butler Brothers' building, the Cream of Wheat Companv's building, the Armory, the East and West high schools, Eohvell tial public improvements. In 1893 the down-town streets were nearly all paved with cedar blocks laid on planks resting directly upon the underlying sand or clay; in 1908 this temporary paving has been re placed by asphalt, brick, sandstone or creosoted wooden blocks, all laid upon concrete foundation—and the system has been ex tended over many miles of streets which had no paving whatever fifteen years ago. In the same way the sewer and water sys tems have been extended and to some extent rebuilt, while the distributing reservoir has been added to the latter system. The THE CITY'S RECENT PROGRESS. 555 : 4 -rt k^kS- PLYMOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. period has seen the completion of the Court . which is rapidly giving [Minneapolis a repu House and City Hall, the erection of many tation. In fact, nothing speaks more em other public structures and the construction phatically of the broadening of general cul of a number of substantial bridges. Inci ture in the city than the improvement in • r ' * dental to the extension of paving", electric architectural conditions. ' wires have been placed underground ' A CIVIC CENTER.' \ through hundreds of blocks, on a plan con Closely connected with this tendency has templating the gradual abandonment of overhead wires with the development of the been the movement for a civic center. Un til the past few years there had been little system of pavements. consideration of the setting of ' individual T H E CITY BEAUTIFUL. buildings or the general appearance ' of The abolition of the wires was one of the streets or localities except in the residence first developments of the movement which districts and, of course, in the arrangement of outlying parks. The business center de has latterly given Minneapolis a strong im veloped along the lines of least resistance. petus along the path leading to "the city When new stores were wanted they were beautiful." The unsightliness of poles and overhead wires once recognized, other ob erected "farther out" on vacant ground, jectionable features of the city streets were while the older localities were allowed to brought to attention, with the result that lose caste and run down at the heel. It projecting signs are losing favor and artistic thus happened that the natural gateway to street lamps are supplanting cheap iron the city adjacent to the union passenger standards and grotesque swinging arc station, which is the principal entrance, has globes. Nicollet avenue, as now lighted fallen into neglect. Here, at Bridge Square, from Second to Seventh streets, is one of the two principal streets of the city, Nicollet the finest streets in the country. This is and Hennepin avenues, converge to a com due not alone to the lighting, however, for mon center, while to the east side lead the another of the developments of the period steel arch bridge and Central avenue—the principal thoroughfare of the east district. has been a recognition of the worth of good Here, then, is the logical civic center of commercial architecture, and coincident with the rebuilding which has been alluded Minneapolis. Many cities are now paying to has come a studv of architectural effect, millions of dollars to open converging av- 556 A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS enues to gain what Minneapo lis has ready to hand. The movement now on foot (in the autumn of 1908) contemplates the creation of a small gateway park with possible additions and developments of the plan as time goes on. The general park system has made most remarkable prog ress within a decade. The year 1893 found the system outlined and partly improved, but with a decidedly hostile sentiment abroad as to further acquisi tions. This state of affairs con tinued for several years until a broadening public sentiment warranted the park board in undertaking the completion of the system through the acqui sition of several very imporant tracts. One of the most es sential was the land along the Mississippi river, which was duly acquired and is now be coming one of the most beauti ful parks in the world. Other notable additions have been made, including much of theshore land of the lakes about the city, assuring for all time municipal control of these beautiful sheets of water. S tc; XI PICA NT TEN L)ENCI liS. Closely allied to these aes thetic developments has been Under construction the advanced position taken in the matter of the location of school build ings and the improvement of their archi tectural appearance and surroundings. Very significant is the recent action of the regents of the University of Minnesota in holding a competition for plans for the permanent and comprehensive improvement of the enlarged campus of that institution. Heretofore the architecture of the univer sity buildings has been quite without ap parent consideration of congruity, while in arrangement little thought has been taken for future growth. It is now definitely de cided to follow a comprehensive plan which ST. MARK'S EPISCOPAL CIU'RCII. in 1908. From tlie sketclirs of Edwin II. llewitt, architcct. shall look forward to the development of years, and at the same time assure some general harmony of architecture in the buildings hereafter to be erected. The out line sketch which appears on another page is the one which received first prize in the competition. It may be considerably modi fied before final adoption of a plan. This step in the university development is typical of the advanced thought and posi tion of the city in matters pertaining to the "higher life." This thought has found ex pression also in the increased attention to THE CITY'S RECENT PROGRESS. 557 PROPOSED PLANS FOIt THE ENLARGED IMVKHSITV CAMI'IS. Birds-eye view from sketches prepared by Cass Gilbert, architect, winner of first prize in the competition. The plsms will probably be changed in many particulars. art and music and the building of churches and structures for the carrying on of phil anthropic work. Advanced ideas of archi tecture have been developed in-such build ings as the Auditorium, Pillsbury Library. Plymouth Congregational and St. Mark's Episcopal churches and the Catholic ProCathedral—types, it might be said, of the new Minneapolis—and all buildings which would not have been possible in the Min neapolis of twenty-five years ago. Municipal administra tion has made distinct progress during the fif teen years. Agitation for an up-to-date city charter lias reflected an advanced public opinion. Minne apolis was the first city in the West and one of the first in the country to adopt (in 19C0) direct primary elections. An improved system of pub lic accounting has been established. P>etter meth ods p r e v a i l in most of the city and county departments. A f t e r a lapse in 1901 and 1902, when serious scan dals developed under the administration of Mayor A. A. Ames, Mayor David P. Jones demonstrated what might be done in city government on a business basis by eradicating the gambling evil and metamor phosing the police force and generally giv ing the city a moral house-cleaning in four months. Again in 1905-6 Mayor' Jones brought the city administration to the high est plane which it has ever reached, enforc^ •* - PILLSBUIIY LIBRARY BUILDING. 558 A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS THE MINNEAPOLIS GATEWAY—OI.D CITY HALL IN FOREflROI'ND. This view shows the locution of the proposed "gateway park" anil the relation of the natural "civic center' to tiie general business center indicated by the familiar sky-line. ing the laws firmly and consistently, estab lishing practical civil service in the police department, and in general conducting the afifairs of the office on business, rather than political, principles. Minneapolis was deeply interested in the Spanish war of 1898. Minnesota responded promptly to the call for volunteers, and the Thirteenth Minnesota, including several Minneapolis companies, and commanded by Col. Chas. McC. Reeve of Minneapolis, was the only regiment to see active service. After its return from a long campaign in the Philippines the regiment was given a royal welcome at Minneapolis on October 12, 1899, when President McKinley and oth er distinguished guests reviewed a great military parade in which the Thirteenth oc cupied the place of honor. This was one of the greatest public gatherings in the his tory of the city; but the past decade has been notable for the large number of con ventions held in Minneapolis. Conspicu ous among them was the G. A. R. national encampment of 1906 when Minneapolis for a second time entertained the veterans of the Civil war. 1905, which gave the city a population of 261,974. The population shown by the United States census count in decennial periods from 1850 to 1900 is as follows: Gain in Population. lOyrs. 1850 538 1860 5,849 5,311 1870 18,079 12,230 1880 46,887 28,808 1890 V 164,738 117,851 1900 202,718 37,980 The population of 1850 is that of the vil lage of St. Anthony alone, Minneapolis hav ing no existence at that time. For 1860 and 1870 the figures are the combined totals of the two towns, which were consolidated in 1872. Minneapolis in 1908—only fifty years since the name was officially assumed— ;*2*3 \::i POPULATION. In the absence of a census in 1908 exact population figures are impossible. Esti mates of the present population of Minne apolis (1908) range from 275,000 to 310,000 people. There has undoubtedly been a very large growth since the last state census of THK ARMORY. u V A—> c <u U u U o -s a sC r C s C <L> G. _C OJ > <L> Q aj •l-J u c «-•—I c aS 5 T3 6 a o«-< Ph 5 | * X £ E A HALF CENTURY O F MINNEAPOLIS 560 'A: .. ,i. • ---. •\ ^ V : ' • • • ' ' •• •*- * • 1v *. ' ?••'•.: 4'^ ? , ' - 1 , • • _ . ••• ; "•^Tv ...>• ": ' " ' • •- A / - hr- , t •• v e-^2 -* rt L > ,-• _ v* • • -''A ^ 11 : ,! * l - - ^ - J3EM"1 ' "•• 1 * ,.-Ua • ., •» • * - • ".:f; ? A": "•• 4 M 6 5 ! *"'" ' >%) wix . • ' -* *. •. : * '• • 1'1 ^ ''' / •• '•*"? Vby ***"*' mmLv THE CATHOLIC I'KO-CATHEDRAL. From the architect's sketches. stands in the group of the first twenty cities of the country, actually nineteenth in rank according to population in KOO, but much nearer the head of the line in many things which make for a city's good. Some of these things can be stated in figures, but for the most part they are not to be ex pressed in dollars and cents or weights or measures. Few cities, indeed, have such possibilities Of future prosperity. For it is true that the conditions which made the selection of the site of Minneapolis most fortunate a half century ago are still existing and more potent than ever as factors in the city's growth. The Falls of St. Anthony—the original determining factor in the location of the city—have lost their proportionate value as elements in the commercial prog ress and future of Minneapolis; but their tremendous importance must not be lost sight of on that account. They still afford (Now under construction.) the major portion of the power used in the flouring industry and are the productive force around which the flour milling busi ness of the Northwest is gradually center ing. The strength of the strategical loca tion of Minneapolis has not suffered with the passing of time. Her geographical ad vantages as a receiving and distributing market have been strengthened by railroad construction, the improvement of water ways and modern inventions for cheapening the water transport of commodities. Owing to various reasons the commercial territory tributary to Minneapolis las produced no rivals towards the north or west. And this territory on which Minneapolis' future so much depends, although now one of the richest farming districts in the coun try, has been only partially developed. Many millions of acres in Minnesota, north ern Wisconsin, the Dakotas and Montana have never yet been touched by the plow. THE CITY'S RECENT PROGRESS. Minnesota, with a population of 2,000,000, could support four times that number of people and yet not be as densely popu lated as most of the states east of the Mississippi river. With the improved methods of cultivation which will certainly come every crop which now finds a market in Minneapolis will be greatly increased even on the present acreage, and much more increased when the land is all tilled. It is quite within the range of credibility that Minneapolis will, within a generation, be come the market for a farming community of 20,000,000 people, whose productivity through the continued progress of educa tion, practice and invention, will have reached a point beyond anything now thought possible. The products of this ter 561 ritory will continue to be largely marketed at Minneapolis, assuring the permanence and growth of the great industries of the city; while the natural demand for the wares of the Minneapolis merchants will tremendously increase the distributing busi ness of the city. In other ways Minneapolis finds herself in 1908 rich in possibility. For years rec ognized as a most desirable place of resi dence, she has attracted a class of popula tion which has added to this desirability in many ways, taking a part in the general up lift of the city's life. The unquestioned religious, educational, musical and art cen ter of the Northwest, Minneapolis may well look forward to wonderful progress along all social and educational lines. INDEX Abbreviations—Minn, for Minnesota; M. for Minneapolis; Abbott, Dr. A. \V., 1S1; 1S2; 183; 187*. Abbott, H. S., 140; 141; 141*f. Academy of Music, 115; ill. 115. Academy of Natural Sciences, 489. Accault, explorer, under La Salle, 17. Agricultural conditions in tlie Northwest, effects on Minne apolis development, 11; 500-1. Agricultural fairs, one of the "King" fairs, ill., 528; Hen nepin county fair organized, 529; first state fair held at M., 529; the "King fairs", 529; recent growth of state fair, 530; view at state fair, 531. Agriculture, college of, 93; 94; farm, ill., 95. Akeley, H. C., 242. Albert, C. S., 141*. Aldrich, Col. Cyrus, 38; 47S; 490. Aldrich. Dr. Henry C., 184. Alger, Dr. Edmund W., 187*. Alger, Dr. Isaac D., 181; 1S7®. Allen, A. E., 138. Allen, Alvaren, 514. Ames, Dr. A. A., 187; 515; 510; 557. Ames, Dr. A. E.. 34; 30; school trustee, 90; 130; 181; 182; 187; 489; 532. Ames, Rev. C. G., 70; 489. Ames, E. B., 38; 240; 203; 47S; 480; 515. Amsden, C. M., 358; 301*; 303'j\ Anderson, Dr. C. L.. 181. Anderson, J. M., 387; 393*. Andrew Presbyterian Church, 09; 72. Andrews, Geo. C., 393*; 394v. Angle, Dr. E. II.. 214. Ankeny, A. T., 142*f. Ankeuy, .T. .T.. 490. Ankeny, William P., 38; 201; 479; 490. Apollo Club. 114. Appleby. Win. It., 98. Apron, built, 329. Architecture and Engineering. 125; Architectural Club. 120; improved architecture, 434. Arctander. Ludvig, 142*. Arctic mill, 328. Armatage. A. W., 20G*f. Armory, 554; ill., 558. Armstrong, John A., 430. Art, Architecture and Engineer ing, 124; early artists, 124; art societies, 124; school, 124; Handicraft Guild. 124: Craftsliouse, 125; T.. B. Walker's art collection. 12"; art commission, 125; architec ture and engineering, 125. Art Commission, 125. Asbury Hospital, 180. Assessed Valuation, in 1800, 200; since 1879, 484. Associated Charities, organized, 04; 70. Asvlnms — see Churches and Philanthropies. Athenaeum. 40: basis of pub'ic library, 04; 487. Atkinson, E. E., 453*t. Atterbury, E. J. C.. 219. Atwater. Isaac. 30: 91: 135; 135f; 217: 479; 5?7: 532. Atwater. John B.. 4S8. Auditorium. 110; ill.. 20">; ill.. 553; 554; 557. ill. for illustration; * indicates biographical mention; t indicates portrait. Augsburg Seminary, 9S: £9. Auguelle, explorer with Accault and Hennepin, 17. Augustana Swedish Lutheran Church, 70. Austin, A. C., 91; 485. Austin, Chas. D., 142*; 143j\ Avery, Dr. H. N., 187. Avery, Dr. Jacob F., 188*. Babb, E. C., 480; 510. Babcock, P. M., 139. Badger, Walter L., 200*. Bag making, 390. Bagley, Geo. C., 35S; 301*; 305f. Bailey, Dr. Chas. M., 213; 215*. Bailey, Francis B., 138; 139. Bailey, Win. C. 303*i\ Baldwin, R. J., 38; 40; 135; 230; 237; 241; 485; 520. Banking, early, 40; survival of panic, 41; progress after war. 51; history, 230-258; clearing house, 238; capital, 190S, 239; trust companies, 244. Banks and capital in 1908, 239. Bar Associations, 140. Barber, Daniel R., 3S; 200; 327; 335*; 337f; 479. Barber, E. R., 327; 330*; 339t; 549. Barber, II. H., 242. Barber, J. N.. 39. Bardwell, C. S.. 387. Bardwell, W. W., 143*f. Barnard, F. M., 394*. Barnes, W. A., 200. Barnett, L. C., 395*j\ Barney, Fred E., 243; 244; 244*. Bartholomew, Chas. L., 219; 223*f. Barton, Asa B., 38: 185. Bassett, Daniel, 485; 490. Bassett. Joel B., 34; 30; 139; 297; 479; 489; 520. Bauman, Henry J., 483. Bailsman. Dr. A. L., 213. Baxter, John T.. 144*t; 205. Beaumont, Dr. John F., 184. Beck, Dr. Jas. F., 188*. Beckman, Dr. Emil II., 187; 188*. Beebe, Franklin. 139; 242. Beede, Cyrus, 38; 230: 478. Beede & Mendenhall. 200. Belden, Geo. K.. 390*t. Belden. Henrv C., 138. Bell. D. C., 240; 242; 359; 387; 451; 489. Bell, Jas. S., 334. Bell. John E., 38; 237; 242; 451; 478. Bell, Dr. John W.. 182; 188*. Bell & Wilson, 200. Bellman, The, 221. Benjamin, Dr. Arthur E.. 189*. Benson, A. F., 99*. Bergquist, J. Victor, 110*f. Berry, W. M., 487. Bertrand. Geo. E.. 77: 110: 120*; 205; 433: 548: 553: "0. Bessesen, Dr. Alfred N., 189*. Best, E. C., 528. Bestor, Frank C.. 392. Bestor. Geo. W.. 390*; 39";-. Bezoier. S. H.. 242. Biennial elections, 479. Bilou Opera House, 110. Bintliff, Chas. J.. 398*f> 4S9. Birkhofer, Conrad. 243. Bisbee, L. C.. 387. Bishop, Dr. Chas. W., 1S9*. P.laisd'll. John T., 30. Blaisdell, Robert, 34. Blake, Dr. J. J., 190*. Blakely, David, 114; 21S,Blanchard, John, 220. Bleeker, Geo. M., 144*f. Bletlien, Alden J., 218; 219; 223*; 224-j-; proposes industrial exposition, 530. Board of Trade, 388; continues forty years, 527; succeeded by Commercial club, 5L7. Boardman, Fred II., 140. Bode, A. H., 359. Boelime, C. A., 120*. Boom Company, 301. Booth, Dr. Albert E., 190*. Boss, Andrew, 100*. Bostwick, Lardner, 135; 139; 478; 481. Bottineau, Pierre, 27; 30y; 400. Bousfield, E. F., 398*f. Bovey, Chas. A., 98; 300; 303*; 304t. Bovey, Chas. C., 334. Bowman, E. M., 113. Bowman, Dr. J. A., 113; 213. Bracken, Dr. Henry M., 190*. Brackett, Geo. A., 38; 70; 137; 1S5; 353; 300; 388; 451; 400; supervisor, 478; mayor, 480; 481; organizes fire depart ment, 482; chief, 483; park board, 485; 487; 490*; 49 I t : 515; 532. Brackett, II. II., 479. Brackett, W. M., 483. Bradley, John E., 91. Bradstreet, John S., 125; 127*; 128f; 452. Brazie, Dr. II. AV., 1S4. Brecke, O. E., 470*. Bridge Square, in 1851. ill.. 35; in 1850, 39; 555: ills., 558-9. Bright, A. H., 145*. Brimmer, Dr. F. II., 214. Bristol, -Warren, 34; 135. British occupation of northwest, 19; British traders, 20. Broad, E., 385. Brooks, Frank C., 138. Brooks, F. W., 527. Brooks, L. R., 301; 304*; 3G7t. Brown, Baldwin, 479. Brown, Chas. W., 434*; 43"f. Brown, Dan. C., 493*f; 517. Brown, E. C., 240. Brown, Dr. Edward J., 182; 190*. Brown, E. S., 514. Brown, F. V., 138; 145*. Brown, Henry F.. 304*; 305f. Brown, H. W., 520. Brown, Isaac, 34. Brown, Jos. R., 545. Brown, Rome G., 14!); 145*: 146f. Brown, Rev. W. C., 70. Brush, Edmund A., 454|. Brush, James A., 454t. Building inspection, 483. Buildings, notable, of reccnt years, 554. Burbank, J. C., 403. Burlington Railway, 409. Burnett, Wm. J.. 435*f. Burr, M. C., 387. Bnrrell. Rev. David J., 72. Burt, Henry F., 70. Burton, Dr. Frank, 191*. Burton. H. J., 452. Bushnell, Rev. Dr. Horace, 484. Buslinell, Rev. John E., 77*; 78f. Business center, in '57, ill.. 41. Butler, B. D., 220. Butler, Dr. Levi, 43; 218; 29S; 532; 533. Buxton, T. J., 237; 359. Byrnes, William, 34. Byrnes, Dr. Wm. J., 187; 191*. Byron,.... W.. G., 530. Cairns, C. S., 140*. Calderwood, John F., 528. Calderwood, W. G., 493*; 494f. Camp, Geo. A., 30; 43. Campbell, L. W., 207*f. Campbell, Dr. Robt. A., 192*. Campbell, Wallace, 244*. Canterbury, J. II., 483; 494*f. Canty, Thomas, 138. Carleton, Frank H., 147*f; 489. Carotliers, Chas., 200. Carpenter, E. L., 75. Carpenter, Sergeant, his claim, 20. Carver, Jonathan, 18; 19f; trav els, 20; his sketch of Falls, 20. Case, D. L., 244. Case, Emanuel, 34; 30; 448; 532. Case, Sweet W., 34; 30; 130; 138; 448. Cataract mill, 327; 328. Gates, Dr. A. B., 187; 192*. Catholic Orphan Asylum, 75. Central Baptist Church, 71. Chadbourn, C. II., 207*. Chaffee, Rev. J. I<\, 38; 72; 73t. Chamber of Commerce, 59; 353; first building, ill., 354; pres ent building, ill., 350; 358; new building, 301; officers, 301; 527. Chamberlain, F. A., 242; 244*; 245f; 205. Chamberlain, Rev. J. S.. C9. Chamberlain, W. B., 219. Cliamberlin, A. B., 77; 110; 128*; 205; 433; 548; 553; 559. Chambers, Thos., 448. Chambers, Wm., 489. Chapin, H. C., 221; 225*. Chapman, Jos., Jr., 240; 240*. Charities and Corrections, Board of, 77. Charlton, David, 478; 487. Charter, 52; 00; 72; campaigns for new, 480; 552. Chase. Dr. C. A., 187. Chatfield, E. C., 125; 243; 51G. Cheever, William A., 28. Cheney, Mary Moulton, 124. Chicago-Great Western Ry., 409. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry., 405; 409. Chicago. St. Paul, M. & Omaha Ry., 405. Child, S. R.. 148*f. Childs. C. H., 147*. Choteau, P. & Co., 448. Chowen, W. S., 137. Chowning, Dr. Wm. M., 192*. Christian church—see "Disci ples." Christian, 6eo. H., 328; 330*; 549. Christie, J. W., 521; 521*; 522f. Christmas, Charles W., 34; 259; 489. Church of the Redeemer, 70; 71; 72; ill. 75. Churches, and Philanthropies, 04; 09; Presbyterian church at Ft. Snelling, 09; First Presbyterian church, 09; ori gin of larger churches, 70: rapid growth 1880-90. 71; Scandinavian denominations, 564 72; conventions, 73; churches of today, 74; number build ings, 74; membership, 74; al lied organizations, 74; homes and asylums, 75; settlement work, 76. Chute Bros., 261; 297. Chute, D. »!., 454*. Chute, F. B., 268*tChute, L. P., 269*tChute, R. H., 302; 305*. Chute, Richard. 38; 261; 262f; 269*; 484; 527. Chute, S. H., 38; 261; 263f; 270*; 485. Chute, W. Y., 271*f, 528. Cirkler, Dr. A. A., 193*, City Bank, 237. City Beautiful, the, 555. City Hall, Old, 52; author'ty for erection of new, 61; ill., 481; ill., 558. City Hospital, ill. 185; 186. City Justices, 138. City mill, 327; 328. City Mission of 1883, 77. City Officers, see Public Affairs and Officials, 478-517; tabu lated list, 514-17. Civic Affairs, 51. Civic center, 555; ill. 558; pro posed plan for improvement, ill., 559. Claimholders' association, 34; Claim jumpers, 27; 34; 35. Clark, Edwin, 217. Clark, E. W., 495*; 516; 517. Clark, Hovey C., 305*; 3w7|. Clark, Joseph H., 113. Clawson, C. A., 472*. Clearing House, the, 238. Cleary, Rev. Jas. M., 78*. Clements, Dr. S. D., 214. Clergymen, of the pioneer pe riod, 69; of the '80's, 72-73. Cleveland, Dr. C. E., 214. Cleveland, H. W. S., 485. Clough, D. M., 38; 137; 530. Clubs, social, etc., 531. Cobb, Dr. F. E., 215*. Cockburn, Dr. J. C,. 187. Colburn, S. M., 128*. College of Law, Univ. of Minn., established, 140. Colleges, 98. Collins, P. V., 221; 225*f. Commercial Bulletin, 221; 226. Commercial Club, organized 1892, 527; growth, officers, etc., 52S. Commercial recognition, 59. Commercial West, 221. Comstock, Ada L., 98. Comstock, E. F., 137; 495*. Condit, L. A., 495*. Cone, R. D., 263; 291*f. Conkey, Jas. H., 496*f. Consolidation of Minneapolis and St. Anthony, 52; 479. Contracting and outfitting, 391. Conventions, 68. Cook, Franklin, 489. ^ Cook, Dr. Henry W., 193*; 265. Cook, S. S., 241. Cooke, Elbridge C., 244; 24G; 521. Cooke, Jay, 466. Coolev, Grove B., 138. Cooley, G. W.. 489; 496*. Coolidge, M. H., 436*tCorbett, Dr. J. Frank, 193*. Cordelia, Victor, 128*. Cornell, F. R. E.. 38; 39; 135. Corrigan, J. R., 139. Corriston, Frank T., 497*. Corser, E. S., 260; 271*. Cosgrove, C. N., 530. Cotton, A. D., 243. Cotton, C. E., 243; 246*. Cotton, I. F., 241. Countrvman, Gratia A., 489; 4P7*. County government, 489. Couper, E. J., 390; 399*. Court House and City Hall, 61; ill. 136; 137; 4S2. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Courts and Lawyers, 134; pio neer lawyers, 134; early courts, 135; first court house, 136; present court house ana city hall, 137; federal courts, 137; judges of district court, 138; municipal court, 138; bar associations, 140; legal edu cation, 140. Cox, Dr. Norman J., 215*. Coykendall, J. R., 359; 430. Crafts, Dr. Leo M., 194*. Crafts, Lettie M., 489. Ci-aftshouse, 125; 453. Crane, A. A., 241; 246*; 265. Crane, J. W., 148*f. Cray, Willard R., 138; 149*. Crocker, Geo. W., 327; 332; 333t; 340*. Croffut, W. A., 217. Crosby, Caroline M., 76. -• " Crosby, E. A., 519. Crosby, F. M., 361. Crosby, John, 334. Cross, Juusuii H., 485. Cmornings, A. J., 362*. Cummings, Robert W., 28; 478; 532. Curtis, F. E., 219. Curtis, Omn, 236; 514. Cushman, Chas. M., 113; 451; 455*f. D Dahl, John F., 497*. Daniels, 1>. B., 472*. Danz, Irank, Jr., 114. Davenport, E. J., 138. Davie, 10. H., 478. Davis, Frank F., 140. Davis, S. E., 389 ; 399*; 401f. Day, Eugene H., 306*. Day, Leonard, 36; 297; 298; 479. Day, Dr. Lester W., 182. Dayton, Geo. D., 452; 455*. Dean, Joseph, 237; 242; 297; 298; 486; 488; 489. Dean, Wm. J., 431; 436*; 437f. Death rate, 484. Deaver, Chas. F., 358. Debt, 484. Decker E,. W., 75; 240; 247*f; 265. Decker, Wilbur F., 487. de la Barre, Win., 334; 338*. De Laittre, John, 137; 242; 480; 515. Dennis, Dr. Geo. 10., 184; 187. Dentistry, 213; College of, 214; Minneapolis Dental Soc., 214. Depai tment store, first, ill., 452. Deposits, bank, 240; 553. Deutsch, Henry, 149*|. Dibble, E. R., 340*. Dickey, C. N., 138. Dickinson, H. D., 138; 139. Dille, J. I., 150*f. Disciples, Church of the, 71. Dispensaries, Homeopathic, 184; Minneapolis free, 185. Dodge, F. B., 150*. Dodge Treaty (1837), 23; 26. Doerr, Henry, 243; 399*. Dog Train, 462; ill-.. 463. Donaldson, L. S., 452. Donaldson, Wm., 450-j-; 452; 453. Dorman, B. D., 236. Dorr, Caleb 1)., 28; 297; 478. Dorsett, C. W., 456*f. Douglas, Henry F., 361; 362*f. Dreger, J. W., 489; 498*. Drew, Dr. C. T., 187. Drew, Dr. Chas. W., 194*. Dulany, Geo. W., Jr., 306*. Du Lul.h, at the Falls of St. Anthony, 17. Dunham, John, 359; 4^7; 451. Dunn, Dr. J. H., 187. Dunsmoor, Dr. Frederick A., 181; 183; 185; 195*. Dunwoody, W. H., 98; 240; 244; 330; 334; 342*; 343t; 353; 486. Durst, W. A., 244. Fanning, J. T., 129*f. Dutton, Ellis R., 498*. Duvigneaud, Geo. A., 358; 362*; Farm Implements, 221; a model warehouse, ill., 429; first in, 364f. 431. Dwinnell, W. S., 150*; 151f. Farm, Stock & Home, 221; 227. E Farmers' and Mechanics' Sav Early Explorers, The, 14; Groings Bank, 237; 238; 242. seilliers and Radisson, 14; Farnham, Sumner W., 28; 30; Hennepin, 17; Du Luth, 17. 297; 301. Early Settlement, Period of, 25; Farnham & Tracy, 236. the Ponds, 25; Stevens at Farr, Dr. R. E., 182. Lake Harriet, 20; Franklin Farrington, L. II., 430. Steele, 27; Bottineau, 27; R. Farrington, S. P., 430; 437*. P. Russell, 28; Col. John H. Farwell, Chas. W., 240. Stevens, 30; pioneer life, 31; Faulkner, C. E., 75; 78*; 79f. other early settlers, 34-36. Fayram, Frederick, 221; 227*; East Side Saw Mi.Is, ill,, 55. 228f. East Side State Bank, 239; 243. Federal Building, 61; 490. Eastman, John W., 327. Federal Courts, 137. Eastman, Capt. Setli, 10; 124. Ferndale, Lake Minnetouka, ill., Eastman, W. W., 38; 327; 356; 548. 484; 485; 518: Ferrald, Samuel, 28. Eddy, Henry T., 98; 100*; 101f. Ferry, established by Col. Stev Edgar, Wm. C., 220; 221; 227*. ens, 31; Capt. Tapper, ferry Education, 63; 90; see Schools; man, 32. University; Private Schools Fewer, Richard, 479. and Colleges, 98; Public Fifleld, Dr. Emily W., 196*. School Music, 114; Music Finances, 484. Schools, 115; Art Schools, 124; Finney, Albert C., 500*. Legal Education, 140; Medi Fire Department, organized, 52; cal Education, 183. 482; volunteer firemen, ill., IOichhorn, Edmund, 242; 261; 483. 272*. First Baptist Church, ill., 62; Eitel, Dr. Geo. G., 195*. 70; 71; ill., 72. Elections, time of, 479; vote for First building, 25. mayor, 480. First claim at falls, 26. Electric lights, 520. First commercial advance, the, Electric railway, factor in 50; rise of flour milling, 50; transportation question, 470; railroad building, 51; public works, 51-2; obstacles and Minneapolis system, 519, discouragements, 52. Elevators, 356; capacity, 357; building, 357; ills., 359, 360, First Congregational Church, or ganized, 69; 71. 361. First farm on west bank of Eliel, H. IL, 428. Mississippi, 31. IOliel, J. C., 428. First Methodist church, 69. Elliot, Dr. J. S., 181; 485. Elliott, Charles B., 138; 139; First Minnesota volunteers, 42. First National Bank, 237; old, 140. ill., 238; 240; ill., 243. Elwell, Geo. II., 387; 399*. First National Bank of St. An Elwell, Jas. T., 273*t; 387. thony, 237. Elwood, L. B., 260 ; 274*f. First Presbyterian Church, 69; IOniery, Geo. D., 139. 70; 71. Engineering, 125; College of First real estate office, 40; 259; 126; Engineers' Club, 126. ill., 261. Era of Broader Development, 59; population gains, 59; com First Unitarian Church, 71. mercial recognition, 59; rail First white men in Minnesota, 14. road system developed, (i0; exposition, 60; great public Fish, Daniel, 140. undertakings, 60; municipal Fisher, Elmer E., 438*. improvements, 60; park sys Fiske, Woodbury, 38. tem, 62; education, 63; pop Flandrau. Chas. E., 136; 479; rr 1PC. K07 ulation, 68. Fletcher. H. E.. 400*f. IOrb, Dr. Frederick A., 196*. Fletcher, Henry J., 140. Erdmann, Dr. Chas. A., 196*. Fletcher, Dr. Hezekiah, 34; 181; Erickson, Oliver T., 1.37. 489. Esterly, Frank C., 274*; 275f. Fletcher, Loren, 240; 356; 451. Esterly, Robt. E., 265. Flour mill explosion, 52; 330. Eustis, Chas. B., 113. Flour milling, beginnings of, 41; Kustis, Geo. B., 113. shipments, 45; rise of, 50; Eustis, J. M., 478. revolutionized, 51; ill., 55; Eustis, W. H., 480; 499*f; 516. first shipment, 327; output. Evans, D. H., 276*f. 328; export trade, 3f9. 330; Evans, Dr. O. J., 181; 187. larger growth of, 330; ex Ewe, G. F., 361; 368*; 3C9f. plosion, 330; daily capacity of Expeditions, Pike's, 22; Long's, mills, 330, 332; great corpora 22. See Explorers. tions, 332; receipts and ship Explorers, the earlv, 14; later, ments, 335; product of nine 17. teen cities, 335. Exposition, the, 60; ill.. 5'"8; opening, ill.. 529; organiza l'olsom, Edgar, 34. Folwell Hall, Univ. of Minn., tion, etc., 530. ill., 98. Express service, first, 403. Folwell, W. W., 52; 63; presi F dent of University, 93; re Fairbairn, Dr. A. C., 1S1; 187. signs, 94; 95f; 124; 487. Fail-child, E. N., 334; 344*; Formative period, the, 38; in 345-j-. fluence of the men of '55Falls of St. AntUonv, frontis '65, 38; commercial founda piece; 9; ill., 10; ill., 11; tions, 40; development of wa recession of, 14; Ilennep'n ter power, 40; panic and re visits, 17; ill., 16; Carver covery, 41, 45. visits, 20; Carver's sketch, Fort Snelling, commenced. 22; ill., 20; Pike, 22; Long, 22; ill., 23; map, 25; early reli development of water power, gious organizations, 69; state 4!); in '59. ill.. 42; ill., 55; fair, 1860, 529; round tower, ill.. 61; ill., 207; 3S5; ill., ills., 549; relation to early 5o4. history, 550. A HALF CENTURY OE MINNEAPOLIS Fort Snelling reservation, ac quired, 22; reduction expect ed, 31; claims upon without title, 34; reduction, 35. Foss, Bishop Cyrus D., 72. Foundations of Minneapolis, the, 9. Fowler Methodist Church, 74. Franchises, 518. Frankforter, Geo. B., 98. Free Baptist Church, 70. French, C. A., 219. French explorers, 14-17; 19. French, Dr. Geo. F., 181; 183. French ownership in northwest, 19. Frisbie, Wm. A., 219. Frisselle, Dr. M. M., 214. Frontier life, see Pioneer Life, 31. Fruit, fourth largest distribut ing point, 433. Fur traders, 20; 22; 448; 462. Furber, J. W., 91. Future of Minneapolis, 560-1. Gale, E. C.-, 125; 154*+. Gale, Harlow A., 113; 260; 489. Gale, S. C., 38; 91; 113; 260; 261; 263; 264f; 275*; 479; 489; 527; 530. Gardner, C. W., 528; 533*; 534+. Garland, Wm., 478. Gas, 519. Gear, Rev. E. G., 34; 09. Geist, Dr. Emil S., 196*. Gerber, Michael A., 500 4 v. Gerhard, F. C., 308*. German-American Bank, 238; 239; 242. Germania Bank. 239; 243. Gerould, Jas. T., 97; 100*. Getcliell, Washington. 30. Gethsemane Eniscopal Church, 69; 70; ill., 71; 71; 74. Gibson, F. S., 240; 432. Gibson, Paris, 38; 240; 483; 484; 518. Giddings, Dr. W. F., 214. Gilbert. J. B., 261. Gilbert, S. Cla.v, 117f. Giles, Robert T., 130*; 131f. Gilfillan, John B., 38; 135; 140. Gillette, Geo. M.. 389; 402*. Gilman, J. B., 129*; 130+. Gilman, John H., 484. Gilman, John T., 218. Gilmore, D. M., 387. Gilson, Frederick A., 518. Gjertsen. H. J.. 154*. Glenn. M. W., 479. Gluek, Charles, 243; 402+; 403*. Gluek, J. G., 403*+. Gluek, Louis, 403*+. Godfrey. Ard, 30; 290; 297; 489; 532. Gold. C. S.. 300; 404*. Gooding, W. G., 340*. Goodrich. Dr. C. G., 181; 182; 240' 532 Goodrich, C. G., 488; 519; 522*; 523+. Goodwin, Dr. D. M.. 184. Gorham, David G.. 489. Gorham. G. I., 276*. Gould, E. F., 241. Gould. Dr. Jas. B.„ 197*. Gove, E. A., 139. Government, organized, 478; see Public Affairs and Officials, 478-517. Government mill,. 25; ill., 28; 296; 327. Graham Hall, 98. Graham. Wm. J.. 265; ?77*+. Grain Trade an-1 Chsimber of Commerce, .353-381; first ship ments wheat, 353: dealers in 1859. 353; first shipments in to Minneapol's. 353; millers' association, 353; receipts and - shipments whei't. 354, 355; coarse grains. 355; elevators, 356; evolution in handling grain, 357; great firms, 357; Chamber of Commerce, 358", first building, 36J; ill., 354; present building, 361; ill., 356; officers, 361. Grand Army of the Republic, national encampment, 68; or ganization in M., 532. Grand Opera House, 115; ill., 116. Grandin, C. L., 243. Grant, Gen. U. S., visits city, 43. Grasshopper plague, 52. Graves, R. B., 514. Gray, Fred L., 277*. Gray, James, 220; 480; 501*+; 516. Gray, John D., 427; 450. Gray. T. K., 427; 450; 456*; 457f. Gray, W. I., 401*t. Great Northern Ry., 467. '• Greelev. Horace. Predictions of in 1865, 44; 529. Green, Samuel B., 102*. Greenleaf, F. L., 361. Greer, John N., 91; 102*f. Gregg, II. S., 430. Gregory, W. D., 35S; 366*. Griffith, J. M., 243. Griffith, O. .T., 452; 457*; 458+. Griffiths. William. 358. Griswold, N. F., 238. Groli, D. C., 236. Groseilliers and Radisson, 14; map of travels, 15; at site of Minneapolis, 15-16. Gross, Francis A.. 243; 247*. Gruman, G. A.. 75. Guaranty Bldg. See Metropoli tan Life Building. Guiwits, A. A., 113. Guldbrandsen. T.. ''O; £21. Gullette, A. M.. 103*f. Gund, Henry, 242. Gunderson, G. B., 366*. H Haggard, Dr. G. D., 182. Hahnemann Medical Society, 184. Hale, Chas. S., 392; 404*; 4:5f. Hale, Geo. W., 451. Hale, Jefferson M., 451. Hale, Wm. D.. 490; 502*+. Hale, W. E., 140; 155*. Hall, Albert H.. 156*; 157f. Hall, Black & Co., 228. Hall, Christopher W., 1C3*; 104f. Hall, Henry M., 222. Hall. James, 138. Hall, Dr. P. M., 187; 484; 503*. Hall. S. H., reorganizes Com mercial club, 528. Hall. Dr. Wm. Asbury, 182; 197*. Hallet. F. A., 361: 368*. Hallock. Rev. L. H., 79*; 80f. Hallowell, Wm. P.. Jr.. 438*f. Hamblin, Charles H.. 219. Hamlin, Edw. O., 138. Hamlin, II. O., 138; 261; 451; 489. Hamline University, 98; 185. Hance. Dr. S. F., 181. Hancock & Thomas, 260. Handicraft Guild, 124; ills., 125. Hanke. Henry C.. 489 ; 503*+. Hardenbergh, C. M., 342*+; 386; 479; 549. Hare, Dr. Earle R., 197*. Harmon, Allen, 34; 489. Harmon, E. A., 240. Harmonia Hall, 115. Harmonia Society, 113. Harmsen, Ludwig, 113. Harper, Geo. C., 358; 368*+. Harrington, C. M., 35S; 361; 370*; 528; 530+. Harris, S. A., 240; 241. Harris, W: L., 453; 458*. Harris, W. S., 241. Harrison, A. M.. 138; 155*. Harrison, Geo.. 113. Harrison, Hugh, 430. Harrison, Hugh G., 38; 242; 248*; 249+; 359; 361; 428; 430; 480; 515; 530; 53.3. Harrison, Mrs. Jane T\, 186. Harrison, Perry, 242; 248*. Harrison, T. A., 38; 237; 241; 242; 430. Harrison, W. W., 430. Hartwell, A. K., 263. Harvest Festival, 68. Harvey, F. C., 140. Haskell, E. B., 219. Haskell, W. E., 219. Hastings, A. W., 489. Hatch, Dr. P. L., 38; 181; 184; 185. Hathaway, W. L., 472*. . Hawley, II. W., 219. Hawlev, N. F., 242; 248*. Hay, Eugene G., 137. Haycock, Frank E., 489; 504*+. Ilayford, G. W., 406*. Haynes, Dr. Frederick E., 197*. Haynes, J. C.. 480; 487; 489; 504*; 516; 517. Hays, Theodore, 116. Hazen, J. M., 484. Hazlett. Isaac, 244. Head. Dr. Geo. D., 19S*. Health, department of, 187; 484. Healv, Frank, 138; 505*+; 516; 517. Hedderlv, Edwin, 448: 478; 489. Iledwall, Chas. .T.. 278*+. Hett'elfinger, C. B., 38; 43; 3S7; 431. TIef'1'elfinger, Frank T., 358. Iteffelfinger. W. W., 538. Ileinrich, John, 242; 243. Hemiup. N. H., 139. Hennepin county, 139; 140: 489. Hennepin County Bar Associa tion, 140. Hennepin County Medical Soci ety, 182. Hennepin County Savings Bank, 237; 242. Hennepin. Louis, ill.. 16; trav els, 17; names Falls of St. Anthony, 17. Henry, Alexander, 46?. Hertig, Wendell, 155*. Herzog, Philip, 386. Hewitt, E. H., 131*: 556. Hewson, S. J., 406*+. Heywood. Frank, 407*. Hicks, Henry G., 138. Hidden. S.. 490. Hield, W. J., 519. Higbee, Dr. A. E., 184. Hiarh schools, 91; state system, 94. Hill, H. M., 427. Hill. Jas. J.. 59; 353; 467. Hill. Dr. Nathan B., 181; 186+; 187; 200*; 479. Hill. Dr. It. J.. 187; 198*. Hill, Samuel. °*4. !,, s. Miles, 478. Hilman, G. C., 432; 433. Himes, J. L.. 1.38. Hoag. Charles, 34: proposes name of Minneanolis, 37: 478; president state fair, 529. Hobbs. Waldo W.. 91. Hobert, A. W., 533. Hoevel. Ileinrich, 114; .117*+. Holl, Dr. P. M.. 1S7. Holt, Andrew. 138; 139. Hoi ton, Frank E.. 240. Holtzermann, J. D., 453: 458. Holtzermann, L. J.. 453: 458*. Holy Rosary Catholic Church, 71. Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, organized, 69. Home for Children and AgeQ Women, 76. Homeopathic Hospital, 184; 186. Homeopathic Medical Society, 184. Homeopathy, 184. Home rule, attempts to secure, ; 4S0. „ 565 Homes and suburbs of Minne apolis, 544-50; L&Ke Minnetonka, 545; Fort Snelling, 549-50. Hood, Chas. H., 278*; 279+. Hooker, Frederick, 138. Hopkins, D. C., 279*. Horner, Warren M., 279*+. Ilosmer, James K., 489; 5)6*. Hospitals and dispensaries, 185. Hotels, early, 40. Houghton, J. G., 484; 506*. Housekeeper, The, 220. Howe, P. L., 370*. Howell, R. R. & Co., 407. Hoyt, Rev. Wayland, 72. Hubbard, L. P., 334; 341+. Huey, George E., 38; 297; 4S9. Htiey, George T., 472*; 473+. Hughes, Twiford E., 77; 490; 506*; 507+. Huhn, Anton, 358; 370*; 371+. Huhn, George, 91. Huhu, G. P., 243. Hulbert, Chas. S., 242; 360; 507*; 50S+; 516; 517. Humphrey, Dr. O. M., 184. Hunt, Hamlin II.. 118*. Hunt, P. B.. 280*+. Hunt, Wm. S., 131*. Hunter, Dr. C. II., 182; 183. Huntington, Dr. T. R.. 184. Huntington, W. W., 489. Hush. Valentine G., 237; 241. Hutchins, Dr. A. E., 181. Ilntchinson. Dr. Adele S., 184. Ilvoslef, Dr. Jacob, 198*. Ilynes, Dr. Jolm E., 109*. Illinois Central R,v.. 469. Immaculate Conception, Church of the, 70; 74. Immanuel Baptist Church. 71. Improvement Bulletin, 221. Incorporation of Minneapolis, 52; 478. Indians, original occupants. 14; visited by explorers, 15-18; treaties with, 22, 23, 24; at the Falls. 32; camp on Bridare Square, 35; outbreak of 1862, 42; 43. Industries, see Productive In dustries, 385. Insurance. 259 : 263. Iowa Central Ry., 469. Ireland. Archbishop, 186: at opening of first exposition, ill., 529. Ireys, V. S., 372*. Irwin, Dr. Alexander F., 199*. Jackins, John, 34. Jackson, A. B., 140; 156*. Jaffray, C. T., 240; 250*; 265; 361. James, Geo. F., 98. Jamison, Robert, 138; 140. Jatnine, L. T., 361; 372*. Janney, T. B., 242; 427; 438*; 549. •Tarvis, P. R., 473*. Jeft'ery, Miss M. Belle, 75. Jerdee, Rev. Lars J., 73; 80*; 81+. Jermane, W. W., 219. Jobbing Center, location. 434. Jobbing Trade, see Wholesale Trade, 426. Johnson, Dr. Asa E., 181; 186+. Johnson, Dr. August E., 199*. Johnson, Chas. J.. 308*. Johnson, Chas. W., 113; 222; 359; 489. Johnson, Denman F., 372*+. Johnson, Edw. M., 137; 138; 488. Johnson, Gustavus, 114; 115; 118*. Johnson, S. T., 250*+. Johnson, Wm. C., 408*. Johnston. D. S. B., 98; 217. Jones, David P., 242; 263; 280*; 281+; 480; 516; 517; 557. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS 566 Jones, E. S., 38; 135; 139; 185; 237; 242; 256*; 257+; 261; 478; 487. Jones, Frederick S., 97; 104®. Jones-Harrison Home, 75. Jones, Herschell V., 219, 221; 228*. Jones, H. W., 132*; 432; 547. Jones, Jesse G.. 489. Jones, J. H., 478. Jones, Dr. Win. A.. 199®. Jones, W. S., 219; 221. Jordan, C. M., 91; 105®. Jorgens, J. O., 91. Joslyn, Colin C., 156*. Journal. Minneapolis, 217; 219; building, ill., 220. Joyce, Frank M., 2S2*f. Joyce, Rev. Isaac W.. 81*; S3+. •Tudd, W. S.\ 373*+; 485; 519. Judges of tlie District Court, 138 " Judson, Abby A., 98. v K Keelboat, 462. Ivees, Frederick, 132*+. jlveith, Dr. Geo. II., 218; 490. v Kelley, E. J.. 181. Kel ley, Dr. E. S., 1S7. Kellogg, A. N., Newspaper Company. 222. Kelly, Anthony, 38; 240; 242; 359; 427; 451. Kelly, Hubert, 407*f. Kelly. P. H., 427. Kenaston. F. E., 241; 243; 389; 408*; 409+. Kerr. Wm. A., 139. Kilsrnre-Peteler Co.'s Plant, ill. 391. Kilvington. Dr. S. S.. 187. Kimball, Dr. Hannibal II., 181; 199*. King, H. H., 344*. King, 0. B., county treasurer, 489. King, T. S.. 520. King, William S., 38; 217; 218; 486; 487; 488; 518; 527*; ac tive in fair management, 529; 532. Kingslev. Dr. Ira, 181. Kistler. Dr. ,T. SM.. 187: 507*. Klein. Wm. I,., 221; 229*. Knickerbacker. Rt. Rev. David B., 38; 69; 70; 71t; 72; 80"'; 185. Knights, Dr. F. A., 182. Knoblauch. Anton. 450. Koehler. Robert. 124: 125; Kolliner. Robert S., 140. Koon. Martin B., 13S; 158*; 159f: 240; 244: 488. Kremer. Dr. Frederick B., 215*. Kunz, Jacob, 410*+. Ladies' Thursday Musicale, 114. Lafayette club, 550. Laidlaw. W. A., 266. Lake Superior & Mississippi Ry., 51; 465. Lake and rail transportation, 468. Lakewood cemetery, 533; en trance. ill.. 533. Lancaster, Wm. A.. 138; 140. Langdon, C. S.. 242; 392. Langdon. R. B., 242; 392; 408*; 483; 518. La Penotiere, Mrs. E. M.. 75. Lapierre, Dr. Clias. A.. 200*. Laraway, 0. M., 387; 451; 478; 490. La Salle, sends explorers, 17. Later explorers, 17; Carver. 18, 19, 20: Pike, 18, 22; Long, 18, 22; Schoolcraft. 18; Keating, IS: Beltrami. 18; Featherstonehaugh, 18; Nicolet. 18: 18+. Latta, ,T. A.. 242. Lauderdale. W. H.. 38; ?61. Lawrence, James R.. 140. Lawrence, James W., 38; 140. Lawrence, Dr. Wm. D., 184; 200*. Lawther, Geo., 242. Lawyers, see Courts and Law yers, 134. Laybourn, Chas. G., 158*. Laying out Minneapolis, 36. Layman, Martin, 34. Leavitt, Dr. Henry II., 184; 201*. Le Boutillier, Dr. C. W., 181. Lee, W. H., 242. Legal Education, 140. Legislation, affecting M., 43. Leighton. H. N., 411*f; 516. Leland, Dr. Muret N., Jr., 201*. Lennou. John G., 34; 448. Leonard, A. W., 520. Leonard, C. B.. 158*. Leonard, Dr. L. D., 214. Leonard, Dr. W. E., 184. Leonard, Dr. W. II., 181; 1S4; 187. Lrslie. John, 431; 528; 534*; 535+. L» Sueur, explorations, 17. Levering. A. Z.. 524*f. Levings. Wm. II.. 520. Lewis. Isaac I., 385; 449; 478. Libraries, first association. 40: see Athenaeum, Public Li brary. Lies, Eugene T., 76. ' Liggett. W. M.. 94: 105*f; 530. Lillibridge, II. F.. 387. Lind. John. 97: 140. Lindley. Dr. Alfred H.. 181; 182; 184t; 187; 212*; 479. Lindley, Clarkson. 244. Lindsay, T. B., 43?. Lindsay, Wm.. 432. Linn. Dr. ,T. J., 181. Linseed oil, first in. 390. Linton, A. H., 242; 392; 534*; 530+. Linton, S. S.. 358; 360. Lipoincott. Edw.. 478. Little, Henry L., 332: 346*. Little. Dr. John W.. 201*. Litzenberg, Dr. J. C., 18?. Location, strategical. 9: 560. Lochren. William. 38; 42; 135; 137; 138. Lockwood, J. E., 380. Long. Maj. Stephen II., explo rations, 22. Longfellow. Levi. 432; 433. Loomis, L. N.. 473*: 474+. Loring, A. C., 359: 361 . Loring, Charles M., 38: 137: 185; 346*; 347+: 359: 360: 361: 451: 484: first president • park board. 485; gives pavil ion in Loring park. 486; l'felong work for parks, 487; 520; 527. Loring Park, ill.. 66. Lovejoy. .T. A., 301. Lovejoy. Loren, 297. Lowrv, Horace, 475. 519. Lowrv, Thomas. 183; 242: 26?: 468; 471t; 474*; 480: 488; 518; 519. Lngsdin. Geo. H.. 458*. Lumber Exchange, ill., 300. Lumber industry, the, 9: gov ernment mill, 25; Steele's mill (1848). 30: mills in 1845, 45; mills of 1868. ill., 55; history. 296-326: begin nings in Minnesota. 296; first mill at M., 296: pioneer lum bermen. 297; moving from falls. 298; east side mills (1880). ill., 299: Lumber Ex change. ill., 300: boom com pany. 301; output. 302: re ceipts and shipments, 302. Lund. John G.. 284*. Lunnow, Magnus, 221. Lyceum Theater, 115. Lyman, F. W., 428; 439*. Lvman. George R., 113; 428; 439*. Lvon, Geo. A.. 160*. Lyon, Dr. L. W., 214. M McClelland, Geo. W.. 243. McClintock, Oliver B., 411*+. McCrea, Dr. John F., 2.16*. MeCrory, W'illiam. 518. McCune, Alex-., 160*; 516. McDonald, Frank R., 509*+. McFadon, O. E., 114. McFarlane, John, 261; 353. McFarlane, Wm. K., 2.3(5; 259; 261; 353. McGee, John F., 138; 140. McGolrick, Bishop James, 70; 72. McHugli, John, 361. Mclvor, L. A., 425*f. McKnight, S. T., 308*; 309+. McLain, John S.. 219; 229*+. McLane. W. F., 241. McLaughlin, W. S.. 373*. McMillan, F. G., 412*+. McMillan, J. D., 361. McMillan, P. D., 260: 2S5*+. McMurdy, Dr. R. S.. 181. McNair, W. W.. 38; 135; 140; 152*; 153+; 242; 484; 490; 514; 518. McRea, A. A.. 243: 251*. McVey, Frank L.. 76: 508*. Macalester College. 98. MacDonald, Dr. Irving C., 202®. MacGregor, R. E., 240. Mackercliar, D.. 240. MacLean. W. B.. 373*; 374+. Magnuson, C. A.. 361. Mahoney. Stephen. 139. Mann, Dr. Arthur T.. 182; 2 2®. Mann. Dr. Eugene L., 97: 183. Manufacturing, begins. 28; see Printing and Publishing. 221; Lumber. 296: Flour. 327. Man, early, of northwest, 21; first of M.. 25. Marehbank. Hugh B., 508*. Mareck, Titus. 137. Ma 'field. John It., 358: 361; .".74*; 375+. Market House. The old, ill., 450. Marsh, C. A. J.. 264. Marsh. Charles. 114. Marshall. Clarence A.. 114; 115; 118*. Marshall. James. 358: 360: 361; 376*: 392+. Marshall. .T. M.. 28. Marshall. William R.. 28: 31+: 35: 91: 44S. Martin, Chas. .T.. 334: 348*; 349+; 486: residence, ill., 546. Maiiin. H. H . 440*+. Martin, Jas. II.. 440*; 441+. Martin, J. II., 361. Martin, J. M., 7". Martin, John, 297: 310*+. Martin. Richard, 236. Martindale. Dr. ,T. II.. 214. Masonry. 532; Masonic Temple, ill., 532. Maternity Hosnital. 186. Mattison. S. H.. 237: 478. Mattson. E. L.. 242; 251*. Mattson. Col. Hans. 43: 242. Mauseau. C. M.. 521; 522*. Mayer, Frank B.. 24; 124. Mavors. 47S-9: of M. since '72, 480: vote for. 4S0; since 1855, 514-17. Mearkle, E. F., 242. Medicine. 181: pioneer nliysicians, 181; Hennepin County Med. Soc., 182: Medical club, 182: Minn. College Hospital, ill.. 182. 183; Dept. of Med., Univ. of Minn.. 183; Homeopathv. 184: College of Horn. Med. and Surgery. Univ. of Minn.. 185; hospitals and dis pensaries. 185: nublic service of physicians. 187. Meeker, Bradley B.. 28; 30; 91. Megaarden, Philip T., 489. Mehan. Jas. E.. 229*; 230+. Mekeel. Geo. D.. 221. Mendenliall. R. J., 38: 40: 236: 237: bank, ill., 238; 240+; 241; 518; 533. Meudota, 24. Menzel, Gregor, 3S6. Mercer, Hugh V., 140. Merchants' National Bank of Minneapolis, 237. Merrill, A. E., pres. city coun cil, 516; 517. Merrill, E. A., 244. Merrill, Geo. C., 244; 251*; 252+; 489. Merrill, Rev. Geo. R., 82*; 84+. Merriman, O. C., 38; 43; 92; 312*+; 480; 485; 514; 515. Merritt, H. G., 243. Metropolitan Life Bldg., ill., 67. Metropolitan Opera House, 116. Metropolitan State Bank, 239; 243 * 244. Meyst, Frank J., 230*+. Military occupation, 21. Millard Hall, 183; ill., 183. Miller, James C., 243. Miller, John P., 34. Millers' association, 59; 353. Milling district, views of, 11: 42: 44; 55; 61; 297; 299; 328; 330; 334. Mills, see Flour, Lumber, etc. Minneapolis Academy, 98. Minneapolis Choral Society. 113. Minneapolis College of Physi cians and Surgeons, .185. Minneapolis General Electric Co., 520; ill., 521: 522. Minneapolis Medical Club, 182. Minneapolis Mill Co., 40; office, ill., 44; 297; 298; 328. Minneapolis. St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie R.v.. see Soo Line. Minneapolis Society of I-'ino Arts, 03; 124; art school, 489. '•Minneapolis," steamer. ill., 405. Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co. Works, ill.. 390. Minneapolis Symphony Orches tra, 114. Minneapolis Threshing Machine Company's Plant, ill., 388. Minneapolis Trust Co., 244. Minneapolis & St. Louis Ry., 465; 468. Minnehaha Falls, shown on early map as falls of the "Little river." 25: in park system. 62; ill., 486; 550. Minnesota Central Railroad, 45; 51; 465. Minnesota College Hospital, ill. 182; 183; 185; 186. Minnesota Homeopathic Medical College, 184; 185. Minnesota Loan & Trust Co., 244. Minnesota National bank, 239. Minnesota Soldiers' Home, 76: 550; ill., 550. Minnesota State Dental Asso ciation, 214. Minnesota Valley R. R.. 465. Minnetonka, lake, 545; ill., 547; Ferndale. 548; yacht club, 549; Lafayette club, 550. Minor, C. J., 489. Missions, to Indians, 25: 26: in city, 52; 69; Rev. E. S. Willliams work, 72; Union, 77. Mississippi river, 9: 12; 14: 15; 17: 18; 19; 20; 22; 31; 32; bridged, 38: second sus pension bridge, 53; gorge, ill.. 488: see "Water Power" and "Falls of St. Anthony. Mississippi Valley Lumberman, 220. Mississippi & Rum River Boom Co., 301. Moore, H. L., 244. Moore, Dr. .Tames E.. 202*. Moore, Dr. J. T., 185; 203*. Morgan, Rev. Charles I... 38. Morgan, D., 138; 489; 490. Morgan, Geo. N.. 42: 385. Morrill, Rev. G. L.. 84*: 85+. Morris, W. R,, 160*; 101+. A.HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Morrison. Clinton, 242: 252*; 253f; 390; 488; 521. Morrison, Dorilus, 38; member bd. of Education, 01; 98; 218; 237; 240; 298; 310*; Silt; 428; 451; 478; 480; 484; 485; 4S6; 515; 518; 5.19; 527; 533. Morrison, R. G., 101*; 102f. Moseau, Charles, 34. Moulton, E. II., 242; 51C; 521; 525*. Municipal Affairs, 04; see Pub lic Affairs and Officials. Municipal court, 138. Municipal Improvements. 01; see Public Affairs and Officilas. Munns, I)r. Edw. E.. 210*. Murphy, Edward. 34 479: 484. Murphy, II. G.. 284*f. Muroh.v, I)r. John It., 30; 181; 182f; 532. Murphy, Dr. Win. B.. 203*. Murpliv, Wm. II.. 281f; 285*. Murphy, Wm. J., 219. Murray, Dr. J. W.. 181. Murray, Dr. Wm. 11.. 203*. Murry, John. 201; 478. Music and Theaters. 113; ITarmonia Society, 113; Choral Society, 113; Christine Nilsson, in concert, 114; IJanz Orches tra, 114; Philharmonic Club, 114; Symphony Orchestra, 114; Apollo Club, 114; Public school music, 114; Music schools, 115; theaters and mu sic halls. 115; auditorium, 116; Music Schools, Private, 115. N Naclitrieb. II. F., 106*. Naegle, Otto E., 243; 254*f. Naming the City, 30. National Bank of Commerce, 239; 241. National Banks, capital, 239. National Exchange Bank, 237. Navigation, Head of, 9; see "Transportation." 402. Neiler, S. E., 240. Neill, Rev. E. D.. 35; 69. Nelson, B. F.. 97; 265; 299; 386; 485; 527; 52'8; 530; 536*; 537f. Nelson, Dr. Henry S., 187. Nelson mill. 29S. Nelson, Milton O., 231*; 487. Nelson, Nels J., 509*; 510; 517. Nelson. Socrates. 92. Nettleton. Gen. A. B., 218. Newell, Geo. R., 428; 441*. Newhall, IT. F.. 203; 291*. Newhart. Dr. Horace. 204*. News, Minneapolis Daily, 220. Newspapers, Publishing and Printing, 217; first papers. 217; pioneer editors. 217; Tribune, 218; Journal. 219; Times. 219; other dailies. 219; trade and class papers. 220; Scandinavian papers, 221; printing. 221; publishing, 221; census figures. 222. Nichols, John F., 102*f. Nicolet, Jean N., 18f; explor ations, 18. Nicollet House, opened, 40; ill., 54. Nicollet Island. 30; 1808; ill.. 54; park proposition voted down. 07: 484. Nicollet National Bank, 239. Nicols. John. 92. Nilsson. Victor, 232*. Nimocks, Chas. A.. 219; 231*f: 487. Nimocks, W. A.. 219. Ninpert, Dr. Louis A., 182; 204*. NootnagH. Dr. Clias. F., 204*. Norred. Dr. 0. IT.. 513*. North, John W.. 30; 91; 134. Northern Pacific R. R.; com pleted, 61); 460; 407; comple tion celebrated at M., 407. Northrop, Cyrus, called to Uni versity, 63; 65f; 94; 97; 140; 489. Northrup, Anson, 30; 34; 135; oo2. Northrup, Jesse E., 441*; 487. Northup, Win. G., 242; 38i; 412*; 413t; 549. Northwest Company, 20; 402. Northwest Territory, 19; map of (1795), 21. Northwestern Agriculturist,' 221. Northwestern Democrat, 217. Northwestern Fire & Marine In surance Company, 205. Northwestern Hospital, ' 185. Northwestern Lancet, 221. Northwestern Miller, 220; build ing, ill., 222. Northwestern National Bank, 237; 238; first building of the, ill., 239; 240; present build ing, ill., 241. Northwestern National Life In surance Co., 110; 204; home office, ill., 265. Norton. Dr. A. K., 187. Nott, W. S.. 430. Nutter, F. II.. 133*; 4S7. Nye, Frank M., 140. Nye. Wallace G., 516; 517; 528; 538*f. O'Brien, Frank J., 232*f. O'Brien, Dr. Richard P., 204*. Oberhoffer, Erail J., 114; 119*f. Odium, Geo., 203. Officers, of the city, 478-517. Ofstad. Dr. Arnt E., 204*. Oftedal, Sven, 91; 106*; 221; 488. Old Orchard. Lake Minnetonka, ill., 54S; 550. Oliver Presbyterian Church, 71. Olivet Baptist Church. 70. Orde, Geo. F., 240; 254*. Orders, fraternal, etc., 532. Organizations and Activities, 527-543; Board of Trade, 527; Commercial Club. 527: agri cultural fairs, 528; the ex position, 530; social clubs. 531; orders. 532; Lakewood Cemetery association, 533. Orpheum Theater, 116. Orth, John. 478; 479. Ortman, Dr. Adolpli, 181. Ostrom, A. V., 242. Ostrom, O. N., 242. Oswald, John C., 137; 243; 485; 518. Owen, S. M.. 97; 221. Owre. Dr. Alfred. 97: 184 ; 215. Ozias, A. N., 91; 107*f. Pacific mill, 298 ; 299; 300. Paige, Jas., 140. Paine. Frederick, 264. Painter, D. H., 107*f, Palmer, C. M., 219; 220. Palmer, S. G.. 433. Panics, of 1857-8. 41; of 1873, 52; 237; of 1893, 239, 551; of 1907. 551. Pardee, W. S., 483; 513*. Park Avenue Congregational Church. 71. Park avenue, view on. 545. Park System, established, 02; Loring Park, ill., 66; early work for parks, 484; park commission created. 485; first parks acquired, 484-5; Minne haha Falls, ill., 486; gifts to system, 486; personal service, 486-7; officers. 487; Missis sippi river gorge, ill.. 4SS. Parker, Benjamin B., 34. Parker. Dr. J. A., 214. Parks. Florence E.. 120-v. Partridge, Geo. II., 430; 447*. Partridge, H. A.. 138. Patch, Edward, 28. Patch, Luther, 28. Pattee, E. S., 519. Pattee, W. S., 94; 07; 138f: 140; 102*. Patten, Willard, 114; 120*, 121f. Patterson, R. II., 431; 442*. Paul, A. C., 528; 539*f. Paulle, L., 243; 413*. Paving, 02; 481. Peavey, Frank II., 357; 357f; 370*; 549. Peavey, George W., 358. Peck, Park W., 413*. Pence, II. E., 459*f. Pence, J. W., 237. Pence Opera House, ill., 114; 115; 481. Penney, T. E., 280*. Penninian, Dr. Wm. A., 184; 240. People's Bank, 239; 243. Peteler, C. B., 392. Peteler, Col. Francis. .43: 392. Peters, Dr. Ralph M., 205*. Peterson, Carl F. E., 487. Peterson, James A.. 140. Petri, Rev. C. J., 72; 85*tPettengill. II. J., 520*. Pettersen, W. M.. 10S*f; 317. Pettijohn, Eli. 489. Pettit, C. II.. 38: 40: 98; 217: 236; 260; 313*f; 350; 427; 478. Pharmacy, College of, 183. Phelps, E. J., 244; 487; 527; 528; 539*f; 549. Philanthropies, see Churches and Philanthropies. Philharmonic Club. 114. Phillips, l)r. Edwin. 181; 1S2; 185. Physical Characteristics of Min neapolis, 10. Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 22f. explorations. : 2. Pillsburv A flour mill, ill.. 334. Pillsbury, A. F., 58; 242; 549. Pillsbury, Charles A., 76; 185; 33If; 332; 348*; 301; 488. Pillsburv. Charles S. and John S., gift of Pillsbury House, 76. Pillsbury, Fred. C., 332; 529. Pillsbury. Geo. A., 332; 350*; 351f; 361: 480; 510; 520. Pillsbury Hall, ill.. 03. Pillsbury Home, 75. Pillsbury House, 70; ill., 77. Pillsbury. John S., 38; 43; 44; 52; 53*; 57f; 63: regent uni versity. 92: gives Pillsbury Hall, 96; life-long service for University. 96*: made regent for life. 90: 300: 332; 427. 450: 485; 514; 527. Pillsbury library, 557. Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Mills Co., 332. Pioneer Lawyers, 134. Pioneer Life at the Falls, 31. Pioneer Mill, 297; Pioneers, character of, 12; of '47 and '48, 28. Piper, G. F., 361: 378*; 379f. Plummer, L. P., 218. Plymouth Congregational Church. 71; 74; 79; ill., 79; choir, 113; new building, ill., 555; 557. Plympton's claim. 26. Poeliler, Alvin II., 358; 301; 378*; 380f. Poeliler, Chas. F., 358. Poeliler, Henry, 358; 380*; 381f. Poeliler, Walter C.. 358. Pomeroy, J. S.. 242; Pond, C. M., 138. Pond. Gideon II., at Lake Cal houn. 25; 20f; 09. Pond. Samuel W., at Lake Cal houn. 25; map. 25: 20f; 09. Pope, Rev. E. It., 80*. 567 Population, in 1865, 44; in 1880, 59; gains, 68; resume, 558. Porteous, J. S., 75. Porteous, Dr. Wm. N., 205*. Portland Avenue Church of Christ, 71; 72. Postoffice, 35; 61; 489; post masters, 490; building, ill., 490. Potter, E. G., 433. Powell, Wm., 241. Powers, F. M., 459*; 510. Powers, Walter K., 382*. Pratt, Dr. Fred J., Jr., 205*. Pratt, Robert, 243; 480 ; 509*; 510f; 510. Pratt, Rufus, 34. Pratt, Stephen, 34. Pray, A. F., 280* Pray, O. A., 359; 380; 479. Prendergast, E. A., 163*f. Primary elections, direct, 480; 557. Prince, F. M., 240; 242; 254*; 255f. Prince, John S., 301. Printing, 217; 221; 222. Private schools and colleges, 98. Probate, Judges of, 139. Pro-Cathedral, Catholic, 74; 554; 557; ill., 500. Produce Business, 432. Produce Exchange, 432. Productive Industries Varied, 385-425; falls the founda tion, 385; pioneer factories, 385; progress after war, 386; beginnings of sundry manu factures, 380-7; value of products 1800-77, 388; chang ing conditions, 388; great ex amples of progress, 389-91; contracting and outfitting. 391; products, 392; compari sons, 392-3. Progress, the City's Reccnt, 551-01. Pryor, Lunian C., 221; 232*. Public Affairs, see "Sundry Or ganizations and Activities," 527-543; committee of, 5:.8; commissioner of, 528. Public Affairs and Officials, 51; 01; 02; 04; 60; (chapter) 478-517: early village govern ment, 478; Minneapolis a city, 478; Minneapolis and St. An thony consolidated, 479; first officers, 479; time of elections, 479; administrations, 480; elec tions, (vote) 480; charter campaigns, 480; public im provements, 480; public build ings, 481; old city hall, (ana ill.) 481; water works, 482; fire department. 482; building inspection, 483; health and sanitation, 484; finances, 484; park system, 484-87: public library, 488; Hennepin coun ty. 489; Postoffice, ,489; tabu lated lists of city officers, St. Anthony and Minneapolis, 514-7. Public buildings, 481. Public Improvements, 52; 01; 07; 480. Public library, 40; 01; ill., 02; 64; 487; library board creat ed, 488; building, 488. Public Utilities. 68; 518-20; first street railway franchise, 518; Thomas Lowry enters the field, 518; great develop ment of system, 519; gas and electricity, 519; telegraph and telephone, 520. Publishing. 217: 221. Purdy, Milton D., 137. Purves, Rev. S. B.. SO*: S7f. Putnam, Herbert, 04; 489. Q Quimby, I)r. T. F., 181; 187. 568 Radisson, explorations, 14. Railroads, first connection, 45; building, 51; 59; railroad system, 60; see "Transporta tion," 462; the first railroad, 464; reorganization, 466; ter minals, 466; 470. Ramsey, Alexander, 92. Rand, A. 0., 359 ; 480; 515; 520. Rand, Alonzo T., 520; 548; 549. Rand, Rufus It., 520. Randall, Eugene W., 97; 108*; 109t; 530. Rank among manufacturing cit ies, 393. Rauen, Peter. 113: 479. Ravoux, Father, 70. Rawitzer, 8. SI., 413*; 414f. Raymond, J. W., 241. Rea, John P., 138; 139; 218. Real Estate, first "boom," 40; first real estate office, 40; Real Estate and Insurance. 5159-295: early dealers, 259: Simon P. Synder, 259, 260t; assessed valuation 1860, 260; first office, ill., 201; increase of values. 262; Real Estate Board, 263. Recent Progress, 551-61; mate rial development. 552; facts and figures. 553; notab'e buildings. 554; public im provements, 554; the "City beautiful," 555; civic center, 555: advanced thought, 55">: municipal administration, 5"7: population gains, 558; possi bilities for the future, 560. Record, J. L., 389. Red river cart, 462; ill., 463. Reed, F. W., 152*; 154f. Reed, Louis A.. 140. Reed, S. A., 165*; 167f. Rees, Dr. Soren P.. 205*. Reeve, Gen. C. McC., 113; 5o8. Regents, Board of, 97. Reid, A. M., 479. Reid, Dr. Hugh M., 214. Reno. J. C., 38; 463 ; 47.> a ", 476f; 527. Reservation. Fort Snelling, see Fort Snelling Reservation.^ Residences, views, 546; 547; 548. Retail Business, first merchant. 28: evolution to wholesaling. 427; history, 448-61: R. P. Russell, 448f; early retai'ers, 448; retail district on Wash ington avenue, 1869, ill., 449: old houses established. 450; old market house, 450; the great stores, 451; first de partment store, ill., 452. Reynolds, C. E.. 387. Reynolds, M. H., 109*. . Rice, Henry M., 92. Richardson, H. K., 443*f. Ricker, Dr. Geo. E.. 187. Ridgway, J. A., 487. Riheldaffer, J. H., 382*f. Rinker, Andrew, 506*; 515; 5 1 6. Rinlev, Dr. Martha G., 186; 206*. Roberts, Dr., Geo. F., 184. Roberts, H. P., 163*. Roberts, M. Emma. 125. Roberts, Rev. S. B., 87*. Roberts, Dr. Thos. S.. 206*. Roberts, Win. P.. 163*; 1041'. Robinson, Geo. R.. 140. Robinson. S. C., 38. Rock Island Rv., 469. Rockwood. C. J., 165*f; 487. Rogers, A. R., 318*. Rogers, Geo. D., 355f; 358; 359; 361. Rogers, Geo. H.. 314*. Rogers, Orin. 385. Rogers, Richard Q., 327. Rollins, John, 28; 298; 327; 463. Rome. Dr. Robt. R., 207*. Rondo, Joseph, 27. A HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Sewall, S. B., 520. Root, F. W., 166*f. Sewer system, 481. Rowley, F. B., 476*. Shaw, Dr. Albert, 219. Ruhnke, A.. H., 442*f. Shaw, Frank W., 168*. Runge, August H., 483. Shaw, Geo. IC., 218; 219. Russell, A. J., 219. Shaw, John M., 138; 242. Russell, R. D., 138. Russell, R. P.. 28; 359; 3C0; Shearer, J. D., 169*f. Sheldon, A. M., 382*; 383f. 385; 448; 448f; 478. Shepherd, Geo. B., 238. Rust, George II., 519. Shepherd, Win. L., 255*. S Slierer, G. J., 243. St. Anthony in "1851, ill.. 37; Shevlin, Thos. II., 96; 318*; organized city, 478; officers, 319f. 514. Shryock, 1)., 114. St. Anthony Express, 36; 217. Shryock, J. W., 114 . St. Anthony Falls, see "Falls Shutter, Rev. Marion D., 88*; of St. Anthony." 89f. St. Anthony Falls Bank, 238; Sibley, Henry IT., 24; 92; 134. 239. Sidle. II. G., 38; 40; 237; 240; St. Anthony Falls Water Power 387. Co.. 297. Sidle. J. K., 38; 40; 236; 237; St. Anthony of Padua Catholic .240; 387. Church, 70. Sidle residence, ill., 544. St. Anthony Republican. 217. Simmons, Chester, 415*. St. Barnabas Hospital, ill., 184; Simnson, Dr. Charles, 91; 181; 185. 187. St. John's English Lutheran Simpson, David F., 138. Church, 73. Sioux Indians, see Indians. St. Margaret's Academy, 99. Site of Minneapolis, advantagi s St. Mark's Episcopal Church, of. 9; owned by four nations, 70; 74; new building, 554; 19. ill., 556. Sidles, A. V., 263. St. Mary's Hospital, 186. Skog, A. W.. 489; 51l*t. St. Paul and Minneapolis Pio Skogsbergli. Rev. E. A.. 73. neer Press and Tribune. 218. Smith, A1 .T.. 140. St. Paul. Minneapolis & Mani Smith, Dr. A. T.. 214. toba Ily., 467. Smith, B. W., 415*. St. Paul & Duluth Ry.. 465, Smith. C. A.. <7; 320*; .°.21f. St. Paul & Pacific R.v., 51; 467. Smith, C. Tv., 9?. St. Stephens Catholic Church, Smith, C. L.. 139. 72. Smith, Dr. D. Edmund, 207*. Salisbury, Dr. A. II., 181; 187. Smith, E. E.. 17;)*. Salisbury, Fred R., 387; 528; Smith. Fred L.. 38; 21S; 222; 540*f. 233*; 234f; 487. Salvage Corps, 266. Smith, Geo. R.. 140: 170*f. Sample, Rev. Dr. Robt. F., 7:'; Smith, J. Gregory. 466. 72f. Smith, TI. Alden, 387. Satterlee. W T . E., 387; 414*; Smith, .Tolm Day. 138; 172*f. 415f; 517. Smith, J. G., 387. Satterlee, Rev. W. W.. 88*f. Smith, Dr. Norman M., 207*. Savage, M. W., 391; 414*. Smith, P. B., 361. Savory, C. L., 478. Smith, Robert, 30. Saw mills, first, 28; 30; 45; Smith. Seagrave, 138; 170*; ill.. 55; 296: ill.. 297; i 1 !., 171f; 516. D99; ill., 300. See Lumber Snelling, Fort, see "Fort Snel Industry. ling." Ssiwyer, Clias. L., 286*; 287t. Snelling reservation, see "Fort Scandinavian Press, the. 221. Snelling reservation." Scanlon, M. J., 314*; 315t. Snvder, Fred B., 173*f; "92. Schaefer. Jacob. 316* 317f. Snyder, Harry, 109*. Scheitlin, G.. 240; 387. Sclilener. John A., 243; 45"; Snvder, Simon P.. 38; 236; 2"9; 260f; 261; 287*. 459*; 460f. Sch'^n-Rene, Anna E., 114; Snvder & McFarlane. 40: °36; 259; office, ill.. 261; 203. 122*f. School of agriculture, 95. Soderlind. Dr. Andrew. 208*. School of Fine Arts, 124: 489. Soderstrom. Alfred. 221. Schools, first. 26; foundations of "Soo Line," 60: 468. system, 39; 90; first public, Sorin, Rev. Matthew. 69. 99; first district organized. South Side State Bank, 243. 90; Union school, 90; old Spafford, Fred, 242. Washington school, 90; ill., Spaulding, Dr. S. M., 184; 187. same, 91; buildings in '78, Spaulding, Dr. Wm. A., 213; 91; present system estab 214. lished, 91; typical building of S'lencer, Benj. N., 478. . today, ill., 92. Spencer, Dr. Kirby, 213. 487. Scientist churches, 74. Scott, Hugh R., 489; 510*; Spring Wheat, 11; 50; 51; 59; 329; see "Grain Trade." 511f. Scrip, issued by T\L business Spring. Dr.. W. P.. 187. Squatter Claims. 26: 34. men, 236. Stacy, E. P., 433; 444*f. Seashore, Dr. Gilbert, 207*. Stage lines, 463. Secombe, Rev. Charles. 69. Secombe, D. A., 36: 135; l-'0. Stanchfield, Daniel. 28: 478. Second Church of Christ, Sci Stanclifield, Samuel, 297. Stanlev Hall, 98. . entist, 74. Securitv Bank Building, ill., State Atlas, 217; 218. State Banks, caoital, 239. 552; 554. Security National Bank, 237; State National Bank, 237. Statistics, newspapers, 220; 238; 241. printing and publishing, 222; Sedgwick, C. S.. 76; 77; 133*. banking. 238-40; lumber. 30??; Seeley. I. C.. 260. flour, 330-35; grain, 353-55; Seevers, G. W., 168*tmanufacturing, 386, 388, 392, Selover, A. W.. 168*; 169f. 393; finances of city, 484; Semnle, Frank B., 457. population, 558. Sessions, J. IT.. 443*f. Steamboats, see "Transporta Settlement, early, 25. tion," 462; 463; 465. Settlement work, 76. Steel arch bridge, ill., 479; erected, 480. Steele, Franklin, stakes claim, 27; influence of, 27; 29f; 92; 134; 296; 385; 448; 484. Steele, Dr. John A., 184. Steele, John H., 139. Stegner, G. E., 243; 255*. Stempf, Richard, 113. Stetson, Frank L., 483. Stevens, A. W., 416*tStevens, Clias. H., 21!). Stevens, Eugene M., 255*; 256f. Stevens, Rev. Enos, 69. Stevens House, the, 31; ill., 32; 54. Stevens, Maj. Isaac I., 466. Stevens, Rev. J. D., at Lake Harriet, 26; 69. Stevens, Col. John H., 25; ar rives, 30; builds first house, 30; marriage, 31; house, ill., 32; 33f; lays out M., 36; 38; school trustee, 39; house, ill., 54; 90; 113; 218; 220; gives away lots, 259; 385; 448; county offices, 489; promotes county and state fairs. 529; president state fair, 529-30; 532. Stevens. Win. L., 350*f. Stevenson. T. W., 431; 445*f. Stewart, Dr. J. Clark, 208*. Stewart, L. M., 38; 135; 181!: 263. Sticknev, A. B., 218. Stilwell, E. J., 431; 445*. Stimpson, Charles W.. 2S; 29". Stinson, Waterman. 34. Stockton. Dr. E. II.. 181. Stockwell, S. A., 288*f. Stone Arch Bridge, built, CO: ill., 61. Stone,. Jacob, 489. Stoneman, Dr. Mark D., 213. Stoopes, Wm. E., 489; 510*. Stowell. F. M., 390; 424*. Street Railway system, growth in the eighties, 68; 518-19; evolution of cars, ills., 519. Strout, Dr. E. S., 208*. Sturtevant. C. C., 361. Surveys. 30; 34; 35; 36. Suspension Bridge, first. 38; ill., 39; 52; second, ill., 53. Svenska Amerikanska Posten, 221. Svenska Folkets Tidijing, 221; 234. Sverdrup, Geo, 221. Swedish American National Bank. 238; ?39; 242. Swedish Hospital, 186. Swedish Mission Tabernacle. 71. Sweet, John C.. 173*. Sweetzer, Dr. II. B., 1S2. Swenson. Lars. 137. Swift, John, 137. Swift, Lucian, 219; 221; 233*f; Swinburne, J. W., 222. 550. Swisher. Fred S., 476*. Syndicate block, 453. Tabour, Jerome B., 290*f. Tapper. Capt. John, 32; 38. Tattersfield, Richard, 77; 512*. Tavlor, A. B., 359. Taylor, Dr. B. L., 213. Taylor, N. C. D., 92. Telegraph and telephones, 520. Territorial governments, 19. Tliaralson, Andrew, 242. Thayer, H. H., 241. Theaters and Music Halls, 115. Thian, L. R., 140. Thirteenth Minn. regt. welcomed on return from Philippines, 558. Thomas, Dr. David O., 1S2; 208*. Thompson, Chas. T.. 174*. Thompson, L. K., 265; 288*; 289-i'. Thomson, J. P., 290*. HALF CENTURY OF MINNEAPOLIS Thwing, Rev. Chas. F., 72. Tidende, Daily, 220; 221; 234. Timberlake, B. H., 291*. Timerman, W. O., 361; 384*f. Times, Minneapolis, 219. Tissot, Rev. Father, 72. Tittemore, J. N., 477*f.Todd, Dr. F. C., 182. Todd, Wm. A., 478. Tollefson, O. 0. 266. Tousley, O. V., 90; 91. Towers, Dr.* Frank E., 187. Towle, Geo. E., 265. Towler, S. II., 541f. Townsend, Dr. G. F., 187. Townsend, G. T., 479. Trabert, Chas. L., 320*; 322f. Trabert, Rev. G. H., 73. Tracy, J. L., 361; 383*. Trade and Class Papers, 220. Traders, the days of the, 19; British, 20. Transportation, water, 9; 10; railroad legislation, 43; first rail connection, 45; railroad building, 51; 59; 60; Soo Line, 60; history, 462-77; steamboat period, 462; dog trains, 462; Red River carts, 462, 111., 464; steamboat transportation, 463; wagon freighting, 463; first railroad, 464; St. Paul & Pacific, 40*; Minnesota Central, 465; Min nesota Valley, 465; Lake Su perior & Mississippi, 465; Minneapolis & St. Louis, 465; Steamer "Minneapolis," ill., 465; Chi. St. P. Minpls. & Omaha, 465; Northern Pacific, 406; railroad failures 1873. 466; transportation conditions in 1880, 466; evolution of past twenty-five years, 466-68; "William Crooks," first loco motive, ill., 467; Great North ern, 467; Soo line, 468; lake and rail transportation, 468; southerly connections, 468; Chi. Mil. & St. P. passen ger station, ill., 469; develop ment of terminals, 470. Trask, Helen M., 114. Traxler, Chas. J., 174*f. Treaties, Gov. Dodge's -(1837), 23; of Traverse des Sioux (1851), 23; ill., 24. Tribune building fire, 219. Tribune, The Minneapolis, 218; building, ill., 218. Trinity Norwegian and Danish Church, 70. Tromanhauser, S. II., design er of brick elevator, 360; ill., 360. Tryon, Chas. J., 175*. Tuller, C. A., 219. Turnblad, Swan J., 221; 235*. Tuttle, Calvin A., 28. Tuttle, H. A., 520; 521; 525*f. Tuttle, Rev. Jas. II., 70; 73; 74f. Tuttle, T. J., 479. Tyler, Elmer, 36; 217. University of Minn., site, 28; 36; 40; 52; campus in '90, ill., 63; farm purchased, 63; history, 91-8; preparatory school, 92; Gov. Pillsbury's work, 92; first building, ill., 93; reorganization, 93; W. W. Folwell's presidency, 93; Cy rus Northrop's presidency, 94; agricultural department, 94; buildings, 96; memorial en trance, ill., 96; regents, and executive officers, 97; library building, ill., 97; farm, ill., 97; Folwell Hall, ill., 98; musical federation, 114; law building, ill., 139; dept. of medicine, 183; plans for per manent improvement of en larged campus, 556; sketch of plans, 557. Upton, R. P., 327. Valuation, 484. Van CaniDen. C. II., 292*. Van Cleve, Mrs. Charlotte O., 22f. Van Cleve, Horatio P., 43. Van Cleve, Dr. S. II., 187. Vanderburgh, Chas. E., 38; 98, 135; 137; 138; 175*; 177f; 183; 242; 519. Vander Ilorck, John, 479. Van Dusen, G. W,, 358. Van Dyck, A. R., 126. Van Dyke, W. J., 429. Van Nest, Hiram, 34; 36; 283*f. Van Nest. J. II., 487; 512*f; 516; 517. Van Slyke, V. H., 244. Van Tuyl, Chas. W., 294. Van Valkenburg, Jesse, 175*. Van Vorhees, Abram, 92. Veazie, E. A., 240. Virginia, steamer, 462. Voegeli, Thos., 460*. Volk, Douglas, 124. Vollmer, Geo., 243. Volunteers, for war, 42. Von Schlegel, F., 139. Vote, for mayor, 480. W Wagner, H. A., 427. Wagon freighting, 463. Wainman, C. P., 521; 525*; 526f. Waite, Edw. F., 139; 180*. Waite, H. B., 322*; 323f. Waldeland, Erik, 235*. Wales, Florence, 125. Wales, William W., 31; 36; 450; 452; 481f; 514. Walker, Col. I'latt B., 220. Walker, Piatt B., 220; 487. Walker, T. B.. 125; art gal lery, ill., 127; 299; 324*; 325f; 386; 432; 487; 488; 489. Walton, E. G., 262. Wanous, Dr. Ernest Z., 209*. Warham, Dr. Thos. T., 209*. Warnock, A. W., 519. War Record, The City's, 42. UV Warren, Geo. H., 292*; 293f; TJeland, A., 139. 516. Union City Mission, 77. Washburn A mill, 328; ill., 334. Union mill, 328. Washburn B mill, 328; ill., 329. Union passenger station, 60. Washburn, Gov. C. 0., 50; 75; Union School, 40; 90. 328; 329f; 329; 334. Union State Bank, 239. WasHburn-Crosby Company, 334. Unity House, 76. Washburn, E. C., 416*; 418f. Universalists, see Church of Washburn, F. L., 110*. the Redeemer. Washburn, John, 242; 334; 361. Washburn Memorial Orphan Asylum, 75. Washburn, Stanley, 420*f. Washburn, William, D., 38; improvement of water power, 40; 45*; 47f; promotes Soo line, 60; 70; gift to asylum, 75; 98; 135; 137; 218; en ters lumber manufacturing, 298; founds Washburn Mill Co., 328; railroad enterprises, 467; 488; 518; 527; pres. Exposition board, 530; trustee Lakewood cemetery, 533. Washburn, W. I)., Jr., 294*. Washburn, W. W., prin. Uni versity preparatory school, 93. Washington School, 40; 90; ill., 91. Water Power, Development of, 30; 40; threatened destruc tion, 52; 329; 552; ill., 554. Waters, James, 482. Waters, M. R., 244. Waterworks, 52; 482. Way, C. M„ 387; 422*f. Webb, Ralph D.. 541*. Webb, Robert W., 244. Webster, W. F., 91; 110*. Webster, Wm. H., 219. Weeks, Dr. T. E., 214. Welch, Wm. II., 135. Welles, II. T., 38; 240; 260; 478; 485; 514. Wells, Dr. C. L.. 181. Wells, F. B., 358; 361. Wells, Dr. Jas. O., 216*. Wells Memorial House, 76. Wells, Rev. T. B., 72. Wenzel, Chas. E.. 384*. Werner, N. O.. 242. Wesbrook, Frank F., 97; 110*; 183. Wesley Methodist church, 72. West Hotel, erected 1883-4, ill., 64. West, .John T.. 360. West Side mills in 1895, ill., 44. Westfall, W. P., 518; 533. Westlake, E. .T., 528; 542*f. Westminster Presbvterian church. 70; ill, 70; 71; 74; ill.. 76. Weston, Dr. Chas. G., 187; 210*. Wliallon, J. F., 383*f. Wheat, first shipments into the city, 353; receipts and ship ments, 354; greatest pri mary market, 354; see Spring Wheat and Grain Trade. Wlieaton, F. E., 542*f. Wheaton, Geo., 387. Wheaton, Geo. A., 387. Wheelock, Ralph W., 512*. White, Chas. D., 461*f. White, E. V., 359; 361. White, Dr. S. Marx, 210*. Whiting, Geo. H., 432. Whitmore, Willard S., 218. Whitney, Rev. Jos. C., 43; 70. Whitney, W. C., 77; 125; 133*; 546. Wholesale Trade, 426-447; first wholesaling, 426; evolution from retailing, 427; origin of great houses, 428; largest jobbing building west of Chi cago, ill., 432; variety of lines, 433; volume of busi ness, 434. 569 Wilcox, A. G., 220; 222. Wilcox, Dr. A. S., 184. Wilcox, Carlos, 260; 490. Wilcox, John F., 387; 416*; 417f; 548; 550. Wilcoxson, Rev. Timothy, 69. Wiley, S. Wirt, 75. Willford, J. L., 352*f; 387. Williams, Charles Alf., 219. Williams, C. R., 447. Williams, I)r. Chas. W., 210*. Williams. Rev. Edwin Sidney, 72; 73f; 77. Williams, Dr. II. L., lll*f. Williams, J. Austin, 121*. Williams, John G., 217. Williams, Joshua, 427. Williams, L. H., 447*. Williams, S. M., 451. Williams, Thomas Hale, 38; 478; 479; librarian, 487; 515. Williams, Dr. U. G., 187; 210*. Williamson, Jas. F., 178*; 179f. Willoughby, H. A., 240. Wilson, Eugene M.. 38; 43; 135; 137; 479; 480; 484; 485; 515. Wilson, Geo. P., 176*f. Wilson, II. W., 222. Wilson, J. P., 448. Wilson, T. W., 237. Winchell, Horace V., 18. Winchell, N. H., 14; 17; 18. Windom, William, 240. Winecke, Henry, 242. Winslow House, erected, 40; ill., 182. Winston, F. G., 391; 418*; 419f; 430. Winston, P. B., 391; 420*; 42.lt; 480; 516. Winston, W. O., 392; 422*; 423tWinter, Bert. 256*. Wirth, Theo., 487. Wisconsin Central Ry., 469. Woman's Boarding Home, 75. Woman's Christian Association, 75. Woodard, Dr. Francis R., 211*. Woodruff, Henry S., 114. 122*. Woods, Charles H., 138. Woodward. A. M., 243; 359. Wood worth, E. S., 361. Woollev, John G., 140. Wright, Dr. Chas. I)'a, 211*. Wright, Dr. Franklin R., 211*. Wright, Fred. B., 178*tWuliing, Frederick J., 97; 112*; 184. Wyant, C. F., 244. Wylie, David. 483. Wyman, J. T., 387; 424*; 527. Wyman, O. C., 242; 429; 446t; 447*. Yale, Stephen M., 326*. Yale, Washington, 295*.^Yale, Washington, Jr., 180*. Yost, C. E., 521. Young, Austin II., 36; 137; 137t; 138. Young Men's Christian Associa tion, rapid growth, 64; 74; ill., 77. Young, Winthrop, 91; 514. Young Women's Christian Asso ciation, 75; ill., 77. Zoch, Herman, 114; 123*tZonne, A. E., 295*.
Show less

Title: Frikirkens Principer og Regler:
Collection: Campus Histories and Special Collections